CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 1 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 2 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 3

ICE-: A User’s Guide

Documentation to accompany the Ireland Component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-Ireland)

Jeffrey L. Kallen and John M. Kirk

2008 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 4

Cló Ollscoil na Banríona School of English Queen’s University Belfast, BT7 1NN

© 2008 Queen’s University Belfast, Trinity College , and Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.

The International Corpus of English Ireland Component has been funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.

ISBN 978 0 85389 923 5

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Book and cover design by Colin Young Typeset by Colin Young and John Kirk Printing by Cpod, Trowbridge, Wiltshire CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 5

Table of Contents

Part A: Background information

1. ICE-Ireland project team 1

2. Acknowledgements 1

3. Terms and conditions for the use of ICE-Ireland 2

4. Copyright information 2

5. The development of ICE-Ireland 3

6. Publications related to ICE-Ireland (March 2008) 5 Part B: ICE-Ireland

7. Structure of the ICE-Ireland CD-ROM 7

8. Transcription and markup in ICE-Ireland texts 10

9. Editorial practice 19

10. Inventory of spoken texts and speakers 30

Speaker Biodata: Northern Inventory 35 Speaker Biodata: Southern Inventory 51

11. Bibliographical and statistical information for written texts 65

Part 1: File header information for published texts 65 Part 2: Pooled author informaton for written texts 79

12. ICE text categories and text ids 98 Part C: Using ICE-Ireland

13. World English, ICE-Ireland, and Irish English 99

Part D: References 102 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 6 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 7

PART A: BACKGROUND material; and those publishers and broadcasting authorities by INFORMATION whose permission work appears in ICE-Ireland. In addition to the members of the ICE-Ireland team itself, we wish to acknowledge §1 ICE-Ireland project team the help and support of colleagues in our own institutions, including John Thompson, Hugh Magennis, Ellen Douglas-Cowie, David Little, Eoin O’Dell, Breffni O’Rourke, and Lorna Carson. ICE-Ireland is the product of work by an international team of From the ICE project, we have benefited from the support shown researchers, editorial assistants, and students. John M. Kirk initiated to us by Sidney Greenbaum, Gerry Nelson, Sean Wallis, and Bas the project in 1990 and was soon joined by Jeffrey L. Kallen as ICE- Aarts. Our efforts to collect appropriate materials have been greatly Ireland co-director. In , Goodith White and her colleagues, aided by Alex Elder, at the Forum for Speech and Francisco Gonzalvez Garcia and Ciaran Laffey, made early Reconciliation; Noel Reagan of the Northern Ireland Legal Service; contributions to the developing corpus, while in Germany, Professor Barbara Durack in RTÉ; and Tom Dwan in the Houses of the Hildegard Tristram and her associates, Irene Forsthoff and Marlies Oireachtas. We are also indebted to David Robey. Lofing, helped with transcriptions of written texts. Tom Norton in Completion of the ICE-Ireland project would not have been London also made early transcriptions of broadcast material. possible without an initial seed grant from the Royal Irish Following the receipt of funding from the Royal Irish Academy and Academy and the British Council Social Sciences Committee in the British Council Social Sciences Committee in 1999, Mary Pat 1999, and the substantial research grants from the Arts and O’Malley was engaged in the editing of transcriptions. Major work Humanities Research Council (2001–03, 2003–05). These grants in data collection, transcription, and editing was undertaken by were aimed not simply at the production of corpora, but at the Orla Lowry and Anne Rooney, Research Assistants funded by the examination of larger sociolinguistic and linguistic questions for Arts and Humanities Research Council (formerly Board) projects which the corpora provide essential data. As the list of ICE-Ireland entitled ‘Sociolinguistics of Standardisation of English in Ireland’ publications in Section 6 shows, the results of these wider investigations (2001–03) and ‘Integrating Prosody, Pragmatics and Syntax in a are now bearing fruit and are expected to continue. It is a happy Corpus-based Linguistic Description of Irish Standard English’ result, gratefully acknowledged here, that the ICE-Ireland and (2003–05). These projects also funded further editorial work on the SPICE-Ireland projects have been made possible by the support corpus by Margaret Mannion and Esther Kallen in Dublin. Material which we have received to examine these research questions. for the ICE-Ireland corpus was collected by members of the project Complementary to the statement of copyright which appears team and supplied by a range of students (mostly in Trinity College below, the directors wish to thank the following for permission to Dublin and Queen’s University Belfast), volunteer speakers, include material in the ICE-Ireland corpus: authors, broadcasters, and publishers. Television Fortnight BBC Northern Ireland MBA Literary Agents §2 Acknowledgments Queen’s University Belfast Radio Telefís Éireann Blackstaff Press The Houses of the Oireachtas Our first acknowledgment goes to the contributors of material to The ICE-Ireland: students whose work has formed the basis for ICE- The Sunday Life Ireland transcripts; speakers who were willingly recorded; recipients and authors of letters, documents, and other written Ulster Tatler A.M. Heath & Co. Ltd. 1 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 8

§3 Terms and conditions for the use of ICE-Ireland §4 Copyright information

ICE-Ireland is a transcribed corpus of speech and writing which is The compilation of materials known as ICE-Ireland version 1.2 is available for academic purposes only. By opening the ICE-Ireland © 2007 Queen’s University Belfast and . Use CD-ROM, the user agrees to the following conditions: (1) not to use of the compilation must comply with relevant copyright legislation, the corpus or any part thereof for commercial purposes, (2) not to including that pertaining to the fair use of passages quoted with make the corpus available to any third party without the prior appropriate citation. Copyright in the individual materials of ICE-Ireland remains permission of the ICE-Ireland research directors, and (3) not to with the copyright holder and this material may not be reproduced alter the files contained in the corpus. The ICE-Ireland CD-ROM is except in accordance with the law. While every effort has been available free of charge to bona fide academic users on submission made to obtain formal permission from all copyright holders, for of an application, though a charge for postage and packing may some works which are publicly available, it has not been possible apply for mail-order requests. The ICE-Ireland corpus is not to contact all relevant copyright holders. The project directors available online, nor are recordings for the spoken components of apologise for any errors or omissions in obtaining formal ICE-Ireland available. permission and invite any information which will rectify any Each copy of the ICE-Ireland corpus is given to a corpus user remaining oversights. The following list refers to copyright permissions for individual published works where specific on a personal basis. Users of ICE-Ireland are allowed to install the acknowledgement is required as a condition of copyright release. corpus files without any alterations to the text or format onto their own computers. By accepting a copy of ICE-Ireland, the user agrees not to make the corpus available to any third parties, either W2A-001 Unionist Myths Alvin Jackson (1992). Unionist myths 1912-1985. Past and Present 136: in CD-ROM format or by access to a copy of ICE-Ireland which has 164–185. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press. been made onto a computer. Arrangements can be made to use ICE-Ireland in educational W2A-003 Darwinism Calvinism institutions for teaching purposes. For further information, please David Livingstone (1992). Darwinism and Calvinism: the Belfast- consult the project directors or the project website at Princeton connection. Isis 83: 408–428. © The University of www.qub.ac.uk/ice-ireland. Chicago Press. All papers or theses which use ICE-Ireland material must give W2A-010 Romantic nationalism credit to the ICE-Ireland project for making the corpus available, Luke Gibbons (1991). ‘A Shadowy Narrator’: history, art and and cite the ICE-Ireland corpus as appropriate. All uses of the Romantic nationalism in Ireland 1750-1850. In Ideology and the ICE-Ireland corpus must be in accord with the copyright Historians, ed. by Ciaran Brady. Dublin: The Lilliput Press. information included in Section 4 of this documentation. © Luke Gibbons and The Lilliput Press.

2 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 9

W2A-011 Sociology in Belfast W2A-033 Rotational moulding Madeleine Leonard (1994). ‘Doing the double’ in Belfast: the Liang Xu and R. J. Crawford (1994). Computer simulation of the politics of sensitive research. Sociology Review 3(4). rotational moulding process. Plastics, Rubber and Composites 21: 257–273 W2A-012 Unionism and Nationalism Paul Bew (1994). Ideology and the Irish Question: Ulster Unionism W2A-038 Particle flow and Irish Nationalism 1912-1916. Oxford: Clarendon Press. J. A. Fitzpatrick, B. Lambert, and D. B. Murray (1992). Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press. Measurements in the separation region of a gas-particle cross flow. Experiments in Fluids 12: 329–341. Reproduced with W2A-025 Invertebrate peptides permission from Springer-Verlag publishers. David J. S. Guthrie, Robert F. Geraghty, G. Brent Irvine, and Carvel H. Williams (1994). Conformational studies on analogues W2F-011 Transformers of the invertebrate peptide pyroGlu-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe- Éilis Ní Dhuibhne (1991). Transformers in the sky. In Eating 1 NH2 using H NMR. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Women is not Recommended by Éilis Ní Dhuibhne. Dublin: Attic Transactions 2: 1239–1245. Reproduced by permission of The Press. © Éilis Ní Dhuibhne by permission of Cork University Royal Society of Chemistry. Press Ltd., Crawford Business Park, Crosses Green, Cork. W2A-026 Lymph system W2F-019 Bridie’s Wedding Caitriona M. O’Driscoll (1992). Anatomy and physiology of the Christine Dwyer Hickey (1995 [1993]). Bridie’s Wedding. In lymphatics. In Lymphatic Transport of Drugs ed. by William M. Writers’ Week Award-Winning Short Stories 1973-1994 ed. by David Charman and Valentino J. Stella. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Marcus. Dublin: Marino Books. © Christine Dwyer Hickey 1995. Reprinted with permission. Copyright CRC Press, Boca Raton, Reprinted by kind permission of Mercier Press Ltd., Cork. Florida. W2F-020 After the Match W2A-030 Bovine reproduction Mary O’Donnell (1995 [1994]. After the match. In Writers’ Week P. J. Hartigan (1992). Reproductive physiology in cattle. In Bovine Award-Winning Short Stories 1973-1994 ed. by David Marcus. Medicine: Diseases and Husbandry of Cattle ed. by A. H. Andrews. Dublin: Marino Books. © Mary O’Donnell 1995. Reprinted by London: Blackwell. kind permission of Mercier Press Ltd., Cork. W2A-031 High frequency circuits V. F. Fusco (1993). An overview of high frequency circuit §5 The development of ICE-Ireland modelling using concurrent processing techniques. In Software Applications in Electrical Engineering ed. by P. P. Silvester. The development of ICE-Ireland is best understood in relation to the International Corpus of English (ICE) project as a whole. Southampton, UK: WIT Press. ISBN 1-85312-240-8. Reproduced The proposal to establish a machine-readable corpus of standard with permission from WIT Press. English from around the world, including both spoken and written language, was first put forward in a brief note by Greenbaum 3 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 10

(1988). As the ICE project became a reality, Greenbaum (1996b: 3) populous . The North-South division of the elaborated the aspirations of ICE as follows: corpus built into it the immediate potential for an examination of its principle aim is to provide the resources for comparative the relationship between political structures and standard language studies of the English used in countries where it is either a within a single identifiable language area, and remains one of the majority first language (for example, Canada and Australia) or central features of the ICE-Ireland corpus (see further discussion in an official additional language (for example, India and Nigeria). Kirk et al. 2003). In both language situations, English serves as a means of The importance of the North-South division in the ICE-Ireland communication between those who live in these countries. corpus was recognised by the Royal Irish Academy and British The resources that ICE is providing for comparative studies are Council Social Sciences Committee, who in 1999 provided funding computer corpora, collections of samples of written and spoken to support a ‘Network for cross-border research on the English from each of the countries that are participating in sociolinguistics of Standard English in Ireland’ which comprised the project. the ICE-Ireland research team. This grant made it possible to put After Greenbaum’s initial proposal, the 1989 meeting of the an initial sample of Face to face conversations from the Republic of International Conference on English Language Research on Ireland into machine-readable form, and to begin the compilation Computerized Corpora of Modern and Medieval English (ICAME) of results that would enable comparative studies of standard provided a focus for discussions on the feasibility of initiating ICE English in Ireland: the Irish material discussed by Kallen and Kirk projects in Britain and Ireland. Preliminary consideration was (2001) comes from this preliminary sample. The cross-border and given to the construction of separate ICE corpora (or subcorpora) international comparative approach received major support from for , Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. This approach, however, the Arts and Humanities Research Board in the UK in 2001. The did not materialise. Instead, the ICE-GB corpus was developed to grant from the AHRB to fund a two-year research project on the cover Great Britain as a whole (see ICE-GB and Nelson, Wallis, and ‘Sociolinguistics of Standardisation of English in Ireland’ Aarts 2002), while John Kirk initiated a separate ICE-Ireland corpus (B/RG/AN1033/APN12375) initiated a second phase of data in 1990. The project took on a wider geographical base with the collection. Since there were many gaps in the corpus from the first subsequent addition of Jeffrey Kallen in Dublin as project co- phase, and since the written material had yet to be converted into director, and with the help of Goodith White, who was at that time electronic form, much work remained to be done before in Cork. The first phase of data collection thus began in the early ICE-Ireland could be used to test any hypotheses on the role of 1990s, with the accumulation of recordings made specially for ICE- jurisdictional divisions in shaping standard English in Ireland. Ireland or as student projects, and with the collection of written Since ICE in general is designed to reflect language use in the early material. Though ICE-Ireland was far from completion in this first years since its inception (1990–94), completion of ICE-Ireland phase, decisions made by the management team during this time during the time of the AHRB project emphasised the incorporation determined the ultimate shape of the corpus. Most notably, the of recordings and written texts from those years. In certain decision to divide the corpus into equal portions from Northern categories for which archival material was not available (e.g. Ireland and the Republic of Ireland reflected a concern with texts Telephone conversations), new recordings were made in 2002 and and their relation to the societies from which they come, overriding 2003. The development of ICE-Ireland thus took place over a a more simple demographic consideration that would have period of approximately 14 years, and while the bulk of the texts in assigned a significantly larger proportion of texts to the more the corpus in most categories dates from the core ICE period, the 4 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 11

corpus as a whole reflects its long gestation period. Publications The completion of the collection of materials for ICE-Ireland did (in press) John M. Kirk. Word frequency: use or misuse?, in D. not mean the end of the research enterprise which gave rise to the Archer, ed., What’s in a Word List? Investigating Word corpus. On the corpus linguistics side, the AHRB provided further Frequency and Keyword Extraction. London: Ashgate. funding for a project entitled ‘Integrating prosody, pragmatics and (2007) John M. Kirk and Jeffrey L. Kallen,. Assessing Celticity syntax in a corpus-based linguistic description of Irish standard in a corpus of Irish standard English, in Hildegard L. C. English’ (B/RG/AN1033/APN16248), which grew directly from Tristram ed., The Celtic Languages in Contact, pp. 270–298. the availability of ICE-Ireland. This project has given rise to the Potsdam: Potsdam University Press . SPICE-Ireland Corpus (Kirk et al. 2005, 2007), which annotates the (2007) Jeffrey L. Kallen and John M. Kirk. ICE-Ireland: local spoken texts of ICE-Ireland with prosodic, pragmatic, and variations on global standards, in J. C. Beal, K. P. discoursal information. Corrigan, and H. Moisl, eds., Creating and Digitizing These corpora having been completed, the ICE directors are now Language Corpora: Synchronic Databases, pp. 121–162. engaged in the ongoing analysis of the data, continuing the cross- London: Palgrave-Macmillan. border comparisons of the original research proposals and extending this work into other areas. Publications and conference (2006) John M. Kirk and Jeffrey L. Kallen. Irish Standard presentations related to ICE-Ireland are listed in Section 6. English: How standardised? How Celticised?, in H. L. C. Tristram, ed., The Celtic Englishes IV, pp. 88–113. Potsdam: Potsdamer Universitätsverlag. §6 Publications related to ICE-Ireland (2005) Jeffrey L. Kallen. Silence and mitigation in Irish English Members of the ICE-Ireland team have written and presented the discourse, in Anne Barron and Klaus P. Schneider, eds., following publications and conference presentations which are The Pragmatics of Irish English, pp. 47–71. Berlin: Mouton either about ICE-Ireland or which use significant amounts of data de Gruyter. from ICE-Ireland. This list is complete to March 2008. (2005) Jeffrey L. Kallen. Politeness in Ireland: “… In Ireland, it’s done without being said”, in Leo Hickey and CD-ROMS Miranda Stewart, eds., Politeness in Europe, pp. 130–144. (2007) John M. Kirk, Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, Anne Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Rooney, and Margaret Mannion. International Corpus of (2003) John M. Kirk, Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, and Anne English: Ireland Component. The ICE-Ireland Corpus: Rooney. Issues arising from the compilation of ICE- Version 1.2. Belfast: Queen’s University Belfast and Ireland. Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. 16: 23–41. (2007) John M. Kirk, Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, Anne (2001) Jeffrey L. Kallen and John M. Kirk. Convergence and Rooney, and Margaret Mannion. The SPICE-Ireland divergence in the verb phrase in Irish standard English: Corpus: Systems of pragmatic annotation for the spoken a corpus-based approach, in John M. Kirk and Dónall P. component of ICE-Ireland. Version 1.2. Belfast: Queen’s Ó Baoill, eds., Language Links: The Languages of Scotland University Belfast and Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. and Ireland, pp. 59–79. Belfast Studies in Language, [Version 1.1 (the beta version) was called the PPD Corpus. See Kirk et al. 2005.] Culture and Politics 2. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona. 5 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 12

Conference papers and presentations Medieval English Conference on English Language Research (ICAME 25), Verona. (2007) John M. Kirk and Jeffrey L. Kallen. Assessing Celticity in a corpus of Irish Standard English. 12th International (2004) Jeffrey L. Kallen and John M. Kirk. Models and methods Congress of Celtic Studies, Bonn. in the handling of digital corpora: ICE-Ireland. Sociolinguistics Symposium 15, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. (2007) Jeffrey L. Kallen and John M. Kirk. Ulster says ‘no’? (2004) John M. Kirk and Jeffrey L. Kallen. Subordinate clauses Cross-border perspectives on negation and contraction in spoken and written contexts in British and Irish in the ICE-Ireland corpus. First public lecture series on English. 2nd Inter-Varietal Applied Corpus Studies Hiberno-English, University College Dublin. conference (IVACS 2), Belfast. (2006) Jeffrey L. Kallen. Arrah, like, you know: the dynamics of (2003) John M. Kirk, Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, discourse marking in ICE-Ireland. Plenary address, and Anne Rooney. The compilation of ICE-Ireland: unity Sociolinguistics´ Symposium 16, . versus diversity. International Computer Archive of (2005) John M. Kirk, Word frequency: use or misuse? Modern and Medieval English Conference on English Invited guest lecture, AHRC ICT Methods Network: Language Research (ICAME 24), Guernsey. Expert Seminar on Linguistics: ‘Word Frequency and (2003) John M. Kirk, Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, and Anne Keyword Extraction’, University of Lancaster. Rooney. Negation in Irish standard English: evidence (2005) John M. Kirk, Jeffrey L. Kallen, and Anne Rooney. from ICE-Ireland. School of English Research Seminar, Corpus linguistic analyses of pragmatics and prosody. Queen’s University Belfast. Invited guest seminar on the pragmatic annotation of (2003) John M. Kirk. The Irish component of the International corpora, University of Lancaster. Corpus of English. 7th International Conference on the (2005) Jeffrey L. Kallen and John M. Kirk, Translating the Languages of Scotland and Ulster, Dumfries. dynamics of HAVE and TAKE: how can ICE-Ireland (2002) John M. Kirk, Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, and Anne help? Practical Applications of Language Corpora Rooney. Standard and national varieties of English: a L conference (PALC 5), ódz´. corpus-linguistic model for ICE? International (2004) Jeffrey L. Kallen. Problems (and solutions) in building a Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English corpus of Irish English. Sociolinguistics research Conference on English Language Research (ICAME 23), seminar, University of Washington, Seattle. Göteborg. (2004) John M. Kirk and Jeffrey L. Kallen. Standard Irish (2001) John M. Kirk, Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, and Anne English: how standardised? How Celticised? Celtic Rooney. Standard English, standardisation and English Englishes IV Symposium, Potsdam. in Ireland. School of English Research Seminar, Queen’s University Belfast. (2004) John M. Kirk, Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, and Anne Rooney. Standard Irish English: the four hypotheses. International Computer Archive of Modern and

6 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 13

PART B: ICE-IRELAND A3 Welcome to ICE-Ireland.doc This document contains further information and contact details §7 Structure of the ICE-Ireland CD-ROM for the ICE-Ireland project.

The ICE-Ireland CD-ROM opens with a window which should A4 ICE-Ireland Table of contents.doc look like Figure 1. The Table of contents gives an overall guide to the material in the CD-ROM.

Corpus folders ICE-Ireland is found in two folders, and . The folders and text files found in are discussed here first. The folder is a replica of Figure 1: ICE-Ireland main window using .txt format for the relevant text files; it is discussed briefly following the explanation of . Following is a brief guide to the different elements which make up the CD-ROM. Preliminaries This folder opens to a window which should look like that in The first four elements are documents which should be read before Figure 2. contains all the ICE-Ireland text files, attempting to use the corpus. The copyright and licence documents in Microsoft Word .doc format. The content of each folder shown in (which complement material found in this guide) are essential: Figure 2, together with its relevant sub-folders or text files, anyone opening the ICE-Ireland CD-ROM is agreeing to the terms is discussed below. of the licence and to respect all copyright restrictions. These documents are as follows:

A1 Copyright Statement.doc This is the copyright statement for ICE-Ireland. This statement should be read carefully in conjunction with the present volume, Figure 2: window Section 4. A2 Licence Agreement.doc This folder contains seven folders, as shown in Figure 3. The licence terms for the use of ICE-Ireland are stated in this document, as they are in this guide. By opening the ICE-Ireland CD-ROM, the corpus user is accepting the ICE-Ireland conditions of use.

Figure 3: folders 7 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 14

The principle behind the files in the folder is text category, as shown in Figure 4. The that they unite the individual ICE texts into larger units. folder contains one composite text for each ICE written text The nine files in the each join individual ICE category, while the remaining folders contain composite texts together into composite texts, as shown in Table 1. All texts for the text type categories of the corpus from Northern composite texts present their individual component texts in Ireland (N) or the Republic of Ireland (S). alpha-numeric order. Within any given category, spoken texts precede written texts, and texts from Northern Ireland precede texts from the Republic of Ireland. Thus starts with text (a spoken text from Northern Ireland), continues with all Northern Ireland spoken texts until reaching text , and then begins with the presentation of texts from the Republic of Ireland, starting with text . The same sequencing is then followed with the written texts, starting with , from Northern Ireland, and concluding with from the Republic of Ireland.

Folder ICE-Ireland texts Figure 4: composite text files All 500 texts in one file Each text type category in the folders is designated by a All texts from Northern Ireland three-letter code, as shown in Table 2. For each text category, Table All texts from the Republic of Ireland 2 also indicates the text-id numbers and includes approximate All 300 spoken texts in one file word counts (see also §12, p. 98). All spoken texts from Northern Ireland It should be noted that the materials in ICE-Ireland differ in All spoken texts from the Republic of some instances from the materials which may be found in other Ireland ICE projects. Most notably, legal requirements in the Republic All 200 written texts in one file prohibit the recording of courtroom discourse, so the Republic of All written texts from Northern Ireland Ireland legal texts in ICE-Ireland come instead from testimony and All written texts from the Republic of presentations in legislative committee hearings. Most texts in the Ireland Examination essays category are not from timed examinations, but from student work – usually that of undergraduates – of various Table 1: Contents of folder kinds. The Student essay category, in contrast, usually involves the The remaining folders shown in Figure 3 are organised according work of postgraduate students. Within the category of to ICE text categories. These folders and their associated files are Parliamentary debates, the Northern texts come from the Northern denoted with the label . The files consist of Ireland Forum for Peace and Reconciliation, which operated from composite texts which join together all the ICE texts within a 1994 to 1997 but was not an autonomous legislative chamber. particular text-type category. Thus, for example, the folder contains one composite text for each ICE spoken in the Republic, Dáil Éireann. 8 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 15

Text category Text-id Code Words Spoken This folder contains each of the 500 ICE-Ireland texts in alpha- Broadcast discussion S1B-021 to S1B-040 BRD 42,632 numeric running order according to text number. Each text has not Broadcast interview S1B-041 to S1B-050 BRI 20,931 Broadcast news S2B-001 to S2B-020 BRN 40,579 only an identifying number patterned on the system established for Broadcast talks S2B-021 to S2B-040 BRT 40,964 ICE generally, but a brief identifying title (see Figure 6 for an Business transactions S1B-071 to S1B-080 BUT 21,447 example). In all categories, texts from Northern Ireland are Classroom discussion S1B-001 to S1B-020 CLD 43,345 Demonstrations S2A-051 to S2A-060 DEM 22,069 numbered preceding texts from the Republic of Ireland. Unlike the Face to face conversation S1A-001 to S1A-090 FTF 210,540 text, however, the folders present texts Legal cross-examination S1B-061 to S1B-070 LEC 20,013 in strict alpha-numeric order, so that, for example, Legal presentations S2A-061 to S2A-070 LEP 21,110 follows immediately. Parliamentary debate S1B-051 to S1B-060 PAD 22,390 Scripted speeches S2B-041 to S2B-050 SCS 20,468 Spontaneous commentary S2A-001 to S2A-020 SPC 43,028 Telephone conversation S1A-091 to S1A-100 TEC 20,673 This folder contains each of the 300 spoken texts in ICE-Ireland in Unscripted speeches S2A-021 to S2A-050 UNS 62,777 running order according to text number. All ICE all spoken total 652,966

Written This folder opens to show 15 folders, one for each category of Administrative prose W2D-001 to W2D-010 ADP 21,328 Business letters W1B-016 to W1B-030 BUL 30,224 spoken ICE text type, as seen in Figure 5. The text-type categories Creative writing W2F-001 to W2F-020 CRW 44,947 correspond to those used in other ICE projects, though there may Examination essays W1A-011 to W1A-020 EXM 21,088 be some minor differences between the wording of text-type labels Learned humanities W2A-001 to W2A-010 LEH 21,437 in ICE-Ireland and that used elsewhere. Learned natural sciences W2A-021 to W2A-030 LEN 20,822 Learned social sciences W2A-011 to W2A-020 LES 21,530 Learned technology W2A-031 to W2A-040 LET 21,124 Popular humanities W2B-001 to W2B-010 POH 21,111 Popular natural sciences W2B-021 to W2B-030 PON 20,591 Popular social sciences W2B-011 to W2B-020 POS 22,203 Popular technology W2B-031 to W2B-040 POT 20,865 Press editorials W2E-001 to W2E-010 PRE 20,693 Press news W2C-001 to W2C-020 PRN 43,362 Skills and hobbies W2D-011 to W2D-020 SKH 22,758 Figure 5: category folders Social letters W1B-001 to W1B-015 SOL 31,792 Student essays W1A-001 to W1A-010 STE 20,934 Each of the category folders is further subdivided into two folders, All ICE all written total 426,809 one for Northern Ireland texts, the other for texts from the Republic Grand total 1,079,775 of Ireland. The category labels used for these folders may be Table 2: ICE-Ireland files with word counts abbreviated relative to the label as shown in Figure 5. 9 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 16

Within the folder for the respective N or S text type category, the relevant ICE-Ireland texts are listed in alpha-numeric order. Figure 6 shows a sample window; note the abbreviated folder name which This folder is an exact replica of the folder. It is appears in the frame of the window. organised in the same way, and all the folder labels which include the notation correspond to the folder labels which are discussed above. Crucially, all the files within this folder are simply .txt format counterparts of the .doc files. What we anticipate is that users will find the .doc versions easier to read on screen and to print or access in other simple ways, while the .txt versions are much more compatible with the concordancers that operate on most computers. In a simple maxim, we suggest that ‘the .doc versions are for you, the .txt versions are for your computer’. Figure 6: Northern Ireland sub-folder

Parallel to the folder for spoken texts, this folder contains each of §8 Transcription and mark-up in ICE-Ireland texts the 200 written texts of ICE-Ireland, in running order according to text number. As with all ICE projects, the transcriptions used in ICE-Ireland are orthographic. They do not include phonological information, although, as shown in the Spelling and Lexical Entries part of Section 9 below, some features of the spoken language such as auxiliary This folder contains 17 folders, each corresponding to a written reduction and negative contraction which can be represented in text-type category. Each text-type folder is subdivided into an N conventional orthography are included in the ICE-Ireland texts. and an S folder, each of which contains the individual texts that Intonation and other prosodic features are not included in ICE make up the category. The written text category folders are shown transcriptions, though the SPICE-Ireland Corpus (Kirk et al. 2007), in Figure 7; as with the spoken text sorted folders, the category which is based on the spoken texts of ICE-Ireland, does include titles of the N and S sub-folders may be abbreviated. detailed prosodic information for approximately 100 texts. The major features of ICE transcription and markup are described by Nelson (1991a, 1991b, 1996); Nelson, Wallis, and Aarts (2002: 9–13); and the ICE website (see www.ucl.ac.uk/ english-usage/ice/index.htm). Though ICE-GB is closely linked to the ICECUP software which is specially designed for ICE (see especially ICE-GB and Nelson, Wallis, and Aarts 2002: 69–231), ICE- Ireland is not linked to any particular concordancer or search method. The availability of ICE-Ireland in .doc and .txt format, together with the ready-made composite texts described above, offer what we take to be the optimum in availability for a wide range of users who may wish to use particular systems for searching the corpora. Figure 7: category folders ICE-Ireland has been transcribed and annotated in keeping with 10 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 17

the general principles of the ICE project. Certain modifications to spoken texts, cross-referencing in such cases can be found in the ICE notation, however, have been made for reasons specific to ICE- Inventory of Spoken Texts and Speakers (Section 10 below), where each Ireland, and these are described below. ICE-Ireland is not speaker additionally receives a unique identifying number that is grammatically tagged and, compared to the tagging options used across all texts. In the case of composite texts, the assignment allowed in the ICE protocols (see Nelson 1996), ICE-Ireland uses of Speaker ids works continuously throughout the text as a whole, very little corpus annotation. rather than starting again within each subtext. In the written texts, Text id. Each ICE-Ireland text begins with a Text id, consisting of the Speaker id is found at the beginning of each subtext. The the text number and the title of the text. The numbering system in concept of Speaker id in the written texts, however, is not ICE-Ireland follows that of ICE generally. The Text id is followed by necessarily applicable in a personal sense: newspaper editorials, for a blank line, though this line is eliminated in the composite texts. example, are published anonymously and may be the product of Each continuous piece of transcription, known as a subtext, is one or many writers. In these cases, each Speaker id corresponds to initiated with the subtext marker , and closed with the subtext a single piece of written text, not necessarily to a single author. To termination symbol . Most ICE-Ireland spoken texts consist of pick one example, contains four only one subtext, but some spoken texts and many of the written subtexts, each of which is given a separate Speaker id (thus $A, $B, texts that contain short items such as business letters are composites $C, and $D). We cannot be sure, however, that these Speaker ids of shorter subtexts. The subtexts are not numbered separately. For correspond to four actual individuals – it may be that one person spoken material, a composite ICE-Ireland text is indicated in the has written all the editorials, or that many people have contributed title using a dash and two title elements, e.g. . Though this practice is also followed for some written which corresponds to that of Section 10. Instead, Section 11 gives texts (such as ), the extended use of bibliographical information for the sources of published written composite texts in some text types leads to more general thematic texts, and provides statistical information on these sources. titles, as with . Transcription. The transcriptions of speech or writing begin after Most of the spoken texts in ICE-Ireland come from much larger the relevant Speaker id. All private conversations and private speech events (conversations, news broadcasts, etc.). In general, each text comes uniquely from a particular event, though on some written materials have been anonymised by the use of pseudonyms, occasions two texts have been transcribed from a single event. anonymising the personal names of conversationalists and authors, These texts are usually labelled to show this relationship, as in and of people referred to in conversations and written texts, as well and , which come from the as street names, place-names, and company names where same conversation. For television and radio shows, the same title appropriate. Capital letters are used in the spoken transcriptions at may be used several times in reference to different broadcasts, as the beginning of utterance-units, for proper nouns, and for a variety with and . of other nouns in keeping with general conventions in written Speaker id. After the Text id and initial subtext marker, each English or specific decisions with regard to ICE (see also Section 9 speaker turn in the transcription is indicated by a code which below). Written material is transcribed exactly as in the original includes the text number and a Speaker id. The Speaker id is sources, though limited use is made of ICE notation for identified with the symbol $ followed by a capital letter, as in $A, normalisation, which indicates standard spellings for spellings $B, $C, etc. In cases of doubt as to the identity of the speaker, the that are judged to be typing or spelling errors. Figures 8 and 9 designation $? is used. The Speaker id is assigned according to the show samples of spoken and written transcriptions respectively. position of the speaker within each text. Thus a speaker may be the The discussion which follows these samples lists the notational first speaker in one text and be identified as $A, but may be the features of ICE-Ireland, giving special emphasis to those features third speaker in another text and be referred to as $C. For the that differ from general ICE protocols. 11 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 18

<# tell I never saw anything like the beggars in that town yesterday <&> laughter <#> 9th November 1994 <#> Mr. Stanley <#> There wasn't a street corner and there was Morgan, hardly a doorway <#> Secretary, <#> MARINO and DISTRICT RESIDENTS <#> Is it they were selling the Big ASSOCIATION, <#> c/o 12 St. Catherine Road, <#> Issue or something Marino, <#> Dublin 3. <#> The och <#> There was the Big

<#> Dear Stanley, <#> Many thanks for your Issue <,> there was uh uhm uh what do you call it letter of the 1st. instant and your invitation to uh <,> playing <,> uh uhm fiddles or an accordion attend your forthcoming meeting on Thursday 1st. and your man he was in Donegall Place with a kilt December 1994 at 8.00 p.m. in the Carleton Hall, and all on playing away like nobody 's business Shermartin Avenue, Marino.

<#> Everybody 's collecting

<#> I would be delighted to attend and look <#> They do well busking <#> Aye uh- forward to meeting you then.

huh

<#> Assuring you of my attention.

<#> And there was uh what do you call

<#> With Every Good Wish, <#> Yours sincerely, it young <,> there were a good many young ones <#> IVOR CALLELY T.D.

they were Asian <#> Do you remember that fella he played the fiddle for us at the Mass once or twice <{> <[> <#> I wonder what about him <#> <[> Aye <#> 27th January 1995 <#> Mr. Stanley <#> <{> <[> John <,> John Boland Morgan , <#> Secretary, <#> MARINO and DISTRICT <#> <[> I know RESIDENTS ASSOCIATION, <#> c/o 12 St. Catherine <#> Aye I must ask Maggie McBride <#> Road, <#> Marino, <#> Dublin 3. several sylls he gave up the

<#> Dear Stanley, <#> I am pleased to advise priesthood or what you that Dublin Corporation 's Parks Division are <#> Well he did <#> I think he did carrying out a vast significant Tree Planting Anna Programme for Autumn/Winter 1994/1995, and that <#> Did he tree planting will commence shortly in the <#> I think he did <#> I must ask Dara following areas: Brian Road – Marino Park – about him Marino Crescent – Fairview Park – Croydon Park – <#> He was too serious S. Declan 's Road – Philipsburgh Terrace – <&> simultaneous and unclear speech Fairview Avenue – Shelmartin Avenue – Brian Road. <#> I wonder too about you know the

wee fella <,> 4 sylls he was

<#> I am sure you will welcome this schedule a cousin of Father Dunne 's he used to be bent in as an overall enhancement of the area.

two down the <,> at the adoration <{> <[>

<#> If you feel any other locality is in need 2 sylls <#> I wonder of, or requires extra trees, please do not whatever happened to him hesitate to make contact

Figure 9: Sample written transcription, Figure 8: Sample spoken transcription, 12 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 19

As a guide to understanding the markup system which follows, it practice is variable, the rules of editorial practice (see §9 below) should be remembered that many of the markups used in ICE- usually make specific recommendations. For the written texts, Ireland follow a standard practice in which the initiation of a capitalisation follows the practice of the original source text. function is indicated within angle brackets and the termination of that function is indicated by a forward slash and the symbol for the Diacritics associated function, also in angle brackets. A stretch of unclear The frequent use of words of Irish origin – whether treated as Irish speech, for example, is indicated by the notation , or as elements incorporated within Irish English – has made it followed by a note of the length of the unclear speech, concluded desirable to develop a simple system of marking diacritics that is with the notation , as in 2 sylls easy to transcribe and easy to read. This system is constrained, in Figure 8. The following discussion should be read however, by the need to make the corpus available in .txt format, with this general convention in mind. where the formatting used in more conventional word processing Apostrophes is not available. For spoken texts, then, the most common diacritic – the acute accent or síneadh fada in Irish – is simply inserted into The apostrophe is used as in conventional written English, with the transcription using a forward slash / to the right of the vowel to some modifications. Where a contracted auxiliary occurs in the which the mark pertains. The grave accent is similarly indicated by ICE-Ireland text, as in she’s, they’re, I’ll, etc., a blank space is used the use of a back slash \ to the right of the vowel. In written texts, before the apostrophe, yielding , , , simple insertion of the forward slash is not possible, because this etc. The space is also used before genitives, as in , symbol could be used within the original text with a completely , , etc. By extension, different value. For this reason, the written texts adhere more apostrophes which come after word-final , whether genitive closely to the notation used in ICE (see Nelson 1991a, 1991b), using plurals such as or possessive forms an ampersand & and a relevant diacritic symbol placed to the left of nouns that end in as in <[> James ' Street of the character which is being modified. A complete list of >, have the apostrophe in isolation, with a blank space on diacritics is found in Table 3. either side. This system, adapted from general ICE protocols, is designed to facilitate electronic searching, since the occurrences of Symbol Value ICE Example Orthography contracted auxiliary verbs are readily identifiable and countable. / acute accent (spoken) Ro/isi/n Róisín As in conventional written English, however, genitives and contracted auxiliaries are not differentiated. &/ acute accent (written) bodhr&/ans bodhráns Negative contractions (don’t, shouldn’t, etc.) and words which \ grave accent (spoken) sorbetie\re sorbetière include apostrophes, such as and are &\ grave accent (written) vis-&\a-vis vis-à-vis transcribed in regular orthography, with no space before the &5 cedille FRAN&5CAIS Français apostrophe. &8 umlaut No&8el Noël &/\ circumflex f&/\ete fête Capitalisation &^ hachek &^s s Transcriptions of spoken material in ICE-Ireland follow the general conventions of written English, capitalising after the utterance &~ tilde Ba&~nos Baños initiation mark <#>, for proper nouns, etc. Where capitalisation Table 3: Diacritic symbols used in ICE-Ireland 13 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 20

Editorial comment suggested that words may cycle back and forth between Irish and <&> ... English, sometimes being transferred from Irish into English, and Denotes the insertion of non-textual material by ICE-Ireland at other times or in other bilingual contact situations being editors. This material includes editorial comments; indications of transferred back in to Irish from English. Wigger (2000: 187) refers non-linguistic behaviour such as laughter, yawns, or sneezes; to a category of ‘interlingual lexemes’, in which it is ‘irrelevant’ to notation concerning the manner of delivery of speech; and so forth. decide ‘whether a word used in a given context and in some form belongs to L1 or L2’, and there are undoubtedly words in ICE- Incomplete words Ireland which could plausibly be assigned to such a category. <.> ... With these problems in mind, the system of marking words as Words may be incomplete due to self-interruption (false starts) or Irish in ICE-Ireland is designed to strike a balance between the due to interruption from another speaker. Wherever a word is focus of ICE on the English language alone and the need to reflect judged to be incomplete, it is preceded in the transcription by <.> the intimate relations that exist between the two languages. We and concluded with , e.g. pa have therefore treated most official terms and titles as part of I couldn't walk go past>. Conventional spelling is used to standard Irish English and have not marked them as Irish. Some transcribe as much of the word as has been articulated — in some more complex phrases, however, are glossed with the <&Irish> cases, it may not be possible to know what word is actually notation, as are sentences of continuous speech in Irish and words intended by the speaker. Incomplete words are thus left as they are, or phrases which in context appear to be codeswitches either for and no attempt is made to normalise the transcription by the referential or interactional purposes. In written texts, of course, any insertion of a putative target. additional devices such as underlining, italics, or the use of specifically Irish orthography which indicate that the material Languages should be seen as belonging to the will trigger use <&Irish> ... of the <&Irish> notation. Irish-language material is transcribed as By far the largest amount of non-English material in ICE-Ireland is accurately as possible. In some cases, the resulting transcription in Irish. A fundamental feature of Irish English is that it has may not correspond to the norms of standard Irish, but in most incorporated many words from Irish during the nine centuries in examples, any mistakes are the relatively common errors of which the two languages have been in regular contact (see, for speakers whose first language is not Irish. Thus while (Mac example, Joyce 1910, Bliss 1972, Kallen 1996, Moylan 1996, Ó Muirithe 1996, Van Ryckeghem 1997, and Dolan 1998, 2004). As we Mathúna 2005: 123–124) points out a transcriptional error in a have pointed out elsewhere (Kirk and Kallen 2006, Kallen and Kirk preliminary version of ICE-Ireland, by which the phrase a céile was 2007), the status of Irish as the first official language in the transcribed simply as céile, the lack of initial mutation in a céile constitution of the Republic has given rise to new usages in official versus standard a chéile, shown in (1) domains and to the extension of Irish vocabulary in the education system and other domains where language policy is especially (1) <#> Yeah there is obviously like it important. As a result of linguistic influence from Irish – whether gets back to probably you know ar sca/th a in traditional dialect, literary usage, vernacular speech, or official ce/ile a mhaireann na daoine <,> in coinage – there are many words in ICE-Ireland that cannot be everybody 's shadow everybody else lives basically, labelled unproblematically as Irish or English. In Kallen (1996) it is 14 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 21

is not something to which we would attach any strong significance. b. <#> <[> I mean the proper word The standard form a chéile uses consonantal [x] instead of the [k] in poisoned a céile, and the non-use of [x] is a common phonological transfer for c. <#> Aye because there wasn't many of it <,> or first-language speakers of English, which we would take $C to be. there wasn't much of it <#> Many of To those unfamiliar with Irish, the glossing system explained it <,> what was that about above may occasionally give rise to confusion. To pick one d. <#> Like we would say nocht example, we have treated the Irish word , the head of the instead of nought government in the Irish parliamentary system, as Irish English and have not glossed it as Irish. In parliamentary debates, however, the e. <#> The words <,> complete Taoiseach is often referred to as an Taoiseach, ‘the Taoiseach’. In this <,> and permanent case, the Irish definite article an cannot be seen as English, hence an are quite different is designated as <&Irish> while Taoiseach is not. f. <#> Now I 've put the word common in there uhm just for insurance. <&LANGUAGE> … The same system of notation is used for other languages as for Non-corpus material Irish, with the specific language filled in to the right of the ... Used to mark the speech of speakers who do not meet the criteria ampersand &. Again, for certain high-frequency items from for inclusion in ICE-Ireland. Non-corpus speakers are given a languages like Latin and French it may be difficult to determine Speaker id and transcribed in the same way as corpus speakers, whether the item in question is simply an established part of but their speech is bracketed with notation, as in (3): English or an actual case of codeswitching. Decisions for spoken language have taken account of the linguistic context, including (3) <#> That's what she said phonological features of the putative lexical borrowing, while any to me Bob . additional evidence in writing has also been taken into account. Languages other than Irish which have been glossed in ICE-Ireland Non-English material is also ex-corpus by definition; it is not are French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Latin, Spanish, specifically tagged as ex-corpus, but simply annotated according to and Thai. the rules for marking languages.

Mention Normalisation ... Both in speech and in writing, a word may occur in the corpus Used to denote words that are treated as words per se. Examples which does not correspond to any recognised word of English, and include: which may not even correspond to the language-user’s intentions: slips of the tongue, word transposition, typographical error, and (2) a. <#> I use the word hopeful misspelling are the most common sources of such non-standard because it 's a word connected items. With the spoken language, we have been very sparing with to the young any attempts to normalise the text. Our transcription principle has been to record what was said and not to intervene with 15 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 22

interpretations of what might have been intended. In the written This marking is illustrated in Figure 10 below. texts, it is sometimes easier to know what is intended and in the interests of facilitating word frequency counts and other corpus <#> Mmm <,> but they 've a beautiful processing, we have indicated both the actual string of letters in the dress in the window <#> It 's kind of it 's a bodice kind of thing and it 's purple <#> It 's text and a normalised spelling. In both cases, the solution is the lovely very nice <,> <#> <{1> <[1> It 's long same and follows ICE practice. A right curly brace in angle <,> <#> Well no it 's dark purple <,> like a brackets introduces the string of normalised material. The word a claret kind of <{2> <[2> colour which is being normalised is preceded by a minus sign in angle <#> <[1> Purple brackets and followed by angle brackets containing a forward slash <#> <[2> Mm and the minus sign. The normalised word form is preceded by a plus symbol in angle brackets and followed by angle brackets Figure 10: Two speech overlaps in containing a forward slash and the plus sign. The end of the In Figure 10, $C holds the floor initially. Overlapping begins when sequence is indicated by angle brackets containing a forward slash $C says It’s long, during which time $B says Purple. Though this and a right curly brace. Normalisation is illustrated in (4) below. overlap then ends (hence the symbol), $C is still taking the same turn when she says colour and is overlapped by $A (4) <}> <-> ‘gallavant’ <+> gallivant saying Mm. Overlapping speech Overlapping notation must be read sequentially, so that the initiation of overlap is paired with the overlap that follows it, <{> ... Angle brackets and left curly braces indicate the initiation and independently of any subsequent overlaps. Figure 11 illustrates the completion of a stretch of text in which overlapping speech occurs. operation of sequential marking. These markers indicate the beginning and end of the entire passage <#> It 's going to be you know the way which contains the overlap: within the stretch of text thus marked, you normally see on the news all those returning specific pieces of overlapping speech are marked separately (see <{1> <[1> returning emigrants and everything below). <#> And now it can you 'll be the parents of a returning emigrant and you 'll be <{2> <[2> <[> ... weeping when she 's going again Angle brackets and left square brackets indicate the initiation and <#> <[1> Yeah yeah completion of an utterance which overlaps with another utterance. <#> <[2> Dublin airport 's always Where there is more than overlapping utterance within a speech very nice for those <{> <[> things turn, each overlapping utterance is numbered, as in <[1> ... , <#> <[> Christmas 's lovely <[2> ... , etc. there

Figure 11: Sequential overlaps in

In Figure 11, $C holds the floor initially. Her utterance returning is overlapped by $B, saying Yeah yeah. Speaker C continues without interruption until she says weeping when she’s going again, at which 16 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 23

point $A makes an overlapping utterance, Dublin airport’s always, quotations (which may or may not be quoted accurately relative to and then gains the floor herself. When $A says things, however, her the original). Typical examples include: turn is overlapped by $C, saying Christmas’s. This latter overlap is not numbered, since it is an overlap of $A’s turn, rather than the (6) a. <#> And I'd refer in particular to Section initial turn of $C. Five of our document <,> <#> Sinn Fe/in IRA must completely and unequivocally Pause end its terrorist campaign <,> b. <#> Uh the best lacking all conviction Indicates a pause. and the worst full of passionate intensity was the observation made by Yeats <,,> c. <#> <&> singing I saw the light Indicates a long pause. Pause lengths are judged impressionistically by the transcriber. The decision to note a pause as long may take the surrounding linguistic context into account. d. <#> Well it 's uhm <,> It's an ill burd that fyles its ain nest <#> Phonological Representation I 'll <,> we'd use that sort of general <,> Though ICE texts are transcribed orthographically and symbols of generally the International Phonetic Alphabet are not used, it has e. <#> What I don't want to see us doing is going occasionally been necessary to devise a system for representing up to speak to a Minister and have the usual pronunciation where phonological features are essential to an exercise nice to see you to see you understanding of the text. A simple system of phonetic spelling is nice <#> Goodbye used, which it is hoped will be unambiguous, as seen in (5) below f. <#> But I remember reading and we were told from . that the Prime Minister come with a bit of paper <,> Germany will not attack (5) <#> I was in Lidl <&> pronounced L-EYE-DL <,> Lidl <&> pronounced L-ID-L g. <#> And every few seconds it 's interrupted by Quotations <,> welcome to Specsavers <#> Your call is important to us . ... Ordinary quotations of everyday speech, as in <<#> And he said Though quotation marks are not used in spoken texts, they are no <#> It 's a girl now <,>>, are not usually glossed as reproduced in written transcriptions where they exist in the quoted speech, though they are treated and annotated as quoted originals. This quoted material may additionally be marked with speech in the SPICE-Ireland Corpus. In ICE-Ireland, quotations are ... notation. only marked in speech for texts that have an independent existence outside the ICE text, e.g. written works of prose, poetry, or song, Speech unit and orally-circulating texts such as proverbs and proverbial <#> wisdom, catch phrases, clichés, figures of speech, and well-known Denotes the initiation of a speech unit. Speech units correspond 17 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 24

roughly to sentences, although some speech units are only clauses Notation Meaning or phrases, often incomplete or ill-formed, due to interruption, ... bold typeface hesitation, false start, etc. Decisions on where to put unit ... italic typeface boundaries are made by the transcriber, on a combination of ... Xsuperscript prosodic and grammatical evidence. There is no marking for the ... Xsubscript termination of a speech unit.

    ...
underlining

<*> agus [‘and’] sign 7 Subtext markers <*> alpha sign α ... <*> beta sign β Shows the initiation and termination of a continuous passage of <*> ampersand & transcribed text. Most of the spoken texts consist of only one <*> asterisk * subtext, while some of the written texts are composites of several <*> bullet point • subtexts. <*> dash sign — <*> degrees sign ˚ Typographic features <*> delta sign Δ Due to the limited capacity of ICE corpora to allow for formatting, <*> dollar sign $ <*> hash sign # various markups are used to indicate typographical features (bold, <*> equals sign = italics, etc.) and the use of special symbols such as ampersands and <*> inch sign “ mathematical signs. Table 4 lists the relevant markups, which are <*> less than sign < based on but may differ from other ICE markups. Note in <*> less than or equal to sign < particular the <*> agus sign , which is a symbol from Latin <*> minus sign - manuscript tradition used in Irish orthography to indicate agus <*> greater than sign > ‘and’. <*> multiplication sign • <*> mu sign µ Unclear speech <*> per cent sign % ... <*> plus sign + Denotes the beginning and end of a section of speech which is not <*> plus or minus sign ± clear enough to allow for transcription. The approximate length of <*> pound sign £ the relevant section is indicated by the number of syllables <*> sigma Σ (abbreviated to sylls) or words, written between the angle bracket notations. Though this notation is, by definition, approximate, it Table 4: ICE-Ireland transcriptons of typographic features gives the reader some indication of the size of the gap in the transcribed record. Vocalisations Where several people speak simultaneously, or whether other Hesitation, non-verbal back-channel vocalisations, and similar complicating factors are present, unclear speech may also be utterances are transcribed variously as , , , indicated using the editorial comment notation, as in <&> , , and . The expression occurs only rarely. simultaneous and unclear speech . The notation erm, commonly used in transcriptions of British 18 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 25

English, is not used, since virtually all the speech in ICE-Ireland is forth. The rules for conventional orthography, however, are not firmly rhotic and the vowel used in hesitation is not well always suitable for electronic texts. In particular, hyphenation has represented by the vowel usually indicated in British English by been used in transcription so as to keep fixed phrases together as erm. single elements, even where they would not normally be hyphenated in written English. The following lists indicate the Written text units decisions that were taken in the final editing stage of the ICE- ... Ireland corpus and will be useful as a guide to word searching (cf. Indicates the beginning and end of a heading or headline. Nelson 1995).

...

Capitalisation Marks the beginning and end of a paragraph. In long passages of Where a word is spoken as a string of letters, the letters are written relatively formal writing, paragraph boundaries correspond to together like a word. If a word is being spelled out, the letters are easily-definable chunks of text. In letters, circulars, and some other written individually, with a space after each letter. Example 8 written materials, a balance must sometimes be struck between a illustrates the relevant practice. definition of paragraph based on typography alone (where spacing marks paragraph boundaries) and a definition based on a unity of (8) a. ... <#> Uh but it hasn't happened elements (where text lines that are separated by spaces might and that 's why the uh the union and the DSAs nevertheless be considered part of one paragraph). Thus while the were left with no option but to take action original texts which provide the basis for the ICE-Ireland <,> to force a settlement on this issue transcripts in (7) show empty space after each line, the unity of b. <#> Bebhinn how do you spell your openings and closings in letters justifies putting these sentences name into a single paragraph in the transcript, rather than separating <#> B E B H I N N <,> them on the basis of spatial layout alone: Some words which might not be classed as proper nouns or titles (7) a.

<#> Dear Mr. Morgan, <#> I refer to your elsewhere are capitalised in ICE-Ireland to distinguish specific letter of 1st November, 1994 which raises a geographical, historical, political, or institutional references in number of issues concerning the Route 123 Northern Ireland (NI) or the Republic of Ireland (ROI). service.

Capitalisation forms include the following: b.

<#> Yours sincerely, <#> DICK MURPHY

    <#> Area Manager Ascendancy (broadly referring to Irish Protestant upper classes, West

. especially from the 18th century onwards) Act of Union (act abolishing the Irish Parliament in 1801, thus §9 Editorial practice incorporating Ireland within the ) Casualty Department (i.e. hospital Accident and Emergency or In order to facilitate accurate word counts, every effort has been Emergency Room) made to transcribe the spoken ICE-Ireland material using Church (referring to the historical institution of the Catholic or consistent rules for spelling, capitalisation, word division, and so Christian Church, not to a specific building) 19 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 26

Dad is used to denote a title; dad refers to a generic term for father. Proddy (a term for Protestant which may have derogatory East Belfast connotations) Emancipation (refers to the 19th-century movement for Catholic Province (in ‘the Province’, a shorthand designation for the Emancipation in Ireland). province of Ulster) Emergency (official term in the Republic for the period of the Rainbow Coalition (denotes the governing coalition of the Fine Gael, Second World War, 1939–1945). Labour, and Democratic Left parties in the ROI, 1994–1997) Euro (unit of currency) Republican (referring to political or social groups supporting Irish independence from Great Britain) Faculty (academic unit of organisation) Scripture Government (capitalised when referring to a specific ruling parliamentary group, not to the constitutional system in general) Six Counties (refers to the six counties of Northern Ireland) Hill Sixteen (part of Croke Park, the major GAA sports stadium State (used as a proper noun for a specific political jurisdiction) located in Dublin) TEAMWORK (refers to a specific employment scheme) Junior Certs (refers to the Junior Certificate, the ROI intermediate- T-shirt level school qualification) Traveller (capitalisation used to denote an Irish ethnic group) Leaving Certificate (the ROI senior second-level school qualification) Troubles (period of civil unrest and violence in NI from ca. 1968 Loyalist (referring to political or social groups supporting Irish onwards) union with Great Britain) Nationalist (referring to political or social groups supporting Irish Visa (denoting a type of credit card) independence from Great Britain) V (denotes the letter ) Ma used to denote a title; mam, ma, mum refer to a generic term Web (capitalisation denotes the world-wide web) for mother. White Paper (capitalisation denotes a specific type of government Mass (religious service) document) Masters (postgraduate degree) Wren (traditionally pronounced as ‘wran’; capitalisation denotes Nine-Eleven (i.e. events of 11 September 2001) Irish traditions associated with St. Stephens’ day, 26 December). P (denotes the letter

; cf. p, p-s discussed below) Hyphenation P-one (designates a primary grade in NI schools) The decision whether or not to use hyphenation is based on both Parliament (referring to a specific legislative body; parliament used the recommendations of established English style guides (e.g. generically) Weiner and Hawkins 1984) and the anticipated advantages of Peace Process (term used over many years to refer to negotiations grouping together certain word combinations in order to facilitate over NI conflict) electronic searching. Where choice exists as to whether or not to Peep-O’-Day Boys (18th century sectarian group) hyphenate phrases that modify nouns (as in all-night talks), the Plantation of Ulster (commonly used to refer to a period in the early decision has usually been to hyphenate. Due to the specific 17th century which saw large-scale movements of Protestant functions of the forward slash in ICE, a hyphen is sometimes used settlers into Ulster) in the transcriptions where a forward slash or other punctuation Protestant would be used in regular orthography. This list below indicates 20 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 27

decisions to use hyphenation in the transcription of spoken break-even (NM) material. Decisions not to hyphenate, either by retaining separate bugger-all words or by using single-word forms, are indicated in separate bye-bye lists. When a distinction has been made between hyphenation for by-line noun modification and non-hyphenation in adjectival or adverbial call-box functions (as in widely-known story versus my name was widely Clare-born known), the notation (NM) in the list below denotes hyphenation class-A (NM) used for modification immediately preceding a head noun. clean-shaven closely-knit Hyphenated forms computer-generated (NM) action-packed co-operate, co-operation agenda-setters co-ordinate (except in mathematical usage) a-la-carte coq-au-vin A-levels cost-effective all-important C O-two (spelling for chemical designation for carbon dioxide, all-in (adverbial) CO2) all-Ireland coup-d’e/tat (spelling incorporates various ICE-Ireland conventions) all-night (NM) C-plus-plus (spelling to denote orthographic C++) a-m (AM, designating time of day; cf. pm) cross-country (NM) and-or (corresponds to and/or in conventional orthography) cul-de-sac anis-seedy (but cf. anis seed) data-gathering (NM) anti-curtains day-to-day a-propos day-tripper back-to-back dead-on bad-looking fella decision-makers bear-baiting decision-making bear-pit democratically-elected (NM) B-Ed, B-Eds (Bachelor of Education, abbreviated conventionally to deposit-taker B.Ed.) diary-type (NM) best-kept dilly-dally black-spot (as in accident black-spot, a place where traffic accidents dog-eared occur frequently) door-to-door B-one (spelling out of a shorthand form, B1) double-glazed bread-and-butter (NM) double-N (i.e. ‘double ’) 21 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 28

down-to-earth grade-point dressy-up graduates-to-be drinking-club great-aunt dry-dock great-great-granddaughter eight-thirty (referring to time) great-great-great-grandmother empty-handed Greek-speaking (NM) end-game ground-rule (NM) English-speaking (NM) grubby-looking et-al H-Dip, H-Dips (spelling to represent pronunciation of H.Dip, et-cetera ‘Higher Diploma’) et-sequitur half-and-half ever-increasing (NM) half-back line (as used in sports) expose/-type half-brother extraordinary-looking (NM) half-time (as used in sports) eye-to-eye half-way face-to-face hand-fed family-style (NM) hand-in-hand far-fetched head-of-state (NM) fire-bombed head-onners (referring to prawns) five-point (NM) health-conscious flare-ups hear-hear (interjection typical of parliamentary debates) force-feeding hell-bent four-day (NM) high-maintenance four-month (NM) high-rise fuck-all (NM) high-speed (NM) full-length (NM) hit-and-run full-scale (NM) hold-up (noun) full-time hole-in-the-wall Gaelic-style (NM) holiday-makers get-to-know-you (NM) horse-whisperer gold-dust hunky-dory God-given ill-at-ease going-away (NM) in-box (pertaining to text messages) good-looking in-service (NM) 22 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 29

in-situ middle-aged inter-alia middle-class (NM) I-O stream (denotes ‘Input-Output stream’) muck-savage Irish-language (NM) multi-modal (but cf. multinational) keep-fit multi-party (but cf. multinational) key-ring Muslim-led (NM) Kiss-FM (radio station) near-bankruptcy knock-on near-disasters know-how (noun) newly-enfranchised (NM) lady-in-waiting newly-independent (NM) laid-back newly-privatised (NM) larger-than-life (NM) next-of-kin last-ditch (NM) night-time lead-up (NM) Nine-Eleven (i.e. events of 11 September 2001) left-hand (NM) nineteenth-century (NM) left-handed no-one legally-determined (NM) non-title (NM) living-room note-cleaning (NM) London-based o-one (as in seventeen o-one ‘1701’) long-life (NM) off-target long-term (NM) oil-fired (NM) low-quality (NM) old-fashioned M-and-M (M & M sweets) old-womany man-made on-loan (NM) man-to-man once-thriving (NM) market-led (NM) one-word (NM) matrix-style opt-out (NM) meat-eater OS-X (Macintosh OS X, reading X as ; cf. OS Ten) medium-term (NM) out-marked (as used in football) me/nage-a\-trois over-achieving mid-August over-hyped mid-field over-packed mid-November P-one (designates a primary grade in NI schools) mid-way p-s (plural of count noun p ‘pence [coin]’, as in new ten p-s; cf P, p) 23 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 30

part-time re-drawn peace-keeper re-elected peace-maker re-emerged, re-emergence, re-emerging Peep-O’-Day Boys (18th century sectarian group) re-enactment people-planning (NM) re-established, re-establishing perfectly-timed (NM) re-examine piss-blonde (NM) re-formed, re-forming (refers to forming again) playing-field re-honing post-adoption re-integration post-mortem re-lay (i.e. to lay again) post-traumatic re-open pre-arranged re-order pre-condition re-organised pre-dated, pre-dating re-rolls (noun pertaining to pastry) pre-drill re-route, re-routed, re-routing pre-eminence re-zoning pre-empts real-life (NM) pre-Intermediate right-hand (NM) pre-judging rip-off pre-season rock-bottom pre-sexism roller-coaster pre-summer rucksacky-type (pertaining to a rucksack) pre-tax rumpy-pumpy pre-vocation Saeng-Som (Thai rice liquor) President-elect sandwich-maker pygmy-like Scooby-Doo (refers to Hanna-Barbera cartoon character) Q-Bar (name of club) sea-fishery (NM) quick-setting (NM) second-hand (NM) raison-d’etre sell-by (NM) rapidly-changing (NM) self-confidence re-adjourn self-destructs re-arrange self-respect re-creating self-rule

24 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 31

set-up (noun) tightly-balanced (NM) seven-inch (NM) traditionally-accepted (NM) seven-month (NM) turn-up (noun) shabby-looking twentieth-century (NM) shoot-to-kill Two-FM (2FM; name of radio station) two-stage (NM) short-time (NM) two-week side-effects uh-huh side-line (as used in sports) ultra-vires single-sex (NM) up-market sit-down (NM) up-to-date (NM) sitting-room upper-class (NM) six-thirty (referring to time) wafer-thin (NM) snotty-nosed wall-hanging south-westerly (cf. southwest) wall-to-wall special-purpose (NM) war-weariness spin-doctor well-battered split-up (noun) well-done (NM) spot-on well-dressed well-known stand-up (NM) well-planned (NM) star-studded well-read start-off (noun) well-ridden stir-fry well-spoken stun-gunned (participle; cf. stun gun) wholly-owned (NM) sub-grid (NM) widely-known (NM) sweet-looking working-class (NM) T-shirt workman-like taken-for-granted (NM) world-famous (NM) teaching-only (NM) write-off thank-you write-up three-D (i.e. 3D ‘three-dimensional’) X-ray three-day year-end (NM) three-month three-tiered tight-knight (NM)

25 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 32

Non-hyphenated forms three and a half year case age group three course meal Air Force One (proper noun) three quarters anis seed two thirds bottle blonde (noun) urban dwellers car full Vice Chancellor coal face (used metaphorically) word processor Coronation Street style smoking chimneys WWW dot PAC NI dot CO dot UK dog show WWW dot IX quick dot com drawn out (as in long drawn out) fellow students Single words Fianna Fa/il led government Where discretion exists to spell a word as one word or two, the guest house usual practice with ICE-Ireland is to choose the one-word spelling hay fever in order to facilitate accurate word searches. In some cases, phrases lightly dusted flour board that are usually spelled as separate words in print are united into a long term (used as a noun) single word in ICE-Ireland. Relevant editorial choices are listed middle class, middle classes (used as a noun) here. more or less airforce, Airforce nine tenths backpay non computer science people backpedal non co-operation ballgame (used idiomatically, as in totally different ballgame) one fifth banknote one third businesslike OS Ten (Macintosh OS X, reading X as the number 10) carpark PAYE payers (PAYE, ‘Pay as You Earn’, denotes the ROI income tax ceasefire system) childminder people planning (used as a noun) clingfilm (i.e. plastic wrap for food, etc.) photo shoot copperfasten seven tenths courseware short term (used as a noun) crossbar (as used in football) slide rule demotivating stun gun dessertspoon tape recorder doorstep thirty year old dragonslayer 26 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 33

eg (spelling denotes pronunciation of Latin marketplace e.g., exempli gratia ‘for example’) markup email midwestern ensuite motorcycle fieldworker mousemat fireguard mousepad folktale multinational godchild nondescript goodbye northwest greenbelt ongoing hairbands outperform passageway hairline payback hardback percent hardcore phonecall, phonecalls headband photocopy healthcare pigeonhole homemade pm (PM, designating time of day; cf. a-m) hundredweight postbox hungover preconceptions icecream predisposed ie (spelling denotes pronunciation of Latin i.e., id est ‘that is’) prehistory inasmuch premeditated insofar prerequisite interrelationship presuppositions laptop (computer) readjustment leopardskin reaffirming letterbox realignment lifeguarding reappeared lifestyle rearticulate lineout (as used in rugby) reassert loanword reassessment mailshot reassurances makeup rebuilt 27 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 34

recharged rollerskates reclassified, reclassify roughhouse recommence, recommencing roundtable reconvene seafront redesign, redesigning sharpshooting rediscover soundplay redouble southpaw refloats southwest (cf. south-westerly) refocus springtime regenerate stationmaster regrouped storyboard reinterpreted storytelling reinvent sweatsuit rekindled taskforce relaunch taxpayers relearn timeframe reliving timescale remarry treehouse reorder turnout reorganise, reorganised uncooperative repainted, repainting videotape rephrasing waterslides reread weekend reschedule, rescheduled wordplay reshowing, reshown workforce reshuffle, reshuffling restarting Spelling and lexical entries Spelling in general follows recommendations made by Weiner and retellings Hawkins (1984), although choices between -ise and -ize endings for rethink verbs and their associated noun or adjective forms consistently retold favour -ise. Irish place names generally follow the spelling in Room retrainable (1994), while Lalor (2003) has been widely consulted for the reused spelling of Irish personal names and historical terms. In so far as rewriting possible, proper names arising in broadcast or other public rollerblades material have been checked against primary sources to obtain 28 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 35

correct spellings. In the case of specialist material (e.g. university about sixty years lectures), specialist works in the appropriate field have been <#> Bit sick alright consulted in order to reflect accepted spellings of names and <#> All right <#>. technical terms. Despite the definition of ICE-Ireland as a corpus of Standard arrah (Irish English interjection) English, it is inevitable that the corpus will contain words for aul (see oul below) which no standard form exists or which is different from any auntie (familiar form of aunt) aw, aww (two forms used to show differences in the length of the codified standard form. In keeping with our principle of describing interjection) English as it is used, rather than trying to normalise the language, azed (['zd], pronunciation of zed. Similar prothesis may occur in we have occasionally included words which, when spoken, appear zebra, zoo, zero; cf. Todd (1990: 24–25). as significant variants from the words found in dictionaries of bes (3rd person singular of the generic/habitual form of be; cf. standard English. Other words found in the corpus are words of Harris 1993) general English dialect and slang usage, words specific to Irish biccies (spelling used for the diminutive plural of biscuits) English dialectology and slang, and words of Irish and Scots that blah (used to denote conversation, as in blah blah blah and blah-de- are so well integrated into English usage as not to require notation blah) as a separate language. For words which have particular cafe (thus Anglicised, apart from proper nouns, rather than taken as significance in Ireland, we refer to the growing record of dialect café) co (spelled this way when the abbreviation for company and slang usage in Irish English and Ulster Scots, e.g. Todd (1990), is so pronounced) Fenton (1995, 2000, 2006), Macafee (1996), Moylan (1996), cos (spelling consistently used for shortened forms of because) O'Muirithe (1996), Share (1997, 2001, 2003), Dolan (1998, 2004), and craic (‘chat, enjoyment, fun, gossip, way of things’; the Irish- Sammon (2002). language spelling is used consistently instead of the Following is a list of spelling decisions for ICE-Ireland which English-language crack, whose dialectal meaning is roughly include (a) exceptions to the rules of Weiner and Hawkins (1984), equivalent; see Kallen 1996, Dolan 2004). (b) cases which are not well covered in manuals focused on the deejaying (spelling for the verb; cf. DJ) written language, (c) words where a dialectal form represents a dignatory (used as a spelling to reflect pronunciation more clearly separate lexical item from the more standard form (e.g. divil vs. than the standard spelling, . A lexical variant, rather devil), and (d) decisions that have been made to meet the specific than purely phonological variation, is suggested.) demands of ICE-Ireland as an electronic corpus following the rules disc (spelling used consistently as opposed to disk) Divali (spelling matches pronunciation in ICE-Ireland; Diwali is of the ICE project in general. standard spelling) divil (represents dialectal form of devil; used with a range of alright for adverbial and adjectival modifiers; all right usually discourse functions.) stands alone, as seen in (9): DJ (transcription for noun; not spelled out) dunno (transcription for the concatenative form of don’t know) (9) ... <#> But still <,> they must eff (spelling for the letter when used euphemistically for fuck, have bells alright etc.) ... <#> And they were alright for 29 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 36

fella (conventional spelling for phonologically reduced form of ‘twasn’t (contracted form of it was not) fellow) Two-FM (2FM; name of radio station) garlicky ‘twould (contracted form of it would) gonna (conventional spelling for concatenative form of going to) ‘ve (conventionally used for the contraction of have. This spelling is gotta (conventional spelling for concatenative form of got to) also used for a spoken form as in If I had ‘ve thought what I could Halloween (spelled without any apostrophes) ‘ve done was was sent it. In this example, the first ‘ve does not hoor ([hur], a separate lexical entry from whore, with a wider range correspond to a form licensed by prescriptive grammars of of metaphorical and discourse functions) standard English. Though some commentators expand this Indeedin (emphatic expression) contracted form to of, we have not followed this interpretation kibosh here.) lilacy (adjective pertaining to lilac) wanna (transcription for the concatenative form of want to) loath (adjective), loathe (verb) weeist (‘smallest’, i.e. ‘most wee’) Mr (not spelled out phonetically; no full stop) weirdos Mrs (not spelled out phonetically; no full stop) welched Ms (not spelled out phonetically; no full stop) whatchamacallit o (used when the number 0 is pronounced as /o/) y’all (second person plural pronoun) okay yerra (Irish English interjection) oul (used for all dialectal forms of ‘old’ including aul(d) and oul(d).) youse (second person plural pronoun) p (denotes short form of pence, as in ten p ‘ten pence’; cf P, p-s) yousuns (second person plural pronoun) St (‘Saint’; spelled in abbreviated form without full stop) §10 Inventory of spoken texts and speakers Street (always spelled out) supernumaries (spelling used to reflect the form spoken in the text; The ICE project was not designed as a sociolinguistic investigation of the relationships between speakers' social backgrounds and any supernumeraries is the standard term) aspects of their language use. Beyond the definition of standard Technicolor (a technical term thus spelled and capitalised) English that determines whose speech or writing may be included th’ (cliticised form of the, phonologically reduced and conjoined in the corpus, there are no rules for ICE which determine any with following noun) particular selection of speakers on the basis of geography, social themuns (3rd person plural pronoun) class, gender, age, or other social factors. It is, however, natural to thingamajig (following pronunciation; cf. thingymajig) expect that significant correlations may exist between social and thingymajig (following pronunciation; cf. thingamajig) linguistic variables within an ICE corpus. The question of social til (includes both reduced forms related to until and form related to variables is particularly important for ICE-Ireland, since this to, as in back til work) corpus has been designed to test the hypothesis that even standard ‘tis (contracted form of it is) English shows significant linguistic differences across the political ‘tisn’t (contracted form of it is not) border in Ireland. The organisation of the corpus as a whole reflects TV (not spelled out) this North-South hypothesis, and every effort has been made to ‘twas (contracted form of it was) maximise the opportunity to test readily for political border effects. 30 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:09 Page 37

As we have explained elsewhere (e.g. Kirk et al. 2003; Kallen and categories, we have condensed the large number of self-reported Kirk 2007), though, we would not propose to test differences labels into a smaller number of more uniform categories, with the between language use in Northern Ireland and the Republic of help of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (for Ireland by imposing a strict separation of texts in which, for European Union purposes) (available from the Central Statistics example, no northern speakers appear in 'southern' texts and vice Office Ireland website, www.cso.ie/surveysandmethodologies/ versa, or by excluding speakers whose life has involved significant surveys/earnings/national_employment_oct2006_survey.htm). experience in both political jurisdictions. The overwhelming In addition to the information volunteered by speakers, we have, pattern in ICE-Ireland does reflect a general sense of exclusiveness: for a small number of number of public figures, used biographical most northern texts contain only speakers who have spent their information taken from generally reliable sources in the public lives in Northern Ireland, and most southern texts contain only domain; we have also used information contained in the texts speakers who have spent their lives in the Republic. Nevertheless, themselves. we also find a significant minority of speakers in the corpus whose Following is the list of coded features for the ICE-Ireland lives have been spent on both sides of the political border, and inventory of spoken texts. Each column in the inventory (given speakers who have lived much further afield – both in English- in bold) is defined and followed by the relevant codes and their speaking countries and in others where English is not as widely meanings. used. In reflecting the realities of everyday life, there are also ICE- Ireland texts which include speakers from both sides of the border. ZONE: refers to the geographical background of each speaker In order to aid in the exploration of the social dimension of ICE- within the text. Ireland, the inventory which follows provides information on each codes spoken text and the contributors to that text. In the vast majority of N: Northern Ireland cases, this information has been made available to us from a S: Republic of Ireland background questionnaire given to speakers who have agreed to M: Mixed between NI and ROI or between Ireland and a participate in ICE-Ireland. This self-reported data has been taken as non-Irish jurisdiction the ultimate word on the description of the speaker. The strength of X: Non-corpus speaker this approach to collecting demographic data is that it allows speakers to represent themselves as they wish: speakers are free to TEXT ID: gives the ICE-Ireland text number for the relevant text. give no answer to questions which they do not wish to answer, and it is the speaker's interpretation of the questions which determines TITLE: gives the title which corresponds to the ICE-Ireland text id. the answers given. The weakness of this approach is that different respondents will interpret some of the questions differently: self- DATE: refers to the time period from which the text originates reporting of concepts such as 'native language' and language codes proficiency may reveal much about language attitudes as well as A: 1990–1994 about day-to-day speech. We have not taken it upon ourselves to B: 1995–2001 try to unravel these complicated issues. Rather, we have simply C: 2002–2005 chosen to let the speakers speak for themselves. The only significant exception to this principle is that for occupational 31 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 38

SP ID: assigns a unique identification PROV: denotes the provenance of the LH: Louth number to each speaker in the corpus. speaker, i.e. the answer to the question LK: Limerick 'where were you brought up?'. For codes, LM: Leitrim SP REF: denotes a speaker's role in a given see RESIDE. LS: Laois ICE-Ireland text. MH: Meath Note: Sp id and sp ref operate RESIDE: denotes the residence of the MN: Monaghan independently, in that sp id is assigned speaker, in answer to the question 'where MO: Mayo across the entire corpus, while sp ref works do you live?'. The same codes are used for NI: NI (unspecified) only within the individual text. Thus, for PROV and RESIDE, specifying counties OY: Offaly example, Speaker 11 appears as Speaker F and major cities within Ireland and RI: ROI (unspecified) in S1A-002, Speaker E in S1A-003, Speaker countries elsewhere. In Ireland, a two-letter RN: Roscommon D in S1A-006 and S1A-007, and Speaker C code is used for counties, while a one-letter SO: Sligo in S1A-009. code is used for cities. Two-letter codes are TP: Tipperary used elsewhere, apart from L: London. TY: Tyrone SEX: denotes the sex of the speaker. WD: codes codes WH: Westmeath M: male AN: Antrim WW: Wicklow F: female AR: Armagh WX: Wexford nag: no answer given B: Belfast C: Cork (city) EN: England AGE: refers to the general age category of CC: Co. Cork L: London the speaker. Some ambiguity may exist CE: Clare SC: Scotland between age at the time of speaking (which CN: Cavan WA: Wales is the preferred information) versus age at CW: Carlow UK: other UK the time of filling out a background D: Dublin (city) questionnaire (which is how the question DL: Donegal AU: Australia was sometimes interpreted). DU: Co. Dublin CA: Canada Age codes represent a band of years. DW: Down BA: Bangladesh codes DY: (London) ET: Ethiopia 0: 0–18 FG: Fermanagh EU: (other) Europe 1: 19–25 G: Galway (city) GY: Guyana 2: 26–33 GA: Co. Galway IQ: Iraq 3: 34–41 IR: unspecified Ireland IT: Italy 4: 42–49 KE: Kildare JA: Jamaica 5: 50+ KK: Kilkenny KN: Kenya nag: no answer given KY: Kerry SA: South Africa LD: Longford UN: Unspecified 32 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 39

US: USA IT: information technology RELIG: denotes the speaker's stated ZA: Zambia Jnlt : journalist 'religious background' nag: no answer given MD: medical doctor (general codes practitioner or other unspecified A: Agnostic or Atheist ED LEV: refers to the highest educational doctor) B: Buddhist qualification obtained by the speaker. Mgr: manager C: Roman Catholic codes MP: Member of Parliament G: Pagan PRI: primary education Music : musician, singer, or songwriter H: Hindu SSE: some secondary education Off: official I: Mixed SES: secondary school qualification Ofcr: officer J: Jewish Pg: postgraduate STE: some tertiary education M: Muslim Pol: politician TEQ: non-degree tertiary qualification N: None Prin: principal FID: first degree P: Protestant Prdr: producer PGQ: postgraduate qualification R: Christian Psych: psychologist PHD: doctoral degree nag: no answer given Rad: radio Relig: minister of religion OCCUPATION: denotes the speaker's 1ST LG: denotes the speaker's stated Rep: representative occupation, grouped with regard to 'native language'. For codes, see OTHER Rtd: retired statistical categories as noted above. Where LGS SGSO: Senior official in a an individual has more than one governmental or special-interest occupation, each one is separated by a organisation semicolon. Abbreviations are noted below: SLT: Speech and language therapist nag denotes 'no answer given'. Sr: senior abbreviation codes Tch: teaching or instruction outside of Admin: administrator schools, colleges, and universities Asst: assistant TU: trade union CEO: Chief Executive Officer TV: television Co: company V: vice Ctr: commentator CW: community worker for special- interest organisation or group Dir: director Envir: environmental Exec: executive HEP: higher education professional (official or administrator) 33 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 40

OTHER LGS: denotes the speaker's stated SWH: Swahili use of 'other languages ... if they are THA: Thai different from English'. Each language is VLS: Flemish denoted using the three-letter SIL Language Codes (see www.sil.org), although a special code was made up for Ulster Scots following the pattern of the SIL codes.

codes AMH: Amharic ARB: Arabic BEN: Bengali CYM: Welsh DAN: Danish DEU: German ELL: Greek ENG: English FIN: Finnish FRA: French GLA: Scots Gaelic GLE: Irish Gaelic HEB: Hebrew ITA: Italian JPN: Japanese KHM: Khmer LAT: Latin MRI: Maori NLD: Dutch NOB: Norwegian POL: Polish POR: Portuguese RUS: Russian SCO: Scots SCU: Ulster Scots SPA: Spanish STH: Shelta SWE: Swedish 34 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 41

Speaker Biodata: Northern Inventory

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs N S1A-001 Riding A 1 A M 3 B B PHD Sr systems analyst P ENG none N S1A-001 Riding A 2 B F 3 B B SES Bank clerk P ENG none N S1A-002 Dinner chat 1 C 3 A F 2 B B PGQ Solicitor C ENG FRA ITA N S1A-002 Dinner chat 1 C 4 B F 1 B B FID Pg student C ENG FRA N S1A-002 Dinner chat 1 C 5 C M 5 B B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG nag N S1A-002 Dinner chat 1 C 6 D F 5 B B PGQ V prin primary school C ENG GLE M S1A-002 Dinner chat 1 C 7 E M 3 B EN PHD Surgeon C ENG nag N S1A-002 Dinner chat 1 C 11 F F 2 B B PHD Research asst C ENG FRA ITA N S1A-002 Dinner chat 1 C 14 G F 5 B B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG nag M S1A-002 Dinner chat 1 C 8 H M 1 B EN PGQ Teacher C ENG nag M S1A-002 Dinner chat 1 C 9 I F 3 DW EN PHD Lecturer C ENG nag M S1A-003 Dinner chat 2 C 7 A M 3 B EN PHD Surgeon C ENG nag N S1A-003 Dinner chat 2 C 3 B F 2 B B PGQ Solicitor C ENG FRA ITA N S1A-003 Dinner chat 2 C 4 C F 1 B B FID Pg Student C ENG FRA N S1A-003 Dinner chat 2 C 6 D F 5 B B PGQ V prin primary school C ENG GLE N S1A-003 Dinner chat 2 C 11 E F 2 B B PHD Research asst C ENG FRA ITA M S1A-003 Dinner chat 2 C 8 F M 1 B EN PGQ Teacher C ENG nag N S1A-004 Nursing home 1 C 12 A F 5 B B SES Rtd civil servant C GLE ENG none N S1A-004 Nursing home 1 C 13 B F 5 B TY B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG none N S1A-004 Nursing home 1 C 14 C F 5 B B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG nag N S1A-005 Masons C 15 A M 3 DW DW SES Bus driver P ENG FRA N S1A-005 Masons C 16 B M 2 DW B FID Graphic designer P ENG FRA N S1A-005 Masons C 17 C F 2 DW B PGQ Research asst C ENG THA FRA SPA N S1A-006 Girls' chat 1 C 3 A F 2 B B PGQ Solicitor C ENG FRA ITA M S1A-006 Girls' chat 1 C 18 B F 3 B D PGQ Editor C ENG nag N S1A-006 Girls' chat 1 C 19 C F 3 B B PGQ Marketing mgr C ENG nag N S1A-006 Girls' chat 1 C 11 D F 2 B B PHD Research asst C ENG FRA ITA N S1A-006 Girls' chat 1 C 20 E F 2 B B PGQ MD C ENG nag M S1A-007 Girls' chat 2 C 18 A F 3 B D PGQ Editor C ENG nag N S1A-007 Girls' chat 2 C 21 B F 3 B B FID MD C ENG none N S1A-007 Girls' chat 2 C 19 C F 3 B B PGQ Marketing mgr C ENG nag N S1A-007 Girls' chat 2 C 11 D F 2 B B PHD Research asst C ENG FRA ITA N S1A-007 Girls' chat 2 C 3 E F 2 B B PGQ Solicitor C ENG FRA ITA N S1A-007 Girls' chat 2 C 20 F F 2 B B PGQ MD C ENG nag N S1A-008 Nursing home 2 C 13 A F 5 B TY B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG none N S1A-008 Nursing home 2 C 22 B F 5 B B SES Rtd C ENG none N S1A-008 Nursing home 2 C 12 C F 5 B B SES Rtd civil servant C GLE ENG none N S1A-008 Nursing home 2 C 14 D F 5 B B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG nag N S1A-009 Lovely bread C 14 A F 5 B B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG nag N S1A-009 Lovely bread C 6 B F 5 B B PGQ V prin primary school C ENG GLE N S1A-009 Lovely bread C 11 C F 2 B B PHD Research asst C ENG FRA ITA M S1A-010 Lunch C 23 A F 2 B EN SES Retail manageress P ENG FRA N S1A-010 Lunch C 24 B F 2 DY DY PGQ Teacher C ENG nag 35 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 42

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs

M S1A-010 Lunch C 25 C F 2 DW AU B FID Care asst C ENG nag N S1A-010 Lunch C 26 D F 2 DW B PGQ Teacher C ENG FRA N S1A-010 Lunch C 17 E F 2 DW DW PGQ Researcher C ENG THA FRA SPA N S1A-010 Lunch C 28 F F nag nag nag nag Waitress nag nag nag N S1A-011 Hen party C 29 A F 2 AN AN PGQ IT analyst P ENG none S S1A-011 Hen party C 30 B F nag D D nag nag C nag nag N S1A-011 Hen party C 31 C F 2 TY B FID TV production asst C ENG nag M S1A-011 Hen party C 32 D F 2 B SC PGQ Teacher P ENG THA N S1A-012 Student chat 1 A 33 A F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-012 Student chat 1 A 34 B F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-013 Student chat 2 A 33 A F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-013 Student chat 2 A 34 B F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-013 Student chat 2 A 35 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-014 Monday night A 36 A F 1 DW SC PGQ Teacher P ENG FRA SPA N S1A-014 Monday night A 37 B F 1 DW AR FID Administrator nag ENG none N S1A-014 Monday night A 38 C M 1 nag nag SES nag nag nag nag N S1A-014 Monday night A 39 D M 1 nag nag SES nag nag nag nag N S1A-015 Summer plans A 40 A M 1 nag nag FID nag nag nag nag N S1A-015 Summer plans A 41 B F 1 nag nag FID nag nag nag nag N S1A-015 Summer plans A 42 C F 1 nag nag FID nag nag nag nag N S1A-015 Summer plans A 43 D M 1 nag nag FID nag nag nag nag M S1A-016 Catching up A 44 A F 1 B EN STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-016 Catching up A 45 B M 1 nag B STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-016 Catching up A 46 C M nag B B nag Employed nag nag nag N S1A-017 Corps Ball A 47 A F 1 nag nag STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-017 Corps Ball A 48 B F 1 nag nag STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-017 Corps Ball A 49 C M 1 nag nag STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-017 Corps Ball A 50 D M 1 nag nag STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-018 Drama A 51 A M 1 nag B STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-018 Drama A 52 B M 1 nag B STE Student nag nag nag X S1A-018 Drama A 53 C F 1 EN B STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-018 Drama A 54 D F 1 B B STE Student C nag nag N S1A-019 Clothes C 55 A F 2 DY B PGQ Solicitor C ENG nag N S1A-019 Clothes C 56 B F 2 B B PGQ Solicitor P ENG nag N S1A-019 Clothes C 58 C F 3 B B SES Mgr C ENG none N S1A-019 Clothes C 3 D F 2 B B PGQ Solicitor C ENG FRA ITA N S1A-020 Taxi driver C 3 A F 2 B B PGQ Solicitor C ENG FRA ITA N S1A-020 Taxi driver C 56 B F 2 B B PGQ Solicitor P ENG nag N S1A-020 Taxi driver C 58 C F 3 B B SES Mgr C ENG nag N S1A-020 Taxi driver C 55 D F 2 DY B PGQ Solicitor C ENG nag N S1A-021 Provincetown C 3 A F 2 B B PGQ Solicitor C ENG FRA ITA N S1A-021 Provincetown C 63 B M 2 AN B PGQ Solicitor C ENG FRA N S1A-021 Provincetown C 55 C F 2 DY B PGQ Solicitor C ENG nag 36 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 43

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs N S1A-021 Provincetown C 57 D M 5 B B FID Solicitor C ENG nag X S1A-021 Provincetown C 27 E M 4 L B FID Solicitor C ENG none N S1A-021 Provincetown C 60 F F 2 DW B PGQ Solicitor C ENG nag N S1A-021 Provincetown C 59 G F 1 AN AN PGQ Solicitor P ENG FRA DEU N S1A-021 Provincetown C 61 H F 2 AN B PGQ Solicitor P ENG FRA M S1A-021 Provincetown C 62 I F 1 DL B FID Trainee solicitor C ENG GLE FRA N S1A-022 Pizza A 64 A F 1 DW DW STE Student C ENG FRA SPA M S1A-022 Pizza A 65 B F 1 DW D STE Student C ENG FRA SPA N S1A-022 Pizza A 66 C F 4 DW DW SES Housewife C ENG none N S1A-022 Pizza A 67 D M 5 DW DW SES Farmer C ENG none X S1A-022 Pizza A 104 E M 0 DW DW PRI Student C ENG nag N S1A-023 Christmas A 64 A F 1 DW DW STE Student C ENG FRA SPA M S1A-023 Christmas A 65 B F 1 DW D STE Student C ENG FRA SPA N S1A-023 Christmas A 66 C F 4 DW DW SES Housewife C ENG none N S1A-023 Christmas A 67 D M 5 DW DW SES Farmer C ENG none X S1A-023 Christmas A 104 E M 0 DW DW PRI Student C ENG nag X S1A-023 Christmas A 135 F F 0 DW DW PRI Student C ENG nag N S1A-024 Pub life A 68 A F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-024 Pub life A 69 B F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-024 Pub life A 70 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-024 Pub life A 71 D M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-025 Housework A 72 A F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-025 Housework A 73 B F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-025 Housework A 74 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-025 Housework A 75 D M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-026 Teachers chat A 76 A F 2 nag DY nag Teacher nag nag nag N S1A-026 Teachers chat A 77 B F nag nag DY nag Teacher nag nag nag N S1A-026 Teachers chat A 78 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-027 Chess club A 79 A M 1 nag B STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-027 Chess club A 80 B M 1 nag B STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-027 Chess club A 81 C M 1 nag B STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-028 Postgrad study A 82 A F 1 nag B STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-028 Postgrad study A 83 B F 1 nag B STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-028 Postgrad study A 84 C F 1 nag B FID Student nag nag nag N S1A-029 Second world war A 85 A M 1 FG L FID Editor P ENG nag N S1A-029 Second world war A 86 B F 5 FG FG nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-029 Second world war A 87 C F 5 FG FG nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-029 Second world war A 88 D F 5 FG FG nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-030 Bank branches A 89 A M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-030 Bank branches A 90 B F nag AN nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-030 Bank branches A 91 C F nag DY nag STE Student nag ENG nag N S1A-030 Bank branches A 92 D M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-031 Restaurants A 93 A F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag 37 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 44

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs N S1A-031 Restaurants A 94 B F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-031 Restaurants A 95 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-031 Restaurants A 96 D F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-032 Art - Football A 98 A M nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-032 Art - Football A 80 B M 1 nag B STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-032 Art - Football A 99 C M nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-032 Art - Football A 73 D F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-032 Art - Football A 72 E F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-032 Art - Football A 74 F M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-032 Art - Football A 75 G M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-033 Singers C 13 A F 5 B TY B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG none N S1A-033 Singers C 106 B F 5 B B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG none N S1A-033 Singers C 105 C F 5 B AN AM B SES Rtd social worker C ENG GLE M S1A-033 Singers C 107 D F 5 D B B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG GLE none N S1A-034 NI Towns A 89 A M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-034 NI Towns A 92 B M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-034 NI Towns A 91 C F nag DY nag STE Student nag ENG nag N S1A-034 NI Towns A 90 D F nag AN nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-035 Houses C 108 A M 1 B B FID Apprentice barrister C ENG nag N S1A-035 Houses C 4 B F 1 B B PGQ Trainee solicitor C ENG FRA N S1A-036 Dinner plans C 17 A F 2 DW B PGQ Research asst C ENG THA FRA SPA N S1A-036 Dinner plans C 109 B F 2 DW B FID Social worker C ENG FRA N S1A-037 Dirtiness C 13 A F 5 B TY B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG none N S1A-037 Dirtiness C 106 B F 5 B B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG none N S1A-037 Dirtiness C 105 C F 5 B AN AM B SES Rtd social worker C ENG GLE M S1A-037 Dirtiness C 107 D F 5 D B SES Rtd civil servant C ENG GLE none N S1A-038 Going out C 17 A F 2 DW B PGQ Research asst C ENG THA FRA SPA N S1A-038 Going out C 109 B F 2 DW B FID Social worker C ENG FRA N S1A-039 Australia C 110 A M 2 AR AR FID Student C ENG nag N S1A-039 Australia C 111 B M 1 AR AR STE Student C ENG nag N S1A-039 Australia C 112 C F 1 AR AR STE Student C ENG nag N S1A-040 Family banter C 113 A F 5 DW DW nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-040 Family banter C 114 B M 5 DW DW nag nag C nag nag N S1A-040 Family banter C 115 C F 1 DW DW nag nag C nag nag N S1A-040 Family banter C 116 D F 1 DW DW FID Student C ENG nag N S1A-041 DVDs A 117 A F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-041 DVDs A 118 B M 1 nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-041 DVDs A 119 C F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-041 DVDs A 120 D M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-042 Photos A 121 A F nag nag B STE Student nag nag nag N S1A-042 Photos A 122 B F nag DY nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-042 Photos A 123 C F nag nag B STE Student nag nag nag S S1A-042 Photos A 124 D F nag GA nag nag nag nag nag nag 38 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 45

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs N S1A-042 Photos A 125 E M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1A-043 Drinking C 127 A F 5 DY DY SES Housewife C ENG nag N S1A-043 Drinking C 129 B M 2 DY B FID Administrator C ENG none M S1A-043 Drinking C 126 C F 2 DL B FID IT analyst C ENG GLE N S1A-043 Drinking C 17 D F 2 DW B PGQ Research asst C ENG THA FRA SPA M S1A-044 Encounter C 128 A F 2 DW EN PGQ Teacher P ENG nag N S1A-044 Encounter C 17 B F 2 DW B PGQ Research asst C ENG THA FRA SPA N S1A-044 Encounter C 130 C F 2 TY B PGQ Teacher C ENG nag M S1A-044 Encounter C 126 D F 2 DL B FID IT analyst C ENG GLE N S1A-045 Fish C 132 A F nag nag DW nag Fishwife nag nag nag N S1A-045 Fish C 131 B F 1 DW DW STE Student C ENG nag X S1A-045 Fish C 133 C F 0 nag DW nag child nag nag nag X S1A-045 Fish C 134 D M 0 nag DW nag child nag nag nag N S1A-091 Haircut - Mortgage C 3 A F 2 B B PGQ Solicitor C ENG FRA ITA N S1A-091 Haircut - Mortgage C 11 B F 2 B B PHD Research asst C ENG FRA ITA N S1A-091 Haircut - Mortgage C 136 C F 2 B B SES Classroom asst P ENG nag N S1A-091 Haircut - Mortgage C 17 D F 2 DW B PGQ Research asst C ENG THA FRA SPA N S1A-092 Househunting C 136 A F 2 B B SES Classroom asst P ENG nag N S1A-092 Househunting C 17 B F 2 DW B PGQ Research asst C ENG THA FRA SPA N S1A-093 Motorbikes C 17 A F 2 DW B PGQ Research asst C ENG THA FRA SPA N S1A-093 Motorbikes C 15 B M 3 DW DW SES Bus driver P ENG FRA M S1A-094 Health C 137 A F 2 DW D PGQ Employment admin C ENG none N S1A-094 Health C 138 B F 2 DW B PGQ Teacher C ENG none N S1A-095 Strep infection C 139 A F 2 AR B PGQ Banker C ENG nag N S1A-095 Strep infection C 140 B F 1 AR B PGQ Designer C ENG nag N S1B-001 Sociolinguistics 1 C 141 A F 5 DY B PHD Lecturer P ENG nag N S1B-001 Sociolinguistics 1 C 142 B M 1 AR AR STE Student C ENG GLE nag N S1B-001 Sociolinguistics 1 C 116 C F 2 DW DW STE Student C ENG nag X S1B-001 Sociolinguistics 1 C 143 D F 1 EU EU FID Student P DEU SPA M S1B-001 Sociolinguistics 1 C 144 E F 1 SC B STE Student P ENG none N S1B-001 Sociolinguistics 1 C 145 F M 1 nag nag STE Student nag nag nag N S1B-001 Sociolinguistics 1 C 146 G F 1 AR AR STE Student P ENG none N S1B-001 Sociolinguistics 1 C 147 H F 1 B B STE Student C ENG nag X S1B-001 Sociolinguistics 1 C 148 I M 1 EU EU FID Student C DEU nag N S1B-002 English supervision A 149 A F nag nag nag FID Student nag nag nag N S1B-002 English supervision A 150 B M 4 B B PHD Lecturer C ENG FRA ITA N S1B-003 Byzantium 1 C 151 A M 4 DW DW PHD Lecturer P ENG ELL FRA DEU N S1B-003 Byzantium 1 C 152 B F 4 B B STE Student C ENG none N S1B-003 Byzantium 1 C 153 C F 5 B B STE Secretary; student C ENG nag N S1B-003 Byzantium 1 C 154 D F 3 B B STE Student G ENG nag X S1B-003 Byzantium 1 C 155 E F 1 EU EU STE Student G SWE DAN NOB FIN FRA N S1B-004 Sociolinguistics 2 C 156 A F 4 B B PHD Lecturer nag ENG nag X S1B-004 Sociolinguistics 2 C 157 B F 1 EN B STE Student N ENG none 39 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 46

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs N S1B-004 Sociolinguistics 2 C 158 C F 1 NI B STE Student P ENG nag N S1B-004 Sociolinguistics 2 C 159 D F 3 NI AN STE Student nag ENG none X S1B-004 Sociolinguistics 2 C 160 E M 1 EN B STE Student P ENG nag N S1B-004 Sociolinguistics 2 C 161 F F 3 DW B STE Student P ENG nag N S1B-004 Sociolinguistics 2 C 162 G M 2 B B STE Student nag ENG nag N S1B-004 Sociolinguistics 2 C 163 H F 1 NI TY STE Student C ENG GLE N S1B-005 Byzantium 2 C 152 A F 4 B B STE Student C ENG none N S1B-005 Byzantium 2 C 151 B M 4 DW DW PHD Lecturer P ENG ELL FRA DEU N S1B-005 Byzantium 2 C 153 C F 5 B B STE Secretary; student C ENG nag N S1B-005 Byzantium 2 C 154 D F 3 B B STE Student G ENG nag N S1B-006 Ulster Scots C 131 A F 1 DW DW STE Student C ENG nag N S1B-006 Ulster Scots C 164 B M 1 AN B STE Student P ENG SPA X S1B-006 Ulster Scots C 165 C F 1 EU B STE Student C FRA none N S1B-006 Ulster Scots C 11 D F 2 B B PHD Research asst C ENG FRA ITA N S1B-006 Ulster Scots C 142 E M 1 AR AR STE Student C ENG GLE nag N S1B-006 Ulster Scots C 116 F F 1 DW DW FID Student C ENG nag N S1B-006 Ulster Scots C 166 G F 1 AN AN STE Student C ENG nag N S1B-007 Law tutorial 1 C 167 A M 2 NI NI PHD Lecturer P ENG FRA N S1B-007 Law tutorial 1 C 168 B F 1 DY B STE Student C ENG GLE N S1B-007 Law tutorial 1 C 169 C F 1 B B STE Student P ENG nag N S1B-007 Law tutorial 1 C 170 D M 5 B B PHD Student N ENG none N S1B-007 Law tutorial 1 C 171 E M 1 B B STE Student P ENG none N S1B-007 Law tutorial 1 C 172 F M 1 FG B STE Student P ENG nag N S1B-007 Law tutorial 1 C 173 G F 2 nag B STE Student P ENG nag N S1B-007 Law tutorial 1 C 174 H F 2 B B STE Student P ENG FRA N S1B-008 Enneagram C 175 A F 5 NI B FID Bank off; lecturer C ENG nag N S1B-008 Enneagram C 176 B F 4 AN B PGQ Teacher C ENG nag N S1B-008 Enneagram C 177 C F 5 B B nag Teacher P ENG nag N S1B-008 Enneagram C 178 D F 5 B B FID Teacher C ENG nag N S1B-008 Enneagram C 6 E F 5 B B PGQ V prin primary school C ENG GLE N S1B-009 Education C 179 A M 5 TY B PHD Lecturer C ENG nag N S1B-009 Education C 180 B F 4 B B FID Teacher P ENG nag N S1B-009 Education C 181 C M 5 B AN PGQ Teacher P ENG none N S1B-009 Education C 182 D F 2 AN B PGQ Teacher P ENG none N S1B-009 Education C 183 E F 4 TY AN PGQ Teacher C ENG nag N S1B-009 Education C 184 F F 4 AR TY PGQ Teacher C ENG nag N S1B-009 Education C 185 G F 3 B DW PGQ Teacher P ENG nag N S1B-009 Education C 186 H M 2 B B FID Teacher P ENG nag N S1B-009 Education C 187 I F 2 AR AR PGQ Teacher P ENG none N S1B-009 Education C 188 J F 5 B B PGQ Teacher C ENG nag N S1B-010 Law tutorial 2 C 167 A M 2 NI NI PHD Lecturer P ENG FRA N S1B-010 Law tutorial 2 C 189 B F 2 B B FID Student P ENG nag N S1B-010 Law tutorial 2 C 171 C M 1 B B STE Student P ENG none 40 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 47

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgss

N S1B-010 Law tutorial 2 C 172 D M 1 FG B STE Student P ENG nag N S1B-010 Law tutorial 2 C 169 E F 1 B B STE Student P ENG nag N S1B-010 Law tutorial 2 C 170 F M 5 B B PHD Student N ENG none N S1B-021 Counterpoint 1 A 190 A M 3 B B PGQ Jnlt; broadcaster P ENG nag M S1B-021 Counterpoint 1 A 191 B M 4 DY AR D PGQ Solicitor C ENG GLE FRA N S1B-021 Counterpoint 1 A 192 C M nag nag B PHD Professor nag ENG nag N S1B-021 Counterpoint 1 A 193 D M 4 FG FG FID Relig; jnlt C ENG GLE N S1B-022 Belfast politics A 194 A M 5 DW nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag N S1B-022 Belfast politics A 195 B M 3 nag DW PGQ Economist; pol P nag nag N S1B-022 Belfast politics A 196 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-022 Belfast politics A 197 D M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag N S1B-022 Belfast politics A 198 E F 1 FG FG PGQ Solicitor P ENG nag N S1B-022 Belfast politics A 199 F M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-022 Belfast politics A 200 G M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-022 Belfast politics A 201 H F 2 B B SES TU off C ENG nag N S1B-022 Belfast politics A 202 I M nag nag nag nag Relig P nag nag N S1B-023 Orange order A 203 A M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag N S1B-023 Orange order A 204 B M 4 nag nag PHD Pol; historian P nag nag N S1B-023 Orange order A 205 C M 4 TY TY FID Pol C ENG GLE FRA SPA N S1B-023 Orange order A 206 D F 3 B nag PGQ Pol P ENG nag N S1B-023 Orange order A 207 E M 2 nag nag PHD Lecturer P nag nag N S1B-023 Orange order A 208 F M 5 DW DW PHD Civil servant C ENG GLE M S1B-023 Orange order A 209 G M 5 D B PHD Lecturer P ENG nag N S1B-024 Trade unions A 190 A M 3 B B PGQ Jnlt; broadcaster P ENG nag N S1B-024 Trade unions A 210 B M 5 nag nag nag SGSO P nag nag N S1B-024 Trade unions A 211 C M nag nag nag nag TU off nag nag nag N S1B-024 Trade unions A 212 D M 3 DY DY SES Politician P nag nag N S1B-025 Principles A 213 A M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag N S1B-025 Principles A 214 B F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-025 Principles A 215 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-025 Principles A 216 D M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag X S1B-025 Principles A 217 E M nag nag UK nag CW nag nag nag N S1B-025 Principles A 218 F M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-025 Principles A 219 G M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-025 Principles A 220 H F 4 NI B PGQ CEO P ENG FRA X S1B-025 Principles A 221 I M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-025 Principles A 222 J M 4 B B PGQ Relig; CW P ENG nag N S1B-025 Principles A 223 K M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag X S1B-025 Principles A 224 L F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag X S1B-025 Principles A 225 M M 5 EN AN nag CW nag nag nag X S1B-025 Principles A 226 N F nag EN nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-025 Principles A 227 O M nag nag nag nag Farmer nag nag nag N S1B-025 Principles A 228 P M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag 41 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 48

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs N S1B-025 Principles A 229 Q F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag X S1B-025 Principles A 230 R M nag EN nag nag nag nag nag M S1B-026 Economics A 231 A M 3 L DW FID Broadcaster P nag nag N S1B-026 Economics A 232 B M 4 B B PGQ Accountant C ENG GLE FRA N S1B-026 Economics A 233 C M nag nag nag nag Civil servant nag nag nag X S1B-026 Economics A 234 D M nag EN nag PHD Research director nag nag nag N S1B-027 Paisley's comments A 194 A M 5 DW nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag N S1B-027 Paisley's comments A 235 B M 4 B AR B FID Pol P ENG nag N S1B-027 Paisley's comments A 236 C M 4 nag B PGQ Pol; psychiatrist P nag nag N S1B-028 Coleraine A 194 A M 5 DW nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag N S1B-028 Coleraine A 237 B M 5 DY DY PRI Farmer; pol P ENG none N S1B-028 Coleraine A 238 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag M S1B-028 Coleraine A 239 D M 5 D DY PHD Pol; academic C ENG GLE FRA N S1B-028 Coleraine A 240 E M 4 B B PGQ Pol P ENG SCU X S1B-028 Coleraine A 241 F M nag EN nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-028 Coleraine A 242 G M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-028 Coleraine A 243 H M nag nag AN nag nag P nag nag N S1B-028 Coleraine A 244 I F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-028 Coleraine A 245 J M nag nag nag nag nag P nag nag N S1B-028 Coleraine A 246 K M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-028 Coleraine A 247 L M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-029 Belfast life A 194 A M 5 DW nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag N S1B-029 Belfast life A 248 B M nag nag nag nag Former; town clerk nag nag nag N S1B-029 Belfast life A 249 C M 4 B AN PHD Medical consultant P ENG nag N S1B-029 Belfast life A 250 D M 2 B B PHD Lecturer C ENG none M S1B-029 Belfast life A 251 E M 4 WX B FID Relig C ENG nag N S1B-029 Belfast life A 252 F M nag nag nag nag Relig P nag nag N S1B-030 Counterpoint panel A 190 A M 3 B B PGQ Jnlt; broadcaster P ENG nag N S1B-030 Counterpoint panel A 253 B M 5 AR DW FID Politician C nag nag N S1B-030 Counterpoint panel A 254 C M 5 AR AR FID Co dir; pol P ENG FRA N S1B-030 Counterpoint panel A 255 D M 4 B B SES Politician P nag nag S S1B-030 Counterpoint panel A 256 E M 4 KE KE SES Jnlt C ENG nag N S1B-041 Clerical habits A 257 A M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag M S1B-041 Clerical habits A 258 B F 5 NI RI CN PGQ Relig P ENG FRA DEU N S1B-042 Sunday sequence 1 A 259 A M 3 B B PGQ Broadcaste C ENG SPA N S1B-042 Sunday sequence 1 A 260 B M 5 AN B TY PHD Rtd relig P ENG nag N S1B-042 Sunday sequence 1 A 261 C M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag N S1B-043 Sunday sequence 2 A 259 A M 3 B B PGQ Broadcaster C ENG SPA M S1B-043 Sunday sequence 2 A 262 B M 5 B D PGQ Lecturer P ENG GLE N S1B-043 Sunday sequence 2 A 263 C M nag nag nag nag Relig P nag nag N S1B-044 Bishop Poyntz A 194 A M 5 DW nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag M S1B-044 Bishop Poyntz A 264 B M 5 CV AN PGQ Rtd relig P ENG HEB ARB N S1B-045 Sam McAughtry A 265 A M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag 42 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 49

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs N S1B-045 Sam McAughtry A 266 B M 5 B DW PRI Writer; broadcaster P ENG nag N S1B-051 Queen's Speech B 267 A M 5 DW AN FID Pol P ENG none N S1B-051 Queen's Speech B 235 B M 5 B AR B FID Pol P ENG nag N S1B-051 Queen's Speech B 212 C M 5 DY DY SES Poll P ENG nag N S1B-051 Queen's Speech B 268 D M 5 AN AN SES Pol; relig P ENG nag N S1B-052 Potato industry B 268 A M 5 AN AN SES Pol; relig P ENG nag N S1B-052 Potato industry B 269 B M 5 TY DW PGQ Pol; exec C nag nag N S1B-052 Potato industry B 270 C M 5 DW DW nag Pol C ENG SCU FRA N S1B-052 Potato industry B 271 D M 5 B DW PGQ Pol; barrister P nag nag N S1B-053 Multi-party talks 1 B 272 A M 3 TY B PGQ Pol; barrister P ENG nag N S1B-053 Multi-party talks 1 B 271 B M 5 B DW PGQ Pol; barrister P nag nag N S1B-053 Multi-party talks 1 B 269 C M 5 TY DW PGQ Pol; exec C nag nag N S1B-053 Multi-party talks 1 B 273 D F 4 B B SES Pol; secretary P ENG nag N S1B-053 Multi-party talks 1 B 274 E M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag N S1B-053 Multi-party talks 1 B 275 F M 2 B B PGQ Pol P ENG nag N S1B-054 Water supply B 268 A M 5 AN AN SES Pol; relig P ENG nag N S1B-054 Water supply B 276 B M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag N S1B-054 Water supply B 269 C M 5 TY DW PGQ Pol; exec C nag nag N S1B-054 Water supply B 277 D M 5 nag AR nag Pol nag nag nag N S1B-054 Water supply B 278 E M 5 B B SES Pol P ENG none N S1B-054 Water supply B 212 F M 3 DY DY SES Pol P nag nag N S1B-054 Water supply B 279 X nag nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag N S1B-055 Multi-party talks 2 B 280 A M nag nag B nag Pol nag nag nag N S1B-055 Multi-party talks 2 B 281 B M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag N S1B-055 Multi-party talks 2 B 269 C M 5 TY DW PGQ Pol; exec C nag nag N S1B-055 Multi-party talks 2 B 282 D M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag N S1B-055 Multi-party talks 2 B 268 E M 5 AN AN SES Pol; relig P ENG nag N S1B-055 Multi-party talks 2 B 283 F M 4 B B SES Pol P nag nag N S1B-055 Multi-party talks 2 B 284 X nag nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag N S1B-061 Traffic accident A 97 A M nag nag nag nag Judge nag nag nag N S1B-061 Traffic accident A 285 B F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-061 Traffic accident A 401 C M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S1B-062 Medical evidence A 286 A M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S1B-062 Medical evidence A 287 B M nag nag nag nag Court clerk nag nag nag N S1B-062 Medical evidence A 288 C M nag nag nag nag MD nag nag nag N S1B-062 Medical evidence A 289 D M nag nag nag nag Judge nag nag nag N S1B-063 Injury evidence A 290 A M nag nag nag nag Engineer nag nag nag N S1B-063 Injury evidence A 291 B M nag nag nag nag Court clerk nag nag nag N S1B-063 Injury evidence A 292 C M nag nag nag nag Judge nag nag nag N S1B-063 Injury evidence A 293 D M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S1B-063 Injury evidence A 294 E M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S1B-064 Adoption A 295 A F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-064 Adoption A 296 B M nag nag nag nag Judge nag nag nag 43 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 50

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs N S1B-064 Adoption A 297 C F nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S1B-064 Adoption A 298 D M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S1B-065 Police evidence A 299 A M nag nag nag nag Police ofcr nag nag nag N S1B-065 Police evidence A 300 B F nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S1B-065 Police evidence A 301 C M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S1B-071 TEFL materials A 302 A F 5 B B FID Teacher C ENG FRA N S1B-071 TEFL materials A 303 B M 4 DW ZA DW PGQ Teacher A ENG GLE N S1B-072 Doctor and patient A 304 A M nag nag nag nag MD nag nag nag N S1B-072 Doctor and patient A 305 B M 2 nag nag nag Lecturer nag nag nag N S1B-073 Museum - bank A 306 A F nag nag nag nag Receptionist nag nag nag N S1B-073 Museum - bank A 80 B M 1 nag B STE Student nag nag nag N S1B-073 Museum - bank A 307 C F nag nag nag nag Bank clerk nag nag nag N S1B-073 Museum - bank A 308 D F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag N S1B-074 Residents' Assoc C 309 A M 4 B B SES Bank mgr P ENG none N S1B-074 Residents' Assoc C 310 B M 4 B B PHD Lecturer N ENG nag N S1B-074 Residents' Assoc C 311 C M nag nag B nag nag nag nag nag X S1B-074 Residents' Assoc C 312 D M 5 SC B PHD Lecturer P ENG DEU FRA N S1B-074 Residents' Assoc C 313 E M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-075 WEA interview C 314 A F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S1B-075 WEA interview C 315 B F nag nag FG nag CW nag nag nag N S2A-001 Ulster football C 316 A M nag AR nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag N S2A-001 Ulster football C 317 B M 5 FG nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag N S2A-002 Football matches B 318 A M 3 DW nag nag Sports ctr C ENG nag N S2A-002 Football matches B 319 B M nag nag nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag N S2A-003 Boxing - Rugby A 320 A M nag nag nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag N S2A-003 Boxing - Rugby A 321 B M 2 AN AN SES Hotelier; sports ctr C ENG nag N S2A-003 Boxing - Rugby A 322 C M nag B nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag N S2A-003 Boxing - Rugby A 323 D M 4 TY B TY PGQ Sports ctr nag ENG GLE N S2A-003 Boxing - Rugby A 324 E M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2A-004 Heineken Cup C 325 A M 4 B B nag Sports ctr; teacher nag nag nag N S2A-004 Heineken Cup C 326 B M 3 AN B PGQ Co dir; sports ctr P ENG FRA N S2A-005 Boxing Las Vegas A 327 A M nag nag nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag X S2A-005 Boxing Las Vegas A 328 B M nag EN nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag X S2A-005 Boxing Las Vegas A 329 C M nag US nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag X S2A-005 Boxing Las Vegas A 330 D M nag US nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag N S2A-006 McRory Cup C 316 A M nag AR nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag N S2A-006 McRory Cup C 317 B M 5 FG nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag N S2A-007 Schools rugby A 325 A M 4 B B nag Sports ctr; teacher nag nag nag N S2A-008 NI v Latvia A 331 A M nag AN B nag Sports ctr nag nag nag N S2A-009 Queen's visit B 332 A M 4 B B SES TV jnlt C ENG FRA GLE N S2A-009 Queen's visit B 333 B M 4 DW B B SES Broadcaster; jnlt C ENG nag N S2A-010 Clinton - Daly B 334 A M nag nag nag nag TV presenter nag nag nag N S2A-010 Clinton - Daly B 332 B M 4 B B SES TV jnlt C ENG FRA GLE 44 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 51

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs N S2A-010 Clinton - Daly B 335 C M 3 B AN PGQ Jnlt P ENG none N S2A-010 Clinton - Daly B 336 D F 3 B B STE TV presenter P ENG SPA N S2A-010 Clinton - Daly B 332 E M 4 B B SES TV jnlt C ENG FRA GLE N S2A-010 Clinton - Daly B 337 F M 3 B B nag Relig C nag none N S2A-021 On the Edge 1 A 338 A F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2A-022 On the Edge 2 A 339 A M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2A-023 Fellowship meeting A 340 A M 5 AN B PGQ HEP P ENG nag N S2A-024 Enneagram talk A 175 A F 5 NI B FID Bank off; lecturer C ENG nag N S2A-025 Minister of State A 341 A M 5 B EN PHD MP P ENG FRA N S2A-026 Education lecture C 179 A M 5 TY B PHD Lecturer C ENG nag N S2A-027 Business law A 342 A F 3 AR DW FID Marketing consultant P nag nag N S2A-027 Business law A 343 B M 2 nag nag FID Accountant nag nag nag N S2A-028 Investment finance A 344 A F 3 B B FID Financial advisor nag ENG nag N S2A-028 Investment finance A 345 X nag nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag N S2A-029 Biochemistry talk A 346 A F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag N S2A-029 Biochemistry talk A 347 B M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2A-030 Placement students A 348 A M nag nag nag nag Chief auditor nag nag nag N S2A-031 Food - Simon talks A 349 A F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2A-031 Food - Simon talks A 350 B M 3 B DW PHD Management consultant P ENG none N S2A-032 Investment NI A 344 A F 3 B B FID Financial advisor nag ENG nag N S2A-033 Mental health A 351 A M 4 TY B PGQ Chief exec C ENG FRA GLE N S2A-033 Mental health A 352 B M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2A-034 Physical disability A 353 A M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2A-034 Physical disability A 354 B F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2A-035 Language lecture C 141 A F 5 DY B PHD Lecturer P ENG nag N S2A-051 Multi-media talk A 355 A M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2A-052 Cooking A 356 A F 4 DY AN PGQ TV chef; home economist P ENG FRA N S2A-053 Home improvements A 357 A M nag nag nag nag TV presenter nag nag nag X S2A-053 Home improvements A 358 B M 0 nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2A-053 Home improvements A 359 C M nag DW nag FID TV presenter nag nag nag N S2A-053 Home improvements A 360 D M nag nag nag nag Computer technician nag nag nag N S2A-053 Home improvements A 361 E F nag nag nag nag TV painting expert nag nag nag N S2A-054 Fitness class C 362 A F 2 AN B nag Fitness instructor nag nag nag N S2A-055 Pastry C 363 A F 4 NI DW FID Tutor P ENG none N S2A-061 Slander case A 364 A M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S2A-061 Slander case A 365 B M nag nag nag nag Judge nag nag nag N S2A-061 Slander case A 366 C M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S2A-062 Dermatitis case A 286 A M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S2A-062 Dermatitis case A 367 B M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S2A-062 Dermatitis case A 289 C M nag nag nag nag Judge nag nag nag N S2A-063 Injury decision A 368 A M nag nag nag nag Judge nag nag nag N S2A-064 Injury submissions A 369 A M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S2A-064 Injury submissions A 371 A M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag 45 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 52

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgss N S2A-064 Injury submissions A 370 B M nag nag nag nag Judge nag nag nag N S2A-064 Injury submissions A 372 B M nag nag nag nag Judge nag nag nag N S2A-065 Rollerblade injury A 373 A M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag N S2A-065 Rollerblade injury A 374 B M nag nag nag nag Judge nag nag nag N S2B-001 Ceasefire 1994 A 190 A M 3 B B PGQ Jnlt; broadcaster P ENG nag N S2B-001 Ceasefire 1994 A 375 B M nag B B nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-001 Ceasefire 1994 A 376 C M 5 B B SES CW P ENG nag N S2B-001 Ceasefire 1994 A 377 D M 4 B B TEQ Jnlt P ENG none N S2B-001 Ceasefire 1994 A 378 E M nag nag nag nag CW P nag nag N S2B-001 Ceasefire 1994 A 278 F M 5 B B SES Lord Mayor; Pol P ENG none N S2B-001 Ceasefire 1994 A 255 G M 4 B B SES Pol P nag nag N S2B-002 Radio Ulster 1 A 380 A F 4 B DW SES Jnlt; broadcaster P ENG FRA N S2B-002 Radio Ulster 1 A 381 B M 4 DY B FID Broadcaster P nag nag N S2B-002 Radio Ulster 1 A 382 C F nag nag nag nag Newsreader nag nag nag N S2B-002 Radio Ulster 1 A 383 D M nag nag nag nag Newsreader nag nag nag N S2B-002 Radio Ulster 1 A 384 E M 4 B AN FID Pol P ENG nag N S2B-002 Radio Ulster 1 A 385 F M 2 FG FG nag Former road sweeper nag nag nag N S2B-002 Radio Ulster 1 A 386 G M nag nag nag nag Newsreader nag nag nag N S2B-002 Radio Ulster 1 A 387 H M nag nag TY nag Relig C nag nag N S2B-002 Radio Ulster 1 A 388 I F nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 389 A F nag FG B PGQ Broadcast jnlt nag ENG nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 390 B M 2 DY B nag Newsreporter C ENG nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 391 C M nag nag DW nag nag nag nag nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 392 D M nag nag DW nag nag nag nag nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 393 E M nag nag nag nag Police superintendent nag nag nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 394 F M nag DW nag nag Pol nag nag nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 395 G M nag nag nag PHD Relig P nag nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 396 H M 3 AN DW PGQ MD C ENG SPA N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 334 I M nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 255 J M 4 B B SES Pol P nag nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 397 K M 4 DW AR SES Pol P ENG none N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 384 L M 4 B AN FID Pol P ENG nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 398 M F nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 399 N M nag nag nag nag Fire ofcr nag nag nag N S2B-003 Mortar bomb A 400 O F nag AN nag nag nag nag nag nag M S2B-004 Radio Ulster 2 A 402 A F 2 AN D B PGQ Newsreader C ENG GLE N S2B-004 Radio Ulster 2 A 403 B M nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-004 Radio Ulster 2 A 404 C M 4 B B nag Broadcast jnlt C nag nag N S2B-004 Radio Ulster 2 A 405 D F nag DW nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag N S2B-004 Radio Ulster 2 A 406 E M nag nag B FID Broadcast jnlt C nag nag N S2B-004 Radio Ulster 2 A 407 F M nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag N S2B-004 Radio Ulster 2 A 381 G M 4 DY B FID Broadcaster P nag nag N S2B-004 Radio Ulster 2 A 383 H M nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag 46 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 53

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs

N S2B-004 Radio Ulster 2 A 409 I M nag nag nag nag Relig P nag nag N S2B-004 Radio Ulster 2 A 253 J M 5 AR DW FID Pol C nag nag M S2B-005 Radio Ulster 3 A 402 A F 2 AN D B PGQ Newsreader C ENG GLE N S2B-005 Radio Ulster 3 A 383 B M nag nag nag nag Newsreader nag nag nag N S2B-005 Radio Ulster 3 A 10 C M 5 B B FID Relig P ENG nag N S2B-005 Radio Ulster 3 A 410 D F nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-005 Radio Ulster 3 A 411 E M nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-005 Radio Ulster 3 A 412 F F nag nag AM nag nag nag nag nag N S2B-005 Radio Ulster 3 A 413 G M nag nag AM nag nag nag nag nag N S2B-005 Radio Ulster 3 A 414 H M nag nag AN nag Pol nag nag nag N S2B-005 Radio Ulster 3 A 415 I M nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-005 Radio Ulster 3 A 416 J F 3 DW B SES News reporter P ENG none N S2B-006 Radio Ulster 4 A 386 A M nag nag nag nag Newsreader nag nag nag N S2B-006 Radio Ulster 4 A 417 B M nag nag nag nag Broadcast jnlt nag nag nag M S2B-006 Radio Ulster 4 A 264 C M 5 CV AN PGQ Rtd relig P ENG HEB ARB N S2B-006 Radio Ulster 4 A 418 D M 4 B AN FID Jnlt; prdr P ENG FRA DEU ITA N S2B-006 Radio Ulster 4 A 405 E F nag DW nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag M S2B-006 Radio Ulster 4 A 402 F F 2 AN D B PGQ News reader C ENG GLE N S2B-006 Radio Ulster 4 A 416 G F 3 DW B SES News reporter P ENG none N S2B-006 Radio Ulster 4 A 419 H M nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-006 Radio Ulster 4 A 420 I F 4 TY B PGQ Mgr; Social worker C ENG nag N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 406 A M nag nag B FID Broadcast jnlt C nag nag N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 421 B F nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 422 C M nag nag B nag Publican nag nag nag N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 423 D M 5 nag B nag Pol P nag nag N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 424 F M 2 DW B SES Jnlt P ENG nag N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 425 G M nag nag nag nag Shop employee nag nag nag N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 426 H M nag nag nag nag Shop employee nag nag nag N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 404 I M 4 B B nag Broadcast jnlt C nag nag N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 416 J F 3 DW B SES News reporter P ENG none N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 427 K F nag nag DW nag Nurse nag nag nag N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 428 L M 4 DW AN FID Fire ofcr P ENG none N S2B-007 Inside Ulster 1 A 429 M M nag nag DW nag Pol nag nag nag N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 359 A M nag DW nag FID Television presenter nag nag nag N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 430 B M nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 431 C M nag nag nag nag Peat bog owner nag nag nag N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 432 D M 3 B B FID Broadcaster P ENG FRA DEU M S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 433 E F 2 EN DY B PGQ Broadcast jnlt C ENG SPA N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 434 F M nag nag nag nag Envir health ofcr nag nag nag N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 435 G M 3 AN AN PHD Civil servant P ENG nag N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 436 H F 2 B B nag News reporter C nag nag X S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 437 I M 0 nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 438 J M 2 TY B PGQ Broadcast jnlt C ENG none 47 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 54

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 439 K M nag nag nag nag Football mgr nag nag nag N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 440 L M nag nag nag nag Footballer nag nag nag N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 441 M M 4 AN AN FID Broadcaster; director P ENG nag N S2B-008 Inside Ulster 2 A 442 N M nag nag nag nag Athlete nag nag nag N S2B-009 UTV Live A 389 A F nag FG B PGQ Broadcast jnlt nag ENG nag N S2B-009 UTV Live A 334 B M nag nag nag nag TV presenter nag nag nag N S2B-009 UTV Live A 443 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2B-009 UTV Live A 444 D M 4 TY TY PGQ Teacher Pol C ENG nag N S2B-009 UTV Live A 445 E F 2 B B PGQ Reporter C ENG nag N S2B-009 UTV Live A 446 F M 5 AN AN FID Rtd civil servant C ENG none N S2B-009 UTV Live A 447 G F nag nag nag nag Receptionist nag nag nag N S2B-009 UTV Live A 448 H F 2 DW DW SES Broadcast jnlt P ENG nag N S2B-009 UTV Live A 449 I M nag nag nag nag Tourist Board off nag nag nag N S2B-009 UTV Live A 450 J M 1 DW DW SES Fun Park owner P ENG nag N S2B-009 UTV Live A 190 K M 3 B B PGQ Jnlt; broadcaster P ENG nag N S2B-009 UTV Live A 451 L M nag nag nag nag Teacher nag nag nag M S2B-010 BBC NI A 402 A F 2 AN D B PGQ News reader C ENG GLE N S2B-010 BBC NI A 432 B M 3 B B FID Broadcaster P ENG FRA DEU N S2B-010 BBC NI A 395 C M nag nag nag PHD Relig P nag nag N S2B-010 BBC NI A 452 D M nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-010 BBC NI A 453 E F nag nag AN nag nag nag nag nag N S2B-010 BBC NI A 399 F M nag nag nag nag Fire ofcr nag nag nag N S2B-010 BBC NI A 455 G F nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-010 BBC NI A 456 H M nag nag nag nag Building co employee nag nag nag N S2B-010 BBC NI A 457 I M nag nag nag nag Building co employee nag nag nag N S2B-010 BBC NI A 458 J M nag nag nag nag Receiver nag nag nag N S2B-010 BBC NI A 237 K M 5 DY DY PRI Farmer Pol P ENG none N S2B-010 BBC NI A 430 L M nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag M S2B-010 BBC NI A 459 M M 4 SC B AN FID Civil servant P ENG FRA N S2B-010 BBC NI A 460 N M nag nag nag nag Fisherman nag nag nag N S2B-010 BBC NI A 461 O M nag nag nag nag Fisherman nag nag nag N S2B-010 BBC NI A 462 P M nag nag nag nag Fishing boat captain nag nag nag N S2B-010 BBC NI A 463 Q M nag nag nag nag News reporter nag nag nag N S2B-021 Storytelling A 464 A F nag nag nag nag Rad presenter nag nag nag N S2B-021 Storytelling A 465 B M nag nag nag nag Writer nag nag nag N S2B-021 Storytelling A 466 C M nag nag nag nag Writer nag nag nag N S2B-021 Storytelling A 467 D M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2B-022 Women Talking A 468 A F nag nag nag nag Co dir nag nag nag X S2B-022 Women Talking A 469 B F 0 nag nag nag A-level student nag nag nag N S2B-022 Women Talking A 470 C F 5 AN DY PGQ CW P ENG nag N S2B-022 Women Talking A 471 D F nag nag nag nag Businesswoman nag nag nag N S2B-022 Women Talking A 472 E F 4 B B PGQ CW C ENG none N S2B-022 Women Talking A 473 F F nag nag nag nag CW nag nag nag 48 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 55

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs N S2B-023 Brian Keenan A 474 A M 4 B nag PGQ Author nag ENG FRA GLE N S2B-024 Frontline 1 A 475 A M 4 B B PGQ Jnlt; broadcaster C H ENG FRA GLE N S2B-024 Frontline 1 A 476 B M nag AR AR nag Pol C nag nag N S2B-024 Frontline 1 A 477 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2B-024 Frontline 1 A 478 D M 4 B B nag Playwright C nag nag N S2B-024 Frontline 1 A 194 E M 5 DW nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag N S2B-024 Frontline 1 A 510 F F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag N S2B-024 Frontline 1 A 479 G M 4 B B SES Pol C ENG GLE N S2B-024 Frontline 1 A 480 H M 5 DY DY PGQ Pol C nag nag N S2B-024 Frontline 1 A 481 I M nag B B nag Pol C nag nag N S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 481 A M nag B B nag Pol C nag nag N S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 475 B M 4 B B PGQ Jnlt; broadcaster C H ENG FRA GLE N S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 482 C M nag nag DY nag Relig C nag nag N S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 479 D M 4 B B SES Pol C ENG GLE N S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 483 E M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag N S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 484 F M nag nag nag nag nag P nag nag N S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 485 G M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag N S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 486 H M nag nag nag nag nag P nag nag N S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 487 I M nag nag nag nag nag P nag nag S S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 488 J M 5 LD nag PGQ Pol; teacher C ENG GLE nag X S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 489 K M nag EN nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag N S2B-025 Frontline 2 A 490 L F 4 TY nag nag Pol C nag nag N S2B-026 Video Diaries 1 A 491 A M 2 B EN SES Writer C ENG FRA N S2B-026 Video Diaries 1 A 492 B M 3 B B PGQ Writer P ENG nag N S2B-026 Video Diaries 1 A 493 C M nag B B nag Social worker nag nag nag N S2B-027 Video Diaries 2 A 491 A M 2 B EN SES Writer C ENG FRA N S2B-027 Video Diaries 2 A 493 B M nag B B nag Social worker nag nag nag N S2B-027 Video Diaries 2 A 492 C M 3 B B PGQ Writer P ENG nag N S2B-027 Video Diaries 2 A 494 D M 5 DY B nag Jnlt; CW nag nag nag N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 495 A M nag nag nag nag Estate agent nag nag nag N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 496 B M 4 DW B PHD Property developer; pol P ENG nag N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 271 C M 5 B DW PGQ Pol; barrister P nag nag N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 497 D M nag nag nag nag Building society exec nag nag nag N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 498 E M nag nag nag nag Civil servant nag nag nag N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 499 F M nag nag nag nag Sales mgr nag nag nag N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 500 G M 5 DW B PGQ Relig P ENG nag N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 501 H M nag FG FG nag Solicitor; Pol nag nag nag N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 502 I M nag nag nag nag Headmaster nag nag nag N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 503 J M nag nag nag nag Chief exec nag nag nag N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 504 K M 3 AN AN PHD Lecturer P ENG DEU N S2B-028 Harvest Home A 505 M M nag nag nag nag Co director nag nag nag N S2B-029 Employment A 506 A F nag nag nag nag Jnlt; author nag nag nag N S2B-029 Employment A 507 B M 4 B B PHD Lecturer C ENG GLE FRA 49 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 56

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs

N S2B-029 Employment A 508 C F nag nag nag nag Teacher nag nag nag N S2B-029 Employment A 497 D M nag nag nag nag Building society exec nag nag nag N S2B-029 Employment A 271 E M 5 B DW PGQ Pol; barrister P nag nag N S2B-029 Employment A 509 F M 5 AN B PHD Relig C nag nag N S2B-030 John Cole A 100 A M 5 B EN SES Jnlt; author nag nag nag M S2B-041 QUB Inaugural A 101 A M 4 B LM B PHD Professor C ENG GLE FRA DEU N S2B-042 Graduation A 102 A M 5 B AN PHD Professor P ENG none N S2B-043 QUB Doctorate A 103 A M 5 NI DW PGQ Rtd accountant P ENG none N S2B-044 Universities A 379 A M 5 AN B PHD Professor nag ENG FRA SPA N S2B-045 Unionist politics B 408 A M 2 DY DW PGQ Pol; barrister P ENG none N S2B-045 Unionist politics B 454 B M 2 nag nag FID Pol; barrister P nag nag

50 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 57

Speaker Biodata: Southern Inventory

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs

S S1A-046 The weekend A 511 A F 1 nag LK STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-046 The weekend A 512 B F 1 nag LK STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-047 Office space A 513 A F 4 nag RN PGQ Lecturer C ENG GLE FRA SPA S S1A-047 Office space A 514 B F 5 nag LK PGQ Lecturer C ENG GLE S S1A-048 Studying 1 A 515 A F 1 nag CC SES Student nag ENG GLE FRA DEU S S1A-048 Studying 1 A 516 B M 1 nag C SES Student nag ENG GLE FRA LAT S S1A-049 Boyfriends 1 A 517 A F 1 nag D FID Marketing asst C ENG none S S1A-049 Boyfriends 1 A 518 B F 1 LK D STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-050 Fireworks A 519 A F 1 WX D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-050 Fireworks A 520 B F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-050 Fireworks A 521 C F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA M S1A-051 Clothing dad A 65 A F 1 DW D STE Student C ENG GLE SPA S S1A-051 Clothing dad A 522 B F 1 D D STE Student C ENG GLE nag S S1A-051 Clothing dad A 523 C F 1 D D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-051 Clothing dad A 524 D F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE nag S S1A-051 Clothing dad A 525 E F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE nag S S1A-052 Buttermilk A 526 A F 1 nag D STE Student C ENG nag S S1A-052 Buttermilk A 527 B M 1 nag D STE Student C ENG nag S S1A-052 Buttermilk A 528 C M 2 nag D FID Systems analyst C ENG nag S S1A-053 Student grants 1 A 529 A F 2 D D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-053 Student grants 1 A 519 B F 1 WX D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-053 Student grants 1 A 520 C F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-053 Student grants 1 A 521 D F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-054 Student grants 2 A 529 A F 2 D D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-054 Student grants 2 A 519 B F 1 WX D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-054 Student grants 2 A 520 C F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-054 Student grants 2 A 521 D F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-055 Hospitals A 530 A M 5 nag LK TEQ Mgr C ENG GLE LAT S S1A-055 Hospitals A 531 B F 5 nag LK TEQ Nurse C ENG GLE LAT S S1A-055 Hospitals A 532 C F 1 nag LK STE Student C ENG GLE FRA SPA S S1A-055 Hospitals A 533 D M 5 nag LK SES Farmer C ENG GLE LAT S S1A-055 Hospitals A 534 E F 4 nag LK FID Teacher C ENG GLE LAT S S1A-055 Hospitals A 535 F F 1 nag LK PGQ Accountant C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-056 Holistic medicine 1 A 536 A F 1 nag D STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-056 Holistic medicine 1 A 537 B F 1 nag TP STE Student C ENG nag S S1A-056 Holistic medicine 1 A 538 C F 1 nag D STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-056 Holistic medicine 1 A 539 D F 1 nag D SES Student C ENG GLE FRA ITA S S1A-056 Holistic medicine 1 A 540 X F 1 nag D nag nag nag nag nag S S1A-057 Studying 2 A 515 A F 1 nag CC SES Student nag ENG GLE FRA DEU S S1A-057 Studying 2 A 516 B M 1 nag C SES Student nag ENG GLE FRA LAT S S1A-058 Holistic medicine 2 A 536 A F 1 nag D STE Student C ENG nag S S1A-058 Holistic medicine 2 A 537 B F 1 nag TP STE Student C ENG nag S S1A-058 Holistic medicine 2 A 538 C F 1 nag D STE Student C ENG nag 51 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 58

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs S S1A-058 Holistic medicine 2 A 539 D F 1 nag D SES Student C ENG GLE FRA ITA S S1A-059 Glasses 1 A 541 A F 1 D D STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-059 Glasses 1 A 542 B F 5 nag D FID Housewife C ENG none S S1A-060 Glasses 2 A 541 A F 1 D D STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-060 Glasses 2 A 542 B F 5 nag D FID Housewife C ENG none S S1A-061 Modern man A 543 A M 3 CE D STE Civil servant C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-061 Modern man A 544 B F 1 MN D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-061 Modern man A 545 C F 1 C D STE Student P ENG GLE FRA DEU S S1A-062 America trip 1 A 546 A M 1 WH D FID Engineer nag nag nag S S1A-062 America trip 1 A 547 B F 1 CC D STE Student nag nag nag S S1A-062 America trip 1 A 548 C M 1 MN D FID Engineer nag nag nag S S1A-063 Shoes A 549 A F 1 MO MO STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-063 Shoes A 550 B F 1 SO SO STE Student C ENG FRA S S1A-063 Shoes A 551 C F 1 MO MO STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-064 O'Connell Street A 552 A M 5 TP TP STE Farmer C ENG nag S S1A-064 O'Connell Street A 553 B F 5 TP TP SES Housewife C ENG nag S S1A-064 O'Connell Street A 554 C F 1 TP TP STE Bank off C ENG nag S S1A-064 O'Connell Street A 555 D F 1 TP TP STE Travel advisor C ENG nag S S1A-064 O'Connell Street A 556 E F 1 TP TP STE Student C ENG nag X S1A-064 O'Connell Street A 557 F M 0 TP TP SSE Student C ENG nag X S1A-064 O'Connell Street A 558 G F 0 TP TP SSE nag C ENG nag S S1A-064 O'Connell Street A 559 H M 1 TP TP STE Farm mgr C ENG nag S S1A-064 O'Connell Street A 643 X nag nag TP TP nag nag C ENG nag S S1A-065 America trip 2 A 546 A M 1 WH D FID Engineer nag nag nag S S1A-065 America trip 2 A 548 B M 1 MN D FID Engineer nag nag nag S S1A-065 America trip 2 A 547 C F 1 CC D STE Student nag nag nag S S1A-066 Radio music A 519 A F 1 WX D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-066 Radio music A 520 B F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-066 Radio music A 521 C F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-067 Apprenticeship C 560 A F 1 LS D STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-067 Apprenticeship C 561 B M 4 LS LS FID Horticulturist C ENG GLE S S1A-067 Apprenticeship C 562 C F 5 LS LS SES Housewife C ENG GLE S S1A-067 Apprenticeship C 563 D M 1 LS LS STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-068 Rock bands C 564 A F 1 WW WW STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-068 Rock bands C 565 B F 2 G G STE Student C ENG none S S1A-068 Rock bands C 566 C F 2 G G STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-069 Christmas trees A 567 A M 1 nag D STE Student C ENG FRA S S1A-069 Christmas trees A 568 B F 1 nag MO STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-069 Christmas trees A 569 C F 1 nag MH STE Student C ENG none S S1A-070 Friends A 570 A F 1 CN D FID Public relations ofcr C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-070 Friends A 571 B F 1 MH D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-071 Elocution A 526 A F 1 nag D STE Student C ENG nag S S1A-071 Elocution A 527 B M 1 nag D STE Student C ENG nag 52 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 59

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs

S S1A-071 Elocution A 528 C M 2 nag D FID Systems analyst C ENG nag S S1A-072 Driver's licence A 572 A F 1 MO SO SES Clerical ofcr C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-072 Driver's licence A 573 B M 1 MO MO SES Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-072 Driver's licence A 574 C F 1 MO D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-072 Driver's licence A 575 D F 5 MO MO SES Housewife C ENG GLE LAT S S1A-073 Politics A 576 A F 5 nag D PGQ Registrar C ENG GLE nag S S1A-073 Politics A 577 B M 5 KY D PHD Professor C ENG GLE nag S S1A-073 Politics A 522 C F 1 D D STE Student C ENG GLE nag S S1A-074 Local shops A 576 A F 5 nag D PGQ Registrar C ENG GLE nag S S1A-074 Local shops A 577 B M 5 KY D PHD Professor C ENG GLE nag S S1A-074 Local shops A 522 C F 1 D D STE Student C ENG GLE nag S S1A-075 Present A 635 A F 1 nag D SES Student H ENG GLE S S1A-075 Present A 538 B F 1 nag D STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-075 Present A 536 C F 1 nag D STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-076 Boyfriends 2 A 517 A F 1 nag D FID Marketing asst C ENG none S S1A-076 Boyfriends 2 A 518 B F 1 LK D STE Student C ENG GLE S S1A-077 Books A 636 A F 5 nag D SES Domestic economist C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-077 Books A 637 B F 5 nag D FID Biochemist nag ENG GLE FRA LAT DEU ELL S S1A-077 Books A 638 C F 4 nag D STE Domestic economist C ENG GLE FRA LAT ITA S S1A-077 Books A 539 D F 1 nag D SES Student C ENG GLE FRA ITA S S1A-078 Medical project A 639 A F 4 G D SES Housewife C ENG GLE S S1A-078 Medical project A 640 B F 1 D D STE Nurse C ENG GLE FRA SPA S S1A-078 Medical project A 641 C F 1 D D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA SPA DEU S S1A-078 Medical project A 642 D M 5 D D SES Chemical co rep C ENG GLE S S1A-078 Medical project A 523 E F 1 D D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-079 Driving A 521 A F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-079 Driving A 529 B F 2 D D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-079 Driving A 520 C F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-079 Driving A 519 D F 1 WX D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA M S1A-080 Motorbikes A 65 A F 1 DW D STE Student C ENG GLE SPA S S1A-080 Motorbikes A 644 B F 1 CE D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-080 Motorbikes A 645 C F 1 CE D STE Student nag ENG GLE S S1A-081 Croke Park A 552 A M 5 TP TP STE Farmer C ENG nag S S1A-081 Croke Park A 553 B F 5 TP TP SES Housewife C ENG nag S S1A-081 Croke Park A 554 C F 1 TP TP STE Bank off C ENG nag S S1A-081 Croke Park A 555 D F 1 TP TP STE Travel advisor C ENG nag S S1A-081 Croke Park A 556 E F 1 TP TP STE Student C ENG nag X S1A-081 Croke Park A 557 F M 0 TP TP SSE Student C ENG nag X S1A-081 Croke Park A 558 G F 0 TP TP SSE nag C ENG nag S S1A-081 Croke Park A 559 H M 1 TP TP STE Farm mgr C ENG nag S S1A-082 Kissogram A 589 A F 2 nag D FID Nurse C ENG GLE S S1A-082 Kissogram A 590 B M 2 nag D FID Sales mgr C ENG none S S1A-082 Kissogram A 648 C F 2 nag D FID Nurse; student C ENG none 53 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 60

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs S S1A-082 Kissogram A 649 D F 2 nag D FID Teacher C ENG none S S1A-082 Kissogram A 650 E F 2 nag D FID Nurse Student C ENG none S S1A-082 Kissogram A 594 F M 2 nag D PGQ Physicist nag ENG none S S1A-082 Kissogram A 652 G F 2 nag D FID Nurse C ENG none S S1A-083 Donkey story A 530 A M 5 nag LK TEQ Mgr C ENG GLE LAT S S1A-083 Donkey story A 531 B F 5 nag LK TEQ Nurse C ENG GLE LAT S S1A-083 Donkey story A 532 C F 1 nag LK STE Student C ENG GLE FRA SPA S S1A-083 Donkey story A 533 D M 5 nag LK SES Farmer C ENG GLE LAT S S1A-083 Donkey story A 534 E F 4 nag LK FID Teacher C ENG GLE LAT S S1A-083 Donkey story A 535 F F 1 nag LK PGQ Accountant C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-084 General election A 519 A F 1 WX D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-084 General election A 521 B F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-084 General election A 520 C F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-084 General election A 653 D F 1 KY D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-085 Birthday cake A 597 A F 1 nag nag STE Student nag ENG nag S S1A-085 Birthday cake A 655 B F 1 nag nag STE Student nag ENG nag S S1A-085 Birthday cake A 656 C M 1 nag nag SES Music nag ENG nag S S1A-085 Birthday cake A 600 D M 1 nag nag SES Mechanic nag ENG nag S S1A-085 Birthday cake A 523 E F 1 D D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-085 Birthday cake A 658 F F nag nag nag nag Waitress nag nag nag S S1A-086 Baby A 570 A F 1 CN D FID Public relations ofcr C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-086 Baby A 571 B F 1 MH D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-087 Line dancing A 572 A F 1 MO SO SES Clerical ofcr C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-087 Line dancing A 573 B M 1 MO MO SES Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-087 Line dancing A 574 C F 1 MO D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-087 Line dancing A 575 D F 5 MO MO SES Housewife C ENG GLE LAT S S1A-088 Therapy inaugural A 633 A F 1 nag KY FID Student C ENG nag S S1A-088 Therapy inaugural A 634 B F 1 nag LH FID Nanny C ENG nag S S1A-088 Therapy inaugural A 578 C F 1 nag OY FID Teacher P ENG nag S S1A-088 Therapy inaugural A 579 D F 1 nag LS FID Nanny P ENG nag S S1A-088 Therapy inaugural A 580 E F 1 nag OY STE Student P ENG nag S S1A-089 American men A 581 A M nag nag CC nag nag nag nag nag S S1A-089 American men A 524 B F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE nag S S1A-089 American men A 582 C F nag nag CC FID nag nag nag nag S S1A-089 American men A 583 D F nag nag MO FID nag nag nag nag S S1A-089 American men A 584 E F nag nag KY nag nag nag nag nag S S1A-090 Designer clothes A 581 A M nag nag CC nag nag nag nag nag S S1A-090 Designer clothes A 524 B F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE nag S S1A-090 Designer clothes A 582 C F nag nag CC FID nag nag nag nag S S1A-090 Designer clothes A 583 D F nag nag MO FID nag nag nag nag S S1A-090 Designer clothes A 584 E F nag nag KY nag nag nag nag nag S S1A-096 Sisters 1 C 585 A F 5 G D SES Secretary C GLE ENG nag S S1A-096 Sisters 1 C 586 B F 5 G D D FID Artist; typist J GLE ENG nag 54 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 61

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs

S S1A-097 Sisters 2 C 586 A F 5 G D D FID Artist; typist J GLE ENG nag S S1A-097 Sisters 2 C 585 B F 5 G D SES Secretary C GLE ENG nag M S1A-098 Bad weather C 587 A F 2 DL B PGQ Researcher C ENG GLE S S1A-098 Bad weather C 588 B F 1 DL DL SES Ward asst C ENG GLE S S1A-099 Dresses C 646 A F 1 D D STE Student C ENG FRA ITA GLE S S1A-099 Dresses C 647 B F 1 D D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1A-100 College plans C 591 A F 1 D D SES Student J ENG GLE DEU FRA HEB S S1A-100 College plans C 592 B M 1 D D SES Student M C ENG FRA GLE S S1B-011 Workforce 1 A 593 A M 2 nag C PGQ Lecturer C ENG GLE SPA S S1B-011 Workforce 1 A 651 B M 1 nag C STE Student C ENG nag S S1B-011 Workforce 1 A 595 C F 1 nag CC STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1B-011 Workforce 1 A 596 D F 1 nag CC STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1B-011 Workforce 1 A 654 E F 1 nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S1B-011 Workforce 1 A 598 F F 1 nag CC STE Student C ENG FRA S S1B-012 Workforce 2 A 593 A M 2 nag C PGQ Lecturer C ENG GLE SPA S S1B-012 Workforce 2 A 595 B F 1 nag CC STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1B-012 Workforce 2 A 598 C F 1 nag CC STE Student C ENG FRA S S1B-012 Workforce 2 A 651 D M 1 nag C STE Student C ENG nag S S1B-012 Workforce 2 A 596 E F 1 nag CC STE Student C ENG GLE FRA S S1B-013 Industrial policy 1 A 599 A M 5 nag nag PHD Lecturer nag nag nag S S1B-013 Industrial policy 1 A 657 B M 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-013 Industrial policy 1 A 601 C M 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-013 Industrial policy 1 A 602 D M 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-013 Industrial policy 1 A 603 E M 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-013 Industrial policy 1 A 604 F F 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag X S1B-013 Industrial policy 1 A 605 G M 3 US D PHD Lecturer J ENG FRA GLE S S1B-013 Industrial policy 1 A 606 H M 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-014 Industrial policy 2 A 607 A M 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-014 Industrial policy 2 A 599 B M 5 nag nag PHD Lecturer nag nag nag S S1B-014 Industrial policy 2 A 604 C F 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-014 Industrial policy 2 A 608 D M 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-014 Industrial policy 2 A 609 E M 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-015 Old English 1 A 610 A M nag nag nag nag Lecturer nag nag nag S S1B-015 Old English 1 A 611 B F nag nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-015 Old English 1 A 612 C F nag nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-015 Old English 1 A 613 D F nag nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-015 Old English 1 A 614 E F nag nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-016 Old English 2 A 610 A M nag nag nag nag Lecturer nag nag nag S S1B-016 Old English 2 A 615 B F nag nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-016 Old English 2 A 616 C F nag nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-016 Old English 2 A 617 D F nag nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-016 Old English 2 A 618 E F nag nag nag nag Student nag nag nag

55 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 62

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs S S1B-017 Clinicians 1 C 619 A F 3 KY D PGQ Lecturer C GLE ENG SPA MRI S S1B-017 Clinicians 1 C 620 B F 1 MO MO D STE Student C ENG GLE M S1B-017 Clinicians 1 C 621 C F 1 BA ET RI TP STE Student C ENG nag S S1B-017 Clinicians 1 C 622 D F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE S S1B-018 Clinicians 2 C 619 A F 3 KY D PGQ Lecturer C GLE ENG SPA MRI S S1B-018 Clinicians 2 C 620 B F 1 MO MO D STE Student C ENG GLE M S1B-018 Clinicians 2 C 621 C F 1 BA ET RI TP STE Student C ENG nag S S1B-018 Clinicians 2 C 622 D F 1 C D STE Student C ENG GLE S S1B-019 English lit class A 623 A F 4 nag D PGQ Lecturer nag nag nag S S1B-019 English lit class A 624 B F 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-019 English lit class A 625 C F 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-019 English lit class A 626 D F 1 nag nag nag Student nag nag nag S S1B-020 Chernobyl C 627 A M 5 D D PHD Lecturer C ENG GLE DEU S S1B-020 Chernobyl C 628 B F 1 WH D STE Student C ENG GLE FRA X S1B-020 Chernobyl C 629 C M 1 L D STE Student C ENG nag S S1B-020 Chernobyl C 630 D M 1 nag nag STE Student nag nag nag X S1B-020 Chernobyl C 631 E F 1 BA KN US D STE Student C ENG BEN SWH FRA S S1B-020 Chernobyl C 632 F M 1 nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S1B-020 Chernobyl C 659 G M 1 nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S1B-031 Attorney General A 660 A M 3 TP D PHD Barrister; lecturer C ENG GLE DEU SWE S S1B-031 Attorney General A 661 B M 4 nag D FID Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-031 Attorney General A 662 C F 4 TP nag nag Jnlt nag nag nag S S1B-031 Attorney General A 663 D M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-032 Questions Answers 1 A 664 A M 5 KY C PGQ Professor nag nag nag S S1B-032 Questions Answers 1 A 665 B M 5 D D PGQ Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-032 Questions Answers 1 A 666 C F 4 D WX FID Pol nag nag nag S S1B-032 Questions Answers 1 A 667 D M 5 LK LK FID Pol nag nag nag S S1B-032 Questions Answers 1 A 668 E M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-032 Questions Answers 1 A 669 F M nag nag KY nag Teacher; Pol nag nag nag S S1B-032 Questions Answers 1 A 670 G M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-033 Questions Answers 2 A 665 A M 5 D D PGQ Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-033 Questions Answers 2 A 671 B M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-033 Questions Answers 2 A 672 C M nag nag KY nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-033 Questions Answers 2 A 673 D M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-033 Questions Answers 2 A 674 E M nag LK LK nag Pol; stonemason nag nag nag S S1B-033 Questions Answers 2 A 675 F M 4 LK LK FID Pol C GLE ENG nag S S1B-033 Questions Answers 2 A 676 G M nag KY KY nag Pol nag nag nag S S1B-033 Questions Answers 2 A 664 H M 5 KY C PGQ Professor nag nag nag S S1B-033 Questions Answers 2 A 667 I M 5 LK LK FID Pol nag nag nag S S1B-033 Questions Answers 2 A 666 J F 4 D WX FID Pol nag nag nag S S1B-034 Questions Answers 3 A 665 A M 5 D D PGQ Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-034 Questions Answers 3 A 677 B M 5 CE D PGQ Rtd SGSO C ENG GLE LAT SPA FRA S S1B-034 Questions Answers 3 A 678 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-034 Questions Answers 3 A 679 D M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag 56 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 63

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs

S S1B-034 Questions Answers 3 A 680 E M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag M S1B-034 Questions Answers 3 A 681 F F 5 DY D FID Jnlt; author C ENG GLE FRA S S1B-034 Questions Answers 3 A 682 G M 3 LH LH FID Pol;solicitor nag GLE ENG FRA S S1B-034 Questions Answers 3 A 683 H M 5 D D PHD Pol;lecturer; consultant C ENG GLE FRA S S1B-034 Questions Answers 3 A 684 I F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-035 It's Friday 1 A 685 A M nag nag nag nag Relig C nag nag S S1B-035 It's Friday 1 A 686 B M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-035 It's Friday 1 A 687 C M nag nag nag nag CW nag nag nag S S1B-035 It's Friday 1 A 688 D M nag nag nag nag Farmer nag nag nag S S1B-035 It's Friday 1 A 689 E M nag nag nag nag Credit union off nag nag nag S S1B-035 It's Friday 1 A 690 F M nag nag nag nag CW nag nag nag S S1B-036 Midnight Court 1 C 691 A M 5 LK D FID Broadcaster; jnlt nag nag nag S S1B-036 Midnight Court 1 C 692 B M nag nag nag nag Relig; teacher C nag nag S S1B-036 Midnight Court 1 C 693 C F 2 RI US RI PGQ Psych; music B ENG FRA GLE S S1B-036 Midnight Court 1 C 694 D F 4 C D TEQ Jnlt C ENG GLE FRA X S1B-036 Midnight Court 1 C 695 E M nag nag nag nag nag M nag nag S S1B-036 Midnight Court 1 C 696 F M 5 D D PHD Relig; lecturer C ENG GLE ITA DEU NLD FRA X S1B-036 Midnight Court 1 C 697 G M 5 US D PHD Professor none ENG SPA FRA GLE S S1B-036 Midnight Court 1 C 698 H M nag KY KY nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-037 Midnight Court 2 C 691 A M 5 LK D FID Broadcaster; jnlt nag nag nag S S1B-037 Midnight Court 2 C 699 B F nag nag nag nag Jnlt nag nag nag X S1B-037 Midnight Court 2 C 700 C M nag IQ nag nag nag M nag nag S S1B-037 Midnight Court 2 C 701 D F 3 D D PGQ Programme mgr C ENG GLE FRA AMH KHM S S1B-037 Midnight Court 2 C 702 E M 5 RN RN SES Pol C ENG GLE nag S S1B-038 Questions Answers 4 C 665 A M 5 D D PGQ Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-038 Questions Answers 4 C 703 B M 5 MH MH FID Diplomat; pol C ENG FRA S S1B-038 Questions Answers 4 C 704 C M 4 KY KY PGQ Solicitor; pol C ENG GLE nag S S1B-038 Questions Answers 4 C 705 D F nag nag D D Financier; author nag nag nag S S1B-038 Questions Answers 4 C 706 E F 4 RN D PGQ Exec dir nag ENG nag S S1B-038 Questions Answers 4 C 707 F M nag nag nag PHD Lecturer; security analyst nag nag nag S S1B-038 Questions Answers 4 C 708 G M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-039 Questions Answers 5 A 709 A M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-039 Questions Answers 5 A 665 B M 5 D D PGQ Broadcaster nag nag nag M S1B-039 Questions Answers 5 A 681 C F 5 DY D FID Jnlt; author C ENG GLE FRA S S1B-039 Questions Answers 5 A 682 D M 3 LH LH FID Pol; solicitor nag GLE ENG FRA S S1B-039 Questions Answers 5 A 710 E M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-040 It's Friday 2 A 685 A M nag nag nag nag Relig C nag nag S S1B-040 It's Friday 2 A 686 B M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-040 It's Friday 2 A 688 C M nag nag nag nag Farmer nag nag nag S S1B-040 It's Friday 2 A 689 D M nag nag nag nag Credit union off nag nag nag S S1B-040 It's Friday 2 A 690 E M nag nag nag nag CW nag nag nag S S1B-046 Elections A 711 A M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-046 Elections A 712 B F 3 GA D FID Pol nag nag nag S S1B-046 Elections A 713 C M 5 D D SES Pol C ENG GLE 57 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 64

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs

S S1B-047 Kevin Moran A 714 A M nag D D nag Broadcaster; jnlt nag nag nag S S1B-047 Kevin Moran A 715 B M 3 D nag nag Footballer nag nag nag S S1B-047 Kevin Moran A 716 C M 5 KY KY SES Former footballer nag nag nag S S1B-047 Kevin Moran A 717 D M 4 D D nag Former footballer nag nag nag S S1B-048 Tim Pat Coogan A 718 A M nag LS C FID Rad prdr; writer; teacher nag nag nag S S1B-048 Tim Pat Coogan A 719 B M 5 D D SES Author; jnlt nag nag nag S S1B-049 M O Suilleabhain A 720 A M 5 nag nag nag Broadcaster; jnlt nag nag nag S S1B-049 M O Suilleabhain A 721 B M 4 TP TP PHD Professor; composer C ENG GLE nag S S1B-050 Trinity students A 722 A M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-050 Trinity students A 723 B F nag nag nag nag HEP nag nag nag S S1B-050 Trinity students A 724 C M nag CE D STE Former hurler; student nag nag nag S S1B-050 Trinity students A 725 D M nag nag D STE Student nag nag nag S S1B-050 Trinity students A 726 E M nag WX D STE Student nag nag nag S S1B-050 Trinity students A 727 F F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S1B-050 Trinity students A 728 G F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S1B-050 Trinity students A 729 H F nag nag nag nag HEP nag nag nag S S1B-050 Trinity students A 730 I F nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-050 Trinity students A 731 J M 1 nag nag STE Student union ofcr nag nag nag S S1B-056 Attorney General A 732 A M 4 MO D PGQ Pol nag ENG GLE FRA S S1B-056 Attorney General A 733 B M 5 WW WW nag Pol; publican nag nag nag S S1B-056 Attorney General A 734 C M 5 RN D FID Pol; co dir C GLE ENG LAT ELL S S1B-056 Attorney General A 735 D M 5 G G FID Pol C ENG GLE none S S1B-056 Attorney General A 736 E M 4 D D PGQ Pol nag nag nag S S1B-056 Attorney General A 737 F M 4 D D PGQ Pol; barrister nag nag nag S S1B-056 Attorney General A 738 G M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag S S1B-056 Attorney General A 739 H M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag X S1B-056 Attorney General A 740 I M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-056 Attorney General A 713 J M 5 D D SES Pol C ENG GLE S S1B-057 Government 1 A 745 A M 5 TP TP nag Pol nag nag nag S S1B-057 Government 1 A 741 B M 4 MO MO D FID Pol C ENG GLE FRA S S1B-057 Government 1 A 712 C F 3 GA D FID Pol nag nag nag S S1B-057 Government 1 A 742 D M 4 KY KY PGQ Pol; exec C GLE ENG none S S1B-057 Government 1 A 732 E M 4 MO D PGQ Pol nag ENG GLE FRA S S1B-057 Government 1 A 734 F M 5 RN D FID Pol; co dir C GLE ENG LAT ELL S S1B-057 Government 1 A 703 G M 4 MH MH FID Pol C ENG FRA S S1B-057 Government 1 A 743 H M 4 D D PGQ Pol; solicitor J nag nag S S1B-057 Government 1 A 744 X nag nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag S S1B-058 Government 2 A 734 A M 5 RN D FID Pol; co dir C GLE ENG LAT ELL S S1B-058 Government 2 A 713 B M 5 D D SES Pol C ENG GLE S S1B-058 Government 2 A 745 C M 5 TP TP nag Pol nag nag nag S S1B-058 Government 2 A 712 D F 3 GA D FID Pol nag nag nag S S1B-058 Government 2 A 703 E M 4 MH MH FID Pol C ENG FRA 58 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 65

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs S S1B-058 Government 2 A 746 F M 3 MH MH PGQ Pol C GLE ENG nag S S1B-058 Government 2 A 741 G M 4 MO MO D FID Pol C ENG GLE FRA S S1B-059 Budget 1 B 747 A M 4 KE KE FID Pol; accountant C ENG nag S S1B-059 Budget 1 B 682 B M 3 LH LH FID Pol; solicitor nag GLE ENG FRA S S1B-059 Budget 1 B 748 X nag nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag S S1B-060 Budget 2 B 747 A M 4 KE KE FID Pol; accountant C ENG nag S S1B-060 Budget 2 B 733 B M 5 WW WW nag Pol; publican nag nag nag S S1B-060 Budget 2 B 749 C M 4 G G SES Pol C ENG GLE nag S S1B-060 Budget 2 B 750 D M 4 D D nag Pol; accountant C nag nag S S1B-060 Budget 1 B 751 X nag nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag S S1B-066 Resignation query 1 A 752 A M nag nag nag nag Sr legal asst nag nag nag S S1B-066 Resignation query 1 A 753 B M 3 D D PGQ Pol C ENG GLE FRA DEU S S1B-066 Resignation query 1 A 737 C M 4 D D PGQ Pol; barrister nag nag nag S S1B-066 Resignation query 1 A 754 D M 3 GA DU FID Pol; TU off nag ENG nag S S1B-066 Resignation query 1 A 755 E M 4 LK LK PGQ Pol; barrister; accountant C ENG FRA SPA S S1B-066 Resignation query 1 A 756 X M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag X S1B-066 Resignation query 1 A 757 Y M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-067 Resignation query 2 A 755 A M 4 LK LK PGQ Pol; barrister; accountant C ENG FRA SPA S S1B-067 Resignation query 2 A 752 B M nag nag nag nag Sr legal asst nag nag nag S S1B-067 Resignation query 2 A 758 C M 5 nag CE FID Pol nag nag nag S S1B-067 Resignation query 2 A 753 D M 3 D D PGQ Pol C ENG GLE FRA DEU S S1B-067 Resignation query 2 A 737 E M 4 D D PGQ Pol; barrister nag nag nag S S1B-067 Resignation query 2 A 759 F M 4 D D FID Pol C ENG GLE FRA X S1B-067 Resignation query 2 A 760 X M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S1B-068 Revenue panel B 732 A M 5 MO D PGQ Pol nag ENG GLE FRA S S1B-068 Revenue panel B 761 B M 5 nag nag nag Rtd civil servant nag nag nag S S1B-068 Revenue panel B 762 C M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-069 Resignation query 3 A 755 A M 4 LK LK PGQ Pol; barrister; accountant C ENG FRA SPA S S1B-069 Resignation query 3 A 763 B M nag nag nag nag Barrister nag nag nag S S1B-069 Resignation query 3 A 764 C M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag S S1B-070 AG Cross exam A 759 A M 4 D D FID Pol C ENG GLE FRA S S1B-070 AG Cross exam A 765 B M 5 RI D DU PGQ Barrister C ENG nag S S1B-070 AG Cross exam A 764 C M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag S S1B-070 AG Cross exam A 755 D M 4 LK LK PGQ Pol; barrister; accountant C ENG FRA SPA S S1B-076 Internet café C 766 A F 3 D D FID Marketing C ENG nag S S1B-076 Internet café C 767 B F 3 DN DN PGQ Graphic designer C ENG none S S1B-077 Flatfinders A 768 A F nag nag C nag Letting agent nag nag nag S S1B-077 Flatfinders A 769 B M nag nag C nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-077 Flatfinders A 770 C F nag nag C nag Letting agent nag nag nag S S1B-077 Flatfinders A 771 D M nag nag C nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-077 Flatfinders A 772 E F nag nag C nag nag nag nag nag S S1B-078 Staff meeting C 773 A F nag nag nag nag SLT nag nag nag S S1B-078 Staff meeting C 774 B F nag nag nag nag SLT nag nag nag 59 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 66

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs S S1B-078 Staff meeting C 775 C F 1 D D FID SLT P ENG nag S S1B-078 Staff meeting C 776 D F nag nag nag nag SLT nag nag nag N S1B-078 Staff meeting C 777 E F 3 NI D FID SLT P ENG nag S S1B-078 Staff meeting C 778 F F nag nag nag nag SLT nag nag nag S S1B-079 Journal club C 773 A F nag nag nag nag SLT nag nag nag S S1B-079 Journal club C 782 B F nag nag nag nag SLT nag nag nag S S1B-079 Journal club C 780 C F nag nag nag nag SLT nag nag nag S S1B-079 Journal club C 781 D F nag nag nag nag SLT nag nag nag X S1B-079 Journal club C 779 E F 4 SC KE PGQ SLT P ENG nag M S1B-080 Student meeting C 783 A M 2 EU SC RI DL STE Student C NOB ENG DEU SWE DAN M S1B-080 Student meeting C 784 B F 1 BA ET RI TP STE Student C ENG nag S S1B-080 Student meeting C 785 C M 1 MH MH FID Student P ENG none S S1B-080 Student meeting C 786 D F 4 CE D PGQ Nurse; student C ENG DEU FRA S S1B-080 Student meeting C 787 E M 1 D D STE Student C ENG nag M S1B-080 Student meeting C 788 F F 1 DW D STE Student C ENG SPA N S1B-080 Student meeting C 789 G M 1 DY DY STE Student C ENG none S S1B-080 Student meeting C 790 P F 3 RI D PGQ Physiotherapist; student C ENG nag S S2A-011 All-Ireland match A 791 A M nag nag nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag S S2A-011 All-Ireland match A 792 B M nag nag nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag S S2A-012 Boxing matches A 793 A M 5 nag CE nag Sports ctr nag nag nag S S2A-013 Hurling 1 A 794 A M nag nag nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag S S2A-013 Hurling 1 A 795 B M nag nag nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag S S2A-014 Rugby match A 796 A M 5 D D SES Sports ctr C ENG GLE S S2A-014 Rugby match A 797 B M 3 nag nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag M S2A-015 Remembrance day C 798 A M 3 L D C L SES Broadcaster; jnlt; writer nag nag nag S S2A-016 Clinton departure B 799 A F 3 GY JA RI D PGQ Broadcast jnlt C ENG GLE FRA DEU LAT ELL ITA S S2A-016 Clinton departure B 800 B M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S2A-017 Clinton arrival A 801 A F 3 D D FID Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2A-017 Clinton departure B 800 B M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S2A-018 Hurling 2 A 802 A M nag nag nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag S S2A-018 Hurling 2 A 803 B M nag nag nag nag Sports ctr nag nag nag S S2A-019 Horse racing B 804 A M nag nag nag nag Racing ctr nag nag nag X S2A-019 Horse racing B 805 B F nag EN nag nag Racing ctr nag nag nag X S2A-019 Horse racing B 806 C M nag EN nag nag Racing ctr nag nag nag S S2A-019 Horse racing B 807 D M nag nag nag nag Racing ctr nag nag nag S S2A-020 World Cup return A 808 A M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2A-036 Maths lecture 1 A 809 A M nag nag nag nag Lecturer nag nag nag S S2A-037 Maths lecture 2 A 809 A M nag nag nag nag Lecturer nag nag nag S S2A-038 Geography lecture A 810 A F nag nag nag nag Lecturer nag nag nag S S2A-039 Irish music A 811 A M 4 CC CC FID Lecturer; music C GLE ENG nag S S2A-040 Business lecture A 593 A M 2 nag C PGQ Lecturer C ENG GLE SPA S S2A-040 Business lecture A 812 B nag nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-041 Latin lecture A 813 A M nag nag PGQ Lecturer nag nag nag

60 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 67

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs

S S2A-042 Computer class A 814 A F nag nag nag FID Lecturer nag nag nag S S2A-042 Computer class A 815 B F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-042 Computer class A 816 C F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-042 Computer class A 817 D F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-042 Computer class A 818 E F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-042 Computer class A 819 F F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-042 Computer class A 820 G F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-042 Computer class A 821 H F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-042 Computer class A 822 I F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-042 Computer class A 823 J F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-042 Computer class A 824 K F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-042 Computer class A 825 L F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-043 Novels A 623 A F 4 nag D PGQ Lecturer nag nag nag S S2A-043 Novels A 826 B F nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-044 Education in Irish C 827 A M 5 CC D PHD Lecturer C ENG GLE FRA LAT S S2A-045 Language education C 828 A M 5 LK D PGQ Lecturer C ENG GLE CYM LAT ELL FRA S S2A-046 Geography data C 829 A M 5 D D PHD Lecturer P ENG none S S2A-047 Programming C 830 A M 5 D D PHD Lecturer C ENG GLE FRA S S2A-048 Sixteenth century 1 C 831 A M 4 D D PHD Lecturer C ENG GLE FRA SPA M S2A-049 Fellowship group C 832 A M 5 D B FID Relig C ENG GLE S S2A-050 Sixteenth century 2 C 831 A M 4 D D PHD Lecturer C ENG GLE FRA SPA S S2A-050 Sixteenth century 2 C 833 B M nag nag nag STE Student nag nag nag S S2A-056 Recipes 1 A 834 A F 4 LS CC FID Broadcaster; tch nag ENG nag S S2A-057 Recipes 2 A 834 A F 4 LS CC FID Broadcaster; tch nag ENG nag S S2A-058 Flowers A 835 A F nag KK nag FID Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2A-059 Candles A 835 A F nag KK nag FID Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2A-060 Skiing A 836 A M 4 D D EU FID TV prdr; tch C ENG FRA S S2A-066 Public accounts A 837 A M 3 D D PGQ Pol; economist nag ENG GLE FRA S S2A-066 Public accounts A 838 B M 2 D D FID Pol nag nag nag S S2A-067 Resignation A 765 A M 5 RI D DU PGQ Barrister C ENG nag S S2A-068 Employment A 839 A F 5 WM WM D PGQ Pol nag ENG FRA S S2A-069 Training A 840 A F 5 KY C PGQ Pol nag GLE nag S S2A-069 Training A 841 B M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag S S2A-069 Training A 842 C M 3 KE KE SES Pol; publican nag nag nag S S2A-069 Training A 843 D M 5 D D SES Pol nag nag nag S S2A-070 Banking B 844 A M nag nag nag nag Banker nag nag nag S S2A-070 Banking B 845 B M nag nag nag nag Banker nag nag nag S S2B-011 RTE News 1 A 846 A M nag TP nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2B-011 RTE News 1 A 847 B M nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-011 RTE News 1 A 848 C F nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-011 RTE News 1 A 849 D M nag nag nag nag Racing ctr nag nag nag S S2B-011 RTE News 1 A 850 E M nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-011 RTE News 1 A 851 F F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S2B-011 RTE News 1 A 852 G M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag 61 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 68

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs

S S2B-011 RTE News 1 A 853 H M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S2B-011 RTE News 1 A 854 I F nag nag nag nag Department store mgr nag nag nag S S2B-011 RTE News 1 A 855 J F LS nag nag PGQ Weather reporter nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 856 A M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 857 B F nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 858 C M nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 837 D M 3 D D PGQ Pol; economist nag ENG GLE FRA M S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 860 E M nag nag nag nag Co rep nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 861 F M nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 862 G M nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 863 H F nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 864 I F nag nag MO nag nag nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 865 J M nag nag MO nag nag nag nag nag X S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 866 K M nag EN EN nag nag nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 867 L M nag nag MO nag Relig C nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 868 M F nag nag nag nag Sports reporter nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 869 N M nag nag nag nag Sports reporter nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 870 O F nag nag nag nag Sports reporter nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 859 P M nag nag nag nag TU rep nag nag nag S S2B-012 RTE News 2 A 871 Q M nag nag nag nag TU rep nag nag nag S S2B-013 A 872 A M 4 WH D PGQ Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2B-013 Morning Ireland A 873 B F nag D D FID Broadcaster; jnlt nag nag nag S S2B-013 Morning Ireland A 874 C M nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-013 Morning Ireland A 875 D M 5 LH D TEQ TU Off C ENG GLE S S2B-013 Morning Ireland A 876 E F nag nag DU nag Broadcaster; Jnlt nag nag nag S S2B-013 Morning Ireland A 877 F F nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-013 Morning Ireland A 879 G M nag nag nag nag Jnlt; writer nag nag nag M S2B-013 Morning Ireland A 878 H M 3 L B PGQ Broadcaster; Jnlt C ENG DEU GLE S S2B-014 Cork Radio A 880 A F nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2B-014 Cork Radio A 881 B F nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-014 Cork Radio A 882 C M nag nag CC nag nag nag nag nag S S2B-014 Cork Radio A 883 D F nag nag CC nag nag nag nag nag S S2B-014 Cork Radio A 884 E F nag nag nag nag TU rep nag nag nag S S2B-014 Cork Radio A 885 F M nag nag nag nag Sports reporter nag nag nag S S2B-014 Cork Radio A 886 G M nag nag nag nag Sports off nag nag nag S S2B-014 Cork Radio A 887 H F nag nag nag nag Student; hockey player nag nag nag S S2B-015 RTE radio news 1 A 846 A M nag TP nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2B-015 RTE radio news 1 A 877 B F nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-015 RTE radio news 1 A 889 C M nag nag nag nag Relig C nag nag S S2B-015 RTE radio news 1 A 890 D M nag nag nag nag Journalist nag nag nag S S2B-015 RTE radio news 1 A 891 E M 5 OY OY PGQ Pol; solicitor C GLE ENG naS S S2B-015 RTE radio news 1 A 862 F M nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-015 RTE radio news 1 A 892 G M 2 D D FID Broadcast jnlt C ENG nag 62 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 69

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs

S S2B-015 RTE radio news 1 A 893 H M 3 D D SES Broadcast jnlt P ENG nag S S2B-016 RTE radio news 2 A 846 A M nag TP nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2B-016 RTE radio news 2 A 876 B F nag nag DU nag Broadcaster; jnlt nag nag nag S S2B-016 RTE radio news 2 A 734 C M 5 RN D FID Pol; co dir C GLE ENG LAT ELL S S2B-016 RTE radio news 2 A 888 D M 3 CW KE TEQ Broadcast jnlt C ENG GLE S S2B-016 RTE radio news 2 A 713 E M 5 D D SES Pol C ENG GLE S S2B-016 RTE radio news 2 A 894 F M 2 D D FID Broadcaster C GLE ENG nag S S2B-016 RTE radio news 2 A 895 G M nag nag nag nag Investment analyst nag nag nag S S2B-016 RTE radio news 2 A 896 H M 4 D WW SES Consultant C GLE ENG S S2B-017 RTE radio news 3 A 897 A M nag nag nag nag Newscaster nag nag nag S S2B-017 RTE radio news 3 A 873 B F nag D D FID Broadcaster; jnlt nag nag nag S S2B-017 RTE radio news 3 A 898 C M nag nag nag nag Broadcast jnlt nag nag nag S S2B-017 RTE radio news 3 A 899 D M 5 D nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-017 RTE radio news 3 A 900 E M nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag S S2B-017 RTE radio news 3 A 888 F M 3 CW KE TEQ Broadcast jnlt C ENG GLE S S2B-018 RTE radio news 4 A 897 A M nag nag nag nag Newscaster nag nag nag S S2B-018 RTE radio news 4 A 873 B F nag D D FID Broadcaster; jnlt nag nag nag S S2B-018 RTE radio news 4 A 901 C F nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag M S2B-018 RTE radio news 4 A 902 D M 3 EN D L FID Broadcaster; jnlt C ENG SPA S S2B-018 RTE radio news 4 A 903 E M 3 SO SO TEQ Broadcaster; jnlt C ENG GLE FRA S S2B-018 RTE radio news 4 A 904 F M nag nag nag nag Broadcast reporter nag nag nag M S2B-018 RTE radio news 4 A 905 G M nag EN D nag Broadcast jnlt nag nag nag S S2B-018 RTE radio news 4 A 906 H M nag nag nag nag Journalist nag nag nag S S2B-019 RTE radio news 5 A 846 A M nag TP nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2B-019 RTE radio news 5 A 907 B M 3 D D FID Broadcast jnlt C ENG nag N S2B-019 RTE radio news 5 A 283 C M 4 B B SES Pol P nag nag X S2B-019 RTE radio news 5 A 908 D M 5 EN EN PGQ Pol nag nag nag N S2B-019 RTE radio news 5 A 909 E M 3 TY B SES Broadcast jnlt C ENG GLE FRA S S2B-019 RTE radio news 5 A 903 F M 3 SO SO TEQ Broadcaster; jnlt C ENG GLE FRA S S2B-019 RTE radio news 5 A 750 G M 4 D D nag Pol; accountant C nag nag S S2B-019 RTE radio news 5 A 910 H M 2 D D FID Broadcast jnlt C ENG GLE S S2B-019 RTE radio news 5 A 911 I M 4 DL D PGQ TU off C ENG nag S S2B-019 RTE radio news 5 A 912 J M nag nag nag nag Health employers off nag nag nag M S2B-019 RTE radio news 5 A 902 K M 3 EN D L FID Broadcaster; jnlt C ENG SPA S S2B-020 RTE radio news 6 A 900 A M nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2B-020 RTE radio news 6 A 873 B F nag D D FID Broadcaster; jnlt nag nag nag S S2B-020 RTE radio news 6 A 913 C M nag D nag PGQ Journalist nag nag nag S S2B-031 Statues A 914 A M 3 D D PHD Lecturer C ENG GLE GLA FRA S S2B-031 Statues A 915 B F 4 D D PHD Lecturer R ENG FRA S S2B-031 Statues A 916 C F nag nag nag PGQ Lecturer nag nag nag S S2B-032 Folklore A 914 A M 3 D D PHD Lecturer C ENG GLE GLA FRA S S2B-032 Folklore A 917 B M 4 TY nag PHD Professor nag nag nag S S2B-032 Folklore A 918 C M 4 LK WW PHD Professor C GLE ENG nag

63 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 70

zone text id title date sp id sp ref sex age prov reside ed lev occupation relig 1st lg other lgs X S2B-032 Folklore A 929 X nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag X S2B-032 Folklore A 930 Y nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag X S2B-032 Folklore A 931 Z nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S2B-033 Literature A 914 A M 3 D D PHD Lecturer C ENG GLE GLA FRA S S2B-033 Literature A 919 B M 4 D D PHD Professor C GLE ENG nag S S2B-034 Entertainment A 920 A F nag nag nag nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2B-034 Entertainment A 921 B F nag D D SSE Music nag nag nag S S2B-034 Entertainment A 922 C M 5 D D SSE Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2B-034 Entertainment A 923 D M nag nag D nag Broadcaster nag nag nag S S2B-034 Entertainment A 721 E M 4 TP TP PHD Professor; composer C ENG GLE nag S S2B-034 Entertainment A 924 F F nag nag nag nag Music nag nag nag S S2B-034 Entertainment A 925 G M 3 D DU PGQ Broadcaster C ENG nag S S2B-034 Entertainment A 926 H M 2 LK LK SES Music C ENG nag S S2B-034 Entertainment A 927 I F 3 DL DL FID Music C GLE none S S2B-034 Entertainment A 928 J F 5 GA nag nag Music nag nag nag S S2B-035 Dewey Education A 932 A M 4 MO LK PHD Lecturer nag ENG GLE LAT X S2B-035 Dewey Education A 933 X M nag nag nag nag nag nag nag nag S S2B-036 Columbus A 934 A M 5 CE G PHD Professor C ENG GLE FRA S S2B-037 Clare elections A 935 A M 5 CE GA TEQ Rtd broadcaster; writer C ENG none S S2B-038 Edmund Rice A 936 A M 2 D D PHD Lecturer C ENG GLE ITA FRA S S2B-039 Frank O'Connor A 937 A M 5 LM D PHD Professor C nag nag S S2B-040 Creation of Dail A 938 A M 3 D D PHD Lecturer C ENG GLE FRA M S2B-046 English literature A 939 A F 5 D B FID Professor P ENG nag M S2B-047 QUB graduation A 940 A F 5 D DY SES Writer I ENG FRA S S2B-048 Socialist politics A 713 A M 5 D D SES Pol C ENG GLE S S2B-049 FF politics A 734 A M 5 RN D FID Pol; co dir C GLE ENG LAT ELL S S2B-050 Budget speech B 941 A M 4 D D FID Pol; architect C ENG GLE FRA S S2B-050 Budget speech B 733 B M 5 WW WW nag Pol; publican nag nag nag S S2B-050 Budget speech B 942 C M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag S S2B-050 Budget speech B 943 D M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag S S2B-050 Budget speech B 944 E M nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag S S2B-050 Budget speech B 945 X nag nag nag nag nag Pol nag nag nag

64 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 71

Part 1: File header information for §11 Bibliographical and statistical information for written texts published texts Category: Written texts in ICE-Ireland come from a variety of sources, including published books and periodicals, unpublished theses and research papers, private correspondence, and ephemeral material in the public domain. Many ICE texts are composites of shorter original texts. Items appearing in newspapers, for example, are rarely as long as the 2,000 words required for an ICE text; thus the and News> are usually compiled from several shorter pieces. Much of the material in ICE is presented anonymously or may (as in the case of administrative prose) be the work of several hands, only texts, we have not found standard bibliographical references to be the optimal way of providing relevant source information. In an Ireland does not contain text headers apart from the text title, we present the equivalent of bibliographical file headers in Part 1 of format, those categories for which no information is available for any given text are not listed in the relevant entry. In Part 2, we they are known to us, in each ICE-Ireland text type. In both sections, we refer to the contributors of written material as 'speakers' rather than writers in order to retain the meaning of the and written material.

65 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 72

translation in modern Ireland> Galway> and romantic nationalism in Ireland 1750-1850> entrants to University College, Cork> Category: Inquiry Society of Ireland> 1994> Category: social security, employment and unemployment in the 1990s> computers> Physics> in Northern Ireland> radiocarbon precision> publication: 1993> editor: Brigid Hadfield> Visual detection of peptidase activity using fluorogenic substrates in a microtiter plate assay>

ground beetle assemblages of the uplands of County Antrim, Category: North-East Ireland> Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy> circuit modelling using concurrent processing techniques> of the invertebrate peptide pyroGlu-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe- NH2 using 1H NMR> Perkin Transactions> 1994> J. Stella> the rotational moulding process> Vision Computing> concrete flat slabs at edge columns> shearing of Spring-Born ewe lambs on liveweight and reproductive performance> language (VISICL)> Ecology blanket bog> and Conservation of Irish Peatlands> in cattle> Medicine - Diseases and Husbandry of Cattle> Measurements in the separation region of a gas-particle cross flow> 67 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 74

publication: 1992> <$A> adaptation in real-world case-based reasoning systems> publication: 1993> marine data> <$A> Category: <$B> cuisine> Fortnight> <$B> Armagh and Dunsink Observatories over 200 years, 1790-1990> <$C> 1992>

Free State 1923-32> publication: 1994> <$A> Category: <$B> <$A> 1994> <$B> 68 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 75

<$A> <$A> <$B> Falls Road> <$C> <$A> gets tough in the student world> of publication: 1994> <$B> 1994> <$C> exist> <$A> Zoo Crack> <$A> <$A> <$B> new technique in termite fishing> <$C> <$B> <$C> - a sustainable future> publication: 1993> <$A> title: Ulster Tatler> <$B> <$B> child abusers?> Sunday Life> 69 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 76

Category: <$A> <$B> vegetable plants> 1994> <$B> killer> <$C> <$D> Special Supplement> <$E> title: Business Telegraph> <$F> community need> <$A> <$B> <$A> video link> beginning> Archaeology Ireland> <$D> in Ireland> <$A> The Irish Beekeeper> <$B> Letter> <$A> <$B> <$C> 1991> 70 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 77

<$D> News Letter> 1995> <$F> <$A> <$B> <$C> Twomey> 1996> <$B> 1996> <$C> Category: <$C> <$B> 1993> <$C> <$C> <$D> Telegraph> <$E> 1993> <$B> <$F> title: Belfast Telegraph> <$C> <$G> and Post> <$A> UK> <$B> <$A> of publication: 1991> <$C> <$B> Green Consumer> <$D> 71 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 78

<$B> <$F> title: Belfast Telegraph> <$C> <$D> publication: 1993> <$B> Sunday Life> <$C> Orient> Sinn Fein> <$D> title: Sunday Life> <$B> title: Belfast Telegraph> <$C> 1993> <$D> girlfriend> 1993> <$C> <$E> <$D> Belfast Telegraph> <$E> heart surgery waiting list'> <$H> <$A> claim> <$A> violence> 1993> <$B> 72 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 79

<$D> admission on weed worry> Herald and Post> <$D> and Post> <$E> title: Belfast Telegraph> <$A> title: Belfast Telegraph> <$A> 1993> <$A> 1993> <$B> Sunday Life> <$C> blockbuster> 1993> <$D> day> <$E> Telegraph> <$F> <$G> publication: 1993> <$B> fly to London to question Pinochet> <$A> title: North Down Herald and Post> <$C> <$D> drinking den: councillor> Post> <$E> publication: 1993> 73 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 80

<$B> <$A> as other parties discuss rainbow coalition> Kilkenny People> <$B> <$D> schoolgirl> 1994> <$E> magistrate resigns> publication: 1994>

<$A> <$A> Roscommon Herald> <$B> <$B> momentum> <$B> clerics answer abuse questionnaire> <$C> title: Roscommon Herald> <$D> publication: 1994> <$E> Clare Champion> <$B> <$A> title: Clare Champion> <$B> Clare Champion> <$C> Champion> <$A> publication: 1993> 74 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 81

<$B> with £1.5m. a day gambling spree> <$A> Tatler> <$B> publication: 1993> <$A> publication: 1994> <$A> 1994> <$A> title: Northern Woman> <$C> Elegant Northern Ireland> <$D> Elegant Northern Ireland> <$E> good> <$A> 2001> <$A> Bowls 2Day in Ireland> <$B> <$C> in Ireland> <$C> <$C> <$D> Bowls 2Day in Ireland> <$A> 75 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 82

<$B> title: Belfast Telegraph, Autumn Home Focus supplement> Protection> <$C> Belfast Telegraph, Autumn Home Focus supplement> publication: 1990> <$A> spring> the Museum collection> <$F> <$C> Museum artifacts> of publication: 1990> <$D> <$E> publication: 1994> <$F> <$G> publication: 1990> <$B> Irish Jewish Museum News> <$I> <$C> 1990> <$D> Category: 1994> <$A> publication: 1992> <$B> 1992> 76 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 83

<$C> <$A> <$D> <$B> <$E> <$C> <$F> publication: 1993> <$E> <$A> Sunday Life> <$F> <$B> Sunday Life> <$G> <$C> of publication: 1994> <$D> Irish News> <$E> title: Fortnight> <$F> title: > <$A> <$A> Irish News> <$B> Offaly Independent> <$C> <$C> <$D> <$A> <$E> <$B> <$F> Times> 77 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 84

<$D> <$A> days of every working week the Irishman is a slave> Sunday Tribune> <$B> and-wink politics> publication: 1993>

<$A> <$B> Kilkenny People> Westmeath Examiner> <$A> Sunday Tribune> political mire?> publication: 1994> Skysong> Category: publication: 1991> A Second Life> 78 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 85

Part 2: Pooled author Due to the large amount of anonymous and unpublished work in the written material of ICE corpora, the census approach used in the written part of the corpus, using a combination of questionnaire responses and, in a few cases, information available in the public domain. In the following set of tables, statistics are given for each ICE-Ireland category. The categories of the tables are similar to those used in the spoken tables, but the different nature of the materials and the aims of the tables for written texts means will refer to each writer as a ‘speaker’ to maintain a consistency with our treatment of the spoken texts. The tables are thus explained below. Zone: refers to the geographical background for each speaker-text unit in the written corpus. The relationships between speaker-text unit and ICE text may be of different kinds. A 1:1 relationship < exists where there is one speaker per text in each ICE text in the than ICE texts within a category, since there may be several authors for one text within the category (cf. ), several sub-texts making up a single text (cf. ), or a combination of these two factors. In the case of Writers' Week Award-Winning Short Stories 1973 –1994> information as to the provenance of the speaker-text unit: the default assumption is that a text originates from the zone in which it was published or produced. Definitions of the codes used in this section are similar to those in the spoken corpus: codes N: Northern Ireland S: Republic of Ireland M: Mixed between NI and ROI or between Ireland and a non-Irish jurisdiction nag: information not available.

79 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 86

Texts: denotes the number of ICE texts within the category. provenance is Waterford and one person whose residence is Waterford, there is no reason to assume that this person is the same Dates: refers to the time period from which the text originates. in both cases. The speaker whose provenance is Waterford may Codes are defined as for the spoken part of the corpus. have subsequently moved to Dublin, while the speaker whose Spk IDs: counts the number of unique speakers contributing to the residence is Waterford may have originally come from Cork. The corpus category. Where one individual has contributed to more number of people in the Prov and Res columns will not necessarily than one text unit, the ZONE figure will reflect each such tally to the number of Spk IDs, since some speakers list multiple contribution, but the spk ids figure counts each speaker once. With provenance or residence. anonymous compilations of material (e.g. ), it is NLg: denotes a speaker’s 'native language', as defined in the assumed that each text unit represents a unique speaker, unless spoken part of the corpus. there is information available to the contrary. As noted above, the figure of 45 spk ids for [Press News N] may thus over-represent OLg: denotes the speaker's stated use of 'other languages ... if they the actual number of unique contributors to this category, but it are different from English', as defined in the spoken part of the will at least accurately represent the difference between this text- corpus. type and one like , where there is a clear 1:1 relationship between text and speaker. In the few cases where a As with the Prov and Res codes, there is no necessary cross- speaker appears in two different categories, the speaker will be reference between the NLg and OLg entries. The number of counted once in each category. languages entered in the columns will frequently exceed the Educ: refers to the highest educational qualification obtained by number of Spk IDs, due to multiple listings of both native and the speaker. Codes are defined as for the spoken part of the corpus. other languages by individual speakers.

Rel: denotes the speaker's stated 'religious background'. Codes are defined as for the spoken part of the corpus.

Sex: denotes the sex of the speaker. Codes are defined as for the spoken part of the corpus.

Age: refers to the general age category of the speaker. Codes are defined as for the spoken part of the corpus.

Prov: denotes the speaker’s provenance as defined in the spoken part of the corpus.

Res: denotes the speaker’s current place of residence, as defined in the spoken part of the corpus.

The purpose of Prov and Res entries is to provide general information as to the spread of possible geographical influences on the language contained within the corpus, not to track individuals. Thus, for example, where a table shows one person whose 80 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 87

ADMINISTRATIVE PROSE

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 9 Zone S 5 nag 1 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 7 Dates A 2 B 2 B 3 C 1 Spk IDs 10 Spk IDs 5 Educ nag 10 Educ TEQ 2 nag 3 Rel nag 10 Rel C 1 nag 4 Sex nag 10 Sex M 1 F 1 nag 3 Age nag 10 Age 4 1 5 1 nag 3 Prov nag 10 Prov D 1 LK 1 nag 3 Res nag 10 Res D 1 nag 3 NLg nag 10 NLg ENG 1 nag 4 OLg nag 10 OLg nag 5

81 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 88

BUSINESS LETTERS

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 75 Zone S 26 M 2 M 1 Texts 8 Texts 7 Dates A 56 Dates A 25 B 16 B 5 C 5 Spk IDs 68 Spk IDs 25 Educ FID 3 Educ FID 6 PGQ 2 PGQ 3 PHD 5 PHD 2 STE 1 nag 14 nag 57 Rel C 1 Rel C 1 nag 67 P 1 nag 23 Sex M 49 Sex M 19 F 19 F 2 nag 4 Age 1 2 Age 3 3 2 3 4 4 3 3 5 3 4 3 nag 15 5 1 nag 56 Prov AR 1 Prov CC 1 B 1 D 7 CA 1 DW 1 nag 65 nag 16 Res B 2 Res D 6 nag 66 nag 19 NLg ENG 1 NLg nag 25 nag 67 OLg GLE 1 OLg nag 25 FRA 1 nag 67

82 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 89

CREATIVE WRITING

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 6 Zone S 10 M 4 Texts 10 Texts 10 Dates A 7 Dates A 10 B 3 Spk IDs 10 Spk IDs 10 Educ FID 2 Educ FID 4 PGQ 4 PGQ 1 PRI 2 PHD 2 SES 1 SES 2 nag 1 nag 1 Rel C 5 Rel C 5 P 3 P 1 nag 2 nag 4 Sex M 9 Sex M 5 F 1 F 5 Age 2 2 Age 3 4 3 1 4 2 4 2 5 4 5 4 nag 1 Prov AR 1 Prov CC 1 B 6 D 3 DW 2 KY 3 LH 1 LK 1 SC 1 LM 1 TY 1 MN 1 nag 1 RN 1 Res B 3 Res D 4 DW 1 EN 1 UK 1 KE 2 US 1 KY 1 nag 2 LM 1 nag 1 NLg ENG 6 NLg ENG 7 nag 4 GLE 3 nag 3 OLg GLE 1 OLg GLE 3 FRA 2 DEU 1 ITA 1 FRA 2 RUS 1 SPA 1 none 1 STH 1 nag 5 SWE 1 nag 4 83 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 90

EXAMINATION ESSAYS

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 6 Zone S 5 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 3 Dates A 5 B 1 C 2 Spk IDs 6 Spk IDs 5 Educ FID 1 Educ STE 5 STE 5 Rel C 2 Rel nag 5 P 1 nag 3 Sex M 2 Sex M 2 F 4 F 3 Age 1 5 Age nag 5 2 1 Prov AN 1 Prov nag 5 B 1 DW 1 nag 3 Res B 3 Res nag 5 nag 3 NLg ENG 3 NLg nag 5 nag 3 OLg FRA 2 OLg nag 5 ITA 1 SPA 1 THA 1 Nag 4

84 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:10 Page 91

LEARNED HUMANITIES

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 4 Zone S 5 M 1 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 5 Dates A 5 Spk IDs 5 Spk IDs 5 Educ FID 1 Educ PGQ 2 PGQ 1 PHD 3 PHD 3 Rel P 5 Rel C 1 nag 4 Sex M 4 Sex M 2 F 1 F 3 Age 2 1 Age 1 1 3 3 2 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 nag 1 Prov AN 1 Prov D 2 D 1 LK 1 FG 1 SO 1 NI 2 nag 1 nag 1 Res AN 1 Res D 4 B 4 G 1 DW 1 NLg ENG 4 NLg ENG 4 SCU 1 GLE 2 nag 1 nag 1 OLg GLE 1 OLg GLE 1 FRA 2 DEU 2 none 1 FRA 3 nag 2 ITA 1 POR 1 none 1 nag 1

85 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 92

LEARNED NATURAL SCIENCES

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 12 Zone S 7 M 1 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 13 Dates A 7 Spk IDs 11 Spk IDs 7 Educ PHD 5 Educ PHD 7 nag 6 Rel C 1 Rel C 3 P 2 nag 4 nag 8 Sex M 11 Sex M 4 F 3 Age 3 1 Age 3 1 4 2 5 2 5 1 nag 4 nag 7 Prov B 1 Prov IR 2 DW 1 LK 1 UK 1 nag 4 nag 8 Res B 2 Res D 1 DW 1 IR 2 NI 1 nag 4 nag 8 NLg ENG 3 NLg ENG 3 nag 8 nag 4 OLg FRA 1 OLg none 1 SPA 1 nag 6 none 1 nag 8

86 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 93

LEARNED SOCIAL SCIENCE

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 5 Zone S 7 M 1 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 5 Dates A 8 Spk IDs 5 Spk IDs 8 Educ PGQ 1 Educ PGQ 2 PHD 3 PHD 5 nag 1 nag 1 Rel C 2 Rel C 4 nag 3 N 1 nag 4 Sex M 3 Sex M 5 F 2 F 3 Age 2 1 Age 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 3 4 1 5 1 nag 4 Prov B 3 Prov CE 1 NI 1 D 1 TY 1 L 1 nag 1 LK 1 NI 1 nag 4 Res B 4 Res C 1 nag 1 D 1 G 1 LK 1 MH 1 nag 3 NLg ENG 3 NLg ENG 3 nag 2 GLE 2 nag 4 OLg none 2 OLg ENG 1 nag 3 FRA 3 VLS 1 nag 4

87 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 94

LEARNED TECHNOLOGY

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 11 Zone S 8 M 1 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 11 Dates A 9 Spk IDs 11 Spk IDs 9 Educ PHD 8 Educ PGQ 3 nag 3 PHD 5 nag 1 Rel P 1 Rel C 5 nag 10 P 1 nag 3 Sex M 10 Sex M 8 F 1 F 1 Age 3 1 Age 1 1 5 2 2 3 nag 8 3 2 nag 3 Prov AN 1 Prov C 1 nag 10 D 3 GA 1 KK 1 nag 3 Res DW 1 Res C 1 nag 10 D 2 DU 1 MH 1 WW 1 nag 3 NLg ENG 1 NLg ENG 6 nag 10 GLE 1 nag 3 OLg none 1 OLg GLE 1 nag 10 FRA 3 none 2 nag 4

88 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 95

POPULAR HUMANITIES

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 9 Zone S 6 M 1 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 5 Dates A 4 B 3 B 2 C 2 Spk IDs 10 Spk IDs 6 Educ PGQ 1 Educ PGQ 1 PHD 1 PHD 3 nag 8 nag 2 Rel C 1 Rel C 3 P 2 nag 3 nag 8 Sex M 4 Sex M 5 F 3 F 1 nag 3 Age 3 2 Age 4 1 4 1 5 3 nag 7 nag 2 Prov B 1 Prov D 2 D 1 WH 1 NI 1 WX 1 nag 7 nag 3 Rel DW 1 Res C 1 DY 1 D 1 nag 8 DU 1 nag 3 NLg ENG 2 NLg ENG 3 nag 8 GLE 1 nag 3 OLg GLE 1 OLg GLE 2 FRA 2 DEU 1 nag 8 FRA 1 ITA 2 JPN 1 NLD 1 POR 1 SPA 2 SWE 1 nag 3

89 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 96

POPULAR NATURAL SCIENCE

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 13 Zone S 6 M 1 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 13 Dates A 7 Spk IDs 12 Spk IDs 7 Educ FID 2 Educ FID 1 PHD 1 PGQ 1 nag 9 PHD 4 nag 1 Rel nag 12 Rel C 4 P 2 nag 1 Sex M 4 Sex M 5 F 6 F 2 nag 2 Age nag 12 Age 2 1 3 1 4 2 5 2 nag 1 Prov nag 12 Prov C 2 CE 1 D 2 DY 1 RI 1 nag 1 Res nag 12 Res D 3 DU 1 MH 1 RI 1 nag 1 NLg nag 12 NLg ENG 5 GLE 1 SPA 1 nag 1 OLg nag 12 OLg GLE 5 DEU 3 FRA 2 nag 1

90 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 97

POPULAR SOCIAL SCIENCE

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 10 Zone S 6 M 2 nag 1 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 5 Dates A 9 B 3 C 2 Spk IDs 10 Spk IDs 9 Educ FID 2 Educ PGQ 4 PGQ 1 nag 5 PHD 2 nag 5 Rel C 2 Rel C 2 P 1 nag 7 nag 7 Sex M 7 Sex M 5 F 3 F 4 Age 3 3 Age 3 2 4 1 4 1 5 1 nag 6 nag 5 Prov AR 1 Prov D 3 B 1 OY 1 DW 1 nag 6 TY 1 nag 7 Res B 3 Res AN 1 DW 1 D 2 nag 6 nag 6 NLg ENG 2 NLg ENG 1 nag 8 nag 8 OLg none 1 OLg nag 9 nag 9

91 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 98

POPULAR TECHNOLOGY

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 23 Zone S 8 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 14 Dates A 8 B 9 Spk IDs 23 Spk IDs 8 Educ nag 23 Educ FID 3 PGQ 1 PHD 3 nag 1 Rel nag 23 Rel C 1 nag 7 Sex M 7 Sex M 6 F 1 F 1 nag 15 nag 1 Age nag 23 Age 5 2 nag 6 Prov nag 23 Prov D 1 nag 7 Res nag 23 Res D 1 nag 7 NLg nag 23 NLg ENG 1 nag 7 OLg nag 23 OLg GLE 1 FRA 1 ITA 1 LAT 1 nag 7

92 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 99

PRESS EDITORIALS

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 25 Zone S 14 S 1 M 1 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 26 Dates A 12 B 3 Spk IDs 26 Spk IDs 15 Educ PGQ 1 Educ FID 1 nag 25 PGQ 1 nag 13 Rel nag 26 Rel C 1 nag 14 Sex M 1 Sex M 3 F 1 F 1 nag 24 nag 11 Age nag 26 Age 3 1 4 1 nag 13 Prov OY 1 Prov D 1 nag 25 LD 1 US 1 nag 25 Res nag 26 Res D 1 LD 1 nag 26 NLg nag 26 NLg ENG 1 nag 14 OLg nag 26 OLg GLE 1 nag 14

93 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 100

PRESS NEWS

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 60 Zone S 42 M 2 Texts 10 Texts 10 Dates A 60 Dates A 39 B 5 Spk IDs 45 Spk IDs 44 Educ FID 1 Educ FID 3 SES 2 PGQ 1 nag 42 SES 1 nag 39 Rel C 1 Rel C 2 P 2 P 2 nag 42 nag 40 Sex M 16 Sex M 15 F 10 F 10 nag 19 nag 19 Age 3 1 Age 2 2 5 2 3 2 nag 42 4 1 nag 39 Prov AR 1 Prov C 1 B 1 D 3 NI 1 DY 1 nag 42 KE 1 nag 38 Res AR 1 Res D 1 DW 1 IT 1 NI 1 KE 2 nag 42 nag 40 NLg ENG 3 NLg ENG 3 nag 42 nag 41 OLg nag 45 OLg GLE 2 FRA 2 nag 41

94 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 101

SKILLS AND HOBBIES

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 16 Zone S 15 M 1 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 12 Dates A 16 B 1 C 3 Spk IDs 16 Spk IDs 16 Educ PGQ 1 Educ STE 1 nag 15 nag 15 Rel P 1 Rel C 1 nag 15 nag 15 Sex M 5 Sex M 8 F 5 F 6 nag 6 nag 2 Age 4 1 Age 3 1 nag 15 nag 15 Prov DY 1 Prov D 1 nag 15 nag 15 Res AN 1 Res D 1 nag 15 DU 2 UK 1 nag 12 NLg ENG 1 NLg ENG 1 nag 15 nag 15 OLg FRA 1 OLg nag 15 nag 15

95 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 102

SOCIAL LETTERS

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 14 Zone S 4 M 6 Texts 8 Texts 7 Dates A 7 Dates A 7 B 7 B 2 C 1 Spk IDs 12 Spk IDs 10 Educ FID 3 Educ FID 6 PGQ 1 PGQ 2 SES 3 STE 1 STE 5 nag 1 Rel C 11 Rel C 7 P 1 nag 3 Sex M 3 Sex M 3 F 9 F 7 Age 1 7 Age 1 6 2 2 4 2 4 1 5 1 5 2 nag 1 Prov AN 1 Prov D 2 B 7 DL 5 DW 5 DU 1 KE 1 KY 1 Res B 8 Res AU 1 DW 4 D 1 DL 2 L 2 UK 1 US 3 NLg ENG 12 NLg ENG 7 GLE 1 nag 3 OLg GLE 1 OLg GLE 5 THA 1 DEU 1 none 2 FRA 3 nag 8 SPA 2 nag 4

96 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 103

STUDENT ESSAYS

NORTH SOUTH

Zone N 6 Zone S 5 Texts 5 Texts 5 Dates A 4 Dates A 5 C 2 Spk IDs 6 Spk IDs 5 Educ FID 3 Educ FID 1 STE 1 PGQ 2 nag 2 STE 2 Rel C 2 Rel C 3 P 1 nag 2 nag 3 Sex M 3 Sex M 2 F 3 F 3 Age 1 2 Age 1 1 5 2 2 1 nag 2 nag 3 Prov B 2 Prov D 1 DY 1 G 1 NI 1 KY 1 nag 2 WD 1 nag 2 Res B 2 Res D 4 L 1 WD 1 NI 1 nag 1 nag 2 NLg ENG 4 NLg ENG 3 nag 2 GLE 1 nag 2 OLg FRA 1 OLg GLE 1 ITA 1 DEU 1 POL 1 FRA 1 POR 1 SPA 1 none 1 nag 3 nag 3

97 CorpusHandbook15July.qxd:Layout 1 17/7/08 11:07 Page 104

§12 ICE Text Categories and Text IDs

SPOKEN (300) Dialogue (180) Private (100) Face to face conversations (90) S1A-001 to S1A-090 Telephone conversations (10) S1A-091 to S1A-100 Public (80) Classroom discussions (20) S1B-001 to S1B-020 Broadcast discussions (20) S1B-021 to S1B-040 Broadcast interviews (10) S1B-041 to S1B-050 Parliamentary debates (10) S1B-051 to S1B-060 Legal cross-examinations (10) S1B-061 to S1B-070 Business transactions (10) S1B-071 to S1B-080 Monologue (120) Unscripted (70) Spontaneous commentaries (20) S2A-001 to S2A-020 Unscripted speeches (30) S2A-021 to S2A-050 Demonstrations (10) S2A-051 to S2A-060 Legal presentations (10) S2A-061 to S2A-070 Scripted (50) Broadcast news (20) S2B-001 to S2B-020 Broadcast talks (20) S2B-021 to S2B-040 Scripted speeches (10) S2B-041 to S2B-050 WRITTEN (200) Non-printed (50) Student essays (10) W1A-001 to W1A-010 Examination essays (10) W1A-011 to W1A-020 Social letters (15) W1B-001 to W1B-015 Business letters (15) W1B-016 to W1B-030 Printed (150) Informational Writing (100) Academic (40) Learned humanities (10) W2A-001 to W2A-010 Learned social sciences (10) W2A-011 to W2A-020 Learned natural sciences (10) W2A-021 to W2A-030 Learned technology (10) W2A-031 to W2A-040 Popular (40) Popular humanities (10) W2B-001 to W2B-010 Popular social sciences (10) W2B-011 to W2B-020 Popular natural sciences (10) W2B-021 to W2B-030 Popular technology (10) W2B-031 to W2B-040 Press reports (20) Press news (20) W2C-001 to W2C-020 Instructional Writing (20) Administrative prose (10) W2D-001 to W2D-010 Skills and hobbies (10) W2D-011 to W2D-020 Persuasive Writing (10) Press editorials(10) W2E-001 to W2E-010 Creative Writing (20) W2F-001 to W2F-020 98 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 105

setting it apart from others. A review such as that of McArthur PART C: USING ICE-IRELAND (2003), for example, gives a good overview of what makes each type of English different from each other type. Detailed §13 World English, ICE-Ireland, and Irish English comparisons of national differences, of course, will show that some Englishes do share features with others even where these features Irish English is the oldest of the overseas or extraterritorial are not universal, but the main thrust of these approaches (and Englishes. Since the groundbreaking work of Bailey and Görlach virtually every published discussion of Irish English) is to focus on difference and distinctiveness. Even treatments which compare (1982) and Wells (1982), the study of English as a world language different Englishes according to their manifestation of a common has grown apace: see, for example, Cheshire (1991), O’Donnell and set of predetermined features such as the lexical sets of Wells (1982) Todd (1991), Crystal (1995), Bauer (2002), McArthur (2002), Hickey or the shared subject headings of many of the contributions to (2005), Kortmann et al. (2004), Schneider et al. (2004), Algeo (2006), Kortmann et al. (2004) highlight the distinctive features of and Bolton and Kachru (2006). Irish English, with its long history individual varieties. In focusing on the ‘standard’ language in all its and complex relationships to the Irish language and to Scots, national corpora, the ICE project builds in a bias away from the maintains a prominent position for anyone interested in the themes search for national differences. Though the ICE definition of of language contact and transplantation in the development of ‘standard’ explicitly rejects any suggestion that material should be English. For Irish English, particularly, these themes are twofold. included or excluded on linguistic grounds, the social and The internal development of Irish English is notably characterised contextual criteria for ICE corpora (discussed above in §5) by the effects of bilingualism, language contact, and language shift nevertheless constrain the amount of variation that may be found between Irish and English; by the infusion of elements from Scots within a corpus and in cross-corpus comparison. The result of this in some parts of Ireland; and by the effects of colonisation and approach is that any given ICE corpus, by definition, can be population movements into, out of, and within Ireland over a expected to contain a substantial amount of material that will not period of more than eight centuries (see Kallen 1994 for a historical appear to be distinctive of any particular national variety. As we overview). Looking externally, however, it is readily apparent that have pointed out elsewhere (e.g. Kallen and Kirk 2007), the logic of since the roots of Irish English lie in the English settlements of the the ICE approach is that if international standard English is truly 12th century, long predating the age of exploration and European standardised, then differences between national varieties should be colonisation, this extraterritorial English has in turn become a minimal and cross-corpus comparison would reveal little that is source for newer Englishes, coming into contact with both distinctive. On the other hand, even Greenbaum’s view (1996b: 3) indigenous languages and with other transplanted varieties of that ICE provides resources ‘for comparative studies’ allows for the English. A considerable amount of study, for example, shows the possibility that standard English by the ICE definition is not relationship between Irish English and the English of thoroughly standardised, and that significant linguistic variation Newfoundland (Story, Kirwin, and Widdowson 1990; Kirwin 1993; can be found within and across ICE corpora. Clarke 1997); the influence of Ulster Scots and Ulster English in ICE-Ireland is a corpus of linguistic data, not an analysis. It is Appalachia (Montgomery 1989, 2006); and possible Irish therefore open to the user of ICE-Ireland to attempt any analysis involvement in the formation of Englishes in the Caribbean based on the data: no handbook can prejudge or predetermine what (Rickford 1986, Harris 1990), Australia and New Zealand (Trudgill analyses will be carried out or what results will be found. In order 1986, 2004), Cameroon (Bobda 2006), and elsewhere (cf. various to help the user to develop testable hypotheses and to understand papers in Hickey 2005). the ways in which ICE-Ireland may shed light on old questions or The ICE project is based fundamentally on the concept of be used to develop new ones, we consider here the place of the English as a world language, but it differs in some important ways ICE-Ireland corpus within the existing body of studies of Irish from many other studies in the world Englishes framework. Most English. In so doing, we draw attention to the key heuristic studies of national Englishes or their regional subdivisions follow a principles which underlie the corpus. contrastive dialectological approach that attempts to demonstrate The first principle to bear in mind is that ICE-Ireland is divided the distinctive or characteristic features of a given national English, on a jurisdictional basis between Northern Ireland and the Republic 99 CorpusHandbook15July.qxd:Layout 1 17/7/08 11:08 Page 106

of Ireland. As discussed in §5, this division makes sense in so far as transfer, so it is argued, may be seen in the language of speakers the language domains where state influence is especially strong (the whose first (or perhaps only) language is English. Substratumist legislature, law, the judiciary, civil administration, education, and approaches are nearly as old as the study of Irish English itself: the much of what is reported in newspapers and broadcast news) are first major study of the subject (Joyce 1910) liberally attributed well represented in the standard list of ICE text types. The structure many aspects of Irish English to the Irish language, while later of ICE-Ireland is thus specially designed to facilitate the testing of studies (e.g. Henry 1960–61, 1977; Bliss 1972a, 1977, 1979, 1984; hypotheses related to the role of the political border in conditioning Hickey 1982, 1997; Harris 1984b, Filppula 1986, Odlin 1997, the standard language in each jurisdiction (for further discussion, McCafferty 2006, and Ó Corráin 2006) have put forth language see Kirk et al. 2003). It should be noted, however, that the current transfer arguments of different kinds. The most detailed attempt to political boundary is not of great antiquity (having been established test language transfer hypotheses for a selection of syntactic in 1921–22), nor does it follow historical provincial boundaries. The features of Irish English is that of Filppula (1999), whose approach Irish provincial boundaries have fluctuated over recorded time: see, has been not only to search for possible Irish sources for Irish for example, Edwards (1981) for a geographical overview and, in English constructions, but to test these against possible English- particular, Gillespie and O’Sullivan (1989) on the Ulster-Leinster language sources using corpus methodology (see also Filppula border. Crucially in the modern era, the province of Ulster includes 2001). In a different vein, Corrigan (2000, 2003), for example, has not only the six counties of Northern Ireland, but also counties used a more abstract grammatical approach to compare the Donegal, Cavan, and Monaghan in the Republic. Dialect grammars of Irish and English for possible points of connection in boundaries, in turn, reflect a host of linguistic, demographic, and the development of Irish English syntax. historical features that provide, for both Irish and English, fuzzy The extent to which ICE-Ireland shows features of Irish English rather than discrete borders between Ulster and the adjoining that have been linked historically to the Irish language is an linguistic areas: for discussion see, especially, O’Rahilly (1932), Ó empirical question on which we invite research. For corpus users Cuív (1951), Adams (1958), Wagner (1958), Henry (1958), Barry interested in contemporary codeswitching, the ICE markup (1981), Kallen (2000), and Zwickl (2002). Thus while the politically- conventions described in §8 above facilitate searches by marking based division in ICE-Ireland is clear and well-defined, the North- elements that have been denoted as Irish. As we explain, however, South dialect boundary, no less than the historical provincial no attempt has been made to signal those lexical elements which, boundary, straddles both jurisdictions. While it is roughly possible while ultimately derived from Irish, we consider to have been to suggest a dialect boundary between Ulster English and its absorbed into Irish English. For those interested in possible adjacent areas (as in Barry 1981 and Harris 1984a), a comprehensive, language transfer effects in syntax, there should be no shortage of feature-by-feature mapping of Ulster English and its adjacent topics to explore: tense and aspect systems, prepositional uses, the neighbours has yet to be published. In the absence of more detailed investigations, we can only suggest to users of the ICE-Ireland pronoun system, and the use of inversion in embedded clauses are corpus that while the North-South division in ICE-Ireland is well among those areas of the grammar where previous research defined, the broader question of the dialectal borders which define suggests that ICE-Ireland might show relevant data. Though we the Ulster dialect zone (including its own internal heterogeneity) have made some tentative suggestions in this regard already (Kirk still call for deeper investigation. and Kallen 2006, 2007), clearly there is much more work to be done. The second principle we suggest for the investigation of Irish Turning to the question of linguistic change, we note that the English using ICE-Ireland is that Irish English in general conventional approach has been to point out the historical retention demonstrates features of language contact (most pervasively with of features in Irish English that have become obsolete or greatly Irish, but also with Scots) and a distinctive historical pattern of restricted in British English. Joyce (1910) also recognised historical linguistic change. Put simply, the first factor leads to ‘language retention as a second source of distinctiveness in Irish English, transfer’ or ‘substratumist’ explanations which try to understand while treatments such as those of Taniguchi (1956), Harris (1983), elements of Irish English as a result of transfer from the Irish Ó Siadhail (1984), Kallen (1986), and Lass (1987, 1990) have put language. Transfer in this sense may arise from language usage forward arguments that give more weight to English-language among bilingual speakers, though the long-term historical effects of influences than to those from the Irish language. It should further 100 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 107

influence versus historical retention are rarely successful on a vernacular Irish English speech and various traditional dialects to categorical basis: many commentators point out the possibility that an over-arching dialectal roof that speakers would consider to patterns of both languages may provide support for developments represent the standard. We doubt, particularly when the all-Ireland in Irish English, and that the two sources (internal and external) nature of our project is taken into account, that such a standard may have a mutually reinforcing or selective effect. exists in Ireland, and we have not sought to capture it in ICE- Our second heuristic principle, however, does not just point Ireland. Neither is ICE-Ireland a corpus of traditional dialect: many towards the possibility of historical retention in Irish English, but of the linguistic characteristics that feature in the classic field studies directs attention as well to the possibility of innovation. Lexical of traditional dialect (e.g. Henry 1957, 1958; cf. Adams 1986 and developments in Irish English that are not based on Irish (or on Filppula 1999) will not be found in ICE-Ireland. In describing ICE- Scots) are well documented in dictionaries such as those of Macafee Ireland as a corpus of ‘Irish standard English’, we take ‘standard (1996), Sammon (2002), Share (2003), Byrne (2004), and Dolan (1998, English’ to be a global concept defined by text type and basic 2004); see also discussion in Kallen (1996, 1997b) and Kirk (1999). characteristics of speaker background: we use ICE-Ireland to present The participation of Irish English in ongoing change sometimes an Irish version of this concept. Although ICE-Ireland does not leads to the development of mixed systems that are neither fully attempt to portray traditional dialects, the empirical methods used innovative nor conservative. As Kallen (2006) shows, ICE-Ireland almost guarantee that variation will be found within the corpus, demonstrates both the relatively recent use of BE + like as a and that there will be points of connection between the language of quotative and like as a focus marker (see, e.g., Tagliamonte and the ICE-Ireland corpus and traditional dialect or vernacular speech Hudson. 1999, Dailey-O’Cain 2000, and Tagliamonte and D’Arcy more generally. The approach of ICE-Ireland thus neither privileges 2004) alongside the robust use of like as a clause-final discourse the discourse contexts or speaker characteristics which give the marker: the latter usage is a traditional dialect feature that is now greatest insight into Irish English vernacular, nor does it exclude considerably less prominent in most of the rest of the English- anything which our speakers and writers use in the various text speaking world. types that are represented in the corpus. Rather, ICE-Ireland tries to The third principle which guides the use of ICE-Ireland is that provide an answer to the question of what results when educated the usage-based definition of standard English developed in the ICE speakers of English in Ireland generate texts of the same type as project defines a linguistic level that is worthy of study in its own those generated by educated speakers of English in other English- right, particularly within the framework of English as a world speaking countries. As even the most cursory examination of ICE- language. Most previous work on Irish English has concentrated on Ireland will show, the answer is that this type of Irish English shows traditional rural dialects: the ‘substratum versus retention’ debate is unity and diversity in defining combinations of features that are grounded in dialect material. While there have been studies on common to standard English globally, unique to Ireland as a whole, topics as diverse as Dublin English (Bertz 1987, Hickey 2005; cf. and unique to the two distinct areas that comprise the ICE-Ireland Kallen 2005a), pragmatics in Irish English (Barron and Schneider corpus. 2003, Kallen 2005b), the use of Irish English in literature (e.g. Todd 1989; Wall 1990, 2001; Kirk 1997; Sullivan 1999; McNamara 2003; McCafferty 2005; Amador Moreno 2003, 2006), supraregionalisation (Hickey 2007), and discourses of conflict in Northern Ireland (Hawes-Bilger 2007, Wilson and Stapleton 2007), and while we note both the historical corpus of Hickey (2003) and the contemporary Limerick Corpus of Irish English (Farr, Murphy, and O’Keeffe 2002 [2004], Farr 2003), ICE-Ireland aims to present a different linguistic reality from any of these endeavours. We stress that ICE-Ireland is not intended as a corpus of ‘standard Irish English’. This concept would imply a position for the corpus material on a sociolinguistic continuum which ranges from 101 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 108

PART D: REFERENCES Byrne, Joseph. 2004. Byrne’s Dictionary of Irish Local History. Cork: Mercier Press. Adams, G. B. 1958. The emergence of Ulster as a distinct dialect Cheshire, Jenny, ed. 1991. English around the World: Sociolinguistic area. Ulster Folklife 4: 61–73. Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Adams, G. B. 1986. The English Dialects of Ulster. ed. by M. Barry and Clarke, Sandra. 1997. The role of Irish English in the formation of P. Tilling. Cultra Manor: Ulster Folk and Transport Museum. New World Englishes: the case from Newfoundland. In Kallen Algeo, John. 2006. British or American English? A Handbook of Word 1997a, pp. 207–225. and Grammar Patterns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Corrigan, Karen P. 2000. What are ‘small clauses’ doing in South Amador Moreno, Carolina P. 2003. Discourse markers in Irish Armagh English, Irish and Planter English? In Tristram 2000, pp. English: an example from literature. In Barron and Schneider 75–96. 2003, pp. 73–100. Corrigan, Karen P. 2003. For-to infinitives and beyond: Amador Moreno, Carolina P. 2006. An Analysis of Hiberno-English in interdisciplinary approaches to non-finite complementation in a the Early Novels of Patrick MacGill: Bilingualism and Language Shift rural Celtic English. In The Celtic Englishes III, ed. by Hildegard L. from Irish to English in County Donegal. Lampeter: Edwin Mellen C. Tristram, pp. 318–338. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter. Press. Crystal, David. 1995. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Bailey, Richard W. and Manfred Görlach, eds. 1982. English as a Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. World Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Dailey-O’Cain, Jennifer. 2000. The sociolinguistic distribution of and Barron, Anne and Klaus P. Schneider, eds. 2003. The Pragmatics of attitudes toward focuser like and quotative like. Journal of Irish English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Sociolinguistics 4: 60–80. Barry, Michael V. 1981. The southern boundaries of northern Dolan, Terence Patrick. 1998. A Dictionary of Hiberno-English. Hiberno-English speech. In Aspects of English Dialects in Ireland, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. Volume I, ed. by Michael V. Barry, pp. 52–95. Belfast: Queen’s Dolan, Terence Patrick. 2004. A Dictionary of Hiberno-English. 2nd University of Belfast. edn. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. Bauer, Laurie. 2002. An Introduction to International Varieties of Edwards, Ruth Dudley. 1981. An Atlas of Irish History. 2nd edn. English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. London: Methuen. Bertz, Siegfried. 1987. Variation in Dublin English. Teanga 7: 35–53. Farr, Fiona, Bróna Murphy, and Anne O’Keeffe. 2002 [2004]. The Bliss, A. 1972. A Synge glossary. In Sunshine and the Moon’s Delight, Limerick Corpus of Irish English: design, description, and ed. by S.B. Bushrui, pp. 297–316. Gerrards Cross and Beirut: Colin application. Teanga: The Irish Yearbook of Applied Linguistics 21: Smythe and The American University of Beirut. 5–29. Bliss, Alan, ed. 1977. A Dialogue in Hybernian Stile, by Jonathan Farr, Fiona. 2003. Relational strategies in the discourse of Swift. Dublin: Cadenus Press. professional performance review in an Irish academic Bliss, Alan. 1979. Spoken English in Ireland: 1600–1740. Dublin: environment: the case of language teacher education. In Barron Dolmen Press. and Schneider 2003, pp. 203–233. Bliss, Alan, 1984. English in the south of Ireland. In Trudgill 1984, Fenton, J. 1995. The Hamely Tongue: A Personal Record of Ulster-Scots pp. 135–151. in County Antrim. Newtownards: The Uster-Scots Academic Press. Bobda, Augustin Simo. 2006. Irish presence in colonial Cameroon Fenton, J. 2000. The Hamely Tongue: A Personal Record of Ulster-Scots and its linguistic legacy. In Tristram 2006, 217–233. in County Antrim. Revised and expanded edn. N.p.: The Ullans Bolton, Kingsley and Braj B. Kachru, eds. 2006. World Englishes: Press. Critical Concepts in Linguistics. 6 vols. London: Routledge. 102 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 109

Fenton, J. 2006. The Hamely Tongue: A Personal Record of Ulster-Scots Henry, P. L. 1957. An Anglo-Irish Dialect of North Roscommon. Dublin: in County Antrim. Third edn. N.p.: The Ullans Press. University College Dublin, Department of English. Filppula, Markku. 1986. Some Aspects of Hiberno-English in a Henry, P. L. 1958. A linguistic survey of Ireland: preliminary report. Functional Sentence Perspective. Joensuu: University of Joensuu. Lochlann 1: 49–208. Filppula, Markku. 1999. The Grammar of Irish English: Language in Henry, P. L. 1960–61. The Irish substantival system and its reflexes Hibernian Style. London: Routledge. in Anglo-Irish and English. Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie 28: Filppula, Markku. 2001. Irish influence in Hiberno-English: some 19–50. problems of argumentation. In Kirk and Ó Baoill 2001, pp. 23–42. Henry, P. L. 1977. Anglo-Irish and its Irish background. In The Gillespie, Raymond and Harold O’Sullivan, eds. 1989. The English Language in Ireland, ed. by Diarmaid Ó Muirithe, Borderlands: Essays on the History of the Ulster-Leinster Border. pp. 20 –36. Dublin: Mercier Press. Belfast: The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen’s University of Hickey, Raymond. 1982. Syntactic ambiguity in Hiberno-English. Belfast. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 15: 39–45. Greenbaum, S. 1988. A proposal for an International Corpus of Hickey, Raymond. 1997. Arguments for creolisation in Irish English. English. World Englishes 7: 315. In Language History and Linguistic Modelling: A Festschrift for Jacek Greenbaum, Sidney, ed. 1996a. Comparing English Worldwide: The Fisiak on his 60th Birthday, ed. by R. Hickey and S. Puppel, International Corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 969–1038. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Greenbaum, S. 1996b. Introducing ICE. In Greenbaum 1996a, Hickey, Raymond. 2003. Corpus Presenter: Software for Language pp. 3–12. Analysis with a Manual and A Corpus of Irish English as Sample Data. Harris, John. 1983. The Hiberno-English ‘I’ve it eaten’ construction: Amsterdam: John Benjamins. what is it and where does it come from? Teanga 3: 30–43. Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2005. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in [Reprinted in Dónall P. Ó Baoill, ed. 1985. Papers on Irish English, Transplanted Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 36–52. Dublin: Irish Association for Applied Linguistics.] Hickey, Raymond. 2005. Dublin English: Evolution and Change. Harris, John. 1984a. English in the north of Ireland. In Trudgill Varieties of English around the World G35. Amsterdam: John 1984, pp. 115–134. Benjamins. Harris, John. 1984b. Syntactic variation and dialect divergence. Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English: History and Present-day Forms. Journal of Linguistics 20: 303–327. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press. Harris, John. 1990. More on brogues and creoles: what’s been ICE website. International Corpus of English homepage: happening to English short u? Irish University Review 20 (1): www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/ice/index.htm. 73–90. ICE-GB: The International Corpus of English: The British component. Harris, John. 1993. The grammar of Irish English. In Real English: 1998. CD-ROM. London: Survey of English Usage. The Grammar of English Dialects in the British Isles, ed. by James Joyce, P. W. 1910. English as we Speak it in Ireland. Dublin: Gill. Milroy and Lesley Milroy, pp. 139–186. London: Longman. Reprinted Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1979, 1988. Harris, John, David Little and David Singleton, eds. 1986. Kallen, Jeffrey L. 1986. The co-occurrence of do and be in Hiberno- Perspectives on the English Language in Ireland. Dublin: Centre for English. In Harris, Little, and Singleton 1986, pp. 133–147. Language and Communication Studies, Trinity College Dublin. Kallen, Jeffrey L. 1994. English in Ireland. In The Cambridge History Hawes-Bilger, Cordula. 2007. War Zone Language: Linguistic Aspects of the English Language, Volume V: English in Britain and Overseas, of the Conflict in Northern Ireland. Swiss Studies in English 132. ed. by Robert Burchfield. pp. 148–196. Cambridge: Cambridge Tübingen: Francke Verlag. University Press.

103 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 110

Kallen, Jeffrey L. 1996. Entering lexical fields in Irish English. In Kirk, John M. and Jeffrey L. Kallen. 2006. Irish Standard English: Speech Past and Present: Studies in English Dialectology in Memory of how standardised? How Celticised?. In Tristram 2006, pp. 88–113. Ossi Ihalainen, ed. by J. Klemola, M. Kytö, and M. Rissanen, Kirk, John M. and Jeffrey L. Kallen. 2007. Assessing Celticity in a pp. 101–129. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. corpus of Irish standard English. In The Celtic Languages in Kallen, Jeffrey L., ed. 1997a. Focus on Ireland. Varieties of English Contact, ed. by Hildegard L. C. Tristram, pp. 270–298. Potsdam: around the World, G21. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Potsdam University Press. Kallen, Jeffrey L. 1997b. Irish English and world English: lexical Kirk, John M., Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, and Anne Rooney. perspectives. In Englishes around the World: Studies in Honour of 2003. Issues arising from the compilation of ICE-Ireland. Belfast Manfred Görlach, ed. by Edgar W. Schneider, pp. 139–157. Working Papers in Language and Linguistics 16: 23–41. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Kirk, John M., Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, and Anne Rooney. Kallen, Jeffrey L. 2000. Two languages, two borders, one island: 2005. The PPD Corpus. CD-ROM. Belfast and Dublin: Queen’s some linguistic and political borders in Ireland. International University Belfast and Trinity College Dublin. Journal of the Sociology of Language 145: 29–63. Kirk, John M., Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, Anne Rooney, and Kallen, Jeffrey L. 2005a. Internal and external factors in Margaret Mannion. 2007. The SPICE-Ireland Corpus: Systems of pragmatic annotation for the spoken component of ICE-Ireland. Version phonological convergence: the case of English /t/ lenition. In 1.2. CD-ROM. Belfast: Queen's University Belfast and Dublin: Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages, Trinity College Dublin. ed. by Peter Auer, Frans Hinskens, and Paul Kerswill, pp. 51–80. Kirwin, William J. 1993. The planting of Anglo-Irish in Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Newfoundland. In Focus on Canada, ed. by Sandra Clarke, pp. Kallen, Jeffrey L. 2005b. Politeness in Ireland: ‘… in Ireland it’s done 65–84. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. without being said’. In Politeness in Europe, ed. by Leo Hickey and Kortmann, Bernd, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W. Miranda Stewart, pp. 130–144. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Schneider, and Clive Upton, eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of Kallen, Jeffrey L. 2006. Arrah, like, you know: the dynamics of English, Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin: Mouton de discourse marking in ICE-Ireland. Plenary address, Gruyter. Sociolinguistics Symposium 16, Limerick. Lalor, Brian, ed. 2003. The Encyclopaedia of Ireland. Dublin: Gill and Kallen, Jeffrey L. and John M. Kirk. 2001. Convergence and Macmillan. divergence in the verb phrase in standard Irish English: a corpus- Lass, Roger. 1987. The Shape of English: Structure and History. based approach. In Kirk and Ó Baoill, pp. 59–79. London: J. M. Dent. Kallen, Jeffrey L. and John M. Kirk. 2007. ICE-Ireland: local Lass, Roger. 1990. Early mainland residues in southern Hiberno- variations on global standards. In Creating and Digitizing Language English. Irish University Review 20 (1): 137–148. Corpora: Synchronic Databases, ed. by J. C. Beal, K. P. Corrigan, and Mac Mathúna, Séamus. 2005. Remarks on standardisation in Irish H. Moisl, pp. 121–162. London: Palgrave-Macmillan. English, Irish and Welsh. In Tristram 2005, pp. 114–129. Kirk, John M. 1997. Irish English and contemporary literary writing. Macafee, C. I. ed. 1996. Concise Ulster Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford In Kallen 1997a, pp. 189–205. University Press. Kirk, John M. 1999. The dialect vocabulary of Ulster. Cuadernos de McArthur, Tom. 2002. Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford: Oxford Filología Inglesa 8: 305–334. University Press. Kirk, John M. and Dónall P. Ó Baoill, eds. 2001. Language Links: The McCafferty, Kevin. 2005. William Carleton between Irish and Languages of Scotland and Ireland. Belfast Studies in Language, English: using literary dialect to study language contact and Culture and Politics 2. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona. change. Language and Literature 14: 339 –362. 104 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 111

McCafferty, Kevin. 2006. Be after V-ing on the past Rickford, John. 1986. Social contact and linguistic diffusion: grammaticalisation path: how far is it after coming? In Tristram Hiberno-English and New World Black English. Language 62: 2006, pp. 130–151. 245–289. McNamara, Donald. 2003. One language, two tongues: George Room, Adrian. 1994. A Dictionary of Irish Place-Names. Revised edn. Fitzmaurice’s use of Hiberno-English dialect. Éire-Ireland 38 (1/2): Belfast: Appletree Press. 72–86. Sammon, P. 2002. Greenspeak: Ireland in her own Words. Montgomery, Michael. 1989. Exploring the roots of Appalachian Dublin: Townhouse. English. English World-Wide 10: 227–278. Schneider, Edgar W., Kate Burridge, Bernd Kortmann, Rajend Montgomery, Michael. 2006. From Ulster to America: The Scotch-Irish Mesthrie, and Clive Upton, eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of Heritage of American English. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. English, Volume 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Moylan, Séamas. 1996. The Language of Kilkenny. Dublin: Geography Share, B. (1997). Slanguage: A Dictionary of Irish Slang. Dublin: Gill & Publications. Macmillan. Nelson, Gerald. 1991a. International Corpus of English: Markup Share, B. 2001. Naming Names: Who, What, Where in Irish Manual for Spoken Texts. London: Survey of English Usage, Nomenclature. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. University College London. Share, B. 2003. Slanguage: A Dictionary of Irish Slang. 2nd edn. Nelson, Gerald. 1991b. International Corpus of English: Markup Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. Manual for Written Texts. London: Survey of English Usage, Story, G. M., W. J. Kirwin, and J. D. A. Widdowson. 1990. Dictionary University College London. of Newfoundland English. 2nd edn. St. John’s: Breakwater and Nelson, Gerald. 1995. Standardizing wordforms in the spoken ICE Toronto: University of Toronto Press. corpora. Draft version. Unpublished paper, Survey of English Sullivan, Jim. 1999. ‘Language such as men doe vse’: The ethnic Usage, University College London. English of Ben Jonson’s The Irish Masque at Court. Michigan Nelson, G. 1996. Markup systems. In Greenbaum 1996a, pp. 36–53. Academician 31: 1 –22. Nelson, G., S. Wallis, and B. Aarts. 2002. Exploring Natural Language: Tagliamonte, Sali and Alex D’Arcy. 2004. He’s like, she’s like: the Working with the British Component of the International Corpus of quotative system in Canadian youth. Journal of Sociolinguistics 8: English. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Ó Corráin, Ailbhe. 2006. On the ‘after perfect’ in Irish and Hiberno- 493–514. English. In Tristram 2006, pp. 152–172. Tagliamonte, Sali and Rachel Hudson. 1999. Be like et al. beyond Ó Cuív, Brian. 1951. Irish Dialects and Irish-Speaking Districts. Dublin: America: the quotative system in British and Canadian youth. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3: 147–172. Ó Muirithe, D. 1996. A Dictionary of Anglo-Irish: Words and Phrases Taniguchi, J. 1956. A Grammatical Analysis of Artistic Representation of from Gaelic in the English of Ireland. Dublin: Four Courts Press. Irish English. Tokyo: Shinozaki Shorin. Ó Siadhail, M. 1984. Agus (is)/and: a shared syntactic feature. Celtica Todd, Loreto 1989. The Language of Irish Literature. Basingstoke: 16: 125 –137. Macmillan Education. Odlin, Terence. 1997. Bilingualism and substrate influence: a look at Todd, L. 1990. Words Apart: A Dictionary of Northern Ireland English. clefts and reflexives. In Kallen 1997a, pp. 35–50. Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe. O’Donnell, W. R. and Loreto Todd. 1991. Variety in Contemporary Tristram, Hildegard L. C., 2000. The Celtic Englishes II. Heidelberg: English. 2nd edn. London: Routledge. Universitätsverlag C. Winter. O’Rahilly, T. F. 1932. Irish Dialects: Past and Present. Dublin: Browne Tristram, Hildegard L. C., ed. 2006. The Celtic Englishes IV. Potsdam: and Nolan. Potsdamer Universitätsverlag. 105 CorpusHandbook9July:Layout 1 9/7/08 20:11 Page 112

Trudgill, Peter, ed. 1984. Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Trudgill, Peter. 1986. The role of Irish English in the formation of colonial Englishes. In Harris, Little, and Singleton 1986, pp. 3–7. Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Van Ryckeghem, Brigitte. 1997. The lexicon of Hiberno-English. In Kallen 1997a, pp. 171–187. Wagner, Heinrich. 1958. Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects. 4 vols. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Wall, Richard. 1990. Dialect in Irish literature: the hermetic core. Irish University Review 20 (1): 8–18. Wall, Richard. 2001. An Irish Literary Dictionary and Glossary. Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe. Weiner, E. S. C. and J. M. Hawkins. 1984. The Oxford Guide to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wigger, Arndt. 2000. Language contact, language awareness, and the history of Hiberno-English. In Tristram 2000, pp. 159–187. Wilson, John and Karyn Stapleton. 2007. The discourse of resistance: social change and policing in Northern Ireland. Language in Society 36: 393–425. Zwickl, Simone. 2002. Language Attitudes, Ethnic Identity and Dialect Use across the Northern Ireland Border: Armagh and Monaghan. Belfast Studies in Language, Culture and Politics 5. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.

106