The Annual 2010 Journal for breeders and producers of plant material
Prophyta 2010.indd 1 14-04-2010 16:14:34 AGRO BUSINESS SYSTEM ERP SOFTWARE FOR YOUR SEED COMPANY
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Prophyta 2010.indd 2 14-04-2010 16:14:36 Prophyta the annual 2010 Contents
4 In Short 32 Propagating Material and Biodiversity 3 Prophyta – The Annual 2010 EU makes way for traditional varieties A publication of the Prophyta Foundation in co-operation 5 Editorial with Blue Bird Publishers 36 On the Threshold of 9 Prophyta Foundation Changing Legislation editorial advisory board Theo EU attempts to reduce red tape Ruys, John van Ruiten, Cees and decrease bureaucracy Moerman and Jan Timmerman publisher/chief editor Monique Krinkels 38 Green Biotechnology contributing editors Kees Making genomic breeding Van Ettekoven, Charles Frink, affordable for more companies Geert-Jan de Klerk, Jaap Kras, Laura Rojas-Martinez, John van Ruiten, Hajo Strik 40 Lookalikes Or Essentially cover photograph Digidaan Derived Varieties sub editor Mireille McNutt Snow White is not a fairy tale graphic design Marcel Bakker, De Ontwerperij production manager Hajo Strik 42 Why Plants Grow in Tissue Culture printed by Global Printing Questions, answers and exciting prospects addresses Blue Bird Publishers vof, Jan Kostelijklaan 16 45 Seed Valley 1981 cg Velsen-Zuid 10 World Seed Congress 2010 UC Davis creates cradle for new breeders the Netherlands phone +31 (0)255 521 852 Innovative Canadian farmers need fax +31 (0)847 510 694 ground-breaking breeders [email protected] www.bluebirdpublishers.com 14 Protecting Intellectual Property prophyta foundation Anti Infringement Bureau p.o. box 40, 2370 aa Roelofarendsveen offers a helping hand the Netherlands phone +31 (0)713 326 161 16 Food for Life fax +31 (0)713 326 364 Starring the veggies [email protected] www.prophyta.nl 19 Tomato Seed And Plant Production © 2010 All rights reserved. Managing hygiene fends No portion of contents may off invisible threat be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. 22 Hyperhydricity in Plant Tissue Culture The publisher and authors Drowning from within 46 Syngenta Seed Care declare that they have compiled New insecticide seed treatments this publication carefully and 26 AFSTA Celebrates its 10th Anniversary prove innovative to the best of their knowledge. Seed organisation strengthens However, no warranty or representation is made to the communication throughout Africa 48 Advantages of Scale Patently Obvious accuracy or completeness of Monsanto sweeps the vegetable market information contained in the 29 Adventitious Presence articles. The publisher and Costs to prove GM-free status hard to bear authors assume no liability whatsoever for any damage resulting from the use of this 30 Wazalishaji Mbegu Bora publication or its contents. Afrisem creates a win-win situation Prophyta prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 3 14-04-2010 16:14:39 In Short
Fleuroselect announces Gold Medal winners
Fleuroselect, the Lathyrus odoratus. The variety has been de- international organisa- The variety is suitable veloped for use in mass tion for the ornamental for both professional landscape plantings in plants industry, has and consumer use for high light and warm awarded two Gold container gardening, temperate climates. It Medals this year. The hanging baskets and for is a must for borders judges at the fi fteen full-ground direct sow- and containers and will 4 European trial grounds ing. For plug produc- be available in 10.5 cm awarded the honours to tion, the variety can be pots for consumer sales. the striking sweet pea, sown as early as January, One really must see this Lathyrus odoratus ‘Villa and for direct sowing fl ower in the fi eld to Roma Scarlet’ from Hem in the garden from appreciate the colour Zaden in the Nether- April/May. The variety of this variety. The lands, and the sizzling, requires no staking or effect of outdoor light orange-red Zinnia mary- trellis work and fl owers and the refl ections in landica ‘Double Zahara profusely and effi ciently the leaves of the fl ower Fire’ from PanAmerican from July to September. add to a visual attrac- Seed in the u.s.a. Since With the advent of mod- tiveness and draw the its establishment in ern container gardening, attention of everyone. 1970, Fleuroselect has compact sweet peas have PanAmerican Seed has brought the industry risen to new heights of added a lot of profes- over 140 outstanding popularity. ‘Villa Roma sional advantages, like Gold Medal winning Scarlet’ blossoms earlier excellent germination, Construction Floriade varieties from truly than existing varieties, easy crop scheduling innovative breeders. a real bonus for the and compactness, which well underway professional Lathyrus makes it a perfect, grower. Containers of modern annual. Stun- sweet peas are instant ning beds of disease- Gardeners of Floriade 2012 have started gardens and a striking tolerant plants fl ower to plant out the 80,000 perennials that will cover container of these scar- from late spring to fi rst the park. The sixth edition of this world horticul- let beauties will provide frosts, making low- ture expo will be held from April to mid-October garden centres with maintenance borders. 2012 in Venlo, the Netherlands. The contours high added retail value. The unique colour, it of the fi ve themes: relax & heal, green engine, Expert consumers will cannot be emphasized education & innovation, environment and world be able to purchase seed enough and large, truly show case, have become visible in the landscape. through the amateur double fl owers will cer- Roads, footpaths and ponds have already been packet seed market for tainly draw consumers. constructed. home-sown success, This drought-resistant Floriade is held every decade in the Netherlands. while regular gardening and heat-loving fl ower The 2012 edition will, however, be a completely ‘Villa Roma Scarlet’ enthusiasts can choose ensures a superb garden different exposition than previous events. The 66 ‘Villa Roma Scarlet’ ready-made plugs or fi n- show all summer long. hectares are wholly aimed at experiencing nature. is the fi rst Lathyrus ished plants for home- Using the senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch odoratus to win the grown gratifi cation. and smell, visitors can experience fi rst hand the Gold Medal, impressing infl uence horticulture has on the quality of their the twenty Fleuroselect ‘Double Zahara Fire’ daily lives. Over two million visitors are expected European judges with Zinnia marylandica from all over the world. its innovative, striking, ‘Double Zahara Fire’ is So far, reservations have been made by 16 coun- bright colour, its overall the fi rst disease-tolerant tries. In March, Spain, Hungary and Kenya were attractiveness and its zinnia. This Gold Medal added and ten more countries are expected. Be- excellent garden per- winner has large, truly sides horticultural and other companies, public formance. ‘Villa Roma perfect, fully double and semi-public bodies will also be present. By Scarlet’ is an excellent fl owers and is par- the end of this year, the exhibitors will start to lay addition to the cur- ticularly disease tolerant out their contributions. The offi cial opening will rent range of compact versus Zinnia elegans. take place on 5 April 2012.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 4 14-04-2010 16:14:41 In Short Editorial
A world to win
It was a shocking observation to learn how few people 5 eat suffi cient vegetables. According to the World Health Organization, an adult human should eat at least two pieces of fruit (approximately 200 grams) and the same weight of vegetables. In Europe, only two per cent of the population meet that recommendation. And we are talking about Europe, not about the poorest inhabitants of a backward region in an under-developed country. Of course, people involved in plant breeding and their families will no doubt eat plenty of fruits and vegetables, but the rest of the population suffer from a lack of necessary nutrients that protects their bodies against diseases. Another shocking fact: thirty to forty per cent of all cases of cancer can be fended off by a healthy diet, combined with physical exercise. Vegetables even help to combat cancer cells. It is hard to imagine a more forceful argument to improve vegetable consumption and thus production. Maybe we can convince governments to add an ‘eat veggies’ campaign alongside their ‘quit smoking’ campaign. It might even be profi table if the increasing costs of medical care are taken into account. More shocking news: the average consumption of Dedicated to Quality vegetables in Africa is at present less than 50 kilos per This spring, the Dutch inspection service person per year. But hopefully that fact will be remedied has published a book ‘Naktuinbouw - in the near future. The production of vegetables in Africa Dedicated to Quality’, in which it documents has recently received a boost, since Rijk Zwaan and East the past and refl ects on the role played by West Seed Company opened their subsidiary, Afrisem, in Naktuinbouw and its Tanzania. It is virtually a non-profi t organisation, as it predecessors, nakg will take many, many years before the new company will and nakb, through reach break-even, to say nothing of earning a fair profi t. the years. The book The goal is to develop hybrid varieties of local species, chronicles the develop- improve cultivation techniques and develop an infrastructure ments from inspection to make marketing of the harvest possible. It seems an service to the current almost impossible endeavour to create a healthy horticultural independent adminis- industry in sub-Saharan Africa, and it will no doubt take a trative body that acts lot of effort and perseverance by all parties involved before as an instrument of it can be called a success. But even so, this initiative will the government and help to steadily increase the vegetable intake in Tanzania. the business commu- Breeders worldwide have contributed enormously to a healthy nity - from inspection lifestyle by offering consumers a wide variety of benefi cial foods. service to expertise Whether it is taste, colour, texture or preparation method, there centre. The book illustrates, explains and is enough choice to please every palate. The question is, where describes the importance of the variety, and when will people choose to part with their unhealthy dietary quality and health of propagating material. habits, and will vegetable consumption reach a healthy level? The book can be ordered by sending an There is a world to be won, but we need to spread the word. email to [email protected], stating your address details. The price is € 10 excluding postage and handling. Monique Krinkels
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 5 14-04-2010 16:14:42 In Short
EU launches citizens the real implications cies being lost at 100 to 1000 tion. Climate change is also an biodiversity loss will have in times the normal rate. More increasingly important factor. offi cial campaign their daily lives, with a focus than one third of all species is Garlich von Essen, Secretary on biodiversity on actions citizens can take to considered to be under threat General of the European Seed help protect Europe’s natural of extinction and an estimated Association, welcomed the Despite numerous efforts capital. This innovative cam- 60% of the Earth’s ecosystem eu’s approach. “Plant breed- around the globe, studies show paign, which coincides with services have degraded in the ing is based on access to and that biodiversity is still dimin- the un’s designation of 2010 as last 50 years. Mostly, human use of biodiversity. This is how ishing at startling rates. With the Year of Biodiversity, will be activities are causing this loss, plant breeders have man- street events in cities, including disseminated through a dedi- through land-use change, over- aged to continuously create Amsterdam, Warsaw, and Ma- cated website, a viral clip, pr exploitation, unsustainable new biodiversity in the area 6 drid, the eu is now launching a actions, street art and slots in practices, pollution, introduc- of agricultural, vegetable Europe-wide campaign aimed print media and social media. tion of invasive species, etc. and ornamental species. esa at raising citizens’ awareness Global biodiversity – the rich This often leads to habitat -and therefore clearly supports the of this issue. The main thrust variety of life on this planet – is later on species- destruction, eu in raising awareness of this of the campaign will be to show under severe threat, with spe- fragmentation and degrada- important subject”, he stated.
Doomsday vault becomes most diverse seed collection
After only two years, the A wild bean from South culture systems are really sitting Svalbard is a fail-safe backup to Global Seed Vault at Svalbard, America that could be critical on a knife’s edge,” said Cary be used whenever a depositing Norway, has a collection of over in averting a crippling crop Fowler, Executive Director of seed bank loses part or all of its half a million unique samples. disease, a highly valuable the Global Crop Diversity Trust. collection. “Something as mun- It has become the most diverse strawberry species plucked by a The array of crops protected in dane as a poorly functioning assemblage of crop diversity collection team from the fl anks Svalbard and other seed banks freezer could ruin a collection ever amassed anywhere in the of a volcano in Russia’s remote around the world supported that ten years from now could world. The Global Seed Vault, Kuril Islands, and a treasure by the Global Crop Diversity be critical in averting a food or ‘Doomsday vault’ as it is trove of soybeans from the Trust are “the keys to climate crisis”, according to Fowler. nicknamed, is an initiative of United States, some of which change adaptation for the The Svalbard Global Seed Vault the Global Crop Diversity Trust have been cultivated domesti- world’s farmers”, says Fowler. is designed to store duplicates which partners with the Norwe- cally for over a century, were Like all seeds coming to the of seeds from seed collections gian government and the Nor- among the crops that arrived vault, the samples are du- from around the globe. If seeds dic Genetic Resource Center in this March from Columbia, plicates of seeds from other are lost, e.g. as a result of natu- Sweden in operating the vault. Peru, Mexico and the us for collections and are being sent ral disasters, war or simply a The Global Crop Diversity Trust storage deep in an Arctic moun- to Svalbard for safekeeping, not lack of resources, the seed col- was founded by the United Na- tain on a remote island in the for everyday use. Fowler noted lections may be re-established tions Food and Agriculture Or- Norway’s Svalbard Archipelago. that it is important to under- using seeds from Svalbard. ganisation (fao) and Bioversity “Reaching the half million stand that the material directly The seed vault is owned by the International, acting on behalf mark brings mixed emotions, acquired by plant breeders is Norwegian government which of the foremost international because while it shows that maintained by national and re- has also fi nanced the construc- research organizations in this the vault at Svalbard is now the gional crop genebanks. Many of tion work, costing nearly nok fi eld (cgiar). The Trust is cur- gold standard for diversity, it these genebanks are threatened 50 million (6.3 million euro). rently hosted in Rome by fao. comes at a time when our agri- by neglect and lack of funds.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 6 14-04-2010 16:14:44 In Short
Overcoming aversion to vegetables It is not easy to convince children to eat suffi cient vegetables. Researcher, Ger- trude Zeinstra, has found a relationship between the preferences of children and the stage of their cognitive development. Children’s preferences expand and increase in complexity as they move to a higher age 7 bracket. Taste only becomes a defi nite argument for children older than twelve. Youngsters, between the ages of four and six, group vegetables according to colour and shape. The appearance of the vegetable is decisive as to whether they want to eat it or not. Later, the texture becomes more im- portant. Crispy vegetables are appreciated more than slimy ones. This could be a result of the fact that the teeth and jaw muscles are not yet fully developed. The children therefore have less control over what is in their mouths. A little brown speck on a vegetable makes it completely unpalatable. A remarkable observation in this research is that parents let their children choose which fruits to eat, but offer them only one vegetable and only at one moment during the day. Giving them a choice may help to increase vegetable consumption. Children are advised to eat at least 150 grams of vegetables and two pieces (200 grams) of fruits.
request for approval was fi led in 1996 a positive report from efsa in 2006, Genetically modifi ed in Sweden. As a consequence of the all seemed ready for introduction. European approval, Sweden is now However, due to a procedure mistake potato approved able to put in a request for the formal by the Commission, the proposal to The European Commission juridical approval. The European approve was not sent to the correct au- has recently approved the geneti- Food Safety Authority (efsa) has thorities. It forced basf to commence cally modifi ed potato ‘Amfl ora’ by repeatedly confi rmed that ‘Amfl ora’ is legal proceedings in order to get this basf. This starch potato is developed completely safe for humans, ani- approval. Whether this speeded up specifi cally for industrial use. With mals and the environment. The efsa the procedure or not is unclear, but the aid of biotechnology, research- previously confi rmed the safety of the the eu machinery became active again ers have succeeded in ‘deactivating’ antibiotic-resistant marker genes. and fi nally gave it the green light. the gene responsible for synthesizing It was not all red tape and bureaucrats Mr. Stefan Marcinowski, member amylose. The result is that ‘Am- that delayed the procedure. The mora- of the Board of basf se, expressed fl ora’ produces pure amylopectin, torium from1998 until 2004, in which his satisfaction about this important the starch preferred by the industry. no approval for genetically modifi ed step. “It took more than 13 years of Amylopectin makes yarn stronger and crops was given, created a tremendous waiting, but we are glad fi nally to be paper glossier; it also makes spray delay for all pending applications. In able to start producing ‘Amfl ora’. We concrete adhere better to the wall 2003 and 2005, when changes in the do hope this approval will lead the way and keeps glue liquid for longer. eu legislation attitude towards gmo’s for the next generation of innovative It took more than 13 years before led to optimism, many fi rms fi led new products that will support competitive this decision was made. The offi cial applications. So did basf and after and enduring agriculture”, he said.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 7 14-04-2010 16:14:45 w
Quality in Horticulture
Naktuinbouw (The Netherlands Inspection Service for Horticulture) monitors and promotes the quality of products and processes related to the production of propagating material for the horticultural sector.
Professional skills are important for companies in the propa- gating material sector. Naktuinbouw provides training services, which are directly related to Naktuinbouw’s own operations.
Inspections Laboratories Varieties & Trials
Inspections R&D Tests for Listing and PBR Certification Seed Analyses (Plant Breeders’ Rights) Quality Control Plant & Seed Health Tests Variety Registration
Naktuinbouw Elite ISTA Certificates DUS Testing Naktuinbouw Select Plant ELISA / Plating / IF / PCR Field Trials System Auditing Virus Free Nuclear Stock DNA-fingerprints Official Sampling Naktuinbouw Diagnoster Variety Descriptions Fytosanitary Certificates Naktuinbouw Accredited Naktuinbouw and Plant Passports Laboratory (NAL) Variety Tracer
Naktuinbouw: p.o. box 40, 2370 AA Roelofarendsveen, The Netherlands, T: +31 (0)71 332 62 62, E: [email protected], W: www.naktuinbouw.com
Prophyta 2010.indd 8 14-04-2010 16:14:45 w
Prophyta Foundation Support our initiative
The Prophyta Foundation is an independent non-profit organisation, aiming at informing interested parties worldwide about develop- ments in e.g. plant breeder’s rights, breeding techniques, genetics, biodiversity, technology, regulations, phytosanitary matters and more. Our communication methods include at present our Prophyta Annual and our website www.prophyta.nl The Foundation primarily works with volunteers, but in order to recover costs for these activities we need advertisers for our annual magazine and/or direct financial support to the Prophyta Foundation.
We greatly acknowledge the companies mentioned underneath for supporting Prophyta, by either advertising or donating. 9 ABZ Seeds Bovenkarspel, the Netherlands www.abz-strawberry.nl F1-hybrid strawberries Agratechniek Anna Paulowna, the Netherlands www.agratechniek.nl Air conditioning systems Agri Information Partners Wageningen, the Netherlands www.agripartners.nl ICT solutions Agro Business Solutions Grootebroek, the Netherlands www.agrosolutions.nl ICT solutions American Takii, Inc. Salinas, CA, USA www.takii.com Vegetable and flower seeds Anton Verbeek Roses Amstelveen, the Netherlands www.verbeek-rozen.nl Rose plants Bejo Seeds Warmenhuizen, the Netherlands www.bejo.nl Vegetable seeds Blue Bird Publishers Velsen-Zuid, the Netherlands www.bluebirdpublishers.com Agricultural communications Dekker Chrysanten Hensbroek, the Netherlands www.dekkerchrysanten.nl Chrysanthemum cuttings Deliflor Chrysanten Maasdijk, the Netherlands www.deliflor.nl Chrysanthemum cuttings Distel Software Leiderdorp, the Netherlands www.distel.nl Computer software Enza Zaden Enkhuizen, the Netherlands www.enzazaden.com Vegetable seeds Grow Group Baarlo, the Netherlands www.growgroup.com Vegetable plants Holland Select Andijk, the Netherlands www.holland-select.nl Vegetable seeds Keygene Wageningen, the Netherlands www.keygene.com Genetic and genomic research Meddens Agriculture Haelen, the Netherlands www.meddens-agriculture.nl Agricultural seeds Moerheim New Plants Leimuiden, the Netherlands www.moerheim.com Annual plants Moerheim Roses and Trading Leimuiden, the Netherlands www.moerheim.com Roses, bedding plants Naktuinbouw Roelofarendsveen, the Netherlands www.naktuinbouw.nl Inspection, varieties, testing Plantum NL Gouda, the Netherlands www.plantum.nl Seed association Royalty Administration International ’s-Gravenzande, the Netherlands www.rai-worldwide.com Breeder’s rights Rijk Zwaan De Lier, the Netherlands www.rijkzwaan.nl Vegetable seeds Rossen Seeds Hem, the Netherlands www.rossenseeds.com Vegetable seeds SBW Roelofarendsveen, the Netherlands www.stbw.nl Tissue culture SBW do Brasil Holambra, Brasil www.sbwbrasil.com.br Tissue culture Sande ’t-Zand, the Netherlands www.sandegroup.nl Zantedeschia Seed Processing Holland Enkhuizen, the Netherlands www.seedprocessing.nl Seed processing equipment Suet Saat- und Erntetechnik Eschwege, Germany www.suet.de Processing pelleting, seed coating Syngenta Crop Protection Basel, Switzerland www.syngenta.com Seeds, seed protection Takii Europe De Kwakel, the Netherlands www.takii.nl Vegetable and flower seeds Takii Seeds Kyoto, Japan www.takii.co.jp Vegetable and flower seeds Van de Bilt Zaden en Vlas Sluiskil, the Netherlands www.vandebiltzadenvlas.com Agricultural seeds
Please feel free to contact our secretariat (p.o. Box 40, 2370 AA Roelofarendsveen, the Netherlands, email: [email protected]) to join membership of our distinguished group of agricultural and horticultural companies, both for further information or for donations.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 9 14-04-2010 16:14:46 World Seed Congress 2010 Innovative Canadian farmers need ground-breaking breeders
Monique Krinkels
10 “Canada is an exciting Canada is one of the most stable countries in the place in which to invest world and, with 10 million km2, is the second largest and do business”, states nation after Russia. The country is an international David Sippell, President leader in agriculture and agri-food business. The of the Canadian Seed Canadian seed sector is an important component Trade Association. “It of the Canadian economy, directly contributing is a very stable country, 2.82 billion euro to Canada’s gdp and employing with a predictable over 14,000 Canadians. David Sippell, President business environment, of the Canadian Seed Trade Association (csta), is and forward-thinking, proud to welcome the ISF delegates to his country. innovative farmers. I’m confident that with How long have you been President of the csta? improving intellectual “In July 2009, I was elected the 2009-10 President property protection of the Canadian Seed Trade Association. Executive measures, Canada will terms run for one year at the csta. Prior to becom- present increasing ing President, I served as 1st Vice-President for a year, opportunities for and prior to that as 2nd Vice-President for a year. business.” My term as President will end this July and I will continue to serve on the Executive Committee for one more year as Past President. I have been a member ‘The world seed industry can and should play a of the csta board of directors for 5 years. Currently, very important role in providing the innovation I represent the csta on the Board of the isf. and technology required to feed the world Aside from the Canadian Seed Trade Association, I population’, says David Sippell, President am the President of Syngenta Seeds Canada and lead of the Canadian Seed Trade Association the North American Oilseeds effort for Syngenta.”
How many delegates are you expecting? What will be the most important topics “We are hoping for 900 delegates and a number under discussion this year? of special guests and exhibitors. As at 28 Febru- “The Food and Agriculture Organization of the ary, there were almost 800 registered delegates, United Nations has challenged the world to almost with total participation exceeding 900.” double food production over the next 40 years, to ensure that the growing population can be provided
Agriculture Ornamentals Canada is a large producer of corn, barley, oat, Ontario is the most important greenhouse producer wheat and rye. The Canadian oilseed production of cut flowers (tulip, gerbera and roses) and consists mainly of canola, soybean and flax. More and potted plants (marigold, azalea, chrysanthemum, more, the grains are being used for the production geraniums, begonia and miniature roses). The of biofuels. Canadian farmers also grow speciality total retail value of horticultural crops produced in crops such as leguminous plants (chickpeas, dry greenhouses is nearing the 1 billion euro mark. beans, dry peas and lentils), buckwheat seed, canary grass seed, ginseng, herbs, spices, industrial hemp, mustard seed, safflower seed, sunflower seed, sugar beet, tobacco and wild rice. Around 70 per cent of the production is exported.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 10 14-04-2010 16:14:46 with adequate nutrition. That challenge comes at Canada is well known for its agricultural produce, the same time that agriculture is faced with envi- but what about vegetable and flower production? ronmental challenges, including competition for “There is no significant vegetable or flower seed fresh water; competition for productive land, and production in Canada. Virtually all of the seed is climate change. It is estimated that nine out of imported. Most of Canada’s vegetable and flower every ten bites of food taken, start with a seed, so seed imports are from the United States and the the world seed industry can and should play a very Netherlands. In 2009, the value of flower seed important role in providing the innovation and imports from the usa was 5.8 million euro and technology required to meet all of the challenges. from the Netherlands 0.9 million euro. Last year, the The World Seed Congress brings together seed value of vegetable seed imports from the Nether- industry participants from around the world to lands was 18.3 million euro, followed by imports work together to find international solutions to the from the USA at 13.9 million euro. Total sales of challenges facing agriculture. We are hopeful that fruit and vegetables by farmers in Canada totalled there will be fruitful discussion and debate around 1.07 billion euro in 2009. Sweet corn is the largest the introduction of new technology; the ability vegetable crop and blueberries the largest fruit crop.” to generate funds for investment in research and development for seed driven innovation; and rules It has been 18 years since the World Seed Congress to facilitate the trade of seed internationally. We are was held in your country. What is the major change also very pleased to offer a post congress conference the Canadian seed industry has faced since 1992? on Adventitious or Low Level Presence of genetically “One of the major changes was the introduction of modified material, which is a very good example of transgenic varieties. In 1995, Canada became the the work that needs to be done to facilitate trade.” first country in the world to produce crops devel- oped through modern biotechnology, and in 1996 Canada is a huge country. Are there regional became the first country to commercially produce gm differences in agricultural production? canola, corn and soybeans. Canadian farmers have “Yes, there are significant differences in agricultural embraced the technology and in 2007, the acreage production. Most of Canada’s grain and oilseed pro- planted with genetically modified crops in Canada duction is in the arid prairie regions of Alberta, Sas- had reached over 17 million (about 6.9 million katchewan and Manitoba, while most of the vegeta- hectares). Today, 90% of Canada’s canola produc- ble and fruit production is in British Columbia to the tion, 90% of our corn production and 66% of our west, and Ontario and Quebec in Central Canada.” soybean production is made up of gm varieties.”
Vegetables Speciality products The Canadian horticultural sector has expanded There are over 3,600 organic farmers in Canada, who dramatically over the last few years. The greenhouse grow organic products on 530,000 hectares. The area has increased by 21 per cent between 2001 and retail value of organic produce is 650 million euro, 2006. Since 2006, the production of vegetables in of which 25% is vegetables and fruits. The Canadian greenhouses is higher than that of ornamentals. consumers show interest in healthy, high quality The most important crops are pepper, tomato and products and sustainable production techniques. cucumber. Nearly 53 per cent of the greenhouses, The demand for locally produced food is on the 22 million m2 can be found in Ontario, followed by increase, as can be seen from the rise in the number British Columbia with 10 million m2 and Quebec of farm markets, farm sales and the increased with 5 million m2. The total retail value of the development of regional marketing programmes. vegetables grown in greenhouses is 523 million euro.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 11 14-04-2010 16:14:47 Working with
NatureNatureAt different times In different places
Bejo, a name that stands for quality
Vegetable seeds for professionals
Bejo Zaden B.V. • Trambaan 1 • P.O. Box 50 • 1749 ZH Warmenhuizen • Holland Tel. +31(0)226 396162 • Fax +31(0)226 393504 • E-mail: [email protected] www.bejo.com
Prophyta 2010.indd 12 14-04-2010 16:14:48 World Seed Congress 2010
Working with Has the Canadian seed industry changed? over the years since. Canada’s legislation still only 13 “As in many other countries, the Canadian conforms to the 1978 convention of the upov.” seed industry has been contracting because NatureAt different times Nature of company consolidations and restructur- Did the trade relations change? In different places ing. We don’t see a reversal in that trend. “In 2005, after almost five years of work, the Ca- The private sector in the seed industry is now the nadian Seed Industry was successful in its efforts single largest investor in plant breeding and research to convince the European Union to include forage in Canada, accounting for 39% of the total invest- seed in its Common Agricultural Policy Reform, ment. Investment is expected to almost double removing heavy production and export subsidies. between 2007 and 2012 to over 75.6 million euro. In 2007, the final year of forage subsidies, Cana- However, almost 95% of the investment will be dian exports of seed of many forage species in- in three crops: canola, corn and soybeans, where creased dramatically. The next international trade developers can recover their investments. Hybridiza- challenge for Canadian seed is the development tion, biotechnology, the use of contracts and other and adoption of an international policy on the intellectual property protection tools have resulted in low level presence of biotechnology products.” greater use of certified seed in these crops, generat- ing more funds for further investment. At the same What has been the most important that time, the share of private sector investment held by Canada has offered the world? other crops such as cereals and forages continues “Canadian plant breeding is world class, begin- to decline. That, combined with declining public ning with researchers like Charles Saunders, who sector investment, has slowed innovation for those developed Marquis Wheat in the early 1900s. Marquis crops. The Canadian Seed Trade Association (csta) wheat revolutionized wheat production in North continues to advocate for more meaningful intel- America, extending the area where wheat may be lectual property protection for these other crops, safely grown. By the early 1920s, Marquis made up in addition to incentives to use certified seed and at least 90% of the spring wheat in western Canada increase funds for investment in the future.” and over 60% of the spring wheat in the us. However, a more recent, very significant accom- What are the main regulatory changes? plishment was the development of canola. Canola “Over the last few years, there have been some was developed by Canadian breeders in the 1970s. significant regulatory changes that have benefited It is a low erucic acid, a low glucosinolate relative the seed industry in Canada. The requirement for of oilseed rape. It has become Canada’s number wheat varieties to be visually distinguishable from one oilseed for domestic and export markets, and all other varieties in order to be registered, was its low saturated fatty acid content makes it the Bejo, a name that stands for quality removed for Ontario wheat in 1989, but it remained preferred choice for a growing number of nutri- a requirement for western wheat until 2009. The tionists and food processors. Canola now adds removal of the Kernel Visual Distinguishability 10 billion euro annually to Canada’s economy. (kvd) requirement is expected to result, as it did in A new type of canola, with a modified fatty acid Ontario, in a substantial increase in the number of profile to make high oleic and low linolenic oil, new wheat varieties available to Canadian farmers. was introduced in the mid-1990s. This special- Vegetable seeds for professionals After many years of work, Canada’s system ity canola provides high stability oil for frying and of variety registration has been amended to does not require hydrogenation, allowing food make it more flexible in an effort to help bring companies to reduce the amount of trans fat in the new, improved varieties of 52 different crop foods they produce, creating a healthier option for species/types to farmers more quickly. today’s consumers. Other speciality canola prod- Canada’s Plant Breeders’ Rights Act was passed into ucts - such as ultra-low saturated fat and omega-3 law just before the last World Seed Congress. The enhanced canola - are also on the horizon.” use of pbr to protect varieties has waxed and waned Bejo Zaden B.V. • Trambaan 1 • P.O. Box 50 • 1749 ZH Warmenhuizen • Holland Tel. +31(0)226 396162 • Fax +31(0)226 393504 • E-mail: [email protected] www.bejo.com prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 13 14-04-2010 16:14:49 Protecting Intellectual Property Anti Infringement Bureau offers a helping hand
Monique Krinkels
14 Everyone agrees that Over the past number of years, vegetable seed be careful when purchasing food. The seed compa- a breeder should take companies have seen an increase in the illegal pro- nies believe that if they knew, supermarket chains action if his Intellectual duction and distribution of their varieties. “The main certainly would carry out consistent checks to avoid Property Rights are cause is that the natural protection hybrids offer has buying dubious produce. The fi nancial gain is neg- violated. But if it been undermined as infringers have started to sell ligible as seeds have a minimal infl uence on the cost happens it is easier cuttings, instead of seeds. Furthermore, the illegal price, while if they are caught it would cause consid- said than done. Even propagation of open pollinated varieties and the erable inconvenience and create negative publicity.” worse, sometimes sale of inferior seeds packaged as a renowned brand the people involved has not lessened”, explains Casper van Kempen. It Competence centre might not be aware is high time to take a stand and that is just what he The ultimate aim is to let the Anti Infringement that an infringement and his Anti Infringement Bureau intends to do. Bureau develop into an acknowledged competence has taken place. This centre for the enforcement of Plant Breeder’s Rights spring, vegetable seed Awareness in vegetable crops. Mr. Van Kempen is well equipped companies opened Exact numbers are unavailable, but the yearly losses for this endeavour. His former position was as chief an Anti Infringement suffered by the seed companies mount up to at least operations offi cer at Florensis, an international Bureau in Brussels. tens of millions company engaged in the production and sale of Managing director, ‘Sometimes only of euros and are ornamentals. As infringements by producers of Casper van Kempen, an expert can increasing. “In vegetative bedding and pot plants occur regularly, he offers breeders a some countries played an active role reviving the anti-infringement helping hand. distinguish the more and more activities within the Fleuroselect organisation. original product cuttings are used But he also has extensive knowledge of vegetable from its illegal for the production seeds because he worked for eight years as sales of tomato plants, director at Zaadunie, now part of Syngenta Seeds. imitation’ instead of seeds. In addition, his international experience with the And companies World Bank in Africa, in the Caribbean, and his that copy the packaging of seeds have become academic studies in the Netherlands, England more professional recently. Sometimes only an and Switzerland make him a true cosmopolitan. expert can distinguish the original product from The Bureau will be located within a stone’s throw of its illegal imitation”, says Mr. van Kempen. the European Seed Association in Brussels, sharing The companies’ lost revenue is but one of the prob- the offi ce with Breeders Trust and its director Leon lems infringers create. Worse is that it also under- Mol. Breeders Trust started in 2008 as an organisa- mines the high quality standards they have set for tion of fi ve seed potato companies from Germany themselves regarding the plant raisers, the growers, and the Netherlands. Europlant, Solana, Agrico, the retailers and, ultimately, the consumers. Plant hzpc and C. Meijer bv founded Breeders Trust as raisers and growers cannot fairly compete with their a means to enforce Plant Breeder’s Rights on their colleagues using illegally propagated material. potato varieties. This is done by informing the potato The fi rst assignment the Anti Infringement Bureau growers about the risks of using uncertifi ed seed po- has, is to create more awareness of what Intel- tatoes and informing them about the rules applicable lectual Property Rights on plant material consti- under Plant Breeder’s Rights protection. Breeders tutes. Plant raisers and growers generally know Trust also takes legal action against growers and oth- more or less what Plant Breeder’s Rightsbreeder’s er players in the market who purposely break the law. rights are and what the scope of the rights is. Most supermarket managers, however, will be unaware Improving legislation that the vegetables on display could be grown Casper van Kempen will gather expertise on how to from illegally reproduced propagating material prevent infringement and will start a survey to map and might under circumstances be confi scated. the number of infringement cases. “The latter may “Information and deterrence will encourage them to be used by esa and the national seed associations to
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 14 14-04-2010 16:14:50 Protecting Intellectual Property Anti Infringement Bureau offers a helping hand
lobby for improved legislation and enforcement sup- cialized in Plant Breeder’s Rights and who 15 port.” The Bureau will provide information and ad- speak a common language can be hard.” vice to national government agencies and organisa- And, of course, there are small but signifi cant differ- tions to discourage and prevent intellectual property ences between countries as to how the upov Con- infringement. It is clear that aib will cooperate close- vention is interpreted and translated into law. Even ly together with esa to work as effective as possible. between countries within the European Union, the “Besides educating people on what breeder’s rights wording of the laws may lead to different judgements are, the Bureau will also collect information on how in similar cases. It is good to know these differ- vegetable seed companies may enforce these rights ences beforehand. All in all it is expected that when in certain countries. It avoids every seed company they know the seed companies take infringement having to start from scratch when instituting legal seriously, most plant raisers and growers will abide proceedings against infring- by the law and refrain from buying illegal seeds. ers. Only fi nding “If needed, the vegetable seed companies will local attorneys start individual legal proceedings against that are spe- infringers, of course using the expertise of the Anti Infringement Bureau to ‘Information and deterrence will support their claim. And, as many encourage people to adhere to Plant companies have been dealing with Breeder’s Rights legislation’, infringers in the past, a collective says Casper van Kempen Bureau will stimulate the exchange of experiences”, concludes Casper van Kempen. “All in all, I be- lieve that the Anti Infringement Bureau will be able to substan- tially reduce infringement.”
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 15 14-04-2010 16:14:51 Food for Life Starring the veggies
Monique Krinkels
16 Everyone knows that So far, medical scientists have mostly ignored might prescribe surgery, chemotherapy and ra- eating vegetables is the infl uence of food on cancer. “While there are diation therapy but patients want to play a part healthy, but exactly over 7,000 scientifi c papers on the preventative in their own convalescence. It stimulated him what does it do in a characteristics of food, there are only 100 papers to organize the three-day event, Food for Life, human body? Does it dealing with the effects of food after a patient is where the role of food ingredients was discussed only prevent disease, diagnosed with cancer”, states Winald Gerritsen, by oncologists, dieticians and cancer patients. or could it even have professor of medical oncology and director of One of the locations where the event took place was healing effects? In the Cancer Centre Amsterdam at the VU Univer- Bejo Zaden, where the famous open days had just the Netherlands, sity Medical Center, the Netherlands. “Cancer is a fi nished. After the speeches, the participants roamed oncologists, dieticians complex disease and we know far too little about the trial fi elds and were amazed by the sheer amount and cancer patients the possible infl uences of food. Cancer patients, of vegetable varieties. Most of them had never been came together last year however, need answers and they need them now.” to a trial fi eld before and had certainly never realized to distinguish facts, half there is more than one broccoli to choose from. truths and fairytales Trial fi eld about food. The overall It all started with the us ambassador in the Neth- Natural protection conclusion: vegetables erlands, Terry Dornbush. When he was diagnosed Nutritionist Ellen Kampman, professor in ‘Diet and help combat diseases. with prostate cancer for the second time, he wanted Cancer’ at Wageningen University and Research Cen- to personally contribute to his recovery. When he tre showed that diet, its nutrients and bio-active com- asked whether food could help his body to recover, pounds infl uence the molecular processes that affect his oncologist did not have an answer. The disease the development of cancer. “Thirty to forty per cent inspired him to change the way he used to live and to of all cases of cancer can be prevented by a healthy search for a method to prevent the cancer from recur- diet and suffi cient physical exercise. Research has re- ring. He met the American scientist Folkman, who vealed that an unhealthy diet infl uence the occurrence advised him to eat more soybean products. Nowa- of some types of cancer. There is, for instance, a clear days, Terry Dornbush combines conventional therapy link between alcohol consumption and the risk of with additional treatment. He chooses food that gastrointestinal, breast and liver cancer and eating helps prevent cancer and has increased his physical red meat more than fi ve times per week increases the exercise. ‘Eat for life’ is his motto. The 76 year old risk of colon cancer. Conversely, the consumption of American is in top condition and can regularly be suffi cient amounts of fruit and vegetables protects found cycling in the mountains of the French Vosges. people against cancer of the mouth, the head and Winald Gerritsen learned that other cancer pa- neck region, the oesophagus and the stomach.” tients also struggled with this issue. Doctors Professor Kampman is worried about the ignorance of the general public. “If I ask people how diet may infl uence cancer risk, they blame colouring Participants of agents, food additives, hormones in meat or radia- Food for Life roamed tion of food. These are all factors where consum- the trial fi elds ers have no infl uence. Maybe it is because in the early days of cancer research, scientists focused on relatively small groups exposed to high levels of carcinogenic substances, such as asbestos.” The association between food and cancer is less strong than the risk associated with asbestos expo- sure, but more people are ‘exposed’ to unhealthy eating habits. “Today it is widely recognized that a diet with plenty of vegetables, fruit and high-fi bre grains is healthy, even though we do not know exactly why.” That knowledge and the possibility to eat a
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 16 14-04-2010 16:14:52 Quiz
Which of the products contain the 1 most vitamin C per 100 gram? a strawberry b orange c pepper
Which manner of preparation ensures 2 vegetables keep their vitamins? a steaming b cooking c stir-frying
Are vitamin supplements a good 17 3 substitute for fruit and vegetables? a true b untrue Professor Winald Gerritsen (left) was amazed by the number of vegetable varieties, while Ger Beemsterboer, director of Bejo Zaden, explained How much vegetables and how breeders seek to increase health promoting compounds 4 fruit should we eat daily? a 150 gram b 400 gram c 600 gram
Does the nutritional value of fresh 5 vegetables equal that of frozen vegetables? a true b untrue
more plant-based diet is, however, restricted to the to vitamin C, borecole is the absolute champion, elite, professor Kampman explains. In the Nether- with three times as much of this compound than any lands, only one in every fi ve people eats two pieces of other brassica. Carrots contain carotenes, a group of fruit a day and only two in every one hundred people compounds that neutralizes free radicals and helps eat a daily portion of at least two hundred grams of to protect cells against damage. “The more we know vegetables. “It seems we cannot convey the message. about the substances that prevent cancer, the better Especially the eating habits of youngsters are worri- breeders are able to create varieties that contain some. Even today we see an increase in the incidence more healthy food compounds”, he concludes. of cancer, but as the disease needs about thirty years to develop, the prognoses are gloomy. To be hon- Superstar est, I do not know what to do about it, but explain What remains is one question: which vegetable ranks to as many people as possible what we now know number one when it comes to conquering cancer and about the role of diet in the prevention of cancer.” is the superstar among the veggies? Should we add garlic to every recipe, consume a portion of broccoli Champions daily, or have a sweet pepper as an evening snack. Bert Schrijvers, head of research at Bejo Zaden, “There is no easy answer to that”, says Jacqueline explained to the Food for Life-participants how Langius, research dietitian at VU University Medical a seed company may contribute to cancer pre- Center. “We are still not sure how these compounds vention. Many vegetables contain compounds interact with cancer cells in the human body. The that are benefi cial. Researchers have, however, processes involved in the development of a tumour discovered that the amount of benefi cial com- are complicated and so far scientist have to base pounds varies widely between species and be- their conclusions mainly on laboratory research. tween varieties. Alliums and especially garlic However, it seems that it are not the compounds on have, for instance, organo-S compounds (allicin), their own, but the vegetable as a whole that does to a level where it protects against cancer. the trick. Captured in a pill as a nutritional supple- Bert Schrijver showed that broccoli contains ten ment, the healthy compounds are suddenly not as times as much glucosinolates than, for instance, cau- healthy anymore and can even increase the risk of lifl ower. It is one of the substances which are proven some cancers. My advice therefore: eat as much to offer protection against cancer. When it comes and as many different vegetables as possible.”
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 17 14-04-2010 16:14:53 Our flora and fauna is natural, but cannot be 18 taken for granted
Nature’s wealth is abundant and essential for life. At Rijk Zwaan we are acutely aware of this. We develop the very best vegetable varieties and vegetable seeds, every day again, making use of the raw materials and possibilities Nature has to offer us. But we also accept Nature as it is. After all, our aim is to continue developing new varieties for many years to come and that is only possible if we use our knowledge with respect for Nature. That’s what we believe in. Rijk Zwaan. www.rijkzwaan.com
prophyta annual 2010
421155RZW-adv210x276,2.indd 1 10-03-10 14:29 Prophyta 2010.indd 18 14-04-2010 16:14:53 Tomato Seed And Plant Production Managing hygiene fends off Our flora and fauna invisible threat is natural, but cannot be Hajo Strik In recent years, serious Battling an invisible enemy is difficult. Clavibacter ers. There were, however, a few differences in the 19 outbreaks of infection michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) often way these markets were organized. Whereas in the taken for granted of tomato seeds and does not have any visible symptoms. Over the Netherlands both plant raisers and seed producers plants with Clavibacter years, infections have been discovered in Mexico, are part of the same organisation (Plantum nl), in michiganensis subsp. Canada and Southern Europe, but despite thor- France these companies are independently or- michiganensis has been ough searches for the sources of these infections, ganised in the vegetable seeds federation (Union worrying tomato the puzzle was too complicated to solve. “The de Française des Semenciers, ufs) and the plant growers all over the only way to stop the spread of infection is preven- producers syndicate (Syndicat Français des Pro- Nature’s wealth is abundant and world. French and tion in every phase of the production of seeds ducteurs de Plants pour Professionnels, sf3p). Dutch organisations and plants”, explains Jaap den Dekker of Plan- “Initially, some barriers had to be eliminated due essential for life. At Rijk Zwaan we are acutely of seed and plantlet tum nl and chairman of the gspp Foundation to the different approaches to this problem in producers developed a both countries and, of course, different ways of aware of this. We develop the very best vegetable system of Good Seed & Co-operation looking at things. The French way of dealing with Plant Practices, gspp. It all started three years ago with an inventory in problems differs from the Dutch way, but eventu- varieties and vegetable seeds, every day again, Today, an accreditation order to establish the main producers and pro- ally this turned out to be a big advantage”, explains system is almost ready duction markets, and to look for knowledge and Jaap den Dekker. “Where the French researchers making use of the raw materials and possibilities to be implemented. support. France and the Netherlands were selected focused in detail on the ‘global gap’, the Dutch because these two countries represented nearly all concentrated on the sources of infection. This Nature has to offer us. But we also accept Nature the major seed companies and tomato plant produc- resulted in an elaborate inventory, in which ex- as it is. After all, our aim is to continue developing new varieties for many years to come and that is Four risk factors ‘The different approaches 1 Water Management of a production site only possible if we use our knowledge with of the French and must ensure that the water is free of Cmm. If Dutch researchers required, the water must be disinfected. respect for Nature. That’s what we believe in. proved to be a huge 2 People Wherever there is a risk of infection advantage as together of products by personnel, visitors or Rijk Zwaan. www.rijkzwaan.com they covered most technicians, people will have to change their aspects of the problem’, clothing or wear protective clothing before says the chairman of entering the production area. Everybody the GSPP Foundation must wash their hands with sanitizing soap Jaap den Dekker before entering the production area. 3 Propagation material, seed and plants All propagation material has to be produced by the gspp standard. If the material is not gspp accredited, the production area needs to be separated by hygienic measures from other parts of the site where gspp accredited material is growing. 4 Materials The risk of bringing in harmful organisms needs to be assessed by risk analysis. Depending on that analysis, materials (such as machines, trays, potting soil) can be classified as safe or unsafe. If materials are not safe, they have to be disinfected before entering the production area.
prophyta annual 2010
421155RZW-adv210x276,2.indd 1 10-03-10 14:29 Prophyta 2010.indd 19 14-04-2010 16:14:54 20 According to the gspp-system parent lines plants should be raised in separate compartments
pected and unexpected potential dangers were interest. Using the risk analysis, listed. This result was a very pleasing result.” companies can implement their own control measures and work- Development group ing procedures to meet the gspp standard. Those who were involved formed a Development Group, whose main purpose was to look for the Auditing possibilities of a global approach and international Now that the essence of Good Seed & Plant Standard criteria. The fi rst step was to start with establishing is almost fi nalized, companies can request partici- a benchmark at both seed and plant raising com- pation in the gspp system. It calls for auditing via panies. “This had to be done in various markets, as recognised institutes and the Dutch Naktuinbouw they each have different risk factors. An important and French Service Offi ciel de Contrôl, soc, will train outcome of this was that the need for a clear and and provide the auditors specifi c to the country. After uniform description was recog- the audit, an advice for accreditation will be given to Principles of the system nised”, says Jaap den Dekker. the gspp Foundation. When the gspp Foundation - isolation of the seed and The main difference can be found takes over the advice, a certifi cate of gspp approval seedling production location when production processes are will be given. Companies can use this certifi cate as a from the environment scaled-up and more and more product bonus to show their commitment in prevent- - separation of seed and seedling units risk situations can occur. Graft- ing the further spread of the disease. Tomato plants - prevention of infection by ing, for instance, increases the can only be sold with the gspp logo if both the seed managing the four risk factors risk of infection. This calls for a and the plant production unit have been accredited. - constant monitoring during risk analysis and every company Having representatives from both seed companies the growth season should perform that exercise. In and plant raisers from France and the Netherlands, - check before delivery: all seed the opinion of Jaap den Dekker: it is the intention of the gspp Foundation that a lots must be tested by seed “Managing and analysing the risk new documentation and implementation audit will tests approved by gspp of infection is always the respon- be performed every three years. After the initial ac- - independent supervision by sibility of the producer. Working creditation, an audit will be performed every year. recognised institutes according to gspp rules reveals “Sales always want to use positive arguments and The gspp standard is based on state the whole process and shows the being able to ensure that seed and plants are free of of the art knowledge and will be impact if things should go wrong.” Cmm is, of course, a huge product bonus. However, evaluated yearly. Experts from the This risk analysis is scheduled I have to stress that in science, things are never 100% industry and research institutes to be carried out collectively guaranteed. Seed sampling and testing involves are consulted to ensure that the in the Netherlands and, so far, statistics, minimizing the risk that an infected seed gspp standard is up to date. many companies have shown or plant slips through. The gspp certifi cate can only
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Prophyta 2010.indd 20 14-04-2010 16:14:58 21
National record present National record present only in some areas Subational record present Subnational record present only in some areas
be used as an important sign, that the company has now taken for granted, will have to be re-examined taken this risk very seriously and that it has taken and re-evaluated. It also means that gspp can be all possible precautions”, says Jaap den Dekker. introduced only with the full support of the com- pany management. The leak might not even be a Finding the leak physical or organisational malfunction, it could gspp has to be fundamentally embedded in the also be the wrong person in the wrong place.” whole production chain. “Think about Track & Trace systems, where separate batches of the same Future production must be tested separately before mixing. At the moment, the fi rst auditing is on its way In this way, one can detect which batch is contami- at several production sites in Thailand, South nated and which is not.” The essential goal of gspp America and other areas specialised in tomato is fi nding the leak. “If you look at every produc- seed production. The companies involved are very tion phase and consider the entrance and exit as a motivated and the fi rst results will be ready within sluice, then the sluice doors should not leak, not a year. “I expect that in July 2011, we will be able even a tiny drop. gspp forces production managers, to introduce the gspp brand, and companies will controlling departments, and shipping and trans- be able to display the gspp logo as a sign of their port, to look for an anomaly every step of the way. professional skills in preventing infection.” In fact, it will mean that some practices which are
Procedures Identity A gspp accredited seed or seedling production unit has to comply with Name: Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis the gspp standard and has to implement management, prevention and (Smith) Davis et al. control measures, focusing on the aforementioned risk factors. Synonyms: Corynebacterium michiganense pv. For tomato seed and young plants which have been supplied and michiganense (Smith) Dye & Kemp, produced following the gspp regulations, the gspp logo will be used on Corynebacterium michiganense (Smith) Jensen seed packets and pallets with plantlets . The fi rst gspp accredited Taxonomic position: Bacteria: Firmicutes tomato seed and plants will be available in July 2011 in the Netherlands Common names: Bacterial canker, bird’s eye and France. gspp accredited seed and plant lots are produced (English) , Chancre bactérien (French), according to the gspp standards and during production they are Bakterienwelke (German), Marchitez bacteriana checked for Cmm. Other diseases in tomato may follow. (Spanish), Cancro batterico (Italian) If despite all efforts Cmm does occur, a special procedure will be Host: mainly tomato, also on other Lycopersicon spp. followed to ensure that it is adequately investigated in order to fi nd the and on the wild plants Solanum douglasii, root cause of the problem. If required, the gspp standard will be S. nigrum and S. trifl orum. adapted to prevent reoccurrence. EPPO A2 list: No. 50 EU Annex designation: II/A2
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Prophyta 2010.indd 21 14-04-2010 16:14:59 Hyperhydricity in Plant Tissue Culture Drowning from within
Laura Rojas-Martinez and Geert-Jan de Klerk
22 So far, the causes of Hyperhydricity, also referred to as ‘vitrification’ or epidermis is defective, having a low deposition of hyperhydricity are very ‘glassiness’, is a physiological disorder of plant tis- wax and abnormal stomata; also reduced lignifica- vague. Most research sues cultured in vitro. It is caused by the special con- tion of the vascular tissue has been observed. concerns procedures to ditions in tissue culture and occurs in many genera overcome the problem (herbaceous, woody, cactaceous, bulbous). Hyperhy- Essential feature and anatomical features dricity affects production in commercial micropropa- Initially, researchers used the term vitrification, but of hyperhydric plants. gation and losses of up to 60% have been reported. this term was badly chosen since it is also used to Recent research describe the transition from the liquid to the solid attempts to identify Glassy appearance state, namely, the formation of ice in cryopreserva- the underlying Plants experiencing hyperhydricity display trans- tion. The term hyperhydricity was introduced in mechanism. On the lucent, wrinkled or curled and brittle leaves giving 1992 and is now commonly used. ‘Hyper’ refers to a basis of the outcome, them a glassy appearance (Figure 1). Hyperhydric surplus and ‘hydro’ to water. So the term indicates new procedures will plants fail to survive when transferred to the green- that hyperhydric plants contain ‘too much water’. be established to avoid house which is probably caused by the distorted It has been repeatedly shown that the water percent- the development of anatomy of the leaves. Severe hyperhydricity results age in hyperhydric plants is somewhat higher. Grib- hyperhydricity. in a reduced propagation and -especially when ble showed with nmr-analysis in hyperhydric Gypso- the apical buds are affected- in dying back of the phila that a surplus of water occurred in the apoplast, explants. Usually, hyperhydricity develops some time so in the cell walls and in the intercellular spaces. (1-4 weeks) after the start of a subculture cycle. Apoplastic water can be collected from the tissue Anatomical studies in a wide range of species have by mild centrifugation. Indeed, from plants with a shown that the leaves of hyperhydric plants develop hyperhydric appearance, more water is collected by an unorganized mesophyll, rich in large intercel- centrifugation than from normal looking plants (Fig- lular spaces, with thin cell walls, a low chlorophyll ure 2). It is interesting to note that, for example, in content and an abnormal organization of the submerged aquatic plants, the apoplast contains air. stroma and grana (chloroplast components). The We presume that because of the water logging
Percentage of water obtained by mild centrifugation in Arabidopsis leaves
35%
30
25 Figure 2. Percentage of water (presumably 20 apoplastic water) obtained by mild 15 centrifugation from The research on hyperhydricity Arabidopsis thaliana in Wageningen University 19 leaves. Plants were and Research Centre, the grown in media with Netherlands, is funded by different composition 5 technological Top Institute (gelling agent and BAP Green Genetics and the Agar Gelrite Liquid Agar Gelrite Liquid Agar Gelrite Liquid concentration). Bars medium medium medium Horticultural Product Board 0 represent SEM, n=6 Control BAP 0.5 mg/lt BAP 2.0 mg/lt
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 22 14-04-2010 16:15:00 Figure 1. Symptoms of hyperhydricity in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings (a-c) and Malus shoots (d and e) grown on media with different gelling agents or liquid medium. Note the development of anthocyanins in Arabi dopsis grown on gelrite a agar and liquid medium. The hyperhydric mal formations are clearly visible in Malus of the apoplast, gas exchange from the symplast 23 is disturbed, leading among others to accumu- lation of ethylene and co2 in the symplast (= cytoplasm, vacuole and nucleus) and to anoxia. This in turn leads to the morphological aberra- tions that characterize hyperhydric plantlets.
Why do hyperhydric tissues have a surplus of water? b gelrite The environment in tissue culture is very humid. Levels of 98.5–99.5% relative humidity have been measured close to the leaves of plantlets in vitro. This strongly reduces transpiration. With in vitro plants, water is taken up from the medium and moves upwards driven by (low) transpiration from leaves and possibly also by capillary action. In hyperhy- dric plantlets, this water is insufficiently transpired and accumulates in the intercellular air spaces.
Availability of water c liquid medium The gelling agent used to solidify the nutrient media and its concentration is important. Observa- tions in many plant species (Olearia microdisca, Prunus, Malus, etc.) concur that the use of gel- rite is related to the development of hyperhydric shoots. Why gelrite leads to hyperhydricity has not been examined. Since liquid medium also leads to hyperhydricity, we presume that a higher water availability in gelrite-media leads to hyperhydricity. Preliminary experiments, in which the uptake of a dye (acid fuchsine) from the medium was exam- ined using medium solidified with agar or gelrite, or liquid medium, confirmed that water was more rapidly taken up from gelrite and liquid medium. e agar Various studies indicate major differences in matrix potential between gelrite and agar. This differ- ence determines the increased availability of water from nutrient media solidified with gelrite.
Other medium factors However, water availability is not the only determin- ing factor. In particular, the addition of the cytokinin bap (6-benzylaminopurine) to the media (to maxi- mize the shoot multiplication rate) contributes to the development of hyperhydric malformations. Com- monly, the combination of gelrite with bap causes f gelrite more hyperhydricity than the use of gelrite alone. Experiments run in wur showed that plants grown
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 23 14-04-2010 16:15:01 ISF full page_Layout 1 25/03/2010 12:45 Page 1
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Prophyta 2010.indd 24 14-04-2010 16:15:02 Drowning from within
of the 70 Kilodalton heat-shock-protein family), 25 have been found to occur in hyperhydric plants.
Avoid hyperhydricity Most researchers attribute hyperhydric abnormali- ties to the specific environmental conditions during tissue culture, in particular to water status and gas movement and composition. Since plants are enclosed within containers, gas exchange rates Figure 3. Schematic representation of the flows of air (light blue) and water (dark (water, co2) are significantly restricted (Figure 3). blue) inside the culture vessel. The restriction of air movement imposed by the This has a direct effect on transpiration, since the lid and heat transfer achieved by base cooling to decrease rh are highlighted Relative Humidity (rh) inside the vessel is very high. A significant study by Gribble showed that the surplus of water was located in the intercellular air spaces. If this is indeed the key feature, the way is open for a focused approach to avoid hyperhydricity. A major option is to enhance evaporation from in different media present different amounts of water leaves. This has been achieved by base cooling, (presumably apoplastic) in the tissues (Figure 2). which can completely remove hyperhydricity. The The reason why bap causes hyperhydricity is fundament behind this strategy lies in the reduc- not clear. It should be noted that plantlets that tion of the RH inside the container by means of develop hyperhydricity in the presence of bap, water condensation onto the cooled medium. suffer from heavy stress as indicated by the This method has been successfully used in apri- abundance of anthocyanins (Figure 1c). Perhaps cot, carnation and Phalaenopsis. Nevertheless, stress causes hyperhydricity. This can be con- in standard culture rooms, base cooling is dif- cluded from the finding that protective measures ficult to achieve, and is impractical in rooms with against stress, e.g. the application of putrescine, many shelves. Furthermore, the costs are high. a stress-protectant, have been reported to allevi- The need for air tight conditions in tissue culture to ate hyperhydricity. It may be that stress interferes ensure sterility, affects the exchange of gas between with the water balance in plants. Oxidative stress is the container and the exterior. This has consequences known to block water transport via aquaporins. for the concentrations of co2 and water vapour inside the vessel. The lids of the containers in which plants Stress are cultured, therefore play an important role, and So far, most studies have dealt with the multitude a good ventilation rate is essential to avoid hyperhy- of factors that reduce hyperhydricity and with the dricity in tissue cultured plants. The use of different anatomical features of hyperhydric plants. The re- tapes and lids has been suggested. The main feature semblance of some responses in hyperhydric tissues is a layer of permeable tape in the lid that allows to processes occurring in stressed plants (e.g., by an increase in the air exchange rate. However, this drought, hypoxia, or light) has attracted the attention method can result in loss of water from the medium of researchers. As a common approach, the study which can retard root growth and nutrient uptake. of activated oxygen metabolism and the subsequent Alternative methods will be examined by generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ros) started. Wageningen University and Research Centre, Indeed, hyperhydric shoots have increased levels of the Netherlands. Other ways to treat and/or h2o2, higher lipoxygenase and superoxide dismutase prevent hyperhydricity may be related to the activity (i.e. carnation, Mamillaria gracilis, Euphorbia reduction of the adverse effects of stress. milli, Prunus avium). Moreover, specific stress-relat- ed proteins, namely BiP (Binding Protein; a member
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 25 14-04-2010 16:15:02 AFSTA Celebrates its 10th Anniversary Seed organisation strengthens communication throughout Africa
Monique Krinkels
26 It was a memorable “AFSTA was formally founded in March 2000 in “We interact with regional, governmental and moment this spring. Pretoria, South Africa”, Secretary General Justin non-governmental organisations involved in seed At the yearly congress Rakotoarisaona explains. “From the onset, the objec- activities in order to promote the interests of the in Bamako, Mali, tives are to promote the use of improved quality seeds seed industry, to stimulate activities that lead to participants celebrated in Africa, to strengthen the communication within regulatory harmonisation throughout Africa to the 10th anniversary the African seed industry and to promote regulatory facilitate movement of seed, and to facilitate ex- of the African Seed harmonisation throughout Africa. After 10 years change of germplasm within the continent, subject Trade Association. of existence, afsta has made significant progress to national laws and international conventions.” Just a decade of co- toward achieving these objectives”, is his conclusion. The result is that the communication between the operation has resulted seed stakeholders has been improved and doing in a sea of change in the Increased membership seed business in Africa has been facilitated due relationship between A range of African and international stakehold- to a better network built up during various seed companies from all ers commenced discussions as early as 1997. They forums organised by afsta. Furthermore, afsta over the continent. felt the need to have a regional representative body lobbies the public authority for the well-being for the seed industry, which could also serve to of the African seed industry. The organisation promote the development of private seed enter- helps to create national seed trade associations prises. During the inaugural congress in Pretoria, and explores opportunities to educate African Kenya was elected as host country for the Secre- seed stakeholders on intellectual property rights tariat. “The number of members has increased to and modern biotechnology, as efficient tools to 86”, according to Justin Rakotoarisaona. “Among improve agricultural productivity in Africa. the members are 18 African seed associations, 5 To attain their goals, afsta has established four non-governmental organisations, such as the West technical committees: Strategic partnerships and Africa Seed Alliance, 33 African Seed companies, donor relations, chairman: Lloyd Le Page; Harmo- three service providers, amongst others Bayer, and nization and rationalization of seed regulations and several non-African organisations and companies.” policies, chairman: Obongo Nyachae; Promotion
FELAS APSA CASA Founded in 1986, the Federación The Asia and Pacific Seed Association In December 2006, in the town of Bishkek in Latinoamericana de Semillistas (felas) (apsa), a derivative of the Food and Kyrgystan, a new regional seed association represents its members at Latin American Agriculture Organization (fao) of the United was established, the Central Asian Seed and world-wide level, promoting the Nations, was established in 1994 with the Association (casa). It was established by interests of the seed industry and the aim of promoting quality seed production the Seed Association of Kyrgystan and the progress of agriculture in the continent. and marketing in the Asia and Pacific newly formed seed association of Tajikistan, Every two years, felas organizes the Pan region. Today, apsa is the largest regional and seed industry representatives American Seed Seminars, meetings that seed association in the world. It has strong of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The are becoming more important, not only links with international organizations founding of casa was supported by the from the technical and business point such as fao, cgiar institutions, isf, ista, Swedish Sida funded projects ‘Support of view, but also as forums where Latin- upov, the oecd and the World Trade to Seed Sector Development in the American countries discuss and analyse Organization. apsa members include Republic of Tajikistan and Kyrgystan’. policies related to the seed industry. These national seed associations, government The Svalöf-Scanagri consortium is meetings are no longer regional, since agencies, public and private seed providing technical assistance. participants come from around the world. companies, and associate members.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 26 14-04-2010 16:15:03 27
and appreciation of the use of modern biotechnol- munities such as the Southern Africa Development ogy, chairman: Kinyua Mbijjewe; and Intellectual Community (sadc), the East African Community property rights, chairman: François Burgaud. (eac) and the Economic Community of West African States (ecowas), embarked on harmonising the Harmonisation regulations concerning seeds among their mem- Harmonisation is one of the key issues in Africa. ber states. “This harmonisation process, in which Differences in seed regulations and policies seriously afsta has actively participated, has reached a certain harm seed trade. The Regional Economic Com- milestone. Most recently, the Common Market for
ESA EESNET SAA In 1961, cosemco (seed trade), in 1964 The Eastern European Seed Network The Seed Association of the Americas assopomac (potato breeders), in 1970 (eesnet) is an initiative from the Czech Seed (saa) was created in 2005 as a non- amufoc (forage seed production) and Trade Association (cmssa) who organized governmental organization that fully in 1977 comasso (plant breeders) were a meeting of countries from the region. represents the interests of the seed founded. In 1998, the organisational This meeting was held in 1998 and had a industry in the Americas. Its goal is to structure of the European Seed Associations general topic - to get to know each other. educate and support development, was created as a common umbrella for the In 1999 and in 2000, additional meetings marketing and free movement of seeds still existing four European associations, were held and the first Annual Meeting of within the Americas and to play an as well as representing a number of eesnet was organized in Prague on 27-28 advocacy role in seed legislation and individual vegetable seed companies. The November 2001. The activities of eesnet regulation issues sp as to ensure plant new European Seed Association (esa) was take place at several levels: day-to-day property rights. At this moment there are founded in November 2000 and merged the contacts between the focal points, an nine members: Argentina, Brasil, Canada, former members, i.e. associations as well annual meeting and a website. The present Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, United States, as individual companies, into one single participation in eesnet is as follows: Czech Uruguay and Venezuela, represented eu-wide organisation. By Royal Decree Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Serbia trough their national seed associations on 2 April 2002, esa has been granted the and Ukraine. The participation of Russia and seed companies. The saa seed legal status of non-profit International and Belarus is now being prepared. congress is organised biennially and the Association (aisbl) following Belgian Law. next congress will take place in 2011.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 27 14-04-2010 16:15:04 AFSTA Celebrates its 10th Anniversary Seed organisation strengthens communication throughout Africa
28 Eastern and Southern Africa (comesa) has also Understanding of the West Africa Seed Alliance planned to undertake harmonisation of its seed (wasa). It was signed in October 2009 in Bamako, regulations and policies within its nineteen member Mali, between afsta and the following organiza- states”, says Mr. Rakotoarisaona. “Ultimately, we tions: the United States Agency for International hope that this will encompass the whole continent.” Development (usaid), the Alliance for a Green With this initiative of these recs to harmonize Revolution in Africa (agra) and the Economic their regulations and policies, the seed market size Community of West African States (ecowas). The in Africa will be larger. “It will justify a significant main objective of wasa is to promote a sustainable investment in the African seed sector. Indeed, it is commercial seed industry focused on ensuring that hoped that seed movement and the seed business small-scale farmers in West Africa have affordable, environment will continue to improve. afsta is timely and reliable access to high quality seeds determined to contribute as much as possible to and planting material. wasa will work closely with the promotion of the seed sector in Africa dur- West African governments and regional organiza- ing the next decade and, in October 2010, plans tions to implement policies that encourage private to elaborate its strategic plan, which will spell sector investment in local seed production, which out its action plan in pursuing its objectives. will stimulate the increased adoption of improved The latest achievement is the Memorandum of high-quality seed and complementary inputs.
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prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 28 14-04-2010 16:15:04 Adventitious Presence
Monique Krinkels Costs to prove GM-free Last year, 14 million 29 farmers planted 134 million hectares of status hard to bear biotech crops in 25 countries. And the pace at which farmers switch over to genetically So far, the number of approved gm varieties and may weigh as much as 200 kilos. Costs would modifi ed crops quickens in Europe is limited. In Spain, Czech Republic, soar, especially if clients demand dna-testing, as more countries Portugal, Romania, Poland and Slovakia geneti- without taking other methods into account to acknowledge that cally modifi ed plants are grown on nearly 100,000 establish the gmo free status of a batch.” biotechnology is the key hectares. But as food and feed comes from all over to food self-suffi ciency. the world to Europe, it is inevitable that genetically The consequence Logically, the likelihood modifi ed and conventional crops cross paths. As a Mr. Bruinenberg uses potatoes as an example. “Seed that unapproved gm result, minute amounts of gmos can be introduced potato production starts with a small number of crops are accidently into the environment during seed production, so-called stems. It takes years before more than introduced into cultivation, harvest, transport, or processing. The 10 hectares of a variety is grown. Say you want to the environment adventitious or technically unavoidable presence establish the purity of the batch when you have a is increasing. of gmos is tolerated in the eu up to a maximum of hectare of seed potatoes. You would need to test 0.9%, but only if the risk analyses for that specifi c a sample of 1,500 specimens. While you may use gmo has been favourable and the gmo has market clever pool strategies, in the end, every potato has approval. For the remainder, a zero tolerance ap- to be tested to prevent low level mixing with gmos. plies. The consequences of the latter are enormous. The costs of dna extraction and pcr test, including service charges and guarantees, are at least € 2.50 Certainty to € 5.00 per tuber. Laboratory costs would there- “Statistically, the problem of adventitious presence fore amount to € 3,750 to € 7,500 per hectare.” of unapproved gm crops can be solved, but it has But that is not all. “A batch of one hectare means massive consequences”, says Peter Bruinenberg, about 35,000 kilos of seed potato. The 200 ki- research manager Agro at avebe and chairman of los of the sample that are destroyed during the the commission biotechnology of Plantum nl. “The testing are worth € 60 to € 200, depending on core of the problem is the question how certain the seed quality. The actual value of a hectare of we want to be that a batch of seeds, crops or fi nal seed potato is between € 10,000 and € 15,000. To products is completely free of gmos. It is all about cover gm analyses costs the price of seed po- statistics. There is a consensus that the sample tatoes would need to rise by 30-60%. It would number must be at least 1,500 per batch. If in such dupe not only the potato farmers throughout a sample no gmos are detected, we can be 95% Europe, but also hamper seed potato exports. sure that the adventitious presence of gmos is less All the while the problem of adventitious presence than the detection threshold of 0.1%. If the accepted remains purely a theoretical one. “Producers of threshold of adventitious presence is 0.9%, a sample seed potatoes are able to prevent adventitious pres- of 300 is suffi cient to be 95% sure that the batch is ence of gmos using phenotypical characteristics. gmo free. Below 0.9%, a batch does not need label- We can guarantee 0% adventitious presence or at ling according to the eu novel food legislation.” least a level far below 0.9%. Obligatory gm analy- For seed crops such as maize, cereals and soy- sis is therefore superfl uous, so we hope that the beans, the cost of samples of 300 to 1,500 is high. European Commission acknowledges this prob- It is estimated that prices would rise by as much lem and comes up with an alternative solution.” as 50%. “But for potatoes and fi nal products such as cucumber, tomato and apple, the situation is worse. A sample of 1,500 is an enormous quantity
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Prophyta 2010.indd 29 14-04-2010 16:15:06 Wazalishaji Mbegu Bora Afrisem creates a win-win situation
Monique Krinkels
30 Breeding hybrid Vegetable production provides a way out of trained and the improvements were readily adapted. vegetable varieties poverty for smallholder farmers and the landless. It adapted to the generates more income and jobs per hectare than More than maize circumstances in Africa most other agricultural enterprises. At the same But that was not the end of it. “To really make a and producing reliable time, it will improve the diets of the Tanzanians. difference, the local farmers need dedicated hybrid and affordable seeds In Africa, the consumption of vegetables is less varieties of Africa’s unique indigenous vegetables. are the goals that Rijk than 50 kilo per person per year, while it is the That is why Rijk Zwaan, together with East-West Seed Zwaan and East West most sustainable strategy to overcome micronutri- Company, started Afrisem in 2008”, says Mr. Van Seed Company have ent deficiencies. For Rijk Zwaan and East-West Doornmalen. “Just like Asians cannot live on rice set. As ‘wazalishaji Seed Company that was sufficient reason to start alone, African people cannot live on maize alone”, mbegu bora’ (breeders a vegetable seed company in Arusha, Tanzania. adds Simon Groot, chairman of the East-West Seed of good seeds), their Afrisem creates a win-win situation for local grow- Group. “They need some meat, some dairy products, new company, Afrisem, ers, by providing income as well as healthy food. but also fruit and vegetables. Aside from the con- will guide African sumption aspects, vegetable farming with good seeds growers to the next Growing technology and farming technology can provide higher incomes level of horticulture. For the last ten years, Rijk Zwaan has been active from relatively small holdings than maize farming. in Arusha. It is the location where the daughter Millions of vegetable farmers in Asia with landhold- company Q-Sem propagates its tomato, cucumber ings between five to ten acres now have middle class and pepper seeds. Due to its favourable climate, earnings, with enough profit to buy staple food, Arusha is a centre for vegetable, flower and seed and to provide good housing and education.” production for the European market. Despite its In 2007, René Geelhoed and Bianca van Haperen proximity to the equator, the elevation of 1,400 m started the development of the station Afrisem. on Mount Meru keeps the temperatures to an aver- They focused on breeding programmes in tomato, age of 25°C, while cool dry winds from the Indian African eggplant and chinense pepper varieties for Ocean alleviate the humidity - ideal circumstances cultivation in the Tanzanian highlands in the north for growing high quality vegetables and flowers. of the country. Afrisem combines local germplasm Local small-scale farmers have a hard time get- with genetics and breeding knowledge of the two ting by, though. There are no hybrid seeds avail- breeding companies. African eggplant, Solanum able to them, as the varieties propagated in the aethiopicum, is an indigenous vegetable of Africa and Rijk Zwaan region are designed for the European market. “We a very popular vegetable in Tanzania. The extremely Rijk Zwaan is one of the became aware that none of the major vegetable hot chinense pepper, Capsicum chinense, is not an top ten global vegetable seed companies has dedicated breeding in Africa indigenous vegetable, but locally very much preferred seed companies. It is for the local tropical African market. Moreover, because of its unique aroma. The first breeding an independent family local propagating and growing techniques were goals are to improve the yield per plant, the fruit business, with 86% of far from optimal”, says Anton van Doornmalen, quality, eating quality, appearance, shelf life and the shares in the hands president of the advisory council of Rijk Zwaan. resistances against local insects and diseases. The of three Dutch families: “We therefore asked René Geelhoed and Bianca van Afrisem breeders have close contacts with the local Zwaan, Van Doornmalen Haperen, who both have studied in Wageningen and farmers, local market and consumers to ensure and Tax. The company built up extensive experience in the Philippines, to the new varieties will meet the local demands. has 1600 employees, of look at the local varieties and to optimise the growing which half are working techniques. Their experiments have paid off. The The Farm in the Netherlands. Rijk newly introduced growing techniques ensured that The managing director of Q-sem, Harald Peeters, Zwaan has more than the yields more than tripled and they conveyed this holds the same function for Afrisem. The farm has 850 varieties in thirty to the surrounding villagers.” The major changes 20 ha of land with fertile topsoil. The station consists different vegetable crops were growing in raised beds, furrow irrigation, of an office, a workshop and proper personnel sold in over a hundred improved fertilizer management and the raising of facilities. The seed storage and evaluation facilities countries worldwide. seedlings. So far, over a thousand farmers have been are of a high standard. The irrigation is designed in
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 30 14-04-2010 16:15:06 The new tomato varieties 31 quickly gain popularity amongst growers
such a way that on the whole farm drip, sprinkler, input, but is also a barrier for marketing the produce. East-West Seed Group furrow and basin irrigation are possible. “This way Furthermore, the knowledge of vegetable cultiva- East-West Seed Compa- the local farmer’s situation can be stimulated without tion of most farmers is limited. This may hamper ny began in 1982 in Asia, compromising uniformity. In order to avoid wasting farmers to purchase the relative expensive hybrid with the goal of blending breeding time, several temporary greenhouses have seeds. However, farmers who have experience with European-style seeds- been installed”, explains Mr. Van Doornmalen. hybrid varieties are convinced that paying some manship with tropical Training local people is an important task for more money for hybrid seeds is a good investment vegetables. Today, the the current Afrisem crew. Local Tanzanians will and they are quite willing to consider new varieties. company is a multina- be trained to become market-oriented breeders. “That is where the experience of East-West Seed will tional vegetable seed Breeders from Rijk Zwaan and East West world- pay of. They know how to teach farmers to grow producer with a leading wide may exchange visits with the local breeders. improved vegetable varieties with improved growing market position in all “And, of course, the training of the farmers con- technology. East-West Seed Company has shown in major south-east and tinues. On the demonstration field, surrounding tropical Asia that market-oriented variety improve- south Asian vegetable farmers are shown the newest varieties and latest ment accompanied with farmer technology support seed markets. It produc- technologies. Furthermore, farmers can be trained is a recipe for farmers to increase their income.” es, develops and sells on this field as well as on their own fields.” tropical hybrid vegetable Applause seeds that challenge ex- Profit The initiative is received with approval. At the open- isting market situations. Starting an African seed company may not be the ing on 22 October, Dr. David Mathayo, vice-minister smartest thing to do from a commercial point of of Agriculture, came to visit Afrisem. His message: view. “It will take many years before Afrisem will the Tanzanian government will support the com- break even and when we will reach the goal of mak- pany in any way it can. In September 2008, former ing a profit it’s clear that the revenues will be invested secretary-general of the United Nations, Kofi Annan in the company”, says Anton Van Doornmalen. “But and his wife, Nane Maria, visited Rijk Zwaan in De that does not stop us investing in Africa. And that Lier, the Netherlands. Today, Mr. Annan is one of goes not only for the three families that have the the twelve members of the Global Elders, a group majority shareholding, our employees who hold 14% of former statesmen who use their experience to of the shares, could not agree more. They are very solve global problems, and chairman of the board proud that we can make a difference in Arusha.” of agra, the Alliance for a Green Revolution in He does not close his eyes to the many obstacles Africa. He applauded the initiative of Rijk Zwaan and that Afrisem has to overcome. The infrastructure East-West Seed Company and expressed the hope is poor. Despite the many tourists that visit nearby that more professional seed companies would follow Mount Kilimanjaro, the Serengeti national Park and this example. After all, it makes a real difference if the Ngorongoro Crater, the roads around Arusha are an African farmer is able to produce high quality bad. That makes it harder for farmers to purchase vegetables that can be sold on the local market.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 31 14-04-2010 16:15:07 Propagating Material and Biodiversity EU makes way for traditional varieties
Kees van Ettekoven
32 The questions of Until recently, the legislation regarding the criteria which are applied for testing such variet- biodiversity and the marketing of propagation material of agricultural ies for entry in the National Lists of the member conservation of plant and vegetable varieties created problems for the states, e.g. they do not fulfil the uniformity require- genetic resources are distribution of landraces and traditional variet- ments and/or fail the vcu (Value for Cultural Use) gaining in interest ies. As a result, the maintenance in situ of certain requirements. Amateur varieties are threatened and importance. The types of landraces and varieties which have been because the financial income for the producers establishment of the traditionally grown in particular localities and of these varieties is often very small, relative to Convention on Biological regions was threatened by genetic erosion (conser- the small quantities that are marketed. With such Diversity and the vation varieties). Another type of variety that could incomes, the costs for a normal dus (Distinct- International Treaty on be considered to be in danger of disappearing is ness, Uniformity and Stability) test are too high. Plant Genetic Resources the amateur varieties; varieties with no intrinsic Since a high level of biodiversity is valued in the for Food and Agriculture value for commercial crop production but devel- European Union, applied legislation was estab- are living proof of oped for cultivation under particular conditions. lished to enable both conservation varieties and that. The European amateur varieties to enter the National Lists and, Union has established Plant genetic resources consequently, the eu Common Catalogues. Under new legislation that It was felt that such varieties should be grown and this legislation, a balance is reached between the regulates the marketing marketed, even where they do not comply with the severe criteria for ‘normal’ varieties, which can of conservation and general requirements as regards the acceptance of be marketed in the whole European Union after amateur varieties. varieties and the marketing of seed. In addition to the listing without restriction, and the more lenient general aim of protecting plant genetic resources, the criteria for conservation varieties and amateur particular interest of preserving these varieties lies in varieties, that allow restricted marketing. the fact that they are suitable for growth under par- ticular climatic, pedological or agro-technical condi- New legislation tions (such as manual care, repeated harvesting). Two new directives, one for agricultural species and Landraces and regional varieties (conservation one for vegetable species, were established. In these varieties) are threatened because they do not fulfil the directives, a number of deviations are described
Quantitative restrictions for the marketing of seed of vegetable conservation varieties Maximum number of hectares per Member State for production of vegetable per conservation varieties
Allium cepa L. - Cepa group Allium cepa L. - Allium fistulosum L. Brassica oleracea L. Aggregatum group Allium schoenoprasum L. Brassica rapa L. Allium porrum L. Anthriscus cerefolium Capsicum annuum L. Allium sativum L. (L.) Hoffm. Cichorium intybus L. Beta vulgaris L. Apium graveolens L. Cucumis melo L. Citrullus lanatus Asparagus officinalis L. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (Thunb.) Matsum. Cichorium endivia L. Cynara cardunculus L. et Nakai Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Daucus carota L. Cucumis sativus L. Nyman ex A. W. Hill Lactuca sativa L. Cucurbita pepo L. Phaseolus coccineus L. 40Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 2010Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Raphanus sativus L. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Solanum melongena L. Rheum rhabarbarum L. Pisum sativum L.(partim) Spinacia oleracea L. Scorzonera hispanica L. Vicia faba L.(partim) Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr. Zea mays L.(partim)
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 32 14-04-2010 16:15:07 cies over time, or reduction of the ge- 33 netic basis of a species due to human intervention or environmental change. Landrace: a set of populations or clones of a plant species which are naturally adapted to the environ- mental conditions of their region. Amateur variety or variety developed for growing under particular conditions: a variety with no intrinsic value for commercial crop production but de- veloped for growing under particular conditions. A variety shall be con- sidered as having been developed for growing under particular conditions if it has been developed for grow- ing under particular agro-technical, climatic or pedological conditions.
DUS Provisions as regards distinctness, uniformity and stability (dus crite- ria) may be decided by the Member State, provided the characteristics shall apply which are referred to in: - the technical questionnaires as- sociated with the test protocols of the Community Plant Variety Office (cpvo), or the technical questionnaires of the Guidelines of the International Union for the in the situation for ‘normal’ varieties. When the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (upov). conservation varieties and amateur varieties fulfil - for the assessment of uniformity for cross pol- these more lenient criteria, they will be added to the linated varieties, the normal rules apply (relative Common Catalogue with a special reference. Mate- uniformity related to the group of conservation or rial may be marketed with certain restrictions to the amateur varieties). For self-pollinating varieties, region of marketing (conservation varieties) and/or where the uniformity level is established on the basis the maximum quantity. Special information has to of off-types, a population standard of 10% and an ac- be mentioned on the labels to inform the grower. ceptance probability of at least 90% shall be applied.
Definitions Requirements Conservation in situ: the conservation of genetic materi- No official examination shall be required if the al in its natural surroundings and, in the case of culti- following information is sufficient for the decision vated plant species, in the farmed environment where on the acceptance of the conservation varieties: they have developed their distinctive properties. - the description of the conservation variety and its Genetic erosion: the loss of genetic diversity between denomination; and within populations or varieties of the same spe- - the results of unofficial tests;
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 33 14-04-2010 16:15:08 Seed at its best
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prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 34 14-04-2010 16:15:09 For amateur varieties 35 the eu has established more lenient criteria
- knowledge gained from practical experience dur- varieties, the words ‘variety developed for grow- ing cultivation, reproduction and use as notifi ed ing under particular conditions’ shall be added. by the applicant to the Member State concerned; - other information, in particular from the plant Agricultural conservation genetic resource authorities or from organisations varieties recognized for this purpose by the Member States. Each Member State shall ensure that, for each Exclusion of acceptance: Excluded are varieties that conservation variety, the quantity of seed marketed are already listed in the common catalogue of does not exceed 0.5% of the seed of the same species varieties, or if they have been deleted from that used in that Member State in one growing season, common catalogue within the last two years, or a quantity necessary to sow 100 ha, whichever is or if it is protected by plant variety right, or the greater. For the species Pisum sativum, Triticum an application for such a right is pending. spp., Hordeum vulgare, Zea mays, Solanum tuberosum, Denomination: The normal denomination rules ap- Brassica napus and Helianthus annuus, that percent- ply. However, if the denomination was known before age shall not exceed 0.3%, or a quantity neces- 5 May 2000, derogation from these rules is possible. sary to sow 100 ha, whichever is the greater. Region of origin: Conservation varieties are However, the total quantity of seed of conservation linked to a region; the region of origin. Mainte- varieties marketed in each Member State shall not nance, production and marketing should take exceed 10% of the seed of the species concerned used place in these regions. It is possible to nominate yearly in the Member State. In cases where this leads additional regions for production and sales. to a quantity lower than necessary to sow 100 ha, the Quantitative restrictions: Each Member State shall maximum amount of seed of the species concerned ensure that, for each conservation variety, the used yearly in the Member State may be increased in quantity of seed marketed per year does not exceed order to reach the quantity necessary to sow 100 ha. the quantity necessary for producing vegetables on a given number of hectares. For amateur variet- ies, the quantitative restriction is given by defi ning the maximum net weight of the small packages. Labelling: In principle, the normal labels may be used, provided they include the words ‘certifi ed seed of a conservation variety’ or ‘standard seed of a conservation variety’; and the region of produc- tion is added for conservation varieties. For amateur
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 35 14-04-2010 16:15:10 On the Threshold of Changing Legislation EU attempts to reduce red tape and decrease bureaucracy
John van Ruiten
36 Within the general ‘Better regulations’ is one of the key priorities that promotes the competitiveness of eu companies. EU policy of creating of the European Commission. It is a major effort ‘better regulations’, the to improve the quality of existing rules. It wants to Proposals legislation surrounding achieve important goals, such as ensuring a fair and This spring, the eu Commission is develop- the marketing of competitive market, protecting health, providing ing proposals for this legislation. What is very propagation material safety, stimulating innovation and preserving the important in the process is that a so-called and the phytosanitary natural environment. It also aims to reduce ‘red tape’ ‘impact assessment’ is required before a fi- directive are now also and decrease unnecessary bureaucracy. Politicians nal legislative proposal can be made. subject to a process have given the eu Commission the task of provid- It is expected that various ‘new topics/ of evaluation and ing better regulation by also making the decision- proposals’ will be reviewed, such as: improvement. making process more accessible and involving a - crops of minor importance in ms/eu are regulated broad range of stakeholders in policy development. differently (fewer requirements); - introduction of fvo (Food and Veterinary Office) Marketing directives audits to stimulate the harmonised implementation At this time, the eu has twelve directives on the in ms; marketing of seed and plant propagating material - other possibilities for carrying out dus/vcu tests (see table). The oldest ones, in agricultural species (possibly under supervision and/or at other loca- and forestry, originate from 1966. The most recent tions); ones are the directives developed in the early 90’s, - introduction of a formal link with eu policy such as on ornamentals, fruit crops and young vegetable human health, food safety, plant protection prod- plants. The directives are aimed at safeguard- ucts, plant health and biodiversity; ing the identity, quality and health of propagating - a proposal to include public health criteria into vari- material that is marketed. The main elements are ety registration (eg. safeguarding mycotoxins); suppliers’ registration, variety registration, super- - to intensify the role of cpvo (Community Plant vision and control and certification/labelling. Variety Office in Angers) also for registration of non In 2007, the eu ordered an external consultant, pbr protected varieties; fcec (Food Chain and Evaluation Consortium), - online common catalogues and databases. to start reviewing and evaluating the existing Stakeholders are invited to participate in the present legislation. Through a process of questionnaires, ‘creation of proposals’ in a specific working group. interviews and meetings, the consultant fcec It is expected that at the end of 2010/start of 2011, produced an evaluation report in 2008. Based legislative proposals will be published/presented. on that report, presented on 18 March 2009 to competent authorities and stakeholders, the Plant health regime eu Commission formulated an Action Plan. In 2009, the Commission also started the evalu- The overall aim is to go from these twelve directives ation and modernisation of the Common Plant to one single horizontal Seed Law. It also aims to Health Regime (cphr). Essentially, the most create better harmonization of the implementation important legislation is the eu phytosanitary direc- in the Member States. And the Commission wants tive 2000/29. This directive regulates the healthy to simplify the system in order to reduce administra- movement of seeds/plants and plant products. tive costs (both for authorities and for companies). Within the eu, ‘plant passport’ requirements form Furthermore, the Commission wants to improve the the basis of safeguarding the prevention of harmful link between eu regulations and global/international organisms being transmitted. The plant passport standards (like oecd), and wants the eu to play a key is an official document, usually provided by the role in the global setting of standards. Of course, the supplier, but issued under the responsibility of the most important objective of this legislation remains: phytosanitary authority. It states that the mate- John van Ruiten is director of to ensure the availability of good Seeds and Planting rial mentioned on the passport has come from a Naktuinbouw, the Netherlands Material, that meets the expectations of users and production location that has been found to be free of
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Prophyta 2010.indd 36 14-04-2010 16:15:10 37
harmful organisms. The directive also regulates the sion. The most important topics that were pre- import of plants into the eu from third countries. sented and that will, therefore, possibly lead The Commission again gave consultant fcec the to further action (future legislation) were: task of carrying out the evaluation. They started inclusion of more invasive alien species with impact in summer 2009 and it is expected that the re- on environment and also on animal/human health; port of fcec will be completed and presented deciding on the list of ho’s (harmful organisms). to both the Commission and to stakeholders in Priorities in inspection and eradication programs (fo- the autumn of 2010. The evaluation should cover cussing on major threats) have to be made regarding both the general directive and also specific eu the limited resources of governments for phytosani- phytosanitary emergency measures and spe- tary programs; cific control directives. The fcec should also be - introduction of rnqp’s (Regulated Non Quarantine fully aware of the requirements for coherence Pests) into legislation (either Seed Law or Phyto- with legislation on Seeds and Planting Material sanitary Law); - strengthen the measures in relation to imports by Evaluation more collaboration with exporting third counties, Recently, on 23-24 February 2010, fcec pre- intensified import inspections, post-entry quaran- sented its ‘interim evaluation results’ in a Brus- tine and/or post-entry inspections; sels Conference on ‘Modernising cphr in - developing better programs for harmonised surveil- view of globalisation and climate change’. lance for priority/major ho’s in the eu; Many topics were on the table for discus- - harmonization of the plant passport document/ logo and the inspection system when issuing these passports; EU directives on the marketing of seeds/planting material - using more pro-active pra’s (Pest Risk Assessment) 66/401 on the marketing of fodder plant seed to decide on policy about potential threats; 66/402 on the marketing of cereal seed - coming to more rapid notification, early action and 68/193 on the marketing of wine plant propagating material appropriate prompt eradication and surveillance 92/33 on the marketing of vegetable plants plans when new organisms have entered the eu; 92/34 on the marketing of fruit plants (will be - developing a system with more incentives for renewed in 2012 : Directive 2008/90) private operators to improve both awareness and 98/56 on the marketing of ornamental plants cooperation in phytosanitary policies. 99/105 on the marketing of forest reproductive material It is expected that in 2011 and 2012, both an action 2002/53 common catalogue of varieties of agricultural species plan and legislative proposals will be developed 2002/54 on the marketing of beet seed by the eu Commission. In 2012/2013, an impact 2002/55 on the marketing of vegetable seed assessment will be made. A new Phytosanitary Law 2002/56 on the marketing of seed potatoes might be expected by 2014. Considering the points 2002/57 on the marketing of oil and fibre plant seed discussed at the conference, it is to be expected The full text of these directives can be found (in all that there will be a future expansion and intensi- eu languages) on the website eur-Lex fication of phytosanitary programs and policies.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 37 14-04-2010 16:15:11 Green Biotechnology Making genomic breeding affordable for more companies
Charles Frink
38 Genetwister Genetwister Technologies uses expression detail, because much of this information is still Technologies, located profiling and functional genomic approaches, in confidential, but they do concern smaller crops.” in Wageningen, combination with proprietary software, to identify the Netherlands, and isolate genes involved in various physiological Could you cite a unique selling point, specializes in genomic and developmental processes. These genes are used philosophy or approach that distinguishes breeding and green as biomarkers for genomic breeding, as tools in you from competitors, such as Keygene? biotechnology of agri green biotechnology and are used to create diag- “From the outset, we focused on gene activity, or cultural and horti nostic tests. The company was founded in 1998. what is usually called transcriptomics or functional cultural crops. Prophyta genomics, and have developed applications and spoke with Douwe de Your competitor, Keygene, was founded in Wageningen software based on these approaches. By implement- Boer, co-founder and in 1989 by a consortium of vegetable seed ing this approach, we can tackle certain genetic managing director companies. Starting out nearly a decade later, did problems more easily. For example, we can deal of Genetwister. Genetwister initially focus on vegetable breeders? with crops having very large genomes, for which “From the beginning, in 1998, we worked with genetic modification is less suitable. We have vegetable breeding companies, but this was not always worked with ornamental crops, some of the primary focus. We initially focused on the which have very large genomes. Another important full range of horticultural crops, which of course distinction is that we focus on a variety of crops, includes vegetables. Vegetables have remained not only vegetables. This enables us to compare an important product, but we have increased crops and choose elements from the approaches the number of projects with field crops. These used for various crops. As a result, the approaches include sugarcane and especially energy crops, and expertise gained for one group become increas- such as crops for biodiesel. Our strategy has been ingly useful for other groups. Finally, because we to develop across the entire range of crops.” concentrate on developing lower-cost technologies, we can expand our range of clients and do not have The costs of genomic breeding, where genetic tools to focus exclusively on the largest customers.” are used in conventional breeding and selection, are still dauntingly high for many breeders. Due to rapid Who are your main clients? advances in technology, will there be a price drop “Our main clients are plant breeders, but we also that will give smaller breeders access to these tools? have clients in primary agricultural production, both “The costs of genomic breeding are indeed high, but food and non-food, and we are involved with compa- it is a matter of opinion if they are ‘dauntingly high’. nies in processing and trade. Clients from the pro- We not only try to make the technology accessible for duction chain have different needs than breeders. For smaller breeders, but also for crops with a smaller example, traders want to have marker discovery for market and ‘difficult crops’, i.e. crops that have not diagnostic purposes, while breeders primarily want been compatible with genomic breeding until now. technologies to be developed for genomic breeding. We are involved with various projects specifically in We have clients across the entire production chain: order to make genomic breeding more affordable.” food crops, ornamentals and industrial crops.”
What are these smaller crops? A second competitor is PRI, also located in Wageningen. “We work a great deal with ornamental crops. By It is a public-funded research institute (part of definition, ornamentals are crops with a smaller Wageningen University and Research Centre), but market, and here as well, we attempt to develop a takes an entrepreneurial approach. How do feel marker-driven approach. In the vegetable segment about competing with a public research institute? there are also many smaller crops to which genomic “I would turn the question around. There are breeding can now be applied; everything is get- relatively few start-ups in Wageningen. This says ting cheaper and alternative approaches have been something about the possibility of competing developed. I cannot discuss the projects in too much with a strong public research institute. If you look
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Prophyta 2010.indd 38 14-04-2010 16:15:11 Is your interest in Africa and Asia part of a long-term strategy? “Our interest in these regions is indeed part of a long-term strategy. We are already very ac- tive in many parts of Asia. We are active in In- dia, we have a joint venture in Malaysia and we are working intensively in Thailand with one of our partners. As a biotech company, our long- term strategy is to be active worldwide.”
What about China? “China is a very interesting market, but a very dif- ficult one, much more difficult than south-east Asia and India. We are active in China with a number of Douwe de Boer: projects and local frameworks of cooperation, but it 39 ‘We concentrate on remains a very difficult country in which to operate. developing lower-cost It not only has a totally different culture, which is technologies, so we can difficult for us to fathom, but it also tends towards expand our range of isolation. With an internal market comprising one- clients and do not have fifth of the world population, they can apparently to focus exclusively on afford to do so. China is not yet strong in genomic the largest customers’ breeding, but is very strong in genomics and genome sequencing. The potential in China is enormous, and this is why we have chosen to remain active there. The question is whether this strategy will be ultimately successful. We have been approached for at other universities, such institutes are not pres- strategic cooperation, but everything in China is ent, and you see many more start-ups. It is clearly concentrated at university level. The development an impediment to have a public research institute of technologies for companies often takes place at like pri, which is essentially an unfair competitor. the universities. As a commercial company, it is very We have to fund our development largely from our difficult for us to work on product development with own means. To compete with them, we have always a university group. Moreover, in China everything tried to distinguish ourselves with aspects such as tends to disappear into a ‘black hole’. You can protect greater flexibility and better client orientation.” your intellectual property, but holding the rights and enforcing them are two very different things.” Plant genetics expertise has traditionally been concentrated in the Wageningen area. Is there now Your company recently entered a strategic alliance enough concentration and scale to make Wageningen with Bejo Zaden and the East-West Seed Group. into the Gene Valley of the Netherlands, or of Europe? This partnership includes acquisition of shares of “There is indeed a respectable concentration of Genetwister and rapid implementation of genomic companies in Wageningen that focus on genomic breeding technology in the breeding programmes breeding and plant biotechnology. Wageningen of both seed companies. The partners will also certainly distinguishes itself from other regions in join Genetwister’s advisory board. Do you see this respect. But it is not for me to say if Wageningen new synergies developing from this alliance? is the Gene Valley of the Netherlands or Europe. In “These are our first strategic alliances, but we any case, you can say that Wageningen is where plant are involved with establishing a number of oth- genetics research and development is concentrated in ers, which will be announced in due course. Due the Netherlands, and that we also take a prominent to the shared knowledge and expertise from these place in Europe, although there are of course univer- companies, these alliances enable us to increase sities elsewhere in Europe that are active in this area.” our development in fields such as bioinformatics, specifically in areas with market importance. As In 2006 the Genetwister Group was established a result, we can focus our research efforts much to provide structure for the many joint ventures more effectively on useful applications. Due to the with partners and affiliates in Africa and alliance, we can not only continue our development, Asia. What are some of these companies? but we have also acquired the means to acceler- “You could describe these companies as local ate this development. This is the primary synergy. service providers for biotechnology. They also The advisory role of these strategic partners will operate as agents for Genetwister. We have com- give us a much clearer focus. For these companies, panies in these regions that acquire research the advantages are obvious: accelerated imple- projects for us. Locally, the companies earn mentation of specific genomic and bioinformatics money by providing applied research services.” applications in their operational management.”
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Prophyta 2010.indd 39 14-04-2010 16:15:12 Lookalikes Or Essentially Derived Varieties Snow White is not a fairy tale
Jaap Kras
40 Nine years ago the Breeder’s rights are all about balancing. On the White’) and ‘Summer Snow’. On 9 February 2004, Dutch company, one hand, it protects the intellectual properties eu breeder’s rights were granted for these two new Astée, introduced two of the breeder and the financial gains that come varieties. Danziger claimed that these two variet- gypsophila varieties. with it. On the other hand, the ultimate goal is to ies were essentially derived from its variety ‘Mil- The Israeli company, stimulate variety improvement and, therefore, the lion Star’ (breeder’s rights name ‘Dangypmini’), Danziger, claimed that use of protected varieties in breeding programmes, protected by eu breeder’s rights since 13 July 1998. both varieties were the so-called breeder’s exemption. The introduc- Based on a dna test, Danziger concluded that essentially derived from tion of the concept ‘essentially derived variety’ (edv) ‘Blancanieves’ was a polyploid version of ‘Million their ‘Million Star’. In in 1991 should have balanced the objectives. The Star’ and, therefore, an edv. As a consequence, 1995, the Civil Court legislation, however, comes at a price as breeders Astée needed permission from Danziger for com- in The Hague, the have not stopped crossing swords over this matter. mercialization of the variety. The two parties did Netherlands, decided not agree and the case came before the court in The in favour of Astée, and Source of debate Hague, the Netherlands, in two lawsuits: a sum- in December 2009 the Breeders have always had the problem of spontane- mary proceedings and a standard procedure. Court of Appeal in the ous mutants. After years of breeding and enormous The Civil Court decided as follows: There are Netherlands subscribed investments, a breakthrough in a crop is found. phenotypical differences in the colour of the its viewpoint. There When the variety is introduced on the market, a leaves, the branching, the flower buds, and the are many lessons farmer may find a mutant solely due to the large flowers themselves. According to experts, ‘Blan- to be learned. number of plants he grows. Another problem is that canieves’ is morphologically spoken not essen- when a breeder introduces a new, successful variety, tially derived. There were at least five, and maybe others may use it to breed a variety that only dif- even twelve, differences in appearance between fers from the original one in a minor aspect. Today, ‘Blancanieves’ and ‘Million Star’. The court con- these plants are protected by edv-regulations. firmed that there were too many phenotypical Until 1991, the introduction of a variety depended on differences and, therefore, it was not an edv. one question only: does it fulfil the requirements to be granted breeder’s rights - yes or no? Today, there Appeal are two questions to be answered: can the authori- On 29 December 2009, the Court of Appeal in The ties grant the variety breeder’s rights on its own, or Hague appealed against the decision in this case. is it an essential derived variety? In the latter case, The important question was the interpretation of the permission of the breeder of the initial variety articles. 13, 6 sub a and c of the eu Plant Variety is required to commercialize the new variety. This Protection versus the text of art. 14,5 b (iii) of upov. second question is a very difficult one, because The latter says: ‘…while retaining the expression all life on earth is derived from living parents. of the essential characteristics that result from the The word ‘essential’ has therefore become a source genotype or combination of genotypes of the initial of fierce debate. The discussion is concentrated on variety’. This sentence is absent in the EU legisla- the problem of how large the distance between vari- tion. The European Plant Variety Protection Act eties must be, before it can be claimed to be new and states that one of the conditions used to conclude not essentially derived. Should a begonia that only that a variety is an edv is that it is predominantly differs from an existing variety in that the root is not derived from an initial variety, or from a variety yellowish brown but brownish yellow deserve inde- that is itself predominantly derived from an initial pendent breeder’s rights? The decision of the Court variety, while retaining the expression of the es- of Appeal in the Netherlands clarifies the matter. sential characteristics that result from the genotype or combination of genotypes of the initial variety. Snow White The Court of Appeal decided both articles should In September 2001, the Dutch company, Astée, be interpreted likewise. So the question was: what brought two new gypsophila varieties on the is important, only the morphological conformity or market named ‘Blancanieves’ (Spanish for ‘Snow also the genetic conformity? The court’s answer is
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Prophyta 2010.indd 40 14-04-2010 16:15:12 Lookalikes Or Essentially Derived Varieties Snow White is not a fairy tale
41
that for a variety to be an edv, both phenotypic as results of these dna-tests are unreliable. aflp is well as genotypic conformity is required. Based on per definition unfit to decide on these questions, as the upov treaty, the Court of Appeal agrees with the 230-260 markers are not sufficient. The aflp mark- Civil Court and says: only one or a few differences are ers are not well spread over the whole genome but allowed to conclude a variety is an edv. The argu- form clusters, and for reliable research one has to ment that because of polyploidisation (interpreted take the whole genome into account. to be mutation breeding) an unlimited number of - For ornamentals, morphological characteristics are differences are allowed for the new variety to be essential for the value of a plant. still qualified as an edv, has been swept aside. More lessons Lessons It has also become obvious from this case that go- The court stated further very important things: ing into court is expensive and time-consuming. - The demands formulated in art. 13,6 of upov are Before the court came to this, for Astée favourable, cumulative. That means an edv has to fulfil all the decision, Astée went into bankruptcy in September demands formulated in this article. 2009 and did not gain from its victory. It took years - The proof whether or not a variety is an edv is up to to come this far and if this case goes to the Supreme the breeder of the original variety, who has to prove Court, it will take at least another year before a final the claim. decision will be made. To make things worse, Astée - Whether or not a variety is an edv depends not only has not been granted any compensation for image on phenotypical but also on genotypical character- damage or lost turnover. All in all, the conflict as to istics. whether or not ‘Snow White’ is an edv from ‘Mil- - The differences between the four aflp analyses are lion Star’ only produced losers and no winners. enormous, which leads to the conclusion that the
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 41 14-04-2010 16:15:14 Why Plants Grow in Tissue Culture Questions, answers and exciting prospects
Geert-Jan de Klerk
42 Nutrient media The rate of propagation in vitro is usually many distances, but very slow over large distances. Ac- used in plant tissue times higher than the rate of vegetative propaga- cording to Fick’s law, diffusion over 1 meter takes culture contain all the tion in vivo. The high propagation rate is achieved 32 years, over 2 cm one week, and over 50 µm 2.5 components necessary by activation of axillary buds (breaking of apical seconds. Therefore, plants use water flow in the for growth: sucrose for dominance) and by enhanced adventitious regenera- vascular tissues for long-distance transport. energy and as a source tion of new meristems. In addition, many propaga- Polar auxin transport is a notable exception. In this of building blocks, tion cycles may be performed per year instead of only case, randomness of movement – the reason for inorganic nutrients, one or only a few. In plants growing in the field, the the slowness of long-distance movement – does plant hormones and relative growth rate (rgr; g dw increase.g-1.day-1) not occur because of the location of auxin ef- vitamins. It is usually is 0.1 – 0.3. Because of the abundance of inorganic flux carriers at the basal side of cells. The extreme taken for granted that nutrients and water, and because of the constant slowness of diffusion relative to movement via these compounds reach high temperature, one might expect a higher rgr water flow is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows the target tissues in in vitro. However, the rgr of shoot cultures is the major steps in the movement of compounds the explants (among relatively low, ca. 0.1. In lily, growth in vitro is even in the nutrient medium to the target tissues. others growing tissues) much less than ex vitro. This paper discusses the in adequate amounts. causes of poor growth in vitro. On the basis of this, Movement in the medium In this article it is new methods may be developed to boost growth. In solidified medium without shoots, movement of shown that this is not solutes via water flow is negligible, but when shoots self-evident and that Movement of solutes are cultured, massive water flow occurs within the the movement of Solutes (compounds dissolved in water) move solidified medium. This flow can be visualized medium components is in two ways: (1) by diffusion and (2) by ‘hitch- with dyes. The water flow is part of a water-cycle probably suboptimal, ing’ with the water flow. Diffusion is driven by from medium to shoot to headspace and back resulting in inferior random thermal agitation and is fast over short into the medium. The cycle is driven by transpira- growth. Understanding the mechanisms of movement of solutes solidified medium in vivo and in tissue culture offers new possibilities for enhancement of growth in vitro.
liquid medium
Figure 1. Diffusion of a dye, acid fuchsin, in medium solidified with agar and in liquid medium. Note the slow diffusion on the agar medium start 15 minutes 4 hours 24 hours
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Prophyta 2010.indd 42 14-04-2010 16:15:15 flux of components 8 flux of components
6 roots per slice 4
3 movement in plant 2 nearby scattered 0 43 1 movement in medium 1 3 10 30 100 300 2 uptake IAA [µM]
Figure 2. Translocation of medium components Figure 3. Rooting of apple stem slices. The slices to the target tissues in the explant were cultured close to one another (‘nearby’) or scattered in the Petri dish. Note that the ‘nearby’- slices required a higher concentration of auxin in the medium to achieve maximal rooting
tion from the leaves which may reach 0.2-0.6 ml and wound periderm is formed. In vitro, this also per day for a cluster of 5 shoots (see below). lacks a cuticle. Uptake by shoots in liquid medium When a medium component acts only for a short may occur via the leaves, presumably via the stomata. period (a few days), local exhaustion of the medium is evident. An example is auxin during adventitious Transport in the explants root formation. Auxin only acts during the formation As mentioned previously, in plants growing in of root meristems, a process occurring within a few vivo, the vascular system is used for long-distance days. This period is too short for adequate replenish- transport. The xylem transports inorganic com- ment of auxin taken up from the medium. Thus, for pounds from the roots and is driven by transpiration explants that are at close distance, a higher level of of water from the leaves. The phloem transports auxin (twice as much) is required to achieve maxi- organics from source to sink tissues, in particular mal rooting than for scattered explants (Figure 3). to growing tissues. Water movement in the phloem In this respect, it should also be noted that agar is driven by an osmotically generated pressure is slightly negatively charged. Because of this, gradient between source and sink (the pressure- diffusion of bivalent cations (Ca++, Mg++, etc.) flow model). Plants have specific mechanisms is reduced. Gelrite, another common solidifying for uploading and unloading of the phloem. agent, is an anion with coo- groups. Therefore, In tissue culture, both inorganics and carbohydrates in medium solidified with gelrite, diffusion of have to move upwards in the plant. It is probable bivalent cations is lower than in agar. It is well that water flow in the xylem plays a major role. It is known that the efficiency of kanamycin (a cation), not known whether the phloem also plays a role. Is is reduced in medium solidified with gelrite. transport via the flow in the xylem the main trans- port route for sucrose and are plants sufficiently Uptake by the explant flexible to direct sucrose to the growing tissues? Medium components reach the interface of explants As mentioned above, transpiration occurs in tissue and medium by diffusion and by the water flow de- culture but this has never been examined. We have scribed above. The cuticle is a major obstacle for the analyzed this in a simple experiment. Shoots were uptake into the explant. The cuticle consists of cutin placed in eppendorf tubes with nutrient medium and waxes and this makes the epidermis almost im- and the tubes were transferred to a container with permeable for water-soluble compounds. Thus much medium. The loss of water from the tubes was uptake occurs via the cut surface. Obviously uptake measured and found to be ca. 30 µl per cm2 leaf per by protoplasts, cells and callus that are not covered day, a small percentage of the transpiration of in-vivo by a cuticle, is much quicker than uptake by shoots. plants. This is probably not enough to supply the After some period of time, the cut surface is repaired growing tissues with sufficient nutrients as shown
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Prophyta 2010.indd 43 14-04-2010 16:15:15 Figure 4. Dahlia after a subculture on static liquid medium (left) and on agar. Note the rapid growth on liquid medium. Note also top necrosis on agar medium (indicated by arrows). Top necrosis is caused by too low a Ca2+ level in the tissue
liquid medium agar
44 by the increased growth in liquid medium. When shoot cultured in vitro. The answer for shoots is shoots are cultured in a low level of static liquid clear. In tissue culture a water cycle occurs: water medium or in temporary immersion bioreactors, is taken up and transported to the leaves, trans- growth increases several-fold (Figure 4). The reason pired into the headspace and then condensates for the increased growth is not known but may very back into the medium. Medium components well be as a result of the uptake of nutrients by the move with this cycle to the target tissues. leaves so that the distance between the site of uptake When components are also taken up by leaves and the growing tissues is significantly reduced. (in liquid medium and in Temporary Immersion Bioreactors) growth is boosted. This suggests that Conclusion the water cycle supplies insufficient components The title of this paper addresses the question of to obtain maximum growth. If the capacity of how plants can grow in tissue culture. The ratio- the cycle can be enhanced, growth will be greatly nale of this question is that diffusion is too slow increased. pri will initiate experiments on this. to supply sufficient medium components to a We are breathing tissue culture
Breathing? Yes, we think, we talk and perform tissue culture, being perfectionists in this technique. So one could honestly say that we are committed to and identify ourselves with high quality performance for our customers. Our portfolio stretches from ornamentals, vegetables, fruit, forestry, sugarcane, potato to pharmaceuticals. Highly qualified personnel handle your valuable products with care and passion.
Pine embryos
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Prophyta 2010.indd 44 14-04-2010 16:15:17 Seed Valley UC Davis creates cradle for new breeders
Monique Krinkels
The north-western Of old, the north-western part of the Netherlands infl uence, and invest in attracting skilled personnel. 45 part of the Netherlands has been the centre of vegetable and ornamental The latter is one of the major problems all agricul- proudly calls itself seed production, breeding and seed technology. tural and horticultural companies are facing. Skilled ‘Seed Valley’. With Since 2008, it has been nicknamed Seed Valley. When labourers are diffi cult to come by, but academics are a nudge and a wink you name a region as fl at as the northern part of the also hard to fi nd. As everywhere around the globe, to its successful role Netherlands a valley, there must be something more breeders in particular have become scarce in the model, Silicon Valley, it to it. It is a metonym that refers to a concentration of Netherlands and, thus, in its north-western province. hopes to strengthen the over 35 companies involved in breeding, producing, regional economics by treating and selling seeds, cuttings and young plants. Hope cooperation between But there is hope that the tide is turning. In March, companies. This year it Namesake the newly founded European Plant Breeding Acad- is supporting the start For over a century, the region has been the cradle of emy started a two year course in Europe. Over a of the European Plant many new vegetable and ornamental varieties and, period of 36 days, individuals already involved in Breeding Academy. as such, has a name to uphold. Just as Silicon Valley, breeding will be able to attend a course at master the high-tech businesses in an area south of San level and become fully trained plant breeders. This Francisco, usa, is named after the most important is being organised by the Davis Plant Breeding compound in computer chips, Seed Valley refers to Academy of the University of California in partner- the most important product of the north-western ship with European institutions and associations. part of the Netherlands. Five of the most important The University of California at Davis has a long global vegetable seed producers have a branch, if history in breeding. From the late 1940s on, it has re- not their head offi ces, in Seed Valley: Bejo Zaden, leased new varieties in numerous crops, from walnut Enza Zaden, Nickerson-Zwaan (part of Limagrain), to strawberry and from barley to grapes. In 2006, it Seminis (part of Monsanto) and Syngenta. started a part-time course consisting of six modules The Seed Valley Foundation is focused on cooperat- of six days alongside the full-time undergraduate ing in several fi elds. The member companies want to and graduate study programmes. The programme form a knowledge centre, cooperate in pre-competi- covers genetics, statistics, and plant breeding and is tive research, strengthen their economic and political designed to balance lectures, discussions, workshops and fi eld trips with commercial breeders to enhance the experience across breeding systems, crops and countries. The principal trainers are Rale Gjuric, Leeuwarden Groningen president and managing director of Haplotech Inc.,
Assen a plant breeding service company in Canada, and Seed Valley Idy van Leeuwen, owner of Breedwise, a training company for plant breeding in the Netherlands. This spring, fourteen students started the course Lelystad Zwolle with the fi rst six day programme in the Seed Amsterdam Biotechnology Centre at uc Davis Department of Netherlands The Hague Utrecht Plant Scien ces. The other locations of the course are
Arnhem Angers in France, Enk huizen in the Netherlands, Germany Barcelona in Spain, and Gatersleben in Germany. ’s-Hertogenbosch The students are employed by Norddeutsche Middelburg Pfl anzenzucht Lembke (npz) in Germany, Chia Tai Co. in Thailand, Monsanto and Semillas Fito in Spain, Bayer CropSciences in Belgium, Deutsche Saatveredelung ag in Germany, Zeraim Gedera Belgium Maastricht Ltd. and Hazera Genetics in Israel, Syngenta in France, and Boreal Plant Breeding Ltd. in Finland.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 45 14-04-2010 16:15:18 Syngenta Seed Care New insecticide seed treatments prove innovative
Charles Frink
46 The main advantages of Syngenta’s CRUISER® is the world’s best-selling - improved early plant stands and more homoge- seed treatment are that insecticide seed treatment brand. In the Netherlands, neous crop growth; minimum quantities three formulations have been approved under the - accurate dosing results in low or negligible residue of active ingredient are Cruiser brand: Cruiser 600 fs for sugar beet seed and levels and optimal efficacy; needed and the method for application on seeds for export (e.g. lettuce and - the treatment remains active for 8-10 weeks after is highly effective and endive for France), Cruiser 350 fs for maize seeds sowing; safe in professional (registration is pending for peas and flax) and Cruiser - reduced labour; less time is needed for crop moni- use. As with all crop 70 WS for fine vegetable seeds, especially lettuce toring; protection products, and endive (registration is pending for brassicas and - reduced input; fewer chemical applications on the however, separate carrots). The latter crops require specific application field. approval is required for technology. The combinations of these techniques Seed treatment also has advantages for seed houses every crop – a lengthy and thiamethoxam are sold under the FarMore brand. and propagators: and expensive process. - coating is a clean and modern process with safe This makes registration Early season pests working conditions; unfeasible for many Cruiser 600 fs is applied to beet seed as a top- - treated seed can be stored with minimal effect on crops. Syngenta Seed coating during a pelleting process, resulting in a germination relative to untreated seed; Care introduces new, pellet containing both seed and seed treatment. - seed can be treated at any time by the seed company; innovative insecticide The active ingredient is absorbed into the seed- - application can be controlled precisely and the dos- treatments. ling during germination, and soil and early season age is very accurate. pests (during the first 30 to 40 days of growth) are intoxicated when they try to feed on the treated Diluted crop. Seed treatment has a minimal impact on According to Henk van der Maarel, key account man- non-target organisms; this is due to the precise ager for Syngenta Seed Care, the active ingredient positioning of the active ingredient and the lower does not actually break down significantly, but is ‘di- amounts applied per ha. Moreover, the exposure risk luted’ as the seedling grows. There are no restrictions is low since only a small area of the field is actually (waiting times) on the sale of lettuce and endive, but covered with plants grown from treated seeds. there is a mrl (Maximum Residue Level) for thiame- Compared to crop spraying, insecticide seed thoxam. “Many crop samples of lettuce and endive treatment has many advantages for growers: have been analysed, and up to now no more than 20% - lower risks for environmental and occupational of the mrl has been found”, says van der Maarel. safety; If stored under cool conditions, the seed treat-
Pant vigour For a number of years, effects of thiamethoxam lies in its “This new research supports what observations have been reported ability to increase the production growers across the globe have of faster emergence, greater of plant-specific proteins. This been experiencing for years”, plant stands, earlier canopy and increase in functional protein stated David Lawrence, Head increased root mass correlated biosynthesis results in a plant of Research and Technology at with seed treatment with with stronger stress defence Syngenta, “that thiamethoxam thiamethoxam. In 2006, based capabilities. Plants treated produces a more vigorous, on laboratory and greenhouse with thiamethoxam therefore higher-yielding crop even when tests conducted at the University have improved ability to deal there is extremely minimal insect of Berlin in Germany and the with adverse environmental pressure.” Syngenta believes University of São Paulo in Brazil, conditions, such as water that this research could point Syngenta concluded that the deficiency, heat shock, pests the way to a potential new class mechanism behind the positive and elevated salt levels. of vigour inducing compounds.
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Prophyta 2010.indd 46 14-04-2010 16:15:18 Pictures courtesy of Syngenta 47
ment remains effective and there is little effect companies to avoid treating larges batches of seed, on germination. “But the problem is always the which could become worthless in case of broken initial quality of the seed. A batch with good resistance. “If Bremia resistance is broken in a vigour and germination can be stored without variety, growers sometimes have to quickly switch problems, but a batch with marginal or poor varieties. This requires flexibility from the seed quality cannot. Germination after storage is al- company. If traditional film coating is used as a seed ways relative to the initial quality”, he explains. treatment on this variety, the seed company could Besides the traditional filmcoating method, propaga- be saddled with a large batch of coated seed that can tors can use two innovative seed treatment methods: perhaps no longer be sold. The Phyto-drip applica- Sanokote® Smart (dummy pill) and Phyto-drip. tion offers more flexibility because the seed can With the Smart method, the live seed is not treated. be treated as required”, explains van der Maarel. Instead, a coated ‘dummy seed’ (pellet contain- ing dead seed) is sown next to the live seed with a FarMore second sowing unit. When the live seed germinates, Besides Cruiser, Syngenta offers other seed treat- it quickly absorbs the active ingredient released from ment products for vegetable seeds: Apron xl and the dummy. Tests have shown that this method is the insecticide Force 20 cs (only in the uk). Syn- equally effective to that used for treated live seed. genta recently received approval for the fungicide, With the Phyto-drip method, a droplet of Cruiser is Wakil xl, for disinfecting peas. Henk van der dripped onto each seed during sowing by the propa- Maarel: “We currently have a number of fungicides gator. A computer controlled unit in development for vegetable crops, which will ensures precise dosage. Accord- ultimately replace the ‘old’ combination of thiram New generation pesticide ing to Syngenta, the drip treat- plus carbendazim. We are also working on solu- The active substance in Cruiser is ment does not affect germination tions for beans. In addition, we have initiated a study thiamethoxam. This is a second generation relative to untreated seed, and the with FarMore iQ, a growth regulator for tomatoes. neonicotinoid from the thianicotinyl subclass. decision to treat the seed can be This product yields more robust plant material.” It works by blocking electron transmission postponed until the last minute. Syngenta is marketing its portfolio of seed treat- (binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors). Another advantage of the above ments for vegetable crops under the FarMore brand. It is highly soluble and is easily transported methods is that it makes it “FarMore is the first comprehensive seed-delivered into the plant, making it an excellent possible to take account of the system that maximizes small-seeded vegetable systemic agent. It also has an immediate changing conditions dur- production by enhancing performance and value. It is contact effect. A strong preventative effect ing the season by selecting the Vegetable SC technology platform under which seeds on some virus transmissions has been other varieties. Any remaining treated with the various seed protection products are demonstrated as well. It is compatible seed is untreated, so there are offered, including insecticides, fungicides, nemati- with integrated pest management no problems with storage or cides and other enhancements”, says Van der Maarel. programmes in many cropping systems. disposal. It also allows seed
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Prophyta 2010.indd 47 14-04-2010 16:15:20 Advantages of Scale Patently Obvious
48 Only five years ago, Monsanto took its first steps into the vegetable world. Today, with an annual revenue of approximately 800 million us$ in vegetables alone, and a portfolio of over 4,000 varieties in twenty major crops, grown in 160 countries, it is a vegetable seed company to be reckoned with. The acquisitions of Seminis, Western Seed, Poloni Semences, Peotec Seeds and De Ruiter Seeds between 2005 and 2008 have helped to create a formidable global market leader.
History 1865 Seminis oldest brand, Asgrow 2000 Monsanto merges with Pharmacia. Vegetable Seeds is established The agricultural division of Pharmacia 1901 Monsanto was founded by John F. Queeny, continues its activities under the name who named it after his wife Olga Monsato Monsanto, as a stand-alone subsidiary Queeny. The first product was saccharine. 2002 Monsanto is spun off from Pharmacia 1945 Monsanto starts producing and becomes a separate company agricultural chemicals 2005 Monsanto celebrates the tenth season that 1945 De Ruiter Seeds is founded biotech crops were planted throughout 1960 The agricultural division of the world. It is also the year in which the Monsanto is established billionth acre was planted with biotech crops 1976 Poloni Seeds is established 2005 Monsanto acquires Seminis, Inc., with 1982 Monsanto scientists are the first to headquarters in Oxnard, California genetically modify a plant cell 2007 Monsanto acquires Western Seed and Poloni 1990 Western Seed is established Semences, a Charentais melon breeding 1996 The Roundup Ready Soybeans are introduced company based in France, and forms the 1999 The Italian based seed company International Seed Group, Inc. (isg) Peotec Seeds is established 2008 Monsanto acquires Peotec as part of isg and De Ruiter Seeds Group
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Prophyta 2010.indd 48 14-04-2010 16:15:22 ‘Monsanto has created a very powerful breeding ground for new varieties’, says Natalia Nagy
pany, as a result of which breeders can focus on a 49 limited field. As a pepper breeder, Natalia Nagy is responsible only for the blocky orange and red sweet Monsanto pepper varieties for heated, protected cultivation. “We work with eight breeders in Europe, Africa and the Middle East, everyone with their own specialisa- tion. Worldwide, Monsanto has 19 pepper breeders. sweeps the That creates a very powerful breeding ground for new varieties”, she says. And that is even truer for the tomato breeders, because that group is larger. The moment Monsanto took over De Ruiter Seeds, breeders were stimulated to discuss their work vegetable openly. “From the outset, monthly meetings were set up. We all speak the same language. Our cultures may be different, but our goals are the same and the technologies we use are very similar.” The tech- nology Monsanto is renowned for, transgenics, is market not the primary technology applied in vegetable crop research. “We use marker assisted breed- ing of course, but we have no plans to introduce transgenic vegetables on the European market. However, Monsanto researchers see benefits for certain crops like sweet corn for the us market.” The communication openness among Monsanto researchers surprised her. “The global organiza- tion enables us to share knowledge and resources across traditional businesses and across the broader Monique Krinkels Until 2008, De Ruiter Seeds was a family-owned corporate Monsanto r&d group. Ultimately, we business, founded by Wouter de Ruiter in 1945. The will be able to supply our customers with the high- company became specialised in vegetable seeds in est quality, best-performing varieties and hybrids order to protect the cultivation of tomatoes, cu- on the market through our product brands.” cumber, aubergines and peppers. Today, De Ruiter Seeds is the brand name of the same products, as Brands part of the Monsanto Vegetable Seed Division (mvs). Many of the companies that came together to form Pepper breeder, Natalia Nagy, has seen the changes mvs will survive as brand names. “We have split first hand since the time she joined De Ruiter Seeds up the product portfolio into open field crops and in 2006. “On the one hand, the changes are huge”, varieties for protected cultivation”, says Marleen she admits, “but at the same time, our goal has van Balkom, Public & Industry Affairs Manager remained the same: to breed innovative vegetable at mvs. “But our vegetable seed business is in the varieties. De Ruiter Seeds was also a multina- process of merging and will become one entity. tional, so that was nothing new to us. The cultural That means substantial co-operation through- change for me, personally, is not that big, as I am out the whole organisation. The increase in scale a Hungarian, studied in the usa and got my PhD is enormous, from 900 employees at De Ruiter in Australia, so I am used to different cultures.” Seeds two years ago to 4,000 at mvs today.” De Ruiter Seeds is the main brand name for the Openness vegetable seeds for protected cultivation, while One of the major changes is the size of the com- Seminis has the open field crops under its wing.
prophyta annual 2010
Prophyta 2010.indd 49 14-04-2010 16:15:22 Family Crop examples Seed drying & equipment Solanaceous tomato, pepper, aubergines Cucurbits squash, cucumber, melon, watermelon, pumpkin AGRATECHNIEK BV from HOLLAND is specialized in drying all kinds of seed. Root and bulb onion, carrot, leek We have more than 35 years of experience with Seed drying and processing technology Large seed sweet corn, garden bean, dry bean, pea Brassica broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, chinese cabbage, radish Flat Screen Sizer for capacity and accuracy Leafy lettuce, spinach, fennel
50 The advantages of scale were shown to pay off at cording to Monsanto’, by Marie-Monique Robin, Fruit Logistica in Berlin. Monsanto’s Vegetable Seeds which describes the far-reaching political influence Division was present with its leading vegetable seeds the company has, and ‘Uncertain peril. Genetic brands, Seminis, De Ruiter Seeds, Peotec Seeds engineering and the future of seeds’ by Claire Hope Flat Screen sizer to calibrate seeds Flat Screen sizer provided with and Western Seed. Presenting ‘Signs of Success’, Cummings, that warns against the decline of the in 7 fractions box tipple unit mvs demonstrated the products and collabora- reservoir of genes, which will harm farmers and sci- tion opportunities the company offers today. entists. Robert Paarlberg, on the other hand, predicts in ‘Starved for science. How biotechnology is being Growing market kept out of Africa’ that we will need genetically modi- The company has close to sixty breeding stations fied crops to feed the increasing world population. around the world and a quarter of the 4,000 em- Whatever the opponents claim, Monsanto is very ployees work in r&d departments. “The research strict about compliance in general. The com- budget for vegetables alone is 180 million us$ per pany applies, for instance, strict rules on human year. That is half a million per day”, says Marleen rights and is against the use of child labour. In Big screen surface result in Flat screen sizers (5 fractions) with Small fl at screen sizer with van Balkom underlining the company’s emphasis addition, the company has a fund for corpo- high capacity and excellent accuracy box tipple units single feeder unit on research. “It gives a breeder new opportuni- rate giving, which finances education and sup- ties”, confirms Natalia Nagy. “I recently visited the plies developing countries with foreign aid. breeding stations in South Korea and Japan. It was It is obvious that the company is a commer- a very informative experience.” Her red and or- cial success. The net revenues for the fiscal year Drying Installations for drying automatically ange pepper varieties are not only grown in Europe 2009 were 11.7 billion us$. Today, the company but are also grown in Canada, New Zealand and is widely recognised for what it is really worth. Japan. “The market is rapidly expanding as the According to Fortune Magazine, it is one of the demand for fresh, year-round produce grows in top 100 companies to work for in 2010, and Cor- North America and Europe. We foresee the same porate Responsibility Magazine listed Monsanto development in Asia, if the economic situation in its ‘100 best corporate citizens’ of 2010 for the continues to change”, states Marleen van Balkom. third consecutive year. Monsanto ranks number 31 “Consumers are looking to fruit and vegetables overall and leads the agricultural products sector. as healthy choices for a healthy Forbes has chosen it as company of the year 2009. lifestyle and are looking to increase In the article ‘The planet versus Monsanto. From Standard box drying installation Installation for drying seed per box Fluid bed dryer for seeds and pellets consumption. Monsanto is put- farming pariah to seed superstar’, Forbes describes individually (open drying system) (closed drying system) ting a lot of effort and resources how Monsanto’s early critics said its seeds were into developing agronomic traits, evil, while today the charge is that Monsanto’s such as harvestable yield, insect- seeds are too good, as the company has come and disease-resistance. In addi- become close to becoming a monopolist in some tion, the company is striving to seed markets. According to chief executive, Hugh improve taste and nutrition for Grant, in Forbes Magazine: “There is a bigger than the consumers and, for instance, ever demand for food. There is no new farmland. shelf life for the retailers.” The business model is that you provide more yield to growers and that you are rewarded for it.” Recognition Cabinet rotation dryer Automation of new and existing Dehumidifi er with adsorption and As Monsanto was the first to drying installations heat pump technology introduce gmo arable crops on the market, the company has been subject to vicious criticism for years. Recently, several books about P.O. Box 91 • 1760 AB Anna Paulowna (The Netherlands) the company have been published, amongst others ‘The world ac- Tel. +31 223 522824 •fax +31 223 521949 prophyta annual 2010 SEED DRYING INSTALLATIONS & EQUIPMENT [email protected] • www.agratechniek.com
Prophyta 2010.indd 50 14-04-2010 16:15:24 Seed drying & equipment AGRATECHNIEK BV from HOLLAND is specialized in drying all kinds of seed. We have more than 35 years of experience with Seed drying and processing technology Flat Screen Sizer for capacity and accuracy
Flat Screen sizer to calibrate seeds Flat Screen sizer provided with in 7 fractions box tipple unit
Big screen surface result in Flat screen sizers (5 fractions) with Small fl at screen sizer with high capacity and excellent accuracy box tipple units single feeder unit
Drying Installations for drying automatically
Standard box drying installation Installation for drying seed per box Fluid bed dryer for seeds and pellets individually (open drying system) (closed drying system)
Cabinet rotation dryer Automation of new and existing Dehumidifi er with adsorption and drying installations heat pump technology
P.O. Box 91 • 1760 AB Anna Paulowna (The Netherlands) Tel. +31 223 522824 •fax +31 223 521949 SEED DRYING INSTALLATIONS & EQUIPMENT [email protected] • www.agratechniek.com
Prophyta 2010.indd 51 14-04-2010 16:15:24 Takii_2010.pdf 23-03-2010 11:10:48
Prophyta 2010.indd 52 14-04-2010 16:15:26