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Cyber Crime and Cyber Terrorism Investigator's Handbook
CHAPTER Cybercrime classification and characteristics 12 Hamid Jahankhani, Ameer Al-Nemrat, Amin Hosseinian-Far INTRODUCTION The new features of crime brought about as a result of cyberspace have become known as cybercrime. Cybercrime is growing and current technical models to tackle cybercrime are in- efficient in stemming the increase in cybercrime. This serves to indicate that further preventive strategies are required in order to reduce cybercrime. Just as it is important to understand the characteristics of the criminals in order to understand the motiva- tions behind the crime and subsequently develop and deploy crime prevention strate- gies, it is also important to understand victims, i.e., the characteristics of the users of computer systems in order to understand the way these users fall victim to cybercrime. The term “cybercrime” has been used to describe a number of different concepts of varying levels of specificity. Occasionally, and at its absolute broadest, the term has been used to refer to any type of illegal activities which results in a pecuniary loss. This includes violent crimes against a person or their property such as armed robbery, vandalism, or blackmail. At its next broadest, the term has been used to refer only to nonviolent crimes that result in a pecuniary loss. This would include crimes where a financial loss was an unintended consequence of the perpetrator’s actions, or where there was no intent by the perpetrator to realize a financial gain for himself or a related party. For example, when a perpetrator hacks into a bank’s computer and either accidentally or intentionally deletes an unrelated depositor’s account records. -
Address Munging: the Practice of Disguising, Or Munging, an E-Mail Address to Prevent It Being Automatically Collected and Used
Address Munging: the practice of disguising, or munging, an e-mail address to prevent it being automatically collected and used as a target for people and organizations that send unsolicited bulk e-mail address. Adware: or advertising-supported software is any software package which automatically plays, displays, or downloads advertising material to a computer after the software is installed on it or while the application is being used. Some types of adware are also spyware and can be classified as privacy-invasive software. Adware is software designed to force pre-chosen ads to display on your system. Some adware is designed to be malicious and will pop up ads with such speed and frequency that they seem to be taking over everything, slowing down your system and tying up all of your system resources. When adware is coupled with spyware, it can be a frustrating ride, to say the least. Backdoor: in a computer system (or cryptosystem or algorithm) is a method of bypassing normal authentication, securing remote access to a computer, obtaining access to plaintext, and so on, while attempting to remain undetected. The backdoor may take the form of an installed program (e.g., Back Orifice), or could be a modification to an existing program or hardware device. A back door is a point of entry that circumvents normal security and can be used by a cracker to access a network or computer system. Usually back doors are created by system developers as shortcuts to speed access through security during the development stage and then are overlooked and never properly removed during final implementation. -
Captain Crunch: Super Phone Phreak
Exploding The Phone db923 www.explodingthephone.com Bibliographic Cover Sheet Title Captain Crunch: Super Phone Phreak Publication High Times Date 1977-06-00 Author(s) Long, Steve V/I/P p. 51 Abstract History of John Draper and phone phreaking. Keywords John Draper; Captain Crunch Notes Lots of good background material on Draper's youth, but also many inaccuracies. Article is part of db367 and db899, i.e., we obtained it as part of an FBI file. The following pages may contain copyrighted material. We believe that our use of this material for non-commercial educational and research purposes constitutes "fair use" under Section 107 of U.S. Copyright Law. If you wish to use this material for purposes that go beyond "fair use," you must obtain permission from the copyright owner, if any. While it will make us slightly sad to do so, we will nonetheless comply with requests from copyright owners who want their material removed from our web site. , '-; ~ , ;'~-i.:.;, ~:." .~~; ~y:; ~,~ . ';.: " ' " . 1,. .",":~ -.-rit ~ ..... -- , " ,.," !o? '~ , --:";1:. ;_ ~I.j~ .. ',.:;." ;...... " " : 'Il; ". .~. ~, ' . " ", , . '. ::~~5~?~~:}~~Z~:.:;~~;~~;?}:'i~r ;~;~:~:i#:j,¥.ifl~:~:':~~:~· ": t~?l~{'~~·!~,· -\';;i~,:;,:.<t ',~ '-:':'J:. ~·~·~~~'~~~;:-~I~\).~:: :,'. '.: .,{~,~:;.~,'. ~ ;~:. :,:': ~.}~:.~; ":~.~ '~~. ,.• ' -, .,', .•..,.. , .•...•" ,... ~...•• ,.,.' :.' . '. ..,,". ~'_....•.".." "':'" ,--. ····3··' .·~.·:.~~:~}::·.~·;:~>.',L~~~~;t.·~:~>~,~,:: :~::.;;~.'~:..:.: ':i'~:~; '. '. ' ,~ ." .,,:: -. ~\;~\" '.:'" > .;;.: :.':.:' :"~ . ~~; ~~~;.~ -
Welcome to the Jungle:1 the State Privacy Implications of Spam, Phishing and Spyware
February 2005 Welcome to the Jungle:1 The State Privacy Implications of Spam, Phishing and Spyware Section I: An Overview It’s a Jungle Out There: In an environment in which 53% of all reported fraud complaints to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 2004 were Internet-related, the Internet and email threats of spam, phishing and spyware all are real threats with real consequences.2 They are increasingly used by criminals, instead of just novice teenage hackers3 and can be lucrative alone or in furthering a larger criminal enterprise. Armed with these incentives, spammers, phishers and spyware purveyors are motivated and possess the expertise to avoid the attempts of law enforcement, industry and others to bring these threats in hand. Moreover, while banks, financial institutions, ISPs (Internet Service Providers) and even online auction site users have borne the initial brunt of threats like phishing, other sectors are becoming targets as the first wave of targeted sectors puts in place more effective security measures. This could place government and citizen information at risk of unauthorized disclosure and could lead to serious consequences, such as the release of sensitive homeland security and critical infrastructure information or personal information that could result in identity theft. In addition, spam, phishing and spyware infringe upon citizens’ perceived “right to be left alone” while surfing the Internet and using email. The fact that so many individuals’ privacy has been impacted to varying extents by these threats has compounded their significance. For example, a 2004 phishing attack spoofed4 an email from the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation). -
Hiscox Cyberclear Glossary Unscrambling Cyber Security Terms Hiscox Cyberclear Glossary
Hiscox CyberClear glossary Unscrambling cyber security terms Hiscox CyberClear glossary Access control Bug The process of granting or denying specific requests or An unexpected and relatively small defect, fault, flaw attempts to: or imperfection in an information system, software D obtain and use information and related information code or device. processing services; and D enter specific physical facilities. Command-and-control server A computer that issues instructions to members of Advanced persistent threat (APT) a botnet. A type of high-level targeted attack carried out by an attacker who has time and resources to plan an infiltration Cookie into a network. These are usually seeking to obtain Files placed on your computer that allow websites to information, proprietary or economic, rather than simple remember details. financial data. APTs are persistent in that the attackers may remain on a network for some time and usually Cyber essentials bypass regular security controls. A government-backed cyber security certification scheme that sets out a good baseline of cyber security. Air gap The base level requires completion of a self-assessment The physical separation or isolation of a system from questionnaire, which is reviewed by an external certifying other systems or networks. body. Cyber essentials plus adds an extra level by requiring tests of systems to be made by the external body. Anti-malware/anti-virus (AV) Software which uses a scanner to identify programs Data loss prevention (DLP) that are, or may be, malicious. A set of procedures and software tools to stop sensitive data from leaving a network. Attack surface All of an organisations internet-facing assets including Distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS) both hardware and software. -
Hacking,Phreaking & Carding
Hacking, Phreaking, Carding & Social Engineering: back to the r00ts. Workshop della Commissione Calcolo e Reti dell'INFN Hotel Ambasciatori Rimini 11 - 15 giugno 2018 Speaker: Raoul “Nobody” Chiesa DISCLAIMER • This presentation aims to tell you, throught examples and historical case studies which really happened, a piece of history of “telematics”, with a special focus towards the hacking, phreaking and carding scene. • DON’T TRY THIS AT HOME!!! We do not advise to use this material in order to break into telecommunication operators or IT systems. • Anyhow the author cannot be held responsible if you will decide, despite this disclaimer, to explore those systems, evaluating the whole thing as pretty sexy and fascinating, thus starting making mistakes, leaving tracks that would eventually allow the Law Enforcement to identify and bust you… • As a last note, whenever and wherever existing and applicable, the crimes committed and explained in this presentation are from more than 10 years ago, so they are fallen into “prescription” * 1983 # At the very beginning.. • What generated more than 75M USD$ on that year? • Well.. The very same thing that pushed most of us towards a deep interest on some topics… WARGAMES * 1986 # • Cellular phone network, 450 Mhz: the “car phones” or “portable” phones: today we may label them as a personal defense weapon ;) • 300 BPS modem (Bits per Second!) • Fidonet for “the mass” (very few people anyhow) • A few “alternative” boards (BBS), designed for a few l33t users • Family’s fights ‘cause of phone bills (300 BPS modem calls PAID towards USA) «Portable» phones - LOL «Portable» phones - LOL * 1988 # • CEPT2/CEPT3 (1200/75 bps) in Italy, France, Germany, UK, etc. -
Steve Wozniak
Steve Wozniak. http://www.woz.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_box http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_computer Steve Wozniak’s patent: Microcomputer for use with video display. Apple 1 manual. Apple 1 manual (PDF). http://apple2history.org/ http://www.digibarn.com/ http://www.macmothership.com/ http://www.multimedialab.be http://www.mast-r.org Wozniak’s early inspirations came from his father Jerry who was a Loc- kheed engineer, and from a fictional wonder-boy: Tom Swift. His father infected him with fascination for electronics and would often check over young Woz’s creations. Tom Swift, on the other hand, was for Woz an epitome of creative freedom, scientific knowledge, and the ability to find solutions to problems. Tom Swift would also attractively illustrate the big awards that await the inventor. To this day, Wozniak returns to Tom Swift books and reads them to his own kids as a form of inspiration. John Draper explained to Wozniak the Blue Box, a device with which one could (mis)use the telephone system by emulating pulses (i.e. phone phreaking). Although Draper instructed Woz not to produce and especially not sell the gadgets on account of the possibility of being discovered, Wo- zniak built and sold Blue Boxes for $150 a piece. Wozniak met Steve Jobs while working a summer job at HP, and they began selling blue boxes to- gether. Many of the purchasers of their blue boxes were in fact discovered and sure enough John Draper was linked to their use. 1975. By 1975, Woz dropped out of the University of California, Berkeley (he would later finish his degree in 1987) and came up with a computer that eventually became successful nationwide. -
Fun with Dick and Jane and Interview with a Phone Phreak
Fun with Dick and Jane by Lewis Gum and Edward Oxford Betty Furness [consumerist]: Who uses these gizmos? Joe Doherty [director-corporate security, AT&T]: The cross-section of American society. They range in age from 25 to 55, professional people, doctors, lawyers, businessmen. Betty Furness: Well, you're making it sound like they' re not necessarily poor people. Joe Doherty: Not necessarily at all. They are just out to steal telephone service. - From NBC's Today Show, July 13, 1978 Cheating on phone service is nothing new. The idea probably was triggered soon after Alexander Graham Bell yelled out to Watson across the first telephone hookup. In fact, con artists actually did follow Professor Bell's footsteps very closely: Claims to prior invention rolled in just as soon as a bright future was forecast for the new gadget. After the good professor's work was successfully defended, other attempts at ripoff popped up at regular intervals. Currently, the best-known means of telephone fraud involves the use of toll service. While motives behind beating the phone company differ- from getting something for nothing to the challenge of outfoxing the system- the methods run the gamut from the crude to futuristically sophisticated. The rationale promulgated by practitioners varies. But Dick, the businessman passing an invalid credit card number; Jane, the housewife charging a call to an unauthorized third party; and Bud, the electronic wizard using widgets to hitch free rides on the telephone network, do have something in common: Each is committing fraud. Some people with otherwise impeccable credentials somehow feel that the telephone company is so big that if you can get away with cheating Ma Bell, then it's all right. -
Cybercrime Project: Better Policing Collaborative (BPC) Dr David Hicks
Cybercrime Project: Better Policing Collaborative (BPC) Dr David Hicks Dr Siddhartha Bandyopadhyay Mr Nir Tolkovsky Ms Ariana Matsa University of Derby University of Birmingham Inaugural Workshop Centre for Crime, Justice and Policing University of Birmingham 1 July 2016 www.derby.ac.uk Better Policing Collaborative (BPC): This work is funded by the College of Policing, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, and the Home Office and is being carried out as part of a collaborative project of the University of Nottingham, University of Liverpool, University of Birmingham, University of Derby, University Campus Suffolk, Crest Analytics (UK) Ltd and Skills for Justice. www.derby.ac.uk Scope of the project • Identifying the evidence gap through consultation with police and specialist cyber units, businesses and individuals affected by it; • Developing both the evidence base and a practical evidence typology; • Working with force specialist units and/or regional cyber units to: – Provide support via evidence review, evaluation and technical support to shape evidence-based tactical and strategic decisions; – Pool information towards a standardised approach based upon identified good practice within and across forces. www.derby.ac.uk Reductions in crime and victimisation? Office for National Statistics (ONS, 2015) www.derby.ac.uk Preliminary consultations Outreach to law enforcement, businesses, and individuals affected by cybercrime to obtain: 1) A sample of key words for a literature search of academic sources supplemented by professional -
Case Study Has Been Prepared by the Callista Group with the Kind Permission of BCL
The Callista Group The commercial consequences of a phreaking attack. Caterham Surrey UK This case study has been prepared by The Callista Group with the kind permission of BCL. BCL’s PABX reseller, maintainer and call air‐time provider declined to be named in this case study and their identity has been withheld. For the purposes of this Case Study they have been referred to as X Ltd. Case Study A bit of background A telephone system for any business is like oxygen ‐ invisible but utterly vital. But it’s also one of any company’s most vulnerable assets because up until now there has been no effective means of securing it from hackers intent on routing their own illegal traffic through it. Phreaking (or phone hacking, toll fraud, dial‐though fraud) is not new. In the 1990s it was principally the domain of adolescents with a phone line and a keyboard looking for a bit of fun and making a couple of calls on someone else’s tab to their friends in Wandsworth or Wellington – just because they could and just for a laugh. So far, so innocuous – but still illegal – and often these calls would go unnoticed amongst the vast number of calls in any month on a company’s phone bill. But phreaking in the 21st Century has gone from geek to something much more sinister and much more damaging. Today it’s big business and organised crime often with links to terrorists intent on raising funds for their illicit activities and the victims of this fraud are their unwitting accomplices because they have to pay. -
Phone Phreaking
Phone Phreaking Sam Wolfson CSE 120, Winter 2020 Administrivia • Tic-Tac-Toe due tonight! • Checkoff during office hours, or submit on Canvas • LCM Report due Monday • Final Project Design Document due Monday • Talk to course staff if you’d like help brainstorming • Work with a partner!!!! • Next week in section: Innovation Exploration • Presentations will take place both Tues and Thurs • The rest of section will be project work time � Who are the phone phreaks? • People who study, explore, and experiment with telecommunications equipment. • Listen to patterns and tones on telephone lines and attempt to decipher them • Read obscure technical journals about the inner workings of the telephone system • Impersonate operators or other telco employees • Build devices to make the telephone network act in ways not intended by the designers • For the most part, primarily interested in knowledge, but sometimes ended up in legal trouble… How Do Phones Work? (Part 1) • Picking up the phone closes the hook switch, connects the phone to the other person • Vibrations from speaking into the microphone change the resistance and the current flowing in the wires • When the other person speaks, their microphone vibrates your speaker How Do Phones Work? (Part 2) • Phones include a few other parts to make them easier to use • Duplex coil prevents you from hearing your own voice over the speaker • Ringer and keypad – how do they work?? The Phone Network • In reality, you are not directly connected to your conversation partner. � � � 1 OK! 5 2 6 Telephone Office 3 7 4 8 Please connect me to 5! The Phone Network • In reality, you are not directly connected to your conversation partner. -
Signaling Vulnerabilities in Wiretapping Systems
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (CIS) Department of Computer & Information Science November 2005 Signaling Vulnerabilities in Wiretapping Systems Micah Sherr University of Pennsylvania Eric Cronin University of Pennsylvania Sandy Clark University of Pennsylvania Matthew A. Blaze University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers Recommended Citation Micah Sherr, Eric Cronin, Sandy Clark, and Matthew A. Blaze, "Signaling Vulnerabilities in Wiretapping Systems", . November 2005. Copyright 2005 IEEE. Reprinted from IEEE Security & Privacy, Volume 3, Issue 6, November-December 2005, pages 13-25. This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of the University of Pennsylvania's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to [email protected]. By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers/224 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Signaling Vulnerabilities in Wiretapping Systems Abstract Many law enforcement wiretap systems are vulnerable to simple, unilateral countermeasures that exploit the unprotected in-band signals passed between the telephone network and the collection system. This article describes the problem as well as some remedies and workarounds. Comments Copyright 2005 IEEE. Reprinted from IEEE Security & Privacy, Volume 3, Issue 6, November-December 2005, pages 13-25.