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Tesis Doctoral Redes transnacionales de poder en la política energética de la UE. La Comisión Europea ante el petróleo y el gas natural Autora: Ana Moreno Regaña Año: 2018 Codirectoras: Mertxe Larrañaga Sarriegui Yolanda Jubeto Ruiz (cc)2018 ANA MORENO REGAÑA (cc by-nc-nd 4.0) Índice Lista de Tablas ............................................................................................................................ 4 Lista de Gráficos ......................................................................................................................... 5 Lista de Mapas ............................................................................................................................ 5 Lista de siglas ............................................................................................................................. 6 Agradecimientos ......................................................................................................................... 9 Capítulo 1. Introducción ........................................................................................................... 11 1.1. El problema teórico ....................................................................................................... 16 1.2. Conceptos centrales del estudio ................................................................................ 18 1.3. Estrategia y método de investigación ........................................................................ 21 1.4. Estructura ....................................................................................................................... 25 Primera parte: Contexto general ............................................................................................ 27 Capítulo 2. Marco teórico ........................................................................................................ 28 2.1. Las teorías dominantes................................................................................................ 31 2.2. Economía política internacional crítica ...................................................................... 36 2.3. El capital transnacional en la geopolítica de la energía ......................................... 39 2.4. El capital transnacional en las instituciones ............................................................. 43 2.5. Conclusiones al marco teórico .................................................................................... 46 Capítulo 3. Evolución de la gobernanza energética en el marco europeo. El capital transnacional desde una perspectiva histórica .................................................................... 47 3.1. El escenario energético de postguerra: petróleo y gas natural ............................. 52 3.2. El avance neoliberal sobre el escenario energético global .................................... 58 3.3. El medio ambiente en la articulación de la política energética .............................. 70 3.4. Conclusiones al capítulo 3 .......................................................................................... 74 Segunda parte: Políticas de energía en la Unión Europea. El mercado liberalizado .... 76 Capítulo 4. Los condicionantes del mercado liberalizado sobre la infraestructura europea del petróleo y el gas ................................................................................................. 77 4.1. Gas natural y petróleo. Producción, demanda y dependencia en la UE ............. 78 4.2. Productores y seguridad del suministro .................................................................... 81 4.3. Mercados e infraestructura. Infraestructura y mercado petrolero ......................... 86 4.4. Mercados e infraestructuras. Infraestructura y mercados del gas ........................ 89 4.5. Conclusiones al capítulo 4 ........................................................................................ 102 Capítulo 5. Políticas de energía de la Unión Europea: ¿Sostenibilidad, seguridad del suministro y competitividad? ................................................................................................. 105 2 5.1. Objetivos de la política energética ........................................................................... 107 5.2. Mercado interior .......................................................................................................... 109 5.3. Seguridad del suministro. Política exterior. ............................................................ 123 5.4. Sostenibilidad. El marco para la energía y el clima 2030 ..................................... 131 5.5. Conclusiones al capítulo 5 ........................................................................................ 136 Tercera parte: Élites financieras y Comisión Europea en la política energética de la Unión Europea. Avance e implicaciones ............................................................................ 138 Capítulo 6. El avance financiero sobre el petróleo y el gas: mercancías e infraestructuras ....................................................................................................................... 139 6.1. Un acercamiento a los mercados de la energía a través de su financiarización ............................................................................................................................................... 142 6.2. Financiarización del mercado petrolero .................................................................. 146 6.3. Nuevos mercados del gas natural ............................................................................ 149 6.4. Financiarización de la infraestructura del gas en la UE ....................................... 156 6.5. Conclusiones al capítulo 6 ........................................................................................ 169 Capítulo 7. La posición social de las Comisarias y los Comisarios en el contexto de la política energética en la UE y sus implicaciones .............................................................. 172 7.1. Los artífices políticos de la formulación del mercado liberalizado de la energía a través de una lente de clase ............................................................................................. 175 7.2. El modelo liberalizado de la energía en la UE: relaciones directas entre la Comisión y el mundo empresarial. .................................................................................. 184 7.3. La Comisión Europea y la red de planificación política ........................................ 190 7.4. Las redes sociales de la liberalización de la energía en la UE ........................... 195 7.5. Conclusiones al capítulo 7 ........................................................................................ 203 Capítulo 8. Conclusiones ...................................................................................................... 205 Anexos ..................................................................................................................................... 212 Bibliografía y Documentación oficial .................................................................................... 227 3 Lista de Tablas Tabla 1. Plantas de regasificación en la UE 98 Tabla 2. Ejemplo de participantes en el comercio de petróleo Brent en la ICE 149 Tabla 3. Gasoductos de importación de la UE continental 157 Tabla 4. Gasoductos de importación que no estás sujetos a las normas del mercado interior 158 Tabla 5. Acciones subvencionadas por el CEF en el Corredor Norte-Sur de Europa occidental (2017) 165 Tabla 6. Acciones subvencionadas por el CEF en el Corredor Norte-Sur de Europa central, del este y del sudeste (2017) 166 Tabla 7.Acciones subvencionadas por el CEF en el (2017) Southern Gas Corridor 167 Tabla 8. Acciones subvencionadas por el CEF en el (2017). Interconexión del mercado energético báltico 168 Tabla 9. Carteras incluidas en la Unión de la Energía. Comisión Juncker (2014-) 177 Tabla 10. Carteras seleccionadas por aproximación de la Comisión Barroso II (2009-2014) 178 Tabla 11. Carteras seleccionadas por aproximación de la Comisión Barroso I (2004-2009) 179 Tabla 12.Redes de planificación política 191 Tabla 13. Empresas pertenecientes a IOGP (2018) 213 Tabla 14. Empresas y asociaciones pertenecientes a Eurogas (2018) 214 Tabla 15. Empresas pertenecientes a GIE (2018) 215 Tabla 16. Empresas pertenecientes a ENTSOG (2018) 216 Tabla 17. Empresas pertenecientes a EFET (2018) 217 Tabla 18. Empresas asociadas a EFET (2018) 217 Tabla 19. Miembros del grupo de expertos ad hoc de la ACER sobre medidas de implementación del REMIT 220 Tabla 20. Miembros del grupo de expertos ad hoc de la ACER para la vigilancia del mercado 220 Tabla 21. Grupo de expertos en TI para la implementación de el REMIT 220 Tabla 22. Grupo de expertos ad hoc sobre el REMIT 221 Tabla 23. Grupo de expertos ad hoc sobre derivados de productos energéticos 221 Tabla 24. Grupo de expertos sobre negociación bursátil en el mercado de la energía 221 Tabla 25. Corredor 5 222 Tabla 26. Corredor 6 223 Tabla 27. Corredor 7 225 Tabla 28. Corredor 8 226 4 Lista de Gráficos Gráfico. 1. Precios del gas natural para familias en la UE-27 entre 2006 y 2017 67 Gráfico 2. Precios de gas natural para familias en cada Estado Miembro en 2017 68 Gráfico 3. Porcentajes en el CIBE 78 Gráfico 4. Demanda de energía en mtep en la UE 79 Gráfico 5. Producción de petróleo y gas en mtep en la UE 80 Gráfico 6. Importaciones de petróleo y gas en mtep de la UE 81 Gráfico 7. Origen de las importaciones de petróleo
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