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Design, Simulation and Experimental Study of Shape Memory Alloy and Micro-Motor Activated High Pressure Optical Cell for Bio-Physical Studies Oliver Hongchun Xie Prof

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Design, Simulation and Experimental Study of Shape Memory Alloy and Micro-Motor Activated High Pressure Optical Cell for Bio-Physical Studies Oliver Hongchun Xie Prof Design, Simulation and Experimental Study of Shape Memory Alloy and Micro-motor Activated High Pressure Optical Cell for Bio-Physical Studies A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Oliver Hongchun Xie in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Philadelphia, PA October 2007 i Drexel University Office of Graduate Studies Thesis Approval Form (For Masters and Doctoral Students) Hagerty Library will bind a copy of this form with each copy of your Thesis/dissertation. This thesis, entitled __Design, Simulation and Experimental Study of Shape Memory Alloy _____and Micro-motor Activated High Pressure Optical Cell for Bio-Physical Studies___ ______________________________________________________________________________ and authored by_________Oliver_Hongchun Xie_________ , is hereby accepted and approved. Signatures: Chairman, Examining Committee: Supervising Professor: ________________________________ ________________________________ Committee Members: ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Program Advisor: Department Head: ________________________________ ________________________________ Dedications To my mother, my father in heaven, my sisters and brothers, and my friends ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors, Professors Jack G. Zhou from Drexel University and Parkson Chong from Temple University, for their support and advice throughout the course of this research. Without their encouragement and guidance, not only in my research and study but also in my new life in United States, this doctoral research and my other researches would not have been accomplished. I would like to express my appreciations to my PhD defense committee members, Professors Kimberley Cook-Chennault, Moses Noh and Bor-Chin Chang for their valuable time, helpful discussions and useful suggestions. I would like to thank the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, as a whole, for their financial support in teaching assistantship. This research is founded and supported by NSF. Thanks NSF to provide me with this challenge project, wonderful research opportunity, best experimental facilities and working environments. I would like to thank Dr. Leilkes and his Lab members for helping me to use INSTRON machine. I would like to thank Berenice and other Dr. Chong’s Lab members for helping me on fluorescence measurement. I would like to thank Mark and all other Machine Shop members for fabricating my experimental tools and modifying them numerous times. Also I would like to thank glass shop artists, Tom from Drexel University, David from Temple University and Karen from University of Pennsylvania for making various cuvettes for me. In addition, I would like to thank my colleagues, Lin Lu, Yi Ma, John Lin, Tie Hu, Chunlong Hu, for their caring and discussion. I would like to say that I enjoy sharing my feeling with you. Your warm caring and encouragement, every word during my sad and happy time, had given me more confidence. I would like to express my sincerely thanks to my mom for her endless love, support and encouragement throughout my PhD study and my life, to my brothers and sisters, to my family members for their love, caring and support. Also I would like to thank my friends I met in this country, Robert Harcum, Curtis Holloman, Reggie Garrison, Bryan Skyes, Jingfu Tan, Jay Li and many more who cheered me up when I am down and shared my joy of my happy time. Above all, no single word can express my sincerely thanks deeply in my heart. I would like to say again that this research work cannot be accomplished without your support, help and caring. iii Table of Content List of Figures.................................................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... xiv 1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Problem Statement.............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research Objective ............................................................................................. 1 1.3 Background and Review..................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Significance of HPOC on Bio-Physical Studies ......................................... 2 1.3.2 Interest of Living Organism under Pressure ............................................... 5 1.3.3 Weber’s High Pressure Bomb..................................................................... 7 1.3.4 The Limitations of the Paladini/Weber High-Pressure Optical Cell .......... 8 1.3.5 Zhou’s Effort to Mix Solution under Pressure............................................ 9 1.4 Research Achievements.................................................................................... 10 1.4.1 Design of the New SMA Activated Dual Chamber HPOC ...................... 11 1.4.2 Design of Shape Memory Alloy Activated Stopper and Mixing Systems 11 1.4.3 HPOC Finalization and Fabrication.......................................................... 13 1.4.4 Complete System Assembly and Final Testing ........................................ 13 2 Design of SMA Actuator .......................................................................................... 14 2.1 Review of Shape Memory Alloy Theory.......................................................... 14 2.1.1 History of Shape Memory Alloy: ............................................................. 14 2.1.2 Two Main Characteristics of Shape Memory Alloys ............................... 15 2.1.3 Commercial SME Alloys.......................................................................... 18 2.1.4 Metallurgical Property of NiTi Alloy: ...................................................... 19 iv 2.1.5 Thermoelastic Martensite Transformation................................................ 20 2.1.6 One Way Shape Memory.......................................................................... 25 2.1.7 Two Way Shape Memory ......................................................................... 25 2.1.8 Heat Treating and Shape Setting of SMA................................................. 27 2.1.9 The Limitations of Shape Memory Effect and Superelastic Behavior ..... 30 2.1.10 Application of SMA.................................................................................. 31 2.2 Challenges and Technical Approaches on SMA Based Actuator Design ........ 32 2.3 Various SMA Actuator Design......................................................................... 34 2.3.1 Design 1: Two-way Shape Memory Actuator .......................................... 34 2.3.2 Design 2: Two Commercial Tensile SMA Springs as Actuator............... 37 2.3.3 Design 3: Actuator with self-developed SMA spring............................... 56 2.3.4 Design 4: SMA Extensive Spring and Biasing Compressive Spring Actuator 62 2.3.5 Design 5: SMA extensive spring and micro-motor actuator .................... 79 3 Cuvette Design and Mixing Process......................................................................... 83 3.1 Cuvette Design.................................................................................................. 83 3.1.1 Necking Design......................................................................................... 83 3.2 Mixing under High Pessure .............................................................................. 88 3.3 Turbulent flow................................................................................................... 93 3.4 Mechanism of mixing in turbulent flows.......................................................... 95 4 High Pressure Optical Cell Design ........................................................................... 97 4.1 Weber and Paladini’s High Pressure Bomb...................................................... 97 4.2 ISS’s current HPOC.......................................................................................... 98 v 4.3 HPOC Design: .................................................................................................. 99 4.3.1 HPOC Body Design.................................................................................. 99 4.3.2 Electrical Lead Design............................................................................ 100 4.3.3 Observation Window Design.................................................................. 104 4.3.4 Pressure Inlet Plug Design...................................................................... 106 4.3.5 Temperature Monitoring under High Pressure Design........................... 106 4.3.6 Machine Finishes .................................................................................... 107 4.4 FEM Analysis of HPOC ................................................................................. 107 4.5 The Final HPOC Design ................................................................................. 110 4.6 Our New HPOC Fabrication collaborated with ISS ....................................... 111 5 Complete System Assembly and Final Testing ...................................................... 115 5.1 The Final Complete System...........................................................................
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