Alphabetical List of Contents

Volume 1

Acorns...... 1 Arts and Crafts: Plains . . . . . 90 Adobe ...... 2 Arts and Crafts: Adoption ...... 3 Plateau ...... 94 Agriculture ...... 5 Arts and Crafts: Alcoholism ...... 14 Southeast ...... 97 American Indian Arts and Crafts: Studies ...... 19 Southwest...... 100 Anasazi Civilization ...... 26 Arts and Crafts: Appliqué and Subarctic ...... 104 Ribbonwork ...... 31 Astronomy ...... 106 Architecture: Arctic...... 35 Atlatl ...... 108 Architecture: California . . . . 40 Aztec Empire...... 110 Architecture: Great Basin . . . 43 Architecture: Northeast . . . . 45 Ball Game and Courts. . . . . 115 Architecture: Northwest Banner Stones ...... 117 Coast ...... 49 Baskets and Basketry . . . . . 118 Architecture: Plains...... 53 Beads and Beadwork . . . . . 123 Architecture: Plateau ...... 56 Beans ...... 127 Architecture: Southeast . . . . 58 Berdache ...... 128 Architecture: Southwest . . . . 61 Birchbark ...... 130 Architecture: Subarctic . . . . . 66 Black Drink ...... 132 Art and Artists: Black Hills ...... 133 Contemporary ...... 67 Bladder Festival ...... 134 Arts and Crafts: Arctic . . . . . 71 Blankets ...... 136 Arts and Crafts: Boarding and Residential California...... 75 Schools ...... 138 Arts and Crafts: Boats and Watercraft . . . . . 143 Great Basin...... 79 Booger Dance ...... 147 Arts and Crafts: Bows, Arrows, and Northeast...... 83 Quivers ...... 148 Arts and Crafts: Bragskins ...... 151 Northwest Coast ...... 86 Buffalo ...... 152

xvii Alphabetical List of Contents

Buffalo Dance ...... 155 Effigy Mounds...... 258 Bundles, Sacred ...... 156 Elderly ...... 260 Employment and Cacique ...... 160 Unemployment ...... 263 Calumets and Pipe Ethnophilosophy and Bags ...... 160 Worldview ...... 270 Captivity and Captivity Narratives ...... 162 False Face Ceremony . . . . . 279 Chantways ...... 163 Feast of the Dead ...... 280 Chickee ...... 167 Feasts ...... 281 Children ...... 168 Feathers and Chilkat Blankets ...... 173 Featherwork ...... 287 Clans ...... 174 Fire and Firemaking...... 289 Cliff Dwellings...... 178 Fish and Fishing ...... 291 Clowns ...... 180 Flutes ...... 294 Codices ...... 182 Food Preparation and Corn...... 183 Cooking ...... 295 Corn Woman...... 189 Cotton ...... 190 Gambling...... 298 Coup Sticks and Games and Contests . . . . . 303 Counting ...... 191 Gender Relations and Culture Areas ...... 192 Roles...... 308 Ghost Dance ...... 319 Dances and Dancing . . . . . 202 Gifts and Gift Giving . . . . . 323 Death and Mortuary Gold and Goldworking. . . . 325 Customs...... 210 Gourd Dance...... 327 Deer Dance...... 214 Grass Dance ...... 328 Demography...... 215 Grass House ...... 329 Disease and Intergroup Green Corn Dance...... 330 Contact ...... 225 Grooming ...... 332 Dogs ...... 230 Guardian Spirits ...... 336 Dream Catchers ...... 231 Guns ...... 337 Dress and Adornment . . . . 233 Drums ...... 242 Hako ...... 339 Hamatsa ...... 343 Earthlodge ...... 243 Hand Games ...... 344 Education: Post-contact. . . . 245 Hand Tremblers ...... 346 Education: Pre-contact . . . . 254 Headdresses ...... 348

xviii Alphabetical List of Contents

Volume 2

Hides and Hidework . . . . . 353 Maru Cult ...... 425 Hogan ...... 355 Masks ...... 427 Hohokam Culture ...... 356 Mathematics ...... 431 Horses ...... 362 Mayan Civilization ...... 432 Humor ...... 365 Medicine and Modes of Hunting and Gathering. . . . 366 Curing: Post-contact . . . . 438 Husk Face Society ...... 369 Medicine and Modes of Curing: Pre-contact . . . . 446 Igloo ...... 370 Medicine Bundles ...... 454 Incest Taboo ...... 371 Medicine Wheels ...... 455 Indian Police and Judges . . . 372 Menses and Irrigation ...... 374 Menstruation ...... 456 Metalwork ...... 457 Joking Relations ...... 375 Midewiwin...... 459 Midwinter Ceremony . . . . . 460 Kachinas ...... 377 Military Societies ...... 462 Kinnikinnick ...... 379 Missions and Kinship and Social Missionaries ...... 463 Organization ...... 380 Mississippian Culture. . . . . 468 Kivas ...... 388 Moccasins ...... 473 Knives ...... 390 Mogollon Culture ...... 474 Kuksu Rituals and Money ...... 479 Society...... 391 Morning Star Ceremony . . . 481 Mosaic and Inlay ...... 482 Lacrosse ...... 395 Mother Earth...... 483 Lances and Spears...... 396 Mounds and Mound Land Claims ...... 397 Builders ...... 484 Language Families ...... 402 Music and Song ...... 487 Lean-To ...... 412 Longhouse ...... 414 Names and Naming...... 496 Longhouse Religion...... 415 Native American Church. . . 498

Manibozho ...... 418 Ohio Mound Builders. . . . . 501 Maple Syrup and Sugar . . . 420 Okeepa ...... 506 Marriage and Divorce. . . . . 422 Olmec Civilization ...... 507

xix Alphabetical List of Contents

Oral Literatures ...... 512 Resources...... 614 Oratory ...... 520 Rite of Consolation ...... 617 Ornaments ...... 523 Rites of Passage ...... 618

Paints and Painting ...... 524 Sachem ...... 622 Pan-Indianism ...... 526 Sacred, the ...... 623 Parfleche ...... 531 Sacred Narratives ...... 630 Pemmican ...... 532 Salmon ...... 633 Petroglyphs ...... 533 Salt ...... 635 Peyote and Peyote Sand Painting ...... 636 Religion ...... 536 Scalps and Scalping ...... 638 Pictographs ...... 540 Sculpture ...... 641 Pipestone Quarries ...... 544 Secotan ...... 642 Pit House ...... 545 Secret Societies...... 644 Plank House ...... 547 Serpent Mounds ...... 645 Pochteca ...... 549 Shaker Church ...... 647 Political Organization Shaking Tent Ceremony . . . 649 and Leadership...... 550 Shalako ...... 651 Potlatch ...... 561 Shells and Shellwork . . . . . 651 Pottery ...... 563 Shields ...... 654 Pow-wows and Sign Language ...... 658 Celebrations ...... 568 Silverworking ...... 659 Praying Indians ...... 572 Slavery ...... 662 Projectile Points ...... 575 Snake Dance ...... 666 Puberty and Initiation Social Control ...... 667 Rites ...... 576 Societies: Non-kin-based . . . 670 Pueblo ...... 580 Spirit Dancing ...... 678 Sports Mascots...... 679 Quetzalcóatl ...... 582 Squash ...... 683 Quillwork ...... 583 Star Quilts ...... 684 Stereotypes ...... 686 Ranching ...... 585 Stomp Dance...... 691 Religion...... 586 Subsistence...... 692 Religious Specialists...... 595 Suicide ...... 702 Relocation ...... 603 Sun Dance ...... 703 Repatriation ...... 608 Sweatlodges and Resource Use: Sweatbaths ...... 709 Pre-contact ...... 611 Syllabaries ...... 711

xx Alphabetical List of Contents

Volume 3

Symbolism in Art ...... 713 Weapons ...... 791 Weaving ...... 794 Tanning...... 715 Weirs and Traps ...... 799 Tattoos and Tattooing . . . . . 715 Whales and Whaling . . . . . 801 Technology...... 717 White Buffalo Society . . . . . 803 Tipi ...... 725 White Deerskin Dance . . . . 804 Tobacco ...... 727 Wickiup...... 805 Tobacco Society and Wigwam ...... 806 Dance ...... 728 Wild Rice ...... 808 Tomahawks ...... 730 Windigo ...... 810 Tools ...... 731 Wintercounts...... 811 Torture ...... 737 Witchcraft and Sorcery . . . . 812 Totem Poles ...... 739 Women ...... 814 Totems ...... 741 Women’s Societies...... 822 Tourism...... 743 Toys ...... 746 Zapotec Civilization...... 824 Trade ...... 747 Transportation Modes . . . . 751 Educational Institutions Tribal Colleges ...... 754 and Programs ...... 829 Tribal Councils...... 759 Festivals and Tribal Courts ...... 761 Pow-Wows ...... 857 Tricksters ...... 763 Glossary ...... 874 Turquoise...... 766 Mediagraphy ...... 888 Twins ...... 768 Museums, Archives, and Libraries ...... 938 Urban Indians ...... 769 Organizations, Agencies, and Societies ...... 976 Visions and Vision Tribes by Culture Area . . . . 985 Quests ...... 774 Bibliography ...... 991 Web Resources ...... 1019 Walam Olum...... 777 Wampum...... 778 Category Index ...... 1029 War Bonnets ...... 781 Culture Area Index . . . . . 1037 Warfare and Conflict . . . . . 783 Subject Index ...... 1043 Wattle and Daub...... 790

xxi