Initial Environmental Examination

Project Number: 45084 Loans 2913(SF)/8258(SCF)/Grant 0310(SCF)

BAN: Coastal Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Improvement Project Market Subprojects in Khulna Region (1)

Prepared by the Local Government Engineering Department for the Asian Development Bank

This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Local Government Engineering Department Agargaon, Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207

Coastal Climate Resilient Infrastructure Project

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report Of Ten Markets Projects in Khulna Region

Upazila: Dacope, Kaliganj, Rupsha, Paickgacha, Debhata, Satkhira Sadar, BagerhatSadar, Rampal, Mongla.

District: Khulna, Satkhira and Bagerhat

September 2014 Table of Contents

APPENDIX 2 : INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) IN MARKETS IN THE KHULNA REGION ...... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 Methodology ...... 2 1.3 Conclusion ...... 2 2. Policy, Legal And Administrative Framework ...... 4 3. Description of the Project ...... 5 3.1 Scope of the project ...... 5 3.2 Need for the project ...... 5 3.3 Location of the project ...... 6 3.4 Major components of the project ...... 6 3.5 Description of ten Subprojects ...... 6 Sub-Project 1: Perikhali LGC; Upazila – Rampal ; District – Bagerhat ...... 8 1.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders ...... 8 1.1.2 Recommendation...... 8 1.1.3 Estimated Cost ...... 9 Sub-Project 2: BatbuniaLGC; Upazila – Dacope; District – Khulna ...... 10 1.2.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders ...... 11 1.2.2 Recommendation...... 11 1.2.3 Estimated Cost ...... 12 Sub-Project 3: Nalta Hat LGC; Upazila – Kaliganj; District - Sathkira ...... 12 1.3.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders ...... 13 1.3.2 Recommendation...... 14 1.3.3 Estimated Cost ...... 14 Sub-Project 4: Alaipur GC; Upazila – Rupsha ; District - Khulna ...... 15 1.4.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders ...... 15 1.4.2 Recommendation...... 15 1.4.3 Estimated Cost ...... 16 Sub-Project 5: Soladana Bazar LRM :Upazila – Paickgacha ; District – Khulna ...... 16 1.5.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders ...... 17 1.5.2 Recommendation...... 17 1.5.3 Estimated Cost ...... 18 Sub-Project 6: Subarnabad Hat (GC): Upazila – Debhata ; District – Sathkira ...... 18 1.6.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders ...... 19 1.6.2 Recommendation...... 20 1.6.3 Estimated Cost ...... 20 Sub-Project 7: Bangdah Hat (GC)- Upazila – Sadar; District – Sathkira ...... 20 i 1.7.1 Major Demands from Stakeholder ...... 21 1.7.2 Recommendations ...... 22 1.7.3 Estimated Cost ...... 22 Sub-Project 8: Depara Bazar (LRM); Upazila – BagerhatSadar; District – Bagerhat ...... 22 1.8.1 Major Demands from Stakeholder ...... 24 1.8.2 Recommendations ...... 24 1.8.3 Estimated Cost ...... 24 Sub-Project 9: Chatterhat GC; Upazila – Mongla; District – Bagerhat ...... 25 1.9.1 Major Demands from Stakeholder ...... 26 1.9.2 Recommendations ...... 26 1.9.3 Estimated Cost ...... 27 Sub-Project 10: Baddamary; Upazila – Mongla ; District – Bagerhat ...... 27 1.10.1 Major Demands from Stakeholder ...... 28 1.10.2 Recommendations ...... 29 1.10.3 Estimated Cost ...... 29 4. Description of the Environment (Baseline data) ...... 30 4.1 Physical Resources ...... 30 4.2 Biological (Natural Environment) ...... 31 4.2.1 Aquatic Faunas ...... 31 4.3 Terrestrial Flora ...... 32 4.4 Terrestrial Faunas...... 33 4.5 Aquatic Faunas ...... 33 4.6 Wildlife Status in Project Site ...... 34 5. Socio-economic ...... 34 5.1 Agriculture ...... 34 5.2 Crops Grown ...... 34 6. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 35 6.1 Environmental Impacts ...... 35 Sub-Project 1: Perikhali LGC; Upazila – Rampal ; District – Bagerhat ...... 36 Sub-Project 2: BatbuniaLGC ;Upazila – Dacope ; District – Khulna ...... 37 Sub-Project 3: Nalta Hat LGC ;Upazila – Kaliganj; District - Sathkira ...... 37 Sub-Project 4: Alaipur GC; Upazila – Rupsha; District - Khulna ...... 37 Sub-Project 5: Soladana Bazar LRM :Upazila – Paickgacha; District – Khulna ...... 38 Sub-Project 6: Subarnabad Hat (GC): Upazila – Debhata; District – Sathkira ...... 38 Sub-Project 7: Bangdah Hat (GC)- Upazila – Sadar; District – Sathkira ...... 38 Sub-Project 8 : Depara Bazar (LRM); Upazila – Bagerhat Sadar; District – Bagerhat ...... 38 Sub-Project 9: Chatterhat GC; Upazila – Mongla; District – Bagerhat ...... 39 Sub-Project 10: Baddamary; Upazila – Mongla ; District – Bagerhat ...... 39 6.2. Physical ...... 39 6.2.1 Soil erosion and Siltation ...... 39

ii 6.2.2 Drainage congestion ...... 40 6.2.3 Water quality ...... 40 6.2.4 Air Pollution ...... 40 7. Natural Environment ...... 41 8. Human Interest Component ...... 41 8.1 Employment opportunities ...... 41 8.2 Landscape/Aesthetics ...... 41 8.3 Growth Center market improvements ...... 41 8.4 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies/Options ...... 42 9. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation ...... 42 10. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 43 10.1 Grievance Redress Committees ...... 44 10.2 Grievance Redress Procedures ...... 44 10.3 Grievance Redress Flow Chart ...... 45 11. Environment Management Plan ...... 46 11.1 Environmental Monitoring ...... 46 12. Institutional Requirements for Implementing EMP...... 52 13. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 55 ANNEX-1: CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE KHULNA REGION ...... 56 1. Climate Change in the Region ...... 56 1.1 Introduction ...... 56 1.2 Description of the subprojects of Khulna region ...... 57 1.3 Climatic characteristics of the subproject area ...... 58 1.3.1 General climatology ...... 58 1.3.2 Current climate change and impacts ...... 62 1.4 Disasters of the region ...... 66 1.4 1 Floods ...... 66 1.4. 2 Tropical cyclones ...... 67 1.4.3 Salinity ...... 68 1.5 Climate Change projection for 2050 ...... 69 1.6 Guidance for achieving climate resilience to infra-structures ...... 70 1. 6.1 Guidance for climate resilience to road construction ...... 70 1.7 Conclusion ...... 71

Figures

Figure 1. The map of Bangladesh showing the CCRIP project area ...... 3 Figure 2. Location of subprojects (GC/rural markets) under Khulna Region ...... 7

iii Tables

Table 1: Crops grown in different cropping seasons and on different land types ...... 35 Table 2: Summary of Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures ...... 47 Table 3: Environmental Monitoring Control Matrix – Construction Phase ...... 53

Annexure Figures Figure-1: The exposed and interior coastal zone of Khulna region ...... 56 Figure-3: The annual pattern of minimum and maximum temperature for Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla ...... 60 Figure-4: Annual pattern of rainfall (mm) for Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla ...... 61 Figure-5: Annual pattern of Relative Humidity (RH%) at Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla ...... 62 Fig 6.a: Trends of annual mean minimum temperature of Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla ..... 63 Figure-6(b): Trends of maximum temperature of Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla ...... 64 Figure-7: The trends of rainfall of Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla ...... 65 Figure-8: The flood affected area of Satkhira, Khulna and Bagerhat in 2007 [Source: http://unosat-maps.web.cern.ch/unosat- maps/BD/Floods2007/UNOSAT_Bangladesh_Floods_Map_5Aug2007_Highres_ v1.0.jpeg] ...... 67 Figure-9: Map showing a few tracks of tropical cyclones affecting the study districts (Satkhira, Khulna and Bagerhat)...... 68

Annexure Tables

Table-1 (a) List of subproject roads of Khulna Region ...... 57 Table-1(b) List of Large Growth Center of Khulna Region ...... 57 Table-1(c) List of growth centre / large rural markets subprojects of Khulna Region ...... 57 Table 2: Mean minimum and maximum temperature in Khulna, Satkhira and Mongla...... 59 Table-3: Mean monthly rainfall in Khulna, Satkhira and Mongla...... 59 Table-4(a): Seasonal and Annual rainfall (mm) ...... 59 Table-4(b) Seasonal rainfall (mm) as % of annual rainfall ...... 59 Table 5: Relative humidity in Khulna region ...... 60 Table 7: Trend of minimum and Maximum Temperature (0C/year) in Khulna region ...... 64 Table 8: Trend of seasonal and annual rainfall in Khulna region and sea level rise at Hiron Point ...... 66 Table-9: Current Status of soil salinity of the study districts (SRDI 2012) ...... 68 Table-10: Variation of soil salinity for 1973, 2000 and 2009 ...... 69 Table-11: Climate Change Scenario for the region based on selected model results used for IPCC AR-4 report for 2050...... 69 Table-12: Climate Issues and General Adaptation Options ...... 70

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APPENDIX 2 : INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) IN MARKETS IN THE KHULNA REGION

v CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

as of 10 July 2012

Currency unit Taka (Tk) Tk.1.00 = $0.0122 $1.00 = Tk. 81.80

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank BCCSAP - Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan BWDB - Bangladesh Water Development Board CCA - Climate Change Adaptation CCRIP - Coastal Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Project DOE - Department of Environment DRR - Disaster Risk Reduction EA - Environmental Assessment ECA - Environment Conservation Act ECoP - Environmental Codes of Practice ECR - Environment Conservation Rules EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMAP - Environment Management Action Plan EMP - Environmental Management Plan GCM - Growth Centre Market GDP - Gross Domestic Product GRM - Grievance Redress Mechanism IEE - Initial Environmental Examination LCS - Labor Contracting Societies LGED - Local Government Engineering Department MOEF - Ministry of Environment and Forest MOLGRD&C - Ministry of Local Government Rural Development & Cooperatives NGO - Non-Government Organization PIC - Project Implementation Consultant PIU - Project Implementation Unit RRA - Rapid Rural Appraisal SLR - Sea Level Rise UNDP - United Nations Development Program

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GLOSSARY

Baor An oxbow lake or wetland formed in an abandoned arm of a river

Beel A saucer-shaped depression which generally retains water throughout the year

Haor A back swamp or bowl-shaped depression located between the natural levees of rivers and may comprises of a number of beels

Khas land Public lands not registered in the name of any individual or corporate body, regarded by land administration officials as belonging to the state

Union Parishad Lowest administrative unit in the rural areas

Upazila Sub-district

The Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Introduction

The project is included in the Government of Bangladesh’s Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR), prepared under the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR). Within the framework of SPCR, the project will enhance climate resilience in the 12 rural coastal districts.1 The main project outputs include (1) improved road connectivity; (2) improved market services; and (3) enhanced climate change adaptation capacity.

The Project will upgrade about 130 kilometres (km) of Upazila roads, 174 km of Union roads, 233 km Village roads,15 km cyclone shelter access tracks, 88growth centre and rural markets, 186 community markets, 37 boat landing stages, and 25 cyclone shelters. Improving rural roads and associated infrastructure will provide local inhabitants with efficient transport to markets and trading centres and access to social and welfare services.

This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) covers ten subprojects:

(i) Perikhali large growth centre, uz. Rampal, Dist. Bagerhat; (ii) Batbonia large growth Centre, uz. Dacope, Dist, Khulna; (iii) Nalta, large growth centre, uz Kaliganj, Dist, Satkhira; (iv) Alipur growth centre, Uz Rupsa, Dist Khulna, (v) Soladana Bazar, large rural market, uz Pikegacha, Dist. Khulna; (vi) Subarnabad growth centre, uz Devhata, Dist. Satkhira; (vii) Bangdah growth centre, sadar upazila, Satkhira district; (viii) Depara Bazar, Large rural market, Upazila Sadar, District Bagerhat; (ix)Chater Hat Gc, uz Mongla, dist. Bagerhat (x) Baddamary large rural market,Mongla Upazila, Bagerhat district.

The subprojects included in the IEE are categorised as category B for environment as per ADB guidelines and ‘Orange B’ as per Department of Environment, Bangladesh’s categorization.ADB categorizes all projects according to the magnitude or scale of their anticipated environmental impact. Projects with limited potential adverse environmental impact require an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), and are classified as Category B.

The scope of the IEE includes:

(i) a review of the policies and guidelines of ADB and the Government of Bangladesh relevant to environmental safeguards and compliances; (ii) an examination of the salient biophysical and socioeconomic conditions of the project area; (iii) an identification of the relevant environmental and climatic parameters in the project area through scoping and literature review; (iv) an assessment of the magnitude of the potential impacts of the project actions; (v) assessment of the potential climate and disaster risks on the project, and suggestion for feasible adaptation and disaster risk reduction measures;

1These districts are: Bagerhat, Barguna, Barisal, Bhola, Gopalganj, Jhalokati, Khulna, Madaripur, Patuakhali, Perojpur, Satkhira, and Shariatpur. 1

(vi) identification of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements during implementation; and (vii) description of consultation and disclosure requirements.

The IEE was conducted following ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 and relevant policies and guidelines of the Department of Environment (DOE) of the Government of Bangladesh.

1.2 Methodology

The period of preparing the IEE was from 16 March 2014 to 15 July 2014, and field visits for data collection were done in February 2014. This includes the stakeholders workshop in the markets. The task of preparing the IEE report consisted of the following sequential components:

(i) Familiarization with and review of various project actions of the LGED projects; (ii) Identification and screening of the environmental parameters relevant to the proposed project actions in the CCRIP area through a scoping process; (iii) Assessment of the categorization of the sub-project based on magnitude of the potential negative impacts for relevant environmental parameters through the use of rapid environmental assessment checklists Formulation of avoidance/ mitigation measures to address the potential negative impacts, and preparation of an environmental management plan during the period of project implementation; (iv) Outlining a set of recommendations/ suggestions for institutional strengthening of the LGED to develop its in-house capability in environmental assessment tasks, especially issues of climate change and disaster risks.

1.3 Conclusion

The potential environmental impacts of the subprojects covered by the IEE are insignificant, and temporary, which will mostly occur only during the construction stage. All the potential environmental impacts can be mitigated to an acceptable level by adequate implementation of the measures as stated in the EMP.

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Figure 1. The map of Bangladesh showing the CCRIP project area

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2. Policy, Legal And Administrative Framework

Bangladesh has a wide range of laws and regulations related to environmental parameters. The most recent and the most important of the environmental laws are the Environment Conservation Act (ECA) of 1995, Environment Conservation Rules (ECR) of 1997 and Environmental Court Act of 2000. The ECR spells out rules and regulations for the enforcement of the ECA. Under the ECR, various development interventions are grouped into three main categories: Green (no environmental assessment required), Orange A (IEE required), Orange B (IEE required) and Red (EIA required) – in accordance with increasing potentials for adverse environmental impacts. The project interventions under the CCRIP fall into Orange category, and thus require the preparation of the IEE report. Both the ECA and the ECR cover a wide range of environmental issues, but they are neither fully comprehensive nor clear, and comprised of adhoc rules. A more recent legislation for enforcement has been the formulation of the Environment Court Act of 2000, which is authorized to try cases related to offences under the ECA/ECR. The Cabinet has also approved the Environment Court Bill 2010.

Since the mid-1980s, there had been a growing awareness and understanding in Bangladesh that the natural resources and the environment of the country are being degraded. The Government of Bangladesh recognizes the importance of environmental sustainability as the basis for long term development in the country. Bangladesh is a signatory to Agenda 21 of the 1992 Earth Summit, and it is committed to implement the international legal instrument in its national policies and programs. A National Conservation Strategy was prepared by the Government in 1991, which formed the basis for the formulation of the National Environment Policy (NEP) in 1992.

The Government has so far signed, ratified and acceded to over 25 environment-related international conventions, protocols and treaties. Some of the notable ones are the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Montreal Protocol on Ozone Layer Depletion, Agenda 21, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol, Convention on Biological Diversity, and Convention to Combat Desertification. The close relationship between environment and national development planning is embodied in the National Environment Management Action Plan (NEMAP), completed in 1995 with assistance from the United Nations Development Program(UNDP). As a follow- up of the NEMAP and to concretize its vision, the Government executed a UNDP funded Sustainable Environment Management Program (SEMP) between 1998 and 2004, which emphasized several capacity building components of environmental management.

The Government has prepared a National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) in 2005 and further revised in 2009, which outlines several climate change adaptation options for the country. A more comprehensive document on climate change, titled ‘Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan’ (BCCSAP), released in 2008 and further revised in 2009 with 44 programs under six thematic areas. The Government has set up climate change cells in several relevant ministries and line agencies to monitor the activities to mitigate climate change impacts and suggest remedial programs. The Government is planning to set up a climate change department under the MOEF.

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3. Description of the Project

3.1 Scope of the project

The Project will upgrade about 130 kilometres (km) of Upazila roads, 174 km of Union roads, 233 km Village roads,15 km cyclone shelter access tracks, 88growth centre and rural markets, 186 community markets, 37 boat landing stages, and 25 cyclone shelters. Improving rural roads and associated infrastructure will provide local inhabitants with efficient transport to markets and trading centres and access to social and welfare services. The project will help reduce poverty in the rural communities it covers. The beneficiaries will be (i) road users, namely bus and truck owners and operators, passengers, and businesses using freight services; (ii) market operators, traders, and market users; and (iii) communities in the areas of influence of subprojects who will have improved access to services and increased employment opportunities. An estimated 3.5 million people will directly benefit from the project. The analysis of subproject roads indicates that the proportion of poor benefiting is 40%-46% for the roads. In addition to the direct and indirect benefits from subprojects, there will be a creation of jobs due to subproject construction. This is estimated at 10,200 person-years, of which at least 2,040 will be for women. The project components have been designed to ensure involvement and benefits for women as well as a reduction of gender inequality. A gender action plan has been prepared integrating action areas, targets and indicators for gender equality and women’s benefits within the various components of the project.

3.2 Need for the project

The road network in the coastal districts covered by the project, under present climate conditions, is seriously damaged during extreme climatic events. The maintenance and damage repair requirements of such road sections will increase with climate change and vehicle operating costs will also rise, unless appropriate improvements are undertaken. For many road sections the cross-drainage systems are inadequate under present climate conditions, with poorly maintained canals and drains not having enough hydraulic capacities to efficiently discharge flows to sluice gated outlets through embankments. Poor drainage causes substantial “water-logging” of adjacent land, adversely affecting land-use, and this situation may worsen under climate change. Similarly, for rural markets, maintenance and damage repair requirements, together with spoilage/wastage of perishable goods will also increase with climate change. As demonstrated by recent cyclone events, the present number and capacities of existing cyclone shelters and livestock refuge facilities are inadequate, even under present extreme climatic events. The risks associated with extreme events will increase with climate change. Many existing cyclone shelters also have vulnerable access roads and power supplies, together with inadequate water supply and sanitation facilities, which often are not usable during the emergency conditions.

The rural producers, especially the poor and the small producers, suffer from two sets of constraints that limit their livelihoods: a) poor transport and market infrastructure that limits their access to markets, increases cost of production because of higher input and transportation costs, and lowers commodity price due to remoteness; and b) limited access to demand-driven financial services, especially seasonal agricultural credit and loan for microenterprises, and limited access to good technology and inputs, knowledge and support services such as vaccination services for livestock. Similar rural infrastructure development projects have demonstrated that paved roads and markets improve communication and benefit households income through higher farm prices, increased wages, enhanced investment in agri- business and trade, better access to higher quality inputs, support services, credit and reduced cost of production and transport. Access to child education and primary health care also improves due to better transport facilities, especially in wet season. During extreme climatic events the poor lose their assets as well as livelihood options. Often after extreme conditions men tend to migrate leaving the families behind. In the coastal areas fisher folk family’s poverty is high and many families are headed by widows 5

and single mothers. Therefore, connectivity and mobility for women is equally important as for men for livelihoods. Climate-resilient infrastructure is a priority for recovery and long-term protection and can facilitate mobility for employment, income and livelihoods.

3.3 Location of the project

The Project covers 12 districts of south western Bangladesh. These districts are (i) Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat and Perojpur in Khulna Division, (ii) Barisal, Jhalokati, Patuakhali, Barguna and Bhola in Barisal Division and (iii) Madaripur, Gopalganj and Shariatpur in Dhaka Division.

3.4 Major components of the project

The main outputs of the project are: (1) improved road connectivity; (2) improved market services; and (3) improved climate capacity and protection including increased availability of climate disaster shelters, improved knowledge management and improved facilities of existing climate disaster shelters.

3.5 Description of ten Subprojects

The IEE covers following ten subprojects, which have been preliminary selected for implementation under the project. The location of the subproject growth centre and markets are shown in Figure-2.

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Figure 2. Location of subprojects (GC/rural markets) under Khulna Region

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Sub-Project 1: Perikhali LGC; Upazila – Rampal; District – Bagerhat

The market under Large Growth Center (LGC) category and known to be the largest market in the region is situated in Rampal upazila of Bagerhat district is connected through Mongla to Rampal via Perikhali RHD road and just on the other side of the Mongla river. It is a big bazar on approximately 12.50 acres of land out of which 9.00 acres is khas (public or government) land. The catchment area comprises of 5 unions and about 50 villages all around serving 40,000 population. Principal mode of transportation is mainly trawler and local road vehicles. Main commodities are fish (shrimp), rice and timber logs. There are more than 100 permanent shops including 15 owned by women and 50 floating stalls dealing on bi-weekly hat days. Average turnover is around Tk. 800 lacs of which 30 lacs comes from shrimp and yearly lease value is about Tk. 4 lacs. Number of female entrepreneurs is about 12. The deep tube-well and pond is the main source of drinking water. But the market’s principal crisis is the unavailability of drinking water because of excessive salinity. Second problem is inundation where internal roads go under water during severe tidal effect. Internal roads are mostly FBS and HBB without complete drainage system. As a result they are damaged at many places. This demands overall raising/repair and upgrading of internal roads and desalination treatment facility for drinking water. Bazar Banik Samity manages the Solid waste disposal. Normally adjoining khal is used for dumping. As in most of other hats there are insufficient basic amenities like toilets, urinals, ablution space etc. A section of people feels separate facility provision for women users.

1.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders

 Drinking Water Treatment Plant  Expansion of the market to the north  Boat landing station  Internal Roads (Raised above inundation level)  Drainage system  MMC Office  Womens Section  Toilets  Multipurpose Sheds  Deep tube well  Garbage Pits

1.1.2 Recommendation

In order to solve the water problem, Community Rain Water Harvesting System, is recommended.  Community Rain Water Harvesting System  Pond Sand Filter 7 (PSF 7)  MMC Office  Internal Roads (Raised above inundation level)  Drainage system  Womens Section  Multipurpose Sheds  Toilets  Garbage Pits

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1.1.3 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount in BDT Internal Road RCC (0.3 m raised) 5,700,000.00 Internal Road CC (0.3 m raised) 3,900,000.00 Drains 1,260,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - Women - RCC Roof 900,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof 4,500,000.00 Toilets for Men & Women 1,560,000.00 Garbage Pits 75,000.00 MMC Office 1,200,000.00 Community Rain Water Harvesting System 1,000,000.00 Pond Sand Filter 7 (PSF 7) 5,000,000.00 Sub – Total 25,095,000.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 1,254,750.00 TOTAL 26,349,750.00

Public Land is available for the recommended works. These improvements will address the present problems and will lead to increased income and improved livelihood of the poor population in the area, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

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Sub-Project 2: BatbuniaLGC; Upazila – Dacope; District – Khulna

The market under Large Growth Center (LGC) category is situated in Dacope upazila of Khulna district is connected with Pankhali ferry ghat to Khulna via Chalna highway through BWDB road over the embankment. The existing Batbunia Hat is a typical one informally developed over the embankment is under threat of erosion. Unlike other hats and bazars this created the issue of movement of the market to a safer place. The search ended with the availability of a site of 0.55 acre khas land close to the existing one. A plan has already been prepared in response to the demands from the stakeholders of the existing market.

Existing Market under Threat of Erosion Existing Market.

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1.2.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders

Stakeholders of the market have demanded to provide the following facilities:-  Filling the new market site  Addressing the problem of erosion  Moving the Market to available government land  Approach Road  Drinking Water Treatment Plant  Paved Internal roads  Drainage system  Multipurpose Sheds  Open Sale Platform  Open Yard  Toilets  Deep Tube Wells  Garbage Pits

1.2.2 Recommendation

In order to solve the water problem, Community Rain Water Harvesting System, is recommended. Filling of the entire market by 1.65 meet is also recommended. All improvements as demanded by the Stakeholders are not possible to accommodate due to land constraint. Within the land available, the following components are recommended for improvement:

 Filling the new market site  Community Rain Water Harvesting System  Pond Sand Filter 7 (PSF 7)  MMC Office  Internal Roads  Drainage system  Multipurpose Sheds  Open Sale Platform  Open Yard  Toilets

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1.2.3 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount in BDT Internal Road RCC 2,318,750.00 Drains 540,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof 5,400,000.00 Open Sale Platform CC 799,200.00 Open Yard CC 1,150,000.00 Toilets for Men & Women 780,000.00 Garbage Pits 50,000.00 MMC Office 1,200,000.00 Filling the New Market Site 1,500,000.00 Community Rain Water Harvesting System 1,000,000.00 Pond Sand Filter 4 (PSF 7) 3,000,000.00 Approach Road 7,000,000.00 Sub – Total 24,737,950.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 1,236,897.50 TOTAL 25,974,847.50

As the existing market is under threat of erosion, the market will be relocated to a new location where the land is owned by the government. The proposals above and the Master Plan under preparation will address the present problems substantially. The market users are willing to pay maintenance fees for the facilities and services. These improvements will result in increased income and improved livelihood of the poor population in the area, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub- project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

Sub-Project 3: Nalta Hat LGC; Upazila – Kaliganj; District - Sathkira

The market under the Large Growth Centre (LGC) category and one of the largest bazar in the region is situated in Kaliganj upazila under Satkhira district and located along Satkhira to Shyamnagar RHD road and 35km from district head quarter. Developed through informal growth along the highway on approximately 5.00 ac of land with only 1.50 ac khas land. Road transportation is the principal mode of transportation by bus, truck, tempo, motor bike etc. The catchment area covers about 7 unions and about 55 villages around, serving about 1,00,000 population. Total number of permanent shops is 400 and number of floating shops around 900 attending on bi-weekly hat days of which about 300 female users visit the market. There is a Postal service in the market. The hat deals mainly with fish (shrimp) and rice as the principal commodity. Yearly lease value (last year) was Tk. 4, 50,000/-. Source of drinking water is deep tube-well. Internal roads are mainly by brick soling and BC and is almost without drainage system. As a result, it is partly damaged and on the hat day it becomes unusable especially during rainy season. This is the main crisis with this hat and the main issue that needs to be considered for upgrading. Stalls are katcha or semi-pucca structures. The market lacks some basic amenities and essentials like toilets, deep tube wells and waste disposal system etc. Market Management Committee 12

(MMC) manages the Solid waste disposal. Least awareness found among the local members for separate facilities for the women users, yet a section of people feels for separate provision for them.

Temporary Shed Lack of Drainage

Temporary Shed Temporary Shed

1.3.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders

 Internal Road (Raised above inundation level)  Drains  Multipurpose Sheds  Garbage Pits  Open Sale Platform  Open Yard  Toilets  Office  Deep Tube Wells

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1.3.2 Recommendation

Our recommendations are as follows:  Internal Road (Raised above inundation level)  Drainage System  Women’s Section  Multipurpose Sheds  Open Sale Platform  Open Yard  Toilets  Office  Deep Tube Wells  Garbage Pits

1.3.3 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount in BDT Internal Road CC (0.3 m raised) 3,600,000.00 Drains 810,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof - Women 900,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof 4,500,000.00 Open Sale Platform CC 266,400.00 Open Yard CC 6,400,000.00 Deep Tube Wells 220,000.00 Toilets for Men & Women 1,560,000.00 Garbage Pits 50,000.00 MMC Office 1,200,000.00 Sub – Total 19,506,400.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 975,320.00 TOTAL 20,481,720.00

Land is available. Raising of Internal Roads will stop inundation of Internal Roads. The market users are willing to pay maintenance fees for the facilities and services. The recommended construction works proposed by the stakeholders will lead to increased income and improved livelihood of the poor population in the area, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub- project be taken up for implementation.

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Sub-Project 4: Alaipur GC; Upazila – Rupsha; District - Khulna

The market under Growth Centre (GC) category is situated in upazila Rupsha of Khulna district and connected with Bagerhat to Khulna highway through upazila road at 2km off Rupsha sadar. It is a big bazar in this area mainly on khas land. The catchment area of the bazar all around covers 4 unions and about 30 villages serving more than 5,000 people. There are 273 permanent shops and 80 floating stalls on bi-weekly hat days. Main commodities are fish, rice and vegetables besides other common items. Road is the principal communication and mode of transportation is bus, truck, van and auto rickshaw. Other than this trawler and local boats play a vital role for communication. Yearly lease value (last year) was Tk. 1.30,00,000/-. In all 10 nos. social institutions are there in and around the bazar. As usual deep tube-well is the main source of drinking water.

Internal roads are mainly BFS and earthen and with no drainage system. Parts of them are damaged due to regular inundation by tidal effect and become unusable during rainy season. Main cause of this is that whole area is low and almost total absence of drainage system. This demands special attention needing overall repair/ upgrading preferably raising road level. Another issue is the problem of drinking water. Bazar Banik Samity manages the Solid waste disposal. Normally adjoining khal is used for dumping. Although least awareness for separate women’s facility marked among the local members, yet a section of people feels separate provisions for them will be highly appreciated.

1.4.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders

 Raising Bazar area above flood level  Mini embankment around the market  Multipurpose sheds  Internal Road (Raised above inundation level)  Open Sale Platform  Drains  MMC office  Womens Section  Deep Tube wells  Toilets  Garbage Pits

1.4.2 Recommendation

Our recommendations are as follows:  Internal Road (Raised above inundation level)  Drains  Multipurpose Sheds  Women’s Section  Open Sale Platform  Toilets  MMC Office  Deep Tube Wells  Garbage Pits

15

1.4.3 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount in BDT Internal Road CC (0.3 m raised) 2,318,750.00 Drains 720,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof - Women 300,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof 900,000.00 Open Sale Platform CC 266,400.00 Deep Tube Wells 110,000.00 Toilets for Men & Women 780,000.00 Garbage Pits 25,000.00 Sub - Total 5,420,150.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 271,007.50 TOTAL 5,691,157.50

Damaged Shed Road in Poor Condition HBB/BFS The market, conveniently located close to the highway is important in this part of the region and has potential to flourish. Raising of internal roads and proper drainage will end the inundation of internal roads. Land is available. The market users are willing to pay maintenance fees for the facilities and services. The recommended construction works proposed for the improvement of this market will translate into increased income and improved livelihood of the poor population in the area, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

Sub-Project 5: Soladana Bazar LRM :Upazila – Paickgacha ; District – Khulna

The market under the Large Rural Market (LRM) category is situated in Paikgacha upazila under Khulna district. The market is 12km off upazila head quarter and connected by Soladana to Piakgacha upazila road with Khulna – Chipnagar – Satkhira national highway. Informally developed entirely on approx 3.52 ac khas land, it is a small rural market with rural character in rural setting by the side of river. Total number of permanent shops is 80 of which 16% belongs to women and number of floating

16

shops around 200 on weekly hat days. Along the main road 50% structure is permanent. Except those most of other stalls are thatched/kutcha structures and very temporary. Principal communication is road and river too. The mode of transportation is bus, tempo, motor bike, van etc. for road and mainly trawler for river communication. The catchment area covers 4 unions and about 80 villages spreading over 10km serving about 40,000 people. There are no remarkable social institutions in and around of the market. The hat deals with rice, green vegetable as principal commodity. Average hat day turnover is Tk. 10, 00,000/- and yearly lease value (Last Year) was Tk. 19,500/-. Except the market along main road internal roads are by HBB and earthen without drainage system. The entire network is in bad condition by regular inundation. As a result, the hat becomes unusable especially during high tide and rainy season. Source of drinking water is deep tube-well. Drinking water problem is there.

It is a small market in bad shape. Principal access to the bazaar is by HBB road. The market remarkably lacks some basic amenities. No electricity supply is yet provided. Upgrading of internal roads with drainage network, construction of some stall-sheds are the priority needs with this hat and the main issues that need to be considered. Other essentials are separate provisions for women, sanitary latrines, deep tube wells etc.

1.5.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders

 Raising Bazar area by 0.50m  Raising surrounding road to act as a mini embankment  Multipurpose sheds  Internal roads  Drainage  Boat landing station  Deep Tube wells  Toilets  Garbage Pits  Open sale platform (OSP).  Establishing electricity supply  Deep tube-wells 2 ons.

1.5.2 Recommendation

Our recommendations are:  Raising Bazar area by 0.50m  Internal roads  Multipurpose sheds  Womens Section  Toilets  Deep Tube wells  Drains  Garbage Pits

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1.5.3 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount in BDT Filling Market Site 2,500,000.00 Internal Road CC 1,980,875.00 Drains 360,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof - Women 300,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof 900,000.00 Open Sale Platform CC 266,400.00 Deep Tube Wells 110,000.00 Toilets for Men & Women 780,000.00 Garbage Pits 25,000.00 Sub – Total 7,222,275.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 361,113.75 TOTAL 7,583,388.75

The market is small in rural character in rural surrounding and in very poor condition that deserves special consideration. Filling of the market site and construction of new drains will stop inundation. The recommendations above are as per priority demand of the stakeholders and land is available within the market boundary. The proposed improvements will lead to improved economic activity and livelihood of the rural poor, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

Sub-Project 6: Subarnabad Hat (GC): Upazila – Debhata; District – Sathkira

The market under the Growth Center (GC) category is situated in Subarnabad upazila under Satkhira district. The market is connected by Parulia to Asasuni union connecting road and 18km off Satkhira Sadar. It is originally an informal linear development along main road on approx 1.5 acres of land which is mostly a khas land. Total number of permanent shops is 53 and number of floating shops 25 on bi- weekly hat days. Stalls are in katcha or semi-pucca structures. Principal mode of transportation is trawler and boat by river and bus, easy-bike and motor-bike by road. The catchment area covers 4km around comprising of 3 unions and 14 villages serving more than 22,000 people. There are 3 social institutions including a mosque in and around of the market. Source of drinking water is deep tube-well. Drinking water problem is acute here. The hat deals with fish (shrimp) and goat as principal trading item. Average hat day turnover is Tk. 50, 00,000/- and yearly Lease Value (Last Year) was Tk. 12,500/-. Internal roads are by brick soling (HBB & BFS) which is partly damaged by regular inundation. In absence of a complete and drainage system, the hat becomes unusable especially during rainy season. Drinking water supply, inundation of internal roads, drainage network, upgrading of internal roads, construction of some stall-sheds are the major issues of this hat and that deserves special attention. Other essentials are sanitary latrines, deep tube wells, waste collection bins etc. 18

Water logging (No Drains) Internal Roads in poor condition

MMC Meeting Inundated Internal Road

1.6.1 Major Demands from Stakeholders

 Internal Roads (raised)  Drainage System  MMC Office  Multipurpose sheds  Womens Section  Toilets  Deep Tube Wells

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1.6.2 Recommendation

Our recommendations are:  Internal Roads (0.3 m raised)  Drainage System  Multipurpose sheds  Deep Tube Wells  Garbage Pits  Toilets

1.6.3 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount in BDT Internal Road CC (0.3 m raised) 2,500,000.00 Drains 450,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof 900,000.00 Deep Tube Wells 110,000.00 Toilets for Men & Women 780,000.00 Garbage Pits 25,000.00 Sub - Total 4,765,000.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 238,250.00 TOTAL 5,003,250.00

The market is small but organized in rural surrounding and in relatively well maintained condition. Raising of the internal roads and construction of new drains are proposed to avoid inundation. The recommended works proposed for the improvement of this market are essential and will lead to improved economic activity and livelihood of the rural poor, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

Sub-Project 7: Bangdah Hat (GC)- Upazila – Sadar; District – Sathkira

The market under the Growth Center (GC) category is situated in Satkhira Sadar upazila under Satkhira district. Located along Satkhira to Budhghat LGED road and 17km from sadar head quarter. It is developed on approx 12.00 ac of which 10.00 ac belongs to khas land. It is a large market in this area with 5-7 structures for residential use. Total number of permanent shops is 300 and these are mostly permanent structures. Number of floating shops is around 500 attending on bi-weekly hat days. The catchment area covers 5 unions and 30 villages around serving more than 15,000 population. Principal 30 mode of transportation is mainly bus, tempo, motor bike, van by road communication. There are 9 social institutions in and around of the market. The hat deals with Fish (shrimp), and rice as its principal commodity. Yearly Lease Value (last year negotiated for social donation) was 67,00,000/- in place of actual Tk. 2,50,00,000/-. Internal roads are mainly by brick soling and earthen with only one drain which is partly damaged. Source of drinking water is deep tube-well. Saline free drinking water is a burning problem here. Upgrading of internal roads, construction of some stall-sheds are other essentials are sanitary latrines, deep tube wells and waste disposal bins. 20

Sellers in Open Area due to Lack of Sheds

Damaged Shed Sellers in Open Area

1.7.1 Major Demands from Stakeholder

Stakeholders of the market have demanded to provide the following facilities:-  Internal Roads  Drains  Multipurpose sheds  Womens Section  Open Sale Platform  Open yard  Banking Facility  MMC Office  Toilets  Deep Tube wells  Garbage Pit 21

1.7.2 Recommendations

The following components are recommended for improvement:  Internal roads  Drain  Open Yard  Womens Section  Multipurpose sheds  Toilets  Deep Tube wells  Garbage Pits

1.7.3 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount in BDT Internal Road CC 1,219,000.00 Drains 270,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof - Women 300,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof 900,000.00 Open Yard HBB 1,800,000.00 Deep Tube Wells 110,000.00 Garbage Pits 25,000.00 Sub – Total 4,624,000.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 231,200.00 TOTAL 4,855,200.00

Land is available for development. The market users are willing to pay maintenance fees for the facilities and services. The recommended works will broaden and expand commercial activities and it will contribute for achieving the overall goals of the CCRIP in terms of poverty reduction and increasing opportunities for women, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub- project be taken up for implementation.

Sub-Project 8: Depara Bazar (LRM); Upazila – Bagerhat Sadar; District – Bagerhat

The market under the Large Rural Market (LRM) category is situated in Bagerhat Sadar Upazila under Bagerhat district and located along Bagerhat to Chitalmari RHD road. Developed originally with linear development along the highway on approximately 7.00ac of land with only 1.62ac khas land. Total number of permanent shops is 100 and number of floating shops around 150 attending on bi-weekly hat days. Principal mode of transportation is trawler for water transportation and bus, truck, tempo, motor bike for road transportation. The catchment area covers about 9 unions and about 100 villages around serving about 1,00,000 population. There are 10 social institutions in and adjacent to the market. The 22

hat deals mainly with cattle, fish and vegetable etc. as the principal commodity. Average hat day turnover is Tk.1, 50, 00,000/- and yearly lease value (last year) was Tk. 23, 50,000/-. Source of drinking water is deep tube-well. Internal roads are mainly by brick soling and BC which is partly damaged. The network is almost without drainage system. Stalls are kutcha or semi-pucca structures. The market lacks some basic amenities and essentials like sanitary latrines, deep tube wells and waste disposal bins etc. Some of the basic amenities are shared by those of adjoining mosque. Market Management Committee (MMC) manages the Solid waste disposal. Normally adjoining Deparakhalis used for dumping. Least awareness found among the local members for separate facilities for the women users, yet a section of people feels separate provision for them.

Temporary Shed River adjoining Market.

MMC Office Temporary Shed

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1.8.1 Major Demands from Stakeholder

Stakeholders of the market have demanded to provide the following facilities:  Internal roads  Boat landing station  Drainage  Multipurpose sheds  Toilets  Deep Tube wells  Slaughter shed

1.8.2 Recommendations

The following components are recommended for improvement:  Internal roads  Drains  Womens Section  Multipurpose sheds  Toilets  Deep Tube wells  Garbage Pits

1.8.3 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount in BDT Internal Road CC 2,133,250.00 Drains 540,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof – Women 300,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof 900,000.00 Deep Tube Wells 110,000.00 Toilets for Men & Women 780,000.00 Garbage Pits 25,000.00 Sub – Total 4,788,250.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 239,412.50 TOTAL 5,027,662.50

Land is available. The market users are willing to pay maintenance fees for the facilities and services. The recommended works will broaden and expand commercial activities and it will contribute for achieving the overall goals of the CCRIP in terms of poverty reduction and increasing opportunities for women, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

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Sub-Project 9: Chatter hat GC; Upazila – Mongla; District – Bagerhat

The market under the Growth Center category is situated in Sundarban union, Mongla Upazila under Bagerhat district and connected with the highway through union road. The market is near to the Mongla river, 16km off district head quarter and developed on approximately 2.00ac of land with 1.00ac khas land. There is no problem of boundary dispute. The bazar has 1.00ac. of land within and 0.5ac of land adjoining for expansion. Total number of permanent shops is 130 including 5 women shops and 60 permanent structures and number of floating shops around 300 attending on bi-weekly hat days. Principal mode of transportation is trawler for water transportation and van, tempo, motor bike for road transportation. The catchment area spreads over 6km and covers 3 unions and about 45 villages around serving about 5,000 population. There are 3 social institutions like post office police camp and a mosque in and adjacent to the market. The bazar deals with fish (shrimp), rice and vegetable etc. as the principal commodity. Average hat day turnover is Tk.16, 00,000/- and yearly lease value (last year) was Tk. 16,000/-. Source of drinking water is deep tube-well. But there is acute problem of saline free drinking water. Internal roads are mainly by brick soling and BC which is partly damaged. The network is almost without drainage system. Furthermore the whole chunk of the market is low lying needing raised by about 30cm. As a result, the hat becomes unusable during high tide. This is the main crisis with this hat and the main issue that needs to be considered for upgrading. The market lacks some basic amenities and essentials like electricity supply, sanitary latrines, deep tube wells and waste disposal bins etc. Some of the basic amenities are shared by those of adjoining mosque. Market Management Committee (MMC) manages the Solid waste disposal. There found some awareness among the local members for separate facilities for the women users. Presently there are 5 stalls belonging to women.

Temporary Sheds Multipurpose Shed

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HBB/BFS Internal Road without Drains. Open Sale Platform

1.9.1 Major Demands from Stakeholder

Stakeholders of the market have demanded to provide the following facilities:-  Internal Roads  Drain  Multi-purpose Sheds  Open Sale Platform  Toilets  Deep Tube Wells  Garbage Pits  Open Platform

1.9.2 Recommendations

The following components are recommended for improvement:  Internal Roads  Drain  Multi-purpose Sheds  Toilets  Deep Tube Wells  Garbage Pits

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1.9.3 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount in BDT Internal Road CC 3,047,500.00 Drains 504,000.00 Open Sale Platform CC 266,400.00 Deep Tube Wells 110,000.00 Toilets for Men & Women 780,000.00 Garbage Pits 50,000.00 Sub – Total 4,757,900.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 237,895.00 TOTAL 4,995,795.00

Land is available within the market boundary. The market users are willing to pay maintenance fees for the facilities and services. The recommended works proposed for the improvement of this market will improve livelihood of rural poor considerably, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

Sub-Project 10: Baddamary; Upazila – Mongla; District – Bagerhat

The market under the Large Rural Market category and is situated in Chila union, Mongla Upazila under Bagerhat district the southernmost district head quarter of Khulna division. It is connected by an Upazila road with the highway, developed through informal growth on approx. 5.00 ac of land including 2.0ac khas land. There is no problem of boundary dispute. The bazar has 1.50 ac. of land within and 0.5ac of land adjoining for expansion. Both road and river is the principal communication system and the modes of transportation are bus, truck, van, tempo, motor bike etc. The catchment area spreading over 7km around covers about 6 unions and about 25 villages serving about 1,00,000 population. It is one of the largest markets in the region. Total number of permanent shops is 100 including 15 women shops and 40 permanent structures and number of floating shops around 100 attending on bi-weekly hat days. Other than a mosque, there is no notable social institution in the market. The hat deals mainly with fish (shrimp), rice and vegetable as the principal commodity. Average turnover on by-weekly hat day is 50, 00,000/- and yearly lease value (last year) was Tk. 1, 00,000/-. Internal roads are by BFS and are without a drainage system. As a result, it is partly damaged and on the hat day during rainy season it becomes unusable. Source of drinking water is deep tube-well. Problem of saline free drinking water is acute. The fish/meat shed is damaged and needs reconstruction. These are the main crisis with this hat and the main issue that needs to be considered for upgrading. The market is still without electricity supply. The market lacks some other basic amenities and essentials like sanitary latrines, deep tube wells and waste disposal system etc. Market Management Committee (MMC) manages the Solid waste disposal. Least awareness found among the local members for separate facilities for the women users, yet a section of people feels separate provision for them.

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Temporary Stalls Lack of proper Internal Roads and Drains

Lack of proper Internal Roads and Drains Shed

1.10.1 Major Demands from Stakeholder

Stakeholders of the market have demanded to provide the following facilities:  Internal road  Boat landing station  Multipurpose sheds  Toilets  Deep Tube wells  Open Platform  Drains

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1.10.2 Recommendations

There is no scope for any expansion of the market. The following components are recommended for improvement:

 Internal Roads  Drain  Multipurpose Sheds  Open Sale Platform  Toilets  Deep Tube Wells  Garbage Pits

1.10.3 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount in BDT Internal Road CC 2,438,000.00 Drains 810,000.00 Multipurpose Shed - RCC Roof 900,000.00 Open Sale Platform CC 266,400.00 Deep Tube Wells 110,000.00 Toilets for Men & Women 780,000.00 Garbage Pits 25,000.00 Sub – Total 5,329,400.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 266,470.00 TOTAL 5,595,870.00

Land is available. The market users are willing to pay maintenance fees for the facilities and services. The recommended works will improve livelihood of rural poor considerably, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

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4. Description of the Environment (Baseline data)

4.1 Physical Resources

The environmental baseline situation in the region including the ten subproject areas are well documented in the regional environmental profiles produced by the Water Resource Planning Organization (WARPO), as part of the National Water Management Plan (NWMP).

Hydrology: Surface water hydrology is characterized by the river networks that are part of the Ganges-Jamuna delta system. The Gorai River, which flows on the northeast side of the project area, has been experiencing lower dry season flows in recent years. The river Kabatakha has almost been blocked due to sedimentation from tidal activity and drastic reduction of sweet water flow from upstream. This is partly due to upstream abstraction from the Ganges system in India and also because of sedimentation in the mouth of its off take near Kushtia. The Gorai/Modhumati river that being originated from Ganges flows through Gopalgonj and Khulna and falls to the Bay of Bengal. The flow has reduces to minimum due to similar reasons.

Groundwater is the main source of potable water in the subproject areas. However shallower aquifers in the coastal areas are saline, so abstraction has to be taken from deep (up to 300m) tube wells, which are relatively costly to construct. Groundwater abstraction north of the coastal area is from the shallower aquifers, but the discovery of natural arsenic in the shallower aquifers is a serious problem.

Geology: The Khulna region consists of late Holocene to Recent Alluvium of the Ganges deltaic plain in north and tidal plain in south. The area is composed of sand, silt and clay in various proportions with small amount of coarse sand, which is classified into seven litho-stratigraphic units from base to top. Stratigraphic cross-sections and panel diagram through this area indicate presence of seven sedimentary cycles, each cycle resembling fining upward sequence. The entire area constitutes complexes of channels of fluvial/ tidal origin, natural levees, bars, swamps and plains like floodplain, deltaic plains, estuarine plains or coastal plains.

Topography, Landforms and Soils: The subproject areas are located in the Ganges tidal floodplain. The boundary between this unit and the Ganges floodplain is traditional. The tidal landscape has a low ridge and a basin relief crossed by innumerable tidal rivers and creeks. Local differences in elevation generally are less than 1m compared with 2-3m on the Ganges floodplain. The sediments are mainly non-calcareous clays, but they are silty and slightly calcareous on riverbanks. This unit covers most of Satkhira, Khulna and Bagerhat but excludes the Sundarbans in the south.

The river carries fresh water throughout the year in the northeast and east, but saltwater penetrates increasingly further inland towards the west, mainly in the dry season, but for most or the entire monsoon in the southwest. Elsewhere, there is mainly shallow flooding at high tides, either throughout the year, or only in the monsoon, except in the extensive areas where tidal flooding is prevented by BWDB embankments. Within embankments, there is seasonal flooding with accumulated rainwater. The soils are non-saline throughout the year over substantial areas in the north and the east, but they become saline to varying degrees in the dry season in the southwest.

Climate: The climate of the project areas can be described as Tropical Monsoon – characterized by warm, humid summers and cool, dry winters. The areas, however, experience noticeable spatial variations in temperature and rainfall. Annual average temperature for Khulna is 35.5O C with a record low of 10O C. The April temperature often rising above 40O C in Khulna. Variations in mean annual rainfall are more pronounced in the CRIIP area than in the eastern parts of the country. The amount of rainfall generally diminishes from east to west. The average annual rainfall is 1710 mm in Khulna division. Nearly 80 percent of the rainfall is concentrated in the months of June to October. The south 30

western districts occasionally experience drought periods in the pre-monsoon months (March-May), which is likely to become more frequent and severe under climate change impacts. Norwesters (pre- monsoon thunderstorms) and tornadoes are other climatic hazards in the project area.

4.2 Biological (Natural Environment)

4.2.1 Aquatic Faunas

Fish and Fisheries: In general there are five types of fish capturing, which are undertaken. These are:

(i) River capture fishing- Fish are caught year round within all the main rivers and khals. However, catches tend to peak in May to June, with the mass migration upstream of hilsa (Tenulosailisha), and in October to November, when the floods subsides and fish start returning from the floodplain to the river (ODA 1994). Fish species caught in the rivers tend to consist of the major carps, catfish, hilsa and small shrimp. (ii) Major carp spawn capture fishing- There is a high demand for major carp spawn for use in fishpond stocking. This high demand means that the spawn generates high value. (iii) Floodplain subsistence capture fishing- During the flood season there is open access fishing across all flooded areas. Subsistence fishing is therefore undertaken by almost all rural households during this period. The capture of fish in this way is often crucial for these households, as it represents the main (and often the only) source of animal protein available to them during the year.

Fisheries: The fish habitats include ponds, borrow pits, closed channel, and rivers and canals. Capture fisheries are very common in the rivers and canals; and shrimp culture in local ghers are in many cases become the major source of foreign currency. There is controversy about the loss of agricultural productivity of the area due the increased rate of shrimp culture.

Improved fish feeds for fishes for use in Ponds/ dighi and in aquaculture are available in the local market. However, the farmers mostly use shell meat, pressed rice and oil cake as fish feed because these are cheaper than the balanced commercial feeds.

Fish Catch in October. Capture fisheries in the floodplains get higher nourishment during the monsoon due to movement of high amount of biomass energy through run-off to the open as well as in closed water bodies. Consequently fishes grow faster. Fish population in open and closed water bodies also increases during this season. The fresh water fish spawn during May-July period.

These promote big catch of capture fisheries during November-December period. Usually captive fisheries are not explored until March-April period because of relatively low market price of fishes and spawns that are released in June-July are allowed time to grow.

Aquatic biology: The genetic dolphin (Plastanistagangetica), known locally as Sisu or Susok, occurs in all the main river systems of Bangladesh, particularly through the monsoon season. The Dolphin is identified as a threatened/ vulnerable species by the IUCN Red Book2.

2 IUCN Bangladesh. 2003. Bangladesher Bipanno Bonno Prani, IUCN-The World Conservation Union. 294 p, Dhaka 31

Also identified as an endangered species is the Peacock Soft-shelled Turtle (Tionyxhyrum). This turtle is a resident of beels and rivers. No information was obtained as to whether the turtle is resident in any of the surface water bodies present within the Project corridor.

The fresh water aquatic floras include hydrilla, vellisneria, bladderwort, water hyacinth, duckweed, water lettuce water lily, water fern, water plantain, halainchaipomea and many species of grasses. The hygrophytes that grow in swampy areas are aroids, ferns, begonias and several grass species. Freshwater wetland plant species e.g. hijal (baringtoniaacutangula), barun (crataeva magna), mandar (erithrinaindica), pitaly (trewianudiflora), jarul (lagerstroemia speciosa),etc. are not very much common in the project site.

4.3 Terrestrial Flora

Forest and Plantation: Trees species in various ecosystems and the aquatic floral species at project site are given below.

(i) Homesteads and Orchards: betel nut (areca catechu), kadam (anthocephalus chinensis), coconut (cocos nucifera), date palm (phoenix dactylifera), sofeda (achras sapota), mango (magnifera indica), jackfruit (artocarpus heterophyllus), fig, pome granade, guava (Psidium guajava), grapefruit (Citrus grandis), lemon (Citrus spp.), blackberries (Eugenia jambolana), plum, toddy palm, koroi (Albizia sp.), shisoo (Dalbergia shishu), shirish, rain tree (Samanea saman), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), bamboo (Bambusa spp.), babla (Acacia nilotica), jeol, neem (Azadirachta indica), jamrul (Syzygium javanicum), chalta (Dillenia indica), bel (Aegle marmelos), amra (Spondia spinnata), amloki (Phyllanthus embelica), segun (Tectona grandis), etc.

(ii) Roadside Plantation: date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), road chambol, koroi (Albizia spp.), krishnachura (Delonix regia), rain tree (Samanea saman), shisoo (Dalbergia shishu), babla (Acacia nilotica), akashmoni (Acacia moniliformis), banyan (Ficus bengalensis), mango (Magnifera indica), blackberries (Eugenia jambolana), raj koroi (Samanea saman), etc.

(iii) No natural forest exists in project site or in the surrounding areas.

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4.4 Terrestrial Faunas

Livestock: The livestock in subproject sites include cow, buffalo, goat, ship, pig, chicken, duck, geese and pigeon. This component of farming system is used as draft power, milk and meat source and as supplements to family nutrition and income. No classified grassland area virtually exists in the project site. The fellow lands, road, highway and embankment sides and homesteads are used as grazing fields for cattle. General health of cattle is deplorable because of low quality and inadequate nutrition.

Livestock in project sites: Livestock health in the project site appeared to be poor. This was due to shortage of quality green feed during large part of the year, poor living condition and inadequate health care. Animals are mostly confined in the cattle sheds or on homestead platforms for most part of the year. Fallow croplands, roadside slopes and other wastelands are used for grazing the livestock under watch during the dry season.

Wildlife: The subprojects will not pass through any areas designated as National Parks or Protected Areas. Terrestrial habitat through which the road passes through can be classified as: (i) Agricultural Land; (ii) Strip Plantation; and (iii) Homestead Plantations

Birds: Crow, doves, pigeon, mynas, weaver bird, magpie robin, house sparrow, storks, herons and egrets, tailor bird, shama, kingfishers (blue lessor pied, white breasted, small fisher), wood packers, bulbul, parakeets, jungle babbler, Indian tree pie, vulture, water hen, owls (spotted owlet, fish owl, hutumpecha), kites (shabaz, koral, tisha, etc.), cormorant, kobo, oriolesm hawk cuckoo, green pigeon and koel.

Reptiles & Lizards: Snakes, tree tokey, wall gekko, lizards.

Other Vertebrates: Toads, rodents (mouse, mole, rates, squirrels), bull frog, green frog.

4.5 Aquatic Faunas

Mammals: Gangetic dolphin, gharial, otter, shark.

Birds: Kingfishers, storks, herons, egrets, watermen, snipe, pied wagtail, curlew, green shank, teals, pallas fishing eagle.

Reptiles &Lizards: Snakes, lizards, monitors tortoises, turtles, green frog, bull frog, tree frog.

Other Vertebrates: Crabs, snails, mollusc.

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4.6 Wildlife Status in Project Site

Wildlife species identified and reported from the experience of the survey in the areas that includes the mammals such as jackal, jungle cat, fox and mongoose. In addition, there are reptiles like the water snake, Jat snake (dendroapis polylepis), and darash snake (xenochropis piscator); amphibians like the common toad and bullfrog, lizards such as monitors (water monitor, black monitor and golden monitor), tree gekko, house lizard and rodents (rat, mouse, squirrel, mole), etc. The survey of wildlife species of a small and densely populated area may not bring out a reliable result. Because, the wildlife species allocate their time spread over a territory where they are used to feed, rest and recreate.

The bird species reported from the field survey include crow, mynas, stork, brahmani kite, sparrow, weaver birds, water hen, parakeet, robin, bulbul, black drongo, vulture, hawk cuckoo, black cormorant, owl, snipe, etc. visits. This is based on existing studies and field visits. Wetland: The project areas contain number of rivers, estuaries, mangrove swamps, canals, ponds, shrimp ghers, etc. The farmers generally are interested in draining the wetland during dry period to use for crop cultivation. In absence of large perennial flow many of these wetlands have dried up and lost their wetland features. Moreover sufficient cross drainage works would not impede water movement. Likewise, the flora and fauna of these seasonally flooded areas do not include any endangered or threatened species, and are not likely to be disturbed in their habitats.

5. Socio-economic

5.1 Agriculture

The scope for further intensification of agricultural crops in the project affected sites as well as in the adjacent areas is limited. This is because, the land and water (both surface and underground) is limited. Major crop during the kharif-2 season is rain fed transplanted aman paddy (local varieties). Culture fisheries technology locally known as shrimp gher on low land with availability of saline water is popular and brings hard currency from exports.

5.2 Crops Grown

The crops grown in different cropping seasons and on different land types are given in Table-6. Cultivation of rabi and kharif-I vegetables has gained popularity on highland and made lands in the down town areas of all district town due to availability and access to the local as well as Dhaka City market due to better communication.

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Table 1: Crops grown in different cropping seasons and on different land types Cropping Season Annual Land type Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi Perennial Made-land, Amaranths, Amaranths, Maize, millet, potato, Papaya, banana, Non-flooded long bean, cucumber, long sunflower, peanut, ginger, turmeric, bitter gourd, bean sweet gourd, radish, chili, coriander, sugarcane, etc. snake gourd, ash gourd, ribbed onion, garlic, carrot, sweet gourd, gourd, snake tomato, cabbage, ash gourd, gourd, fodder, etc. cauliflower, egg plant cucumber, and spinach ribbed gourd, peanut, jute, sesame, sweet potato, aus and egg plant Medium B.aus, Sesame T. aman (local) Barley, millet, chilli and Highland, (50- 70%). T. mung bean slightly saline aman Medium B. aus & aman T. aman Barley, millet, chilli and Lowland, T. aman mung bean Irrigated boro (<5%) Homesteads/ Vegetables Vegetables (5%) Vegetables (10%) Betel nut, banana, Orchards, (10%) coconut ipil-ipil, Highland jeolbhadi, pome- granade, sofeda, eucalyptus, akshmoni, date plam mango, shisoo, jack fruit, plum, lemon, jarul, mehgani, koroi, babla, debdaru, shirish, etc.

6. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

6.1 Environmental Impacts

The ten subprojects will focus on construction/improving/rehabilitating existing rural markets and growth centres. The potential generic environmental issues in the construction phase include: (i) soil erosion, silt runoff and gully erosion; (ii) drainage blockage/congestion, water logging and localized flooding; (iii) surface and ground water contamination; (iv) air (dust) and noise pollution; (v) contamination from storage and transportation of construction materials; (vi) hygiene, sanitation and safety of construction workers. The impacts are manageable with minor mitigation option. There are several aspects common to all the markets.

 In all markets water for construction will be sourced from ground water wells.

 Sanitation facilities such as toilets will use a soak away and be located at a safe distance from ground water wells. Toilets are traditionally located at the market boundary.

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 If the market has deep tube wells with the top 10 metres cased then a minimum safe distance between the wells and the toilet soak away is 10 metres. The construction of existing wells will be checked and the distance increased if it is found that they are not cased.

 The design of the facilities and their construcion under the project will have no negative impact on ground water quality

 Garbage Pits will be located at market boundaries and it is one of the roles of the Market Leaseholder to ensure that these are emptied regularly and the solid waste taken to appropriate designated dumping sites outside the market boundaries within the Union Parishad.

 During construction of new sheds in existing sales areas, even if this is open ground, there maybe a need to temporarily relocate traders. This will be done in consultation with the Market Management Committee and all traders who are not located in existing sheds, but use the open space will have to adjust to a smaller trading area whilst the sheds are being constructed. Once the new sheds are constructed the traders who were temporarily relocated will be given first choice to move into the new shed. This is the normal process that is used by LGED for such aspects.

 The actual number of traders affected during the construction will vary from market to market. Exact numbers are not known and will vary also depending upon when the shed construction will begin. If during the rains then the number of traders using open ground will be obviously less and also if it is harvest season on not for the goods they trade.

The positive impacts are improved market sheds, multipurpose shopping centres with cyclone shelter options, water supply, sanitation with gender specific toilets, improved garbage dumping place and improved drainage for the market. The tree plantation will improve the environment and aesthetic view of the locality. The market / growth centre will facilitate various livelihood options for the people.

Specifically the following environmental impacts are observed for the ten sub-projects:

Sub-Project 1: Perikhali LGC; Upazila – Rampal; District – Bagerhat

The soil of this area is silty clay and susceptible to erosion. Due to salinity not many trees are found in the area. There are no archaeological sites near the area.The land are free of any buildings/structures and there is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste.

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (1) improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities of the market; (2) removal of drainage conditions from market areas; and (3) enhancement of sales of commodities with subsequent improvement of socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

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Sub-Project 2: Batbunia LGC ;Upazila – Dacope; District – Khulna

The soil of this area is silty clay and susceptible to erosion. Due to salinity not many trees are found in the area. There are no archaeological sites near the area. The land is free of any buildings/ structures and there is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste.

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (1) improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities of the market; (2) removal of drainage conditions from market areas; and (3) enhancement of sales of commodities with subsequent improvement of socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

The potential adverse impacts from subproject interventions may include dust pollution, soil erosion and pollution from construction wastes and dumping. The adverse impacts may be overcome by taking appropriate mitigation measures, stabilization of lands and plantation of trees,

Sub-Project 3: Nalta Hat LGC ;Upazila – Kaliganj; District - Sathkira

The soil of this area is silty clay and susceptible to erosion. Due to salinity not many trees are found in the area. There are no archaeological sites near the area. The land is free of any buildings/ structures and there is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste.

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (1) improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities of the market; (2) removal of drainage congestions from market areas; and (3) enhancement of sales of commodities with subsequent improvement of socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

All potential negative impacts will be minimized by adopting such mitigation measures as (i) tree planting on roadsides to stabilize soil and compensate for tree removal; (ii) providing adequate, and sufficient drainage.

Sub-Project 4: Alaipur GC; Upazila – Rupsha; District - Khulna

The soil of this area is silty clay and susceptible to erosion. Due to salinity not many trees are found in the area. There are no archaeological sites near the area. The land is free of any buildings/ structures and there is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste.

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (1) improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities of the market; (2) removal of drainage conditions from market areas; and (3) enhancement of sales of commodities with subsequent improvement of socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

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Sub-Project 5: Soladana Bazar LRM :Upazila – Paickgacha; District – Khulna

The soil of this area is silty clay and susceptible to erosion. Due to salinity not many trees are found in the area. There are no archaeological sites near the area. The land is free of any buildings/ structures and there is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste.

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (1) improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities of the market; (2) removal of drainage conditions from market areas; and (3) enhancement of sales of commodities with subsequent improvement of socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

Sub-Project 6: Subarnabad Hat (GC): Upazila – Debhata; District – Sathkira

The soil of this area is silty clay and susceptible to erosion. Due to salinity not many trees are found in the area. There are no archaeological sites near the area. The land is free of any buildings/ structures and there is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste.

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (1) improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities of the market; (2) removal of drainage conditions from market areas; and (3) enhancement of sales of commodities with subsequent improvement of socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

Sub-Project 7: Bangdah Hat (GC)- Upazila – Sadar; District – Sathkira

The soil of this area is silty clay and susceptible to erosion. There is no need for clearing of trees from the market site. There are no archaeological sites near the area. The land is free of any buildings/ structures and there is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste.

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (1) improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities of the market; (2) removal of drainage conditions from market areas; and (3) enhancement of sales of commodities with subsequent improvement of socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

Sub-Project 8 : Depara Bazar (LRM); Upazila – Bagerhat Sadar; District – Bagerhat

The soil of this area is silty clay and susceptible to erosion. Due to salinity not many trees are found in the area and there is no need of removal of trees from the subproject site. There are no archaeological sites near the area. The land is free of any buildings/ structures and there is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste. 38

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (1) improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities of the market; (2) removal of drainage conditions from market areas; and (3) enhancement of sales of commodities with subsequent improvement of socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

Sub-Project 9: Chatterhat GC; Upazila – Mongla; District – Bagerhat

The soil of this area is silty clay and susceptible to erosion. Due to salinity not many trees are found in the area. There is no need for tree removal from the subproject site. There are no archaeological sites near the area. The land is free of any buildings/ structures and there is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste.

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (1) improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities of the market; (2) removal of drainage conditions from market areas; and (3) enhancement of sales of commodities with subsequent improvement of socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

Sub-Project 10: Baddamary; Upazila – Mongla ; District – Bagerhat

The soil of this area is silty clay and susceptible to erosion. Due to salinity not many trees are found in the area. There is no need of tree removal. There are no archaeological sites near the area. The land is free of any buildings/ structures and there is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste.

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (1) improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities of the market; (2) removal of drainage conditions from market areas; and (3) enhancement of sales of commodities with subsequent improvement of socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

6.2. Physical

6.2.1 Soil erosion and Siltation

Soil erosion is one of the most common environmental impacts of the road projects, unless protective measures are undertaken. The degree of soil stability, erosion and siltation varies according to the soil texture, intensity of rainfall and the slope of the embankments. In sandy soils, the instability is greater than on sticky, clayey soils. Hence, in the subproject areas, measures against soil erosion should take into consideration the nature of the soil texture in specific locations. The risk of erosion will be limited or minimized if the improvement works are done in the dry season. The protective measures through vegetation and compaction on the improved roads will have high positive impact of the proposed road improvement measures.

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6.2.2 Drainage congestion

The impact issue of drainage congestion and resultant water-logging is essentially related to the above mentioned hydrologic parameters. In the context of the experience vis-à-vis the improved roads, it is likely that the rehabilitated and new culverts or cross-drainage structures will facilitate surface runoff and bring some positive impacts in terms of drainage and water logging. However, it is necessary to emphasize that provision should be given for adequate cross-drainage structures, The drainage congestion will be removed by providing adequate drains and raising the market areas. Discussion would be made with the local people to define the requirement of drainage in them market area.

6.2.3 Water quality

Water quality on roadsides may be affected during the construction phase. Through adoption of simple erosion control measure, such as use of sand bags, rubble, erosion to water ways can be minimized. Even after the roads are carpeted with bitumen, the nature and volume of traffic on them will not be of such magnitude as to cause any significant water pollution problem. Nonetheless, it may be advisable not to locate drinking water intake points close to the road embankments in order to avoid chance of contamination from pollutants.

6.2.4 Air Pollution

The impact issue of air pollution from road improvements must be weighed against the existing situation on those roads. The bitumen surface of the improved roads will necessarily generate more traffic of motorized vehicles and cause certain amount of air pollution from exhaust emissions. But it will also produce positive impact of lesser dust than the present unpaved earthen roads. Overall, air quality will not deteriorate significantly.

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7. Natural Environment

Fisheries: Since the proposed subprojects do not involve the construction of new roads, the potential for any adverse impact of fish migration and fish breeding/spawning is nil. Moreover, the rehabilitation of cross-drainage structures and culverts on Upazila roads including provision of additional drainage capacity, in accordance with the design standard of the LGED, will ensure better fish passage and migration opportunities in the flood plain. Culture fishery in ponds has recently become very popular in the Project area, and the Project works are not expected to affect them adversely.

Tree plantation: The issue of tree plantation will have a high positive impact from the project actions. Road improvements involving road widening may require removal of some existing trees and vegetation. However, this need not to be viewed as a negative impact because the practice established by LGED of planting and maintaining trees on the improved embankments more than compensates for this and enhances the environment. With proper care and nurturing, the improved roads will have adequate tree plantations along their embankments, which will also help in reducing or preventing soil erosion.

Forest: The Forest Department is actively involved in social forestry programs involving the rural poor through participatory benefit sharing scheme in the project areas. The Forest Department is engaged in tree plantation along canals, railways and roads in association with the agencies owning those lands. Hence, the road improvements in the project areas will benefit the forestry sector through LGED’s continued collaboration and cooperation with social forestry programs of the Forest Department.

8. Human Interest Component

8.1 Employment opportunities

The proposed improvement works are expected to generate significant employment opportunities for the local people during the construction stage. This is in direct conformity with the concept of stakeholder and beneficiary participation, which is central to the design of the Project. Besides, improved markets will increase marketing facilities of the rural areas, and will thus have a cascade effect of encouraging commercial activities in the connecting growth centre/ markets, and providing for long-term income-generating opportunities.

8.2 Landscape/Aesthetics

The market improvement works together with tree plantations on free space, will also greatly enhance the visual landscape and aesthetic quality of the entire region.

8.3 Growth Center market improvements

Environmental issues related to growth centres market subproject relate to sanitation, safe drinking water, drainage, waste disposal, internal and access road conditions, and status of selling area. The current status of the market infrastructure is very poor and totally inadequate. Sanitation facilities are unhygienic and mostly non-existent. Under the project markets will have new toilet facilities and also where required additional garbage pits. The operation of these will be the responsibly of the Market Lease holder under the monitoring of the Market Management Committee. Solid waste will be removed from the market and taken to already designated locations within the Union Parisad. The improvement 41

of physical infrastructure in and around the existing growth centres/ markets will have high positive impact on the general environment.

8.4 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies/Options

The project aims to mainstream climate risk reduction into policy formulation and infrastructure development planning; capacity development to increase understanding of current and emerging climate risks and promote resilient decisions at central and local planning levels; and the demonstration of ways to effectively ‘climate-proof’ infrastructure with a view to systematically develop and apply climate-resilient building codes and standards. A central element of the project is to examine climate change related risks with local communities and officials, and to make the experiences gained from the climate-proofing of critical infrastructure work for vulnerability reduction at all levels, using entry points of policy and regulatory revisions as well as climate-resilient development planning. Market area specially internal roads of the market would be raised considering future climate scenario so that it remains protected from flooding and tidal surge. Besides, considering the vulnerability of conventional steel trussed CI sheet roofing of market sheds during climate induced disasters like cyclones, the RCC roof has been introduced in market sheds development. Moreover, potable water supply arrangement would be made available in the market to combat the water crisis for increasing salinity intrusion due to potential sea level rise in the project areas. Apart from that to prevent possible vector diseases due to climate change, hygienic sanitation and water supply would be provided in the markets.

9. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation

In the IEE studies of the ten proposed subprojects, the IEE teams carried out consultations with local communities and related stakeholders during the field surveys to scope out any public concerns and encourage suggestions for subproject design. The public consultation was carried out from March to April 2014 as part of the field works. Public Consultation was done using various tools including, formal/ informal discussion with Union Parishad chairpersons and members, Government officials and other stakeholders. During the transect walk, consultations were held with the UP officials and villagers. Also during the reconnaissance survey and site visits, discussions were carried out informally drawing people into dialogue to obtain an overview of likely impacts and concerns of the market users and stakeholders. The institutional level consultations were held with representatives of institutions having stakes in implementation of the project. The participants generally appreciated markets upgrading; they realized the overall benefits to the community resulting from project development; they were aware of the increased facilities and trade volume after sub-projects implementation.

The environmental assessment process under the ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement requires the disclosure of the IEE in an accessible place and language to the public during the completion of the IEE. The LGED will provide before the construction a Bengali version of a summary IEE in public places with providing relevant environmental information, including information from the documents as above in a timely manner, in an accessible place and in a form and language(s) understandable to affected people and other stakeholders. For illiterate people other suitable communication methods will be used. The LGED will also organize meeting/ seminar in the locality to inform people effectively. This process will be concluded with the EU providing copies of the IEE for display at the MMC office at marketplaces and Upazila level during the same period when the IEE is disclosed on the ADB website.

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10. Grievance Redress Mechanism

To facilitate the resolution of affected people’s concerns, complaints, and grievances about the social and environmental performance of the project, a grievance redress mechanism is established which aims to provide a time bound and transparent mechanism to voice and resolve social and environmental concerns. The EU of LGED has established a mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of affected peoples’ concerns, complaints, and grievances about the project’s environmental performance. The grievance mechanism will be scaled to the risks and adverse impacts of the project. It will address affected people's concerns and complaints promptly, using an understandable and transparent process that is gender responsive, culturally appropriate, and readily accessible to all segments of the affected people at no costs and without retribution. The mechanism should not impede access to the country’s judicial or administrative remedies. The affected people will be appropriately informed about the mechanism.

The project management Office (PMO) and PIOs will make the public aware of the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) through public awareness campaigns. The contact phone number of the respective PIOs and the PMU will serve as a hotline for complaints, and shall be publicized through the media and placed on notice boards outside their offices and at construction sites. The project information brochure will include information on the GRM and shall be widely disseminated throughout the corridor by the safeguards officers in the PMO and PIOs. Grievances can be filed in writing or by phone with any member of the PMO or PIO.

Under the GRM, a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) will be formed with involvement of local stakeholders. The APs will be appropriately informed about the mechanism by the INGO. This GRC will help the APs to save time and money instead of proceeding for legal process which may be a lengthy procedure. To ensure that the GRM will be able to redress grievances within a short time at nominal cost, the Grievance Redress Committee members will comprise field level SMO officers, AP’s and public representatives. The GRC costs will mainly relate to communication, stationeries, etc. which would be covered by the RP’s contingency budget or a specifically allocated lump sum. The EA shall ensure that the GRC is working impartially through monitoring GRC activities on a regular basis. Grievance Redress Committees (GRCs) will be established for each subproject or group of subprojects with social and environmental impacts, to ensure stakeholders’ participation in the implementation process. Through public consultations, the APs will be informed that they have a right to grievance redress from the LGED. The APs can also call upon the support of the INGO engaged to implement the RP to assist them in presenting their grievances or queries to the GRC. Other than disputes relating to ownership right and award of compensation by the Deputy Commissioner under the court of law, GRCs will review grievances involving all environmental, resettlement assistances, relocation and other supports. Grievances are to be redressed within 21 days from the date of lodging the complaints. The GRCs are to be formed and activated during the implementation process to allow APs sufficient time to lodge complaints and safeguard their recognized interests. Any AP wishing to lodge a complaint will be supported by the project. Assistance will be given to document and record the complaint, and if necessary, provide advocate services to address the GRC. Any complaints of ownership or other suits are to be resolved by the judicial system, not by GRCs. All APs can access the legal process at any time, without having to proceed through the Project GRM.

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10.1 Grievance Redress Committees

GRCs will be formed for each subproject or group of subprojects to deal with grievances involving environmental aspects. This committee will also deal with resettlement benefits, relocation, and other assistance. A gazette notification on the formation and scope of the GRCs had been made already from the Ministry of LGRD. Accordingly, a small booklet outlining the whole procedure of GRC in Bangla had been circulated to the stakeholders in the project area. The GRC for a subproject comprises as follows: - Upazila Engineer, SMO, LGED – Convener; - Team Leader, RP Implementing NGO- Member Secretary; - Concerned U P Chairman or his designated U P member – Member; - Woman UP member of the concerned UP – Member;- - One representative of APs – Member Procedures for resolving grievances are described in the Table below.

10.2 Grievance Redress Procedures

An AP has a grievance about any part of the environmental aspects, and finds that it Step-1 cannot be resolved. The AP approaches the INGO field level officials for clarification. The INGO will Step-2 provide clarification to the AP as per RP within 1 day. If not resolved in 2, The AP approaches to the GRC. INGO staff will assist the AP in Step-3 producing the complaints and organize hearing within 21 days of receiving the complaints. GRC to scrutinize applications and cases are referred to DC through EA if beyond Step-4 their mandate. If within the mandate, GRC sessions held with aggrieved AP, minutes recorded. If Step-5 resolved, the Project Director approves. If not resolved: The AP may accept GRC decision, if not, he/she may file a case to the Step-6 court of law for settlement. T Step-7 he GRC minutes, approved by the Project Director, are received at the Convener’s Office. The approved verdict is communicated to the complainant AP in writing.

APs will be able to submit their grievance/complaint about any aspect of EMP. Grievances can be shared with the LGED verbally or in written form, but in case of the verbal form, the INGO representatives in the GRC shall write it down in the first instance during the meeting at no cost to APs. The APs will sign and formally submit the grievance to the GRC at the respective office of the INGO.

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10.3 Grievance Redress Flow Chart

Aggrieved Persons

GRC members: Application submitted to LGED Representative GRC through INGO •INGO Representative

• LGI Representative Scrutinization of • APs Representative Complaints by GRC

Referred to Complaints under Not under Arbitration or DC Law Arbitration or  to be settled as per RP policy Existing LA Law

GRC Hearing within 21days of Not Redressed Lodging the claim Redressed

PD for

Approval Recommendation for Claim Compensation

INGO for Payment

District Seeking Legal Decision Judge Settlement Accepted Court

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11. Environment Management Plan

11.1 Environmental Monitoring

EMP is an important tool to ensure the implementation of mitigation measures for minimizing adverse impacts and maximizing the beneficial impacts. Environmental monitoring generates useful information and improves the quality of implementation of mitigation measures. The more important short term mitigation measures will include dry season construction work, erosion control from earthworks, careful location of borrow pits, temporary provision for drainage and traffic diversion, sanitation and hygienic provisions for the construction workers, and safe storage/transportation of construction materials. Long term mitigation measures will include inter-alia efficient soil compaction, intensive scheme of roadside tree plantation, ensuring 1:1.5 ratio for the embankment slopes, rehabilitation of borrow pits by the contractors, careful design of cross drainage structures to allow flood water passage and prevent water- logging, minimizing agricultural land loss and prompt compensation for any acquisition, and adequate number of road safety signs and markings at vulnerable or hazardous sections.

Field investigations revealed that none of the impact issues will produce high degree of negative environmental effect. The potential short-term negative impacts relate to soil erosion, water logging or drainage congestion, air and water pollution, agricultural land loss, navigation and traffic/road safety. These have to be addressed through five sequential stages of the project cycle, viz., design, contracting, construction, supervision, and operation and maintenance. Most long-term adverse impacts can be mitigated by giving special emphasis on maintenance.

The minor negative impacts related to tree removal, agricultural land loss, drainage congestion, pollution and road safety as well as short term (construction phase) effects can be mitigated through appropriate measures, monitoring programs and fulfilment of institutional requirements. Table 9 shows summary of environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measures

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Table 2: Summary of Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion Impacts on air quality and noise during construction 1 Excavating, Dust, fumes and Reduce ambient dust levels by Construction Supervising Environment Included in cost of construction grading, noise regular zones for Engineer with al Consultant Contract implementation. finishing in the vicinity of spraying of water on exposed earth in markets the and DOE the construction zone near settlement Contractor worksite. areas Temporary where there damage to is potential for human exposure. adjacent Remove construction debris and spoil land use and piles exposure Impose traffic controls to reduce to air and noise public exposure, Cover transport pollutants vehicles. 2 Construction Blocks access Select alternate routes around/ Construction Supervising Environment Included in cost of construction activity near and produces outside market areas. office and Engineer with al Consultant Contract implementation. business noise, construction the and DOE areas dust and zones for Contractor congestion markets 3 Cement Noxious and Locate facilities at a sufficient Construction Supervising Environment Included in cost of construction mixing, and objectionable distance from human receptors to zone for Engineer with al Consultant Contract implementation. brick crushing odors and fumes eliminate the impact. markets; the and DOE as well as dust Conduct activities during daylight brick Contractor hours if there are communities crushing will

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Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion nearby. Water areas where dust allowed only accumulates regularly. Locations for in locations facilities approved by the LGED/ approved by Consultant. Consultant 4 Operation of Air pollution from Regular maintenance of all Construction Supervising Environment Included in cost of construction construction generation of machinery, zone Engineer with al Consultant Contract implementation. equipment, harmful gases Equipment and vehicles. the and DOE machineries Contractor and vehicles Impacts on Soil Resources during Detailed Design and Pre-construction 5 Recommendat Excess cutting Incorporate environment friendly Design office Supervising Environment Included in cost of design ion of and use construction techniques in the Engineer with al Consultant Contract. techniques for of poor techniques detailed design the and DOE excavation resulting in Contractor and earth landslides and cutting works slope failure 6 Identification Improper disposal Designate suitable locations as Construction Supervising Environment Included in cost of construction of disposal of construction disposal sites for safe disposal of zone Engineer with al Consultant contract implementation sites for debris resulting in construction debris the and DOE construction scarred landscape Contractor debris

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Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion Impacts on Soil Resources during Construction 7 Operation of Oily waste is Install secondary containment around Equipment Supervising Environment Included in cost of design equipment improperly fuel tanks and at fuelling stations. yards and Engineer with al Consultant Contract storage and disposed of; fuel Prevent oil and fuel spills, control fuelling the and DOE repair yards, is spilled and poor runoff from contaminated areas. stations Contractor and fuel housekeeping depots causes soil and water pollution. Impacts on Water Resources and Water Quality during Detailed Design 8 Excavation Disposal of Use of log barriers or boulder barriers Construction Supervising Environment Included in the cost of and cutting excavated at the base of slopes to hold any zone Engineer with al Consultant construction contract works materials on excavated material that may fall. No the and DOE nearby streams dumping of excavated material or Contractor and rivers causing construction rubble into streams and excess rivers nearby. Reuse of excavated sedimentation, material as far as possible and creation of disposal of unwanted material in temporary dams proper designated sites. (and hence small floods thereafter), disturbances to aquatic ecology.

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Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion 9 Operation of Dumping of solid Proper management of solid waste of Markets MMC and XEN, LGED LGED maintenance fund and markets waste from markets including arrangement for developed LGED contribution from beneficiaries markets destroy barrel composting under CCRIP maintenance of market water quality of program adjacent ponds and canals

Impacts on trees and vegetation during Pre-construction 10 Operation of Workers fish, hunt Prohibit fishing, hunting and gathering Jobsites and Construction Environment Cost included in construction Workers and of firewood among workers. Provide labor camps contractor al Consultant contract implementation camps gather firewood; construction camps with food supplies destruction of from purchased stores. Provide biological firewood for warmth from legitimate resources sources or stockpiled from materials cleared from the roadway construction zone. Impacts on Labor Rights during Construction 11 Employment Rigorous living Provide laborers and others resident Labor camps Construction Environment Cost is included in the of labor and working at the site lodging in a camp setting contractor al Consultant construction contract conditions affect outside of any danger zone, food workers’ health service facilities, safe drinking water, adequate washing and bathing facilities for maintaining personal hygiene, and access to health care

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Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion 12 Set up of Sanitary waste Camp facilities should be located at a Construction Construction Environment Cost is included in the construction and litter degrade distance from nearby communities. and labor contractor al Consultant construction contract camps local environment Provide sanitary facilities (dry pit or camps around pour flush latrines) for workers and construction arrange for disposal of solid waste in camps accordance with local practice 13 Operation of Threat of HIV/AIDS awareness-raising Construction Construction Environment Cost is included in the construction HIV/AIDS and campaign among the construction and labor contractor al Consultant construction contract camps other STDs workers and in the nearby camps and communities. local community Impacts on Archaeological Remains during Construction 14 Construction Damage to Halt nearby work upon discovery of Construction Construction Environment Cost is included in the excavation: archaeological archaeological relics. Notify LGED to zone contractor al Consultant construction contract archaeology monuments and contact relevant government authority unearthed to investigate and undertake evidence. recovery. Work to remain halted at the specific location until recovery is complete.

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12. Institutional Requirements for Implementing EMP

PMO will be responsible to ensure adherence and implementation of the EMP at all stages of works by the contractors. An environmental consultant will assist PMO to undertake following tasks:

(i) Review of project design and specifications to ensure their adequacy and feasibility with respect to the implementation of EMP and or Environmental Code of Practices (ECoP). (ii) Collection and dissemination of relevant environmental documents including amendments to environmental protection acts issued by the various agencies, namely, ADB, DOE and local bodies; (iii) Interact with the counterpart of the Contractor(s), review work progress/plans and ensure implementation of the EMP; (iv) Co-ordination with the nongovernment organizations(NGOs), community groups and Government departments on environmental issues, provide clarifications/ and obtain clearances during project implementation if any; (v) Monitoring sensitive environmental attributes during construction to ensure that the suggested mitigation measures in the EMP are implemented; (vi) Documentation of the environmental management/monitoring activities for the regular project implementation progress report; and (vii) Conducting environmental training/awareness programs for the contractors, the project implementation personnel and the communities. (viii) Provide annual environmental monitoring reports to ADB

The Environmental Unit (EU) of LGED is now headed by a Superintending Engineer. EU has two full-time positions at present: one Executive Engineer and one Assistant Engineer. EU is being expanded into a team of environmental scientists/engineers with provision for mid- and junior level environmental scientists. The EU will also play a proactive role in environmental monitoring during project implementation as well as in undertaking post-project evaluation of projects in order to assess environmental compliance and develop future strategies on the basis of `lessons learned’. The EU will also be entrusted with the task of organizing and administering training modular courses for the LGED staff and other stakeholders on environmental assessment and monitoring, social impact assessment, and public consultation/participation.

The LGED through its PMO is responsible to implement the overall EMP, and will use the services of the LGED Environmental Unit plus concerned LGED staff in the districts.Until the EU gets proper management strength, the EMP will be implemented and monitored by the PMO with the assistance of Environmental Specialist of Management Support Consultants.However, during the construction stage; the contractors are responsible to mitigate all environmental impacts related with the

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construction activities. In this context, the EMP will be included into the Bidding Documents (BD) of all the construction packages and funding has been allocated in the contracts for environmental issues

Table 3: Environmental Monitoring Control Matrix – Construction Phase

Monitoring Environmental Mitigation measures Frequency Attributes / (for detail description refer to EMAP of IEE) During Project Actions construction Existing Structures to Alternate spaces would be provided to the existing vendors for Monthly be demolished conducting business until the construction is completed. Borrow Areas Seek prior approval from local environmental regulatory Monthly agencies and compliance at all stages of operations. After borrowing ensure re-vegetation, drainage, erosion protection as per EMAP Work sites Comply with local Environmental regulations for air quality, Weekly noise, occupational hazard & safety procedures at all stages of work Ground water level in Bore wells shall be away from human settlements; determine Monthly and around sustainable yield and restrict withdrawal of water within yield construction tube wells recommended for region. Monitor depth of water below ground level in wells in and around construction tube wells before start and after completion of water withdrawal for the day Construction Ensure vehicles are regularly maintained; have pollution under Quarterly Equipment/Vehicles control certificates revalidated every month Noise at all operational Record noise levels at every 5 minutes for 24 hours (both day Monthly areas time & night time) POL (liquid & solid POL storage areas have impervious lining, containment ditches, Weekly waste) /Hazardous oil & grease traps as per EMAP. Regular inspection & Storage Areas Maintenance. Comply all local environmental regulations Soil erosion and Borrow areas shall have gentle slopes connected to nearby Monthly conservation natural water bodies, (as a temporary measure and especially needed for drainage during the rainy season) re-vegetated Water Supply Adequate water supply as per norms septic tanks and soak Weekly Sanitation & Health at away pits. Kerosene and LPG supply, health care facilities camp sites vaccination for work force camps

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Monitoring Environmental Mitigation measures Frequency Attributes / (for detail description refer to EMAP of IEE) During Project Actions construction Construction of Noise Consult affected parties for eliciting opinion during constructing Quarterly Barriers barriers

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13. Conclusions and Recommendations

The potential environmental impacts of this project are insignificant, and temporary, which will mostly occur only during the construction stage. All the potential environmental impacts can be mitigated to an acceptable level by adequate implementation of the measures as stated in the EMP. The project will bring considerable improvement to possible exposure levels of population when compared with no project scenario. The benefits from the implementation of the proposed subprojects are more significant and long term in nature compared with the adverse impacts most of which could be mitigated or avoided. The institutional requirements for implementation of mitigation measures have been identified and monitoring is elaborated in the EMP. Several actions and measures are suggested to strengthen the in-house capacity of the LGED in dealing with environmental issues with special reference to the climate change impacts.

It is concluded that the subprojects are not expected to lead to significant adverse impacts on the environment if appropriate mitigation measures (both protective and compensatory)are considered with adequate environmental monitoring. Further environmental assessment of the subprojects to EIA level is not required. The subprojects are environmentally cleared and can go ahead with implementation.

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ANNEX-1: CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE KHULNA REGION

1. Climate Change in the Region

1.1 Introduction

The objective of the Coastal Climate Resilient Infrastructure Project (CCRIP) is to alleviation poverty and improve livelihood over the selected project areas through improvement of existing infrastructure and construct new ones and make them climate resilient so that the subproject infrastructures become sustainable against the risks of climate change. The 3 districts of Khulna region namely Satkhira, Khulna and Bagerhat are considered for climate resilient study as part of the subproject appraisal report for construction or improvement of a number of roads and growth centers under CCRIP. This region is located both in the exposed and interior coastal zone (Figure-1). The CCRIP aims at providing climate resilience actions that deliver a degree of climate proofing options like construction of embankment, roads, growth centers, cyclone shelters, market, health complex and housing constructions have their specific angle of vision of protecting risks of sea level rising, high wind waves, increasing temperature and ensuring likelihood from the impact of severe cyclone event. CCRIP has adopted suitable adaptation options to contribute to resist climate change adverse impacts and improve livelihood and reduce poverty. In the climate section of the appraisal report of, the climatic characteristics of the subproject area is discussed. A list of the subproject roads, growth centers and other infrastructures is shown in Table 1

.

Figure-1: The exposed and interior coastal zone of Khulna region

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1.2 Description of the subprojects of Khulna region

A list of subproject roads, large growth large centres and growth centres/ large markets of Khulna region is given below in Table-1(a-c).

Table-1 (a) List of subproject roads of Khulna Region Sl. District Upazila Road ID Road Name Total Proposed No. Length Length Road Road (km) (km) 13 Bagerhat Mongla 201582006 Chaterhat GC-Banshtala GC 9.05 5.00 to Baddir Bazar 14 Khulna Terokhada 247942004 Abduler More R&H Majhirgati 7.80 6.00 GC via Kolabazar 15 Satkhira Tala 287902001 Tala UZ HQ-Kalaroa UZ via 33.00 3.00 Dalua GC-Patkhalghata GC Road Total 146.82 14.00

Table-1(b) List of Large Growth Center of Khulna Region Sl. no. District Upazila Name of Growth Centre (GC) 10 Bagerhat Rampal Perikhali 11 Khulna Dacope Batbunia 12 Satkhira Kaliganj Nalta

Table-1(c) List of growth centre / large rural markets subprojects of Khulna Region Sl. no. District Upazila Name of GC or Rural Market 19 Khulna Rupsha Alipur 20 Khulna Paickgacha Soladana Bazar 21 Satkhira Debhata Subarnabad 22 Satkhira Sadar Bangdah 23 Bagerhat BagerhatSadar Depara Bazar 24 Bagerhat Mongla Chatterhat 25 Bagerhat Mongla Baddamary

There are 3 subproject roads in Khulna region: Chaterhat GC - Bashkhali GC to Baddir Bazar (ID 201582006) situated in Sundarban Union of Mongla Upazila of Bagerhat district; Abduler More R&H Majhirgati GC via Kolabazar (ID 247942004) situated in Terokhada of Khulna District; and Tala UZ HQ- Kalaroa UZ via Dalua GC-Patkhalghata GC Road (ID 287902001) situated in Tala Upazila of Satkhira District. Of these areas, Mongla lies in the most exposed zone, while Tala is situated in the interior coastal zone but on the northern border of the exposed coastal zone. Terokhada is situated in the southern border of interior coastal zone.

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There are 3 subprojects of large growth centre one each in the districts of Bagerhat, Khulna and Satkhira. The name of the large growth centers sub-projects are Perikhali (Rampal), Batbunia (Dacope) and Nolta (Kaligonj). There are 7 subprojects under growth centre/large rural market: 2 in Khulna District one at Alipur of Rupsha Upazila and the other at Solodana Bazar at Paickgacha Upazila; 2 in Satkhira District one at Subarnabad of Devhata Upazila and the other at Bangada of Satkhira Sadar Upazila; and 3 in Bagerhat at Depara Bazar of Bagerhat Sadar Upazila and Chatterhat and Baddamary at Mongla Upazila. The subprojects are located in the heart of the most vulnerable areas of the coastal zone; especially those located in Mongla, Dacope, and Rampal are located in the most exposed coastal zone. All these areas are located in the most vulnerable zone which is impacted by climate change, sea level rise and risks of inundation, salinity intrusion and higher frequency of more intense tropical cyclone, associated storm surges and higher tide levels.

1.3 Climatic characteristics of the subproject area

1.3.1 General climatology

The Khulna region has 3 meteorological stations at Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla of Bagerhat the climatology of the study districts has been computed using the monthly climatic data from 1948-2011 or as available over these stations (Table-2 and Figure-3). The annual variation of minimum and maximum temperature for these individual stations has been shown in Figure-2 (a, b) respectively. It is seen that the annual pattern of maximum temperature has bimodal character with highest peak in April (34.8 0C in Khulna and Mongla and 35.1 in Satkhira. The high temperature is maintained up to June; thereafter it slightly decreases during July and August with lowest summer temperature of around 31.80C in July. A secondary peak is observed in September with temperature of around 320C. The lowest minimum temperature of 12.2, 12.8 and 13.8 0C is found in January in Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla respectively. Highest minimum temperature of 26.20C is found to occur in June in Satkhira and Khulna and 26.5 0C in Mongla in the same months.

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Table 2: Mean minimum and maximum temperature in Khulna, Satkhira and Mongla

Lat Lon Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 22.78 89.53 Tmin 12.8 15.9 20.7 24.2 25.4 26.2 26.1 26.2 25.9 24.1 19.3 14.3 Khulna Tmax 25.9 29.0 33.2 34.8 34.4 32.7 31.7 31.7 32.1 31.7 29.6 26.7 22.33 89.60 Tmin 12.2 15.5 20.6 24.3 25.5 26.2 26.0 26.1 25.7 23.6 18.2 13.2 Satkhira Tmax 25.8 28.8 33.1 35.1 35.0 33.3 31.9 31.9 32.1 31.9 29.7 26.7 22.72 89.08 Tmin 13.9 17.4 21.9 24.9 26.0 26.5 26.3 26.4 26.0 24.5 20.5 15.7 Mongla Tmax 25.3 28.9 32.8 34.8 34.5 32.9 31.8 31.8 31.9 31.7 29.6 26.5

Table-3: Mean monthly rainfall in Khulna, Satkhira and Mongla.

Station Lat lon Statistics Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 22.78 89.53 Mean 10.2 24.3 43.5 73.7 170.7 340.7 353.6 303.8 264.7 149.1 30.3 5.1 Khulna STD 19.8 38.1 60.4 67.2 73.5 148.6 141.1 128.7 155.6 97.5 48.0 13.3 Satkhir 22.33 89.60 Mean 10.5 24.9 35.2 74.7 147.7 288.4 350.3 299.0 272.6 144.5 28.6 6.7 a STD 17.3 35.8 40.8 61.6 86.4 149.7 130.5 103.3 130.0 103.0 47.1 21.5 22.72 89.08 Mean 10.0 26.0 43.1 59.4 175.6 353.5 381.3 331.4 335.5 177.9 40.6 2.7 Mongla STD 14.2 31.9 59.2 46.6 64.5 175.9 112.0 114.5 137.2 111.8 67.8 6.9

Table-4(a): Seasonal and Annual rainfall (mm)

Post- Station Winter Pre-monsoon Monsoon monsoon Annual Khulna 39.6 287.9 1262.8 179.4 1769.7 Satkhira 42.1 257.6 1210.3 173.1 1683.1 Mongla 38.7 278.1 1401.7 218.5 1937

Table-4(b) Seasonal rainfall (mm) as % of annual rainfall

Post- Station Winter Pre-monsoon Monsoon monsoon Khulna 2.24 16.27 71.36 10.14 Satkhira 2.50 15.31 71.91 10.28 Mongla 2.00 14.34 72.29 11.27

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Table 5: Relative humidity in Khulna region

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Khulna 74.4 71.8 70.5 75.4 79.0 86.5 88.9 87.7 87.0 83.6 78.0 76.2 Satkhira 73.4 70.1 67.5 72.2 75.0 82.6 86.6 86.9 86.3 82.3 75.7 73.6 Mongla 73.4 70.03 67.36 71.95 75.0 82.7 86.65 86.91 86.35 82.29 75.71 73.64

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KhulnaTmin ˚C) 27 Khulna Tmax Satkhira Tmin 22 Satkhira Tmax

Temperature ( Temperature Mongla Tmin 17 Mongla Tmax

12 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Figure-3: The annual pattern of minimum and maximum temperature for Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla

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450 400 350 300 250 Khulna 200 Satkhira

Rainfall (mm) Rainfall 150 Mongla 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Figure-4: Annual pattern of rainfall (mm) for Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla

The annual distribution of monthly rainfall and corresponding standard deviations are shown in Table-3 and Figure-4. The highest mean rainfall of 350-354mm is obtained in the month of July in Satkhira and Khulna and 381mm in Mongla. The annual rainfall of this area is 1683, 1770 and 1937 mm for Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla respectively. The monsoon rainfall amounts to 1210, 1263 and 1402 mm respectively, which contributes around 72-73 %of the annual rainfall (Table-4 (a,b). The pre-monsoon and post-monsoon receives about 14-16% and 10-12% of the total annual rainfall. The winter is dry and receives only 2% of the annual rainfall. The standard deviation of monthly rainfall shows high in the monsoon months (June- September). The project area is vulnerable to high astronomical tides, monsoon flooding and water logging and tropical cyclones and associated surges. The relative humidity of the subproject area has been shown in Figure-5. The high % of relative humidity is observed during the monsoon months (86.5-88.5%) with the highest level in the month of July. The lowest (73.4%) is obtained in March at Satkhira.

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90

85

80 Khulna 75 Satkhira Mongla Relative Humidity (%) Humidity Relative 70

65 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure-5: Annual pattern of Relative Humidity (RH%) at Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla

1.3.2 Current climate change and impacts

The trends of minimum and maximum temperature and rainfall and the sea level rise have been shown in Table-6 and 7. The variation and trends of annual mean minimum and maximum temperature have been presented in Figure-6(a, b). According this graphical presentation of temperature it is seen that the temperature fluctuates with period in the range 3-5 years and 7-10 years in addition to the warming trends with some exceptions of minimum and maximum winter temperature in Khulna, maximum temperature in Satkhira and minimum temperature in Mongla where the decreasing trends are observed. The pre- monsoon temperature does not exhibit substantial change except in Mongla where the temperature is increasing. It is to mention that the data range of Mongla is relatively small i.e, 23 years from 1989-2011. Tee monsoon and post-monsoon seasons exhibits high increasing trends in the range from 0.01-0.025oC. The increasing trend of maximum temperature in Mongla is very high (0.05 0C /year. The mean increase of annual mean temperature is found to be 0.012 0C/year which depicts a rise of 0.6 0C during the last 50 years.

The rainfall has been found to crease in all seasons except for post-monsoon season of Satkhira and winter and pre-monsoon of Mongla where the rainfall shows decreasing trends. However, the monsoon and annual rainfall are found to increase by 2-9% and 2.3-4.3% respectively varying over the stations (Figure-6 and Table-7). The monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall is generally produced by the convective activities of the depressions and tropical cyclones that quite often pass over this region.

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Fig 6.a: Trends of annual mean minimum temperature of Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla

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Figure-6(b): Trends of maximum temperature of Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla

Table 7: Trend of minimum and Maximum Temperature (0C/year) in Khulna region

Post- Winter Pre-monsoon Monsoon Annual monsoon Tmin -0.011 0.001 0.003 0.01 0 Khulna Tmax -0.015 0 0.02 0.021 0.006 Tmin 0.008 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.009 Satkhira Tmax -0.004 -0.003 0.015 0.019 0.006 Tmin -0.003 0.018 0.009 0.005 0.007 Mongla Tmax 0.029 0.062 0.026 0.051 0.042

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Figure-7: The trends of rainfall of Satkhira, Khulna and Mongla

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Table 8: Trend of seasonal and annual rainfall in Khulna region and sea level rise at Hiron Point

Winter Pre-monsoon Monsoon Post-monsoon Annual % per %per % % % Rainfall mm/d decade mm/d deca mm/dec per mm/dec per mm/dec per ecade ecade de ade deca ade dec ade deca de ade de Khulna 4.5 11.4 3.1 1.1 31.0 2.5 6.0 3.3 44.0 2.5 Satkhira 6.4 15.3 11.1 4.3 24.8 2.1 -3.0 -0.2 39.0 2.3 Mongla -25.1 -64.7 -42.5 -15.3 132.3 9.4 18.0 8.2 83.0 4.3 Sea Level Rise at Hiron Point (21°48’ N, 4 cm/decade 89°28’E) 1977-1998 (22 years

The analysis of the time series of tidal observations for the period 1977-1998 shows that sea level has been rising at the rate of 4 cm/ decade at Hiron point, which is close to the study region. Analysis of more recent data also supports the earlier findings.

1.4 Disasters of the region

The region is impacted by a number of disasters, namely, floods, cyclones and slight salinity. The cyclones Sidr (2007) and Aila (2009) hit the western cost of Bangladesh and caused tremendous damages to environment and resources of the Khulna region. 1.4 1 Floods

The northern part of the study area is highly vulnerable to prolonged monsoon floods, which affect the resources, infrastructures and livelihood of the locality. The floods are caused by the congestion of the local rivers due to sedimentation. The water logging is another severe environmental problem affecting these areas. Figure-8 shows the monsoon floods which are caused by monsoon runoff in the rivers Ganges and Brahmaputra.

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Figure-8: The flood affected area of Satkhira, Khulna and Bagerhat in 2007 [Source: http://unosat- maps.web.cern.ch/unosat- maps/BD/Floods2007/UNOSAT_Bangladesh_Floods_Map_5Aug2007_Highres_v1.0.jpeg]

The water logging has been acute because of the drainage congestion in the river Kabatakha. This river is the major natural system for draining the monsoon rainfall runoff and its natural flow to the Bay of Bengal through the tidal creaks crisscrossing through Sundarban, the world’s largest mangrove forest.

1.4. 2 Tropical cyclones

The region is highly impacted tropical cyclones. Figure-9 shows some of the tracks. The recent examples are cyclone sir (2007) and cyclone Aila (2009) which caused tremendous impacts over this region on environment and resources. About 25% of the tropical cyclones that hit the coast of Bangladesh affected this region during the period of 1961-2010.

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Figure-9: Map showing a few tracks of tropical cyclones affecting the study districts (Satkhira, Khulna and Bagerhat).

1.4.3 Salinity

The region is highly affected by salinity. Table 9 describes the various salinity levels of the districts. Table- 10 shows that the area of this region affected by salinity has increased in the recent years. Table-9: Current Status of soil salinity of the study districts (SRDI 2012) District Total Uncultivated Cultivated Total Salinity class and area (ha) Area Area (ha) Area (ha) Saline S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 (ha) Area (2.0- (4.1- (8.0- (12.1- >16.0 (ha) 4.0 8..0 12.0 16.0 dS/m) dS/m) dS/m) dS/m) dS/m) Khulna 213820 48031 165789 147860 24640 26880 31800 33970 30570 Satkhira 229607 40981 188616 153110 30000 31960 30650 31920 28580 Bagerhat 201331 50587 150744 131120 31330 41390 29890 19270 9240

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Table-10: Variation of soil salinity for 1973, 2000 and 2009

District Salt affected Area (000, ha) 1973 2000 2009 Khulna 120.04 145.25 147.86 Satkhira 146.35 147.08 153.11 Bagerhat 107.98 125.13 131.12

1.5 Climate Change projection for 2050

The MAGIC/SENGEN scenario-generating tool developed by Tom M.L. Wigley (2008) has been used for preparing the climate projection for 2050. The tool uses a data base of atmosphere/ocean GCM (AOGCM) results from the CMIP3/AR4 archive. The 4 default AOGCMs (GFDLCM20, GFDLCM21, GISS-EH, CCSM- 30) and UKHADCM-3, a total of 5 AOGCMs have been used in generating the projections. The policy GHG emission scenario B2 (moderate emission) has been chosen. The results are expressed in 2.5x2.5 degree square grids. The generated scenarios have been interpolated to produce projections for the study area of Khulna region.

Table-11: Climate Change Scenario for the region based on selected model results used for IPCC AR-4 report for 2050. Parameters DJF MAM JJA SON Annual Temperature 2.1 1.85 1.58 1.83 2.06 Rainfall (%) -6.55 14.3 6.4 8.55 2.9 Sea level Rise+ Land Subsidence in the 47 cm south-central coastal

The temperature is expected to increase from 1.58-2.1 0C varying over the seasons by 2050 with the year 2000 as the base line (Table-11). The rainfall is likely to increase by 14.3% in pre-monsoon, 6.4% in monsoon, 8.55% in post monsoon. The scenario of rainfall has high level of uncertainty and varies from model to model. This aspect needs more research with high resolution multi-model downscaling of the GCM results using regional dynamic models.

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1.6 Guidance for achieving climate resilience to infra-structures

The climate change impacts on the infrastructure and livelihood are summarized as follows:

 More intense tropical cyclones and enhanced storm surges enhancing risks to resources, infrastructure and health due to current and future climate change.  Sea Level Rise will cause higher tidal level, which will inundate more land areas including infrastructures. The storm surge will advance more inlands in the situation of higher sea level.  Drainage congestions due to high sedimentation in the rivers causing floods during the monsoon season.  Water logging has become a perennial problem over some of the areas affecting agriculture and livelihood  The salinity of the area has increased affecting agriculture and causing the drinking water problem.  The future climate change and sea level rise will aggravate the impacts on infrastructure, livelihood and environment.

1. 6.1 Guidance for climate resilience to road construction

Considering the climate change the following options are suggested for achieving climate resilience in the infrastructures: road and growth center development and make sustainable during the design life of the roads particularly for the

Table-12: Climate Issues and General Adaptation Options

Climate Issues General Adaptation Options Increase of temperature  Take appropriate measures to meet enhanced water demand due to higher evaporation Sea level rise, storm and  Increased Quality Control on construction surges, enhanced  Using suitable materials temperature, monsoon  Raising the level of the road flooding and water logging  Minor road realignmlassent and enhanced salinity  Increasing maintenance effectiveness  Including additional longitudinal and transverse drainage systems  Improved cross drainage Increase in precipitation  Additional drainage capacity  Protection of earthworks and road slopes against direct rain and wave impact. The plantation of suitable grass, shrubs and plants are suggested.  Increase water capture and storage system Increase in Wind strength  Appropriate wind-risk vegetation on road verges  Modifying the design of supports and anchorages for buildings

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1.7 Conclusion

It is concluded that the Khulna region is subproject sites are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The impacting processes are tropical cyclones and storm surge flooding due to riverbed congestion, sea level rise and salinity intrusion and monsoon flooding and water logging. The road and growth centre designs should consider the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. It is recommended that the road height and the growth centre levels should be raised by around 50 cm abovethe current flood level. The climate resilient roadside management with turf and thickets of herbs/shrubs and grasses and suitable plants may the considered for economically viable options. The drainage system development and cross drainage options are to be considered.

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