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Hydraulic Modelling of the Lower Orange River (Republic of South Africa) and Evaluation of Integrated Water Resources Management in the Orange-Senqu-Fish Catchment

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Hydraulic Modelling of the Lower Orange River (Republic of South Africa) and Evaluation of Integrated Water Resources Management in the Orange-Senqu-Fish Catchment When the well is dry, we know the worth of water. -Benjamin Franklin- Hydraulic modelling of the Lower Orange River (Republic of South Africa) and evaluation of integrated water resources management in the Orange-Senqu-Fish catchment Jan Putteman, Bert Schepens Promotoren: prof. dr. ir. Ronny Verhoeven, prof. dr. ir. Peter Troch Begeleider: Dieter Meire Masterproef ingediend tot het behalen van de academische graad van Master in de ingenieurswetenschappen: bouwkunde Vakgroep Civiele techniek Voorzitter: prof. dr. ir. Julien De Rouck Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen Academiejaar 2009-2010 PREFACE v Preface The subject of this Master thesis is the Orange River in South Africa. A field trip to South Africa has been made possible for us by the Flanders UNESCO Science Trust Fund (FUST). Our local stay and agenda were organised within the FETWater framework. The FETWater programme (`Framework Programme for Research, Education and Training in the Water Sector') aims to support training and capacity building networks in integrated water resources management in South Africa. The processing of the on-site collected data was performed at the Hydraulics Laboratory of Ghent University (Belgium). The content of our thesis consists of two main components, these are the development of a hydraulic model of the Lower Orange River, and the evaluation of integrated water resources management within the river catchment. We would like to thank Prof Ronny Verhoeven and Prof Peter Troch for the productive cooperation and for the time they have invested in our thesis. We owe many thanks to Dana Grobler, who took care of us during our stay in South Africa. Dana spent many hours helping us at his office in Stellenbosch. We wish him, his wife Toni and their children all the best. Many thanks to all the employees of the Hydraulics Laboratory for helping us and entertaining us with South African boboti and pancake breaks. In particular we thank PhD student Dieter Meire for helping us with our modelling problems, and we wish him success with the continuation of his research. Although Liesbet De Doncker was out of office on maternity leave since February, we want to thank her for teaching us the basic STRIVE skills. We wish her and her family good luck for the future. Kerst Buis from the Ecosystem management research group (University of Antwerp) provided us with some good advice on the hydraulic modelling, which we appreciate a lot. Thanks to our dear colleague students Micha¨el,Steven and Bruno for discussing problems, sharing frustrations and having fun at the laboratory. We wish them all the best in their post-university life. We owe thanks to many people for helping us during our stay in South Africa: The em- ployees of the BlueScience office at Stellenbosch, Bernice (Caledon Villa Stellenbosch), Ben Benade (EkoImpak Kimberley), Annette Wentzel (FETWater), Danie De Waal, Maith- land Seaman and Marie Watson (Free State University Bloemfontein), Marica Erasmus (DWA), Jackie van Bosch (DWA Bloemfontein), Hanzel Murphy (DWA Gariep), Henry Lourens and Gawie van Dyk (DWA Kimberley), Brunk Du Plessis, Nicolene Fourie, Celiwe Ntuli, Francinah Sibanyoni and Eddy van Wyk (DWA Pretoria), Janine Adams (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Porth Elisabeth), Piet Huizinga (retired environmental engineer), Jason Hallowes (SADC Johannesburg), Lucky Dlamini and Charlotte McBride (South African Weather Service) and Manie Mar´eand Susan Swart (WRP Pretoria). The authors give permission to make this master dissertation available for consultation and to copy parts of this master dissertation for personal use. In the case of any other use, the limitations of the copyright have to be respected, in particular with regard to the obligation to state expressly the source when quoting results from this master dissertation. Ghent, 30 May 2010 The authors, Jan Putteman Bert Schepens Hydraulic modelling of the Lower Orange River (Republic of South Africa) and evaluation of integrated water resources management in the Orange-Senqu-Fish catchment. door Jan Putteman & Bert Schepens Masterproef ingediend tot het behalen van de academische graad van Master in de ingenieurswetenschappen: Bouwkunde Academiejaar 2009{2010 Promotoren: prof. dr. ir. R. Verhoeven, prof. dr. ir. P. Troch Begeleider: ir. D. Meire Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen Universiteit Gent Vakgroep Civiele techniek Voorzitter: prof. dr. ir. J. De Rouck Chapter 1 presents an overview of the most important features of the river and its catch- ment, such as tributaries, climatic conditions and natural run-off. The content of this chapter should be interpreted as a general background to the following chapters on inte- grated water resources management. Chapter 2 discusses on the present infrastructure in the Orange River, consecutively in a downstream direction. The Orange-Senqu-Fish system is a highly regulated system. Many dams, weirs and irrigation schemes have been constructed within the catchment. A proper understanding of the present infrastructure will help to understand the human impacts on the environment. Chapter 3 presents a brief summary of the National Water Act (NWA). The NWA provides a legal framework for the implementation of a sustainable water management in South Africa. The NWA prioritises basic water requirements for both man and nature. Chapter 4 describes the current water management system in South Africa, and emphasises the need for and the requirements of a new management system. A sustainable water management system needs to provide equitable water access and encourage a conscious use of water. Chapter 5 analyses the impacts of the regulated flow regime on the riverine ecosystem. The natural flow regime is compared with the artificial regime, and the consequent impacts on the environment are evaluated. Requirements for a more environmentally sound flow pattern are described. Chapter 6 discusses on the black fly problem. Black flies can reach pest densities due to the altered hydrological regime. Black fly pests result in a huge economical damage. Several black fly control programmes are evaluated. Chapter 7 analyses the ecological condition of the Orange River mouth. The Orange River mouth is designated a Ramsar wetland. However, this wetland is severely deteriorated due to anthropogenic impacts. Several rehabilitation measures are evaluated. Chapter 8 to 13 discuss on the development of a hydraulic model of the Lower Orange. The basic structure of the hydraulic model is described in detail. Several methods for lateral inflow evaluation are discussed. Calibration of the model is performed by adjusting the Manning's roughness coefficient. The accuracy of the model is evaluated by comparing the validation runs to the recorded flow data. Chapter 14 describes some recommendations for further research. A lot of data was col- lected within the framework of this Master thesis. Not all data has been processed. A continuation of the research presented in this thesis will be prove to be useful. Chapter 15 presents the general conclusions on this Master thesis. Chapter 16 is conceived as a user manual to the attached DVD. This DVD contains the complete hydraulic model. All data required for a successful continuation of the research is included. Keywords Orange River, integrated water resources management, STRIVE, hydraulic model Hydraulic modelling of the Lower Orange River (Republic of South Africa) and evaluation of integrated water resources management in the Orange-Senqu-Fish catchment. Jan Putteman, Bert Schepens Supervisor(s): Ronny Verhoeven, Peter Troch, Dieter Meire Abstract—This article evaluates the water resources management in the resulted in an artificial hydrological regime, characterised by a Orange-Senqu-Fish catchment in South Africa. Social, economic and envi- lack of flow variability and decreased total water volumes. This ronmental issues are discussed. Furthermore, the hydraulic module of the STRIVE package is adapted to the Lower Orange River and methods for is illustrated by figure 1, representing the average of the lower lateral inflow evaluation are implemented. The resulting hydraulic model 85 % mean monthly discharges recorded at Boegoeberg, before is calibrated and validated. (1932-1966) and after (1978-1994) river regulation. Keywords— Orange River, integrated water resources management, STRIVE, hydraulic model I. INTRODUCTION 400 1932-1966 linear interpolation HE Orange-Senqu-Fish catchment is one of the largest 1932-1966 data points catchments in southern Africa. The Orange River origi- 350 1978-1994 linear interpolation T 1978-1994 data points nates in Lesotho, and discharges into the Atlantic Ocean 2200 300 km further. The catchment includes 4 countries: South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia and Botswana. The river is subjected to very 250 arid climatic conditions outside Lesotho. Increasing urban, in- dustrial and agricultural water demands have resulted in the con- 200 struction of dams, weirs, inter-basin transfer schemes and irriga- 150 tion schemes along the Orange and its tributaries. Dams are also used for hydropower generation. 100 II. LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND AND MANAGEMENT 50 POLICIES 85%) (m³/s) lowest of (avg. discharge monthly Mean 0 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep The establishment of a new South African political regime Month involves the incentive for a sustainable water management. The National Water Act (1998) provides a legal framework for ma- Fig. 1. Average of the lower 85 % mean monthly discharges at Boegoeberg. naging all South African water resources in a sustainable
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