COLLEGE OF LAW Volume 9 | Number 1 | March 2016 AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES eNewsletter

Students gain insight into factors influencing the National Budget The Slippery Slope of Customary Law in ’s New Dispensation Nkandla: Our Constitution Under Siege? Message from the Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Head of College

outh Africa’s higher education landscape is shifting almost by the hour. Protests by students and workers at Suniversities across the length and breadth of the country have fundamentally changed the rules of engagement among stakeholders in the higher education sphere. That notwithstanding however, the academic enterprise must continue; teaching and learning must continue; research must continue and intellectual debates must continue. It is in the context of those imperatives and those debates that the stories contained in this issue of

the College eNewsletter must be seen. Accordingly, highlighted Professor John C Mubangizi in this Newsletter are, inter alia, commentaries on the 2016 National Budget, and the 2016 State of the Nation Address. In this issue... Maritime Highlights There is an added legal and constitutional flavour to this issue of 3 Operation Phakisa Group Meets at the Maritime Unit Law and Management Studies Academics Contribute to the Newsletter in the form of stories on customary law in South 5 Knowledge in the Maritime Sector Africa’s new dispensation and the constitutional implications of National Budget under the Spotlight the “Nkandla saga” that never seems to go away. It is particularly 4 Students Gain Insight into Factors Influencing the National impressive that the latter story is written by a third year law Budget Budget 2016: Analysis student whose inspirational astuteness must be commended. 10 Research News Research is Top Priority for the School of Accounting, As usual we highlight achievements and events that give the 6 Economics and Finance College of Law and Management Studies a special place in the 7 Research Explores the Financial Health of SA’s Universities University. These include stories of high profile publications and Finance Academics Explore Ways to Improve Honours contributions of academics to knowledge production particularly 7 Programme in the highly specialised area of maritime studies. Matters of National Interest 8 2016 State of the Nation Address Analysis As we welcome new staff members to the College, we all look The Slippery Slope of Customary Law in SA’s New 11 Dispensation forward to a fruitful and productive year. 13 Nkandla: Our Constitution Under Siege?

John C Mubangizi Publications Book chapter explores South African Regulation of the 15 Foreign Military Assistance Act 15 College Dean of Research and Son Publish in Law Journal Book Shines a Spotlight on Globalisation and 16 Seafaring Labour Markets 17 Conferences 19 Alumni Profile 19 New Appointments 3 Law Academic to Serve on Medicines Control Exco 20 To Diarise... 2 College of Law and Management Studies Operation Phakisa Group meets at the Maritime Unit

prongs of Phakisa, with its particular focus directed at the training of South African seafarers (both officers and ratings) to service a burgeoning South African-flag merchant marine as well as the global shipping fleet.

The University of KwaZulu-Natal, through the participation of Professor Trevor Jones, director of the Maritime Unit within the School of Law, is an integral part of this process. Other notable institutions represented at the meeting on the Howard College Campus were the Durban University of Left to right: Chair of the Maritime Transport Skills Working Group Technology, the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, and Head of Maritime Studies at CPUT, Professor Ed Synders, Ms Nwabisa Matoti, from the SA International Maritime Institute the national Department of Transport, the South African (SAIMI) and Professor Trevor Jones. Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA), the South African International Maritime Institute (SAIMI), and Cape he Unit of Maritime Law and Maritime Studies hosted a Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT). This working Tmeeting of the Maritime Transport Skills Working Group group is chaired by Professor Ed Snyders, head of Maritime of the high-level ‘Operation Phakisa’ on 25 February. Studies at CPUT. Maritime Highlights 3 Operation Phakisa Group Meets at the Maritime Unit Law and Management Studies Academics Contribute to Operation Phakisa is an initiative, driven by the Presidency, The Operation Phakisa initiative in general, and the 5 Knowledge in the Maritime Sector to extract greater economic potential and value from the Maritime Transport Skills group within it, will continue to National Budget under the Spotlight broadly-defined ‘blue economy’ that includes commercial work throughout 2016 to strengthen and broaden the base maritime transport, the marine environment, aquaculture of the South African maritime transport industry. 4 Students Gain Insight into Factors Influencing the National Budget and marine manufacturing. The Maritime Transport Skills 10 Budget 2016: Analysis Working Group is one of five groups driving the various Trevor Jones Research News Research is Top Priority for the School of Accounting, 6 Economics and Finance Law Academic to serve on Medicines 7 Research Explores the Financial Health of SA’s Universities Control Council Exco 7 Finance Academics Explore Ways to Improve Honours Programme ecently-appointed to the Vawda said being part of the council would enrich him with Matters of National Interest RExecutive Committee of the new knowledge which he would share with his students. 8 2016 State of the Nation Address Analysis Medical Control Council (MCC), 11 The Slippery Slope of Customary Law in SA’s New UKZN’s Professor Yousuf Vawda ‘I have long been involved in teaching, research and outreach Dispensation says his priorities are to contribute work to make medicine affordable and accessible for all 13 Nkandla: Our Constitution Under Siege? to regulations which ensure that citizens, and I hope to extend this commitment in the council. Publications medicines are safe, efficacious and Academically, the insights gained from this appointment 15 Book chapter explores South African Regulation of the Professor Yousuf Vawda. of good quality. will enhance my teaching and research to the benefit of my Foreign Military Assistance Act students and colleagues,’ he said. 15 College Dean of Research and Son Publish in Law Journal Vawda, who is also the Chair of the MCC Legal Committee, Book Shines a Spotlight on Globalisation and was appointed to the five-year position by Minister of Health Since his appointment, Vawda has attended four meetings 16 Seafaring Labour Markets Dr Aaron Motsoaledi. The role of MCC Exco encompasses of the Legal Committee as well as his first Exco meeting 17 Conferences reviewing reports from the council’s expert committees on in February. His role as the Chair of the Legal Committee 19 Alumni Profile aspects such as scheduling, clinical trials, approvals, and involves providing oversight on legal aspects, including the 19 New Appointments legal matters, as well as making decisions based on these legality of notices issued by the council as well as litigation 3 Law Academic to Serve on Medicines Control Exco reports. on behalf of and against the MCC. Thandiwe Jumo 20 To Diarise... March 2016 3 Students gain insight into Factors Influencing the National Budget

Highlighting the fact that the budget prioritised higher education, he said those calling for free education should ask themselves whether this was affordable, taking into account the state of the economy.

‘When I was a student here at UKZN we used to peacefully demonstrate; we never burned buildings,’ he said.

He urged students to make a constructive contribution: ‘We need students to write proposals on how we can grow Mr Dondo Mogajane with academics from the School of Accounting, Economics and Finance. the economy because we do not know it all – we need your input and ideas.’ eputy-Director General of Public Finance in the National DTreasury, Mr Dondo Mogajane, recently addressed The presentation was followed by a question and answer an audience of UKZN students and staff on the decision- session with issues and topics raised including the making processes behind the 2016 National Budget. South African Revenue Service, Treasury, the sugar tax, entrepreneurship for economic growth, and the government’s The discussion, facilitated by the School’s Academic Leader, continuous bailing out of South African Airways. Dr Harold Ngalawa, aimed to give students insight into factors the Treasury takes into account when drafting Mogojane responded to these questions highlighting the national budget, with the aim of broadening their factors the Treasury took into account when making knowledge of the county’s economy and helping them to financial decisions and the role that the domestic and global see the connections between theory and practice. economic situations played in the decisions.

Thandiwe Jumo Under the theme ‘A resilient South Africa making hard choices in difficult times’, Mogajane spoke about how the budget emphasises both public and private-sector contributions to development and how over the period ahead, government would step up its partnerships with business, labour and civil society to realise the vision of the National Development Plan, and to carry out the reforms needed to transform the economy.

Mr Dondo Mogajane engaging with the public at the National Budget ‘The times we live in locally and globally make it difficult to Discussion. put together the budget. We had to stabilise our public debt as it has been rising, electricity remains a constant constraint and the rand is not doing so well. The key challenge is ensuring that inclusive growth happens,’ he said.

Mogajane also spoke about lower global growth prospects, weaker commodity prices, heightened financial market volatility, and concerns around trend developing country growth.

Mr Dondo Mogajane catching up with old friends from his days as a UKZN student.

4 College of Law and Management Studies Law and Management Studies Academics contribute to knowledge in the Maritime

Sector Photo credit: Maritime Review Africa.

nit of Maritime Law and Maritime Studies Director, UProfessor Trevor Jones, delivered a presentation titled ‘The port of Durban: Economic effectiveness of a “full service” smart port & port city’ at the 1st Annual Maritime Summit held at the Durban ICC from 24-26 February.

The inaugural summit, which was hosted by the eThekwini Maritime Cluster in partnership with eThekwini Municipality, created a platform for decision makers in business, the maritime sector, government and academia to exchange knowledge and ideas to contribute to the growth of Durban’s ocean economy. eThekwini Maritime Cluster CEO, Ms Thato Tsautse, Professor Trevor Jones and Dr Henrietta van Niekerk from Clarksons Shipbrokers, London.

Jones’ presentation looked at the cost of doing business Choosing a career in the maritime industry’. The presentation in the port of Durban; Durban as a bunker supply centre; depicted a holistic view of the career landscape, how the marine infrastructure and marine services; and Durban as a world of work is changing and how qualifications in maritime ship-repair centre. His central proposition was that a ‘smart’ law and economics offered at UKZN can unleash students’ port has to be one that provides facilities and services to its potential. full array of port users at competitive cost. The pupils also heard about careers in ports and terminals as The summit also incorporated a trade and careers exhibition well as in the cruise industry. UKZN was one of the exhibitors which took place at the Durban Exhibition Centre. The at the event, assisting pupils with vital information for their exhibition saw more than 400 Grade 10, 11 and 12 pupils future career plans. being addressed by Human Resources Management senior lecturer Dr Shaun Ruggunan on ‘Thinking outside the box: Thandiwe Jumo

College academic Mr Njabulo Khumalo addressing high school learners at Dr Shaun Ruggunan with high school pupils at the career exhibition. the Maritime Summit Careers Expo.

March 2016 5 RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Research is Top Priority for the School of Accounting, Economics and Finance he School of Accounting, Economics Tand Finance kicked off the academic year by celebrating research excellence through the School’s annual Research Day. The event, which aims to contribute towards increasing research output within the College of Law and Management Studies, took place at Coastlands Musgrave Hotel on 29 January.

The School’s Dean and Head, Professor Anesh Singh, applauded the academics for prioritising research and made special mention of developmental lecturers, as Research Day participants. a quarter of the papers were presented by this category of academics. position and financial performance the SADC region: Evidence from of South Africa’s Public universities’ common and idiosyncratic factors’ ‘It is very heartening to see that our by Mr Anthony Walker; by Mr Ntokozo Nzimande. developmental lecturers have taken to • ‘An exploratory study into the research in line with the University’s approaches to learning of students Health and Environment primary goal of becoming a research- registered for a professionally- • ‘Identifying environmental and led institution. I would like to encourage accredited accounting degree at economic benefits of cleaner our academics to look at partnering with the University of KwaZulu-Natal’ production in a manufacturing academics from other schools to solve by Dr Karen Bargate; company: A case study of a paper challenges that we face today, such as • ‘Making bricks from straw: and pulp manufacturing company the water crisis, so that we can go further Promoting undergraduate research in KwaZulu-Natal’ by Ms Michelle in our efforts to produce research that with diminishing resources,’ by Mr Dorasamy; benefits the community,’ he said. Barry Strydom and Ms Kerry-Ann • ‘Evaluating the effect of clean McCullough. development mechanism The programme featured 20 academics projects on economic sustainable showcasing quality research conducted Growth and Welfare development in Nigeria’ by Dr in the School’s various disciplines and • ‘Do immigrants have better labour Suren Pillay; focusing on five themes: market outcomes than South • ‘Who is healthier? Investigating • Teaching and Learning Africans?’ by Dr Collette Muller South African patterns of reporting • Growth and Welfare and Dr Claire Vermaak; heterogeneity in self-rated health’ • Health and Environment • ‘Welfare Economics then and now’ by Ms Ralitza Dobreva; • Organisational Finance by Professor Jim Fairburn; • ‘To what extent does socio- • Monetary Policy and Microfinance • ‘The impact of exchange rates economic status still affect misalignments on economic household access to water and The following papers were presented: growth: The case of homogeneous sanitation services in South emerging countries’, by Mr Chris Africa?’ by Dr Bruce Rhodes and Teaching and Learning Tipoy; and Ms Tamyln Mackenzie. • ‘Assessment of the financial • ‘Business cycle synchronisation in Thandiwe Jumo

6 College of Law and Management Studies Research explores the Financial Health of SA’s Universities Walker delivered a paper on the issue and therefore have represented a less at the School of Accounting, Economics reliable income source,’ said Walker. and Finance’s Research Day held on It is for these reasons that public 29 January. The study analyses the universities have increasingly relied on financial performance and financial tuition fees to balance their budgets, positions of 12 of South Africa’s public he said. universities for the financial years 2009 to 2013. According to Walker, ‘The recent student unrest is evidence Mr Anthony Walker. the reduced level of state support for that the continuation of tuition fee he lack of public research on the public institutions has weakened the increases at previous levels can no Tfinancial performance and financial financial performance and positions of longer be considered sustainable. position of public universities since most universities in the country. It is hoped that the state takes the the implementation of the revised necessary steps to re-evaluate its government funding formula in ‘Although public universities have funding formula to ensure that public 2003 inspired School of Accounting, been able to increase their third-party institutions are adequately resourced.’ Economics and Finance academic, Mr income flows, the relatively weak Anthony Walker, to make this area his economic environment has meant that Thandiwe Jumo research interest. these revenues have been fairly volatile Finance Academics explore ways to improve Honours Programme gainst the backdrop of larger numbers of Honours indicators of what Astudents, finance lecturers Mr Barry Strydom and Ms staff and students Kerry-Ann McCullough have undertaken research aimed at believe worked Mr Barry Strydom and Ms Kerry-Ann McCullough. analysing the experience of staff and students in an effort to well, and where enhance teaching and learning within the discipline. there is still room for improvement,’ said Strydom. Data was collected for the research by means of questionnaires Strydom and McCullough presented their research, which distributed across different campuses. The research pair looks at promoting undergraduate research in the context encountered some logistical difficulties administering the of diminishing resources, at the School of Accounting, questionnaires but were not deterred and plan to extend Economics and Finance Research Day held on 29 January. their study to include the 2016 Honours class.

The study takes place within an action research framework ‘We did encounter some logistical difficulties administering and reports on the introduction of several changes to the our questionnaires across different campuses but generally format of the 4th-year Honours research programme within both staff and students participated fully, making our lives the Finance discipline at a South African university. These a lot easier. As a discipline we have already reviewed the changes include conducting first-time research in a group study’s findings and made further changes to our Honours environment, and reducing the length and style of the programme, adding additional scaffolding and both traditional thesis to that of a journal article. formative and summative peer assessment components in an effort to respond to the feedback we received,’ said Strydom. ‘The demands of supervising larger numbers of Honours students has become increasingly challenging for us as a Strydom will be presenting the paper at the 15th European discipline. While we had been engaging with changes to the Conference on Research Methodology for Business format of our Honours programme, we didn’t know if they Management to be held at Kingston University London in June. were working or not. Our study has provided us with excellent Thandiwe Jumo

March 2016 7 matters of national interest 2016 State of the Nation Address Analysis he State of the Nation Address acted upon quickly before. and the T(SONA) was keenly watched to provision establish what the president and the The President indicated that of services

governing ANC consider to be the most government has established an Inter- to our Prof Thokozani Nzimakwe. important challenges facing the country, Ministerial Committee on Investment people. and how they plan to tackle them. Promotion which aims to ensure the In 2013, the Minister of Finance success of investment promotion announced a number of cost Economy initiatives. The Trans-Caledon Tunnel containment measures. Excessive President spoke about the Authority has constructed dams of and wasteful expenditure has been need to expand the tax base – which varied capacities, thus making it reduced, but there is still more to be will allow government to increase the possible for communities to have done to cut wastage. social wage and provide education, access to safe drinking water. health, social grants, housing and free Measures announced by the President basic services – faster and in a more The President emphasised that for include the following: sustainable manner. A resilient and fast- state-owned companies to contribute • Overseas trips will be curtailed growing economy is at the heart of the to the successful implementation and those requesting permission radical economic transformation agenda of the National Development Plan, will have to motivate strongly and and the National Development Plan. they must be financially sound. They prove the benefit to the country. must be properly governed and • The sizes of delegations will be The President acknowledged that managed. Government will ensure the greatly reduced and standardised. the South African economy has implementation of the recommendations • Further restrictions on conferences, been facing difficulties since the of the Presidential Review Commission catering, entertainment and social financial crisis in 2008. In response, on State-owned Enterprises, which functions will be instituted. the government has embarked on an outlines how the institutions should • The budget vote dinners for aggressive infrastructure development be managed. The Deputy President, stakeholders hosted by government programme to stimulate growth. The Cyril Ramaphosa, chairs the inter- departments in Parliament after lower economic growth outcomes and ministerial committee which is tasked the delivery of budget speeches outlook suggest that revenue collection with ensuring the implementation of will no longer take place. will be lower than previously expected. these recommendations. Government • The executive management and departments to which they report boards of public agencies and Importantly, South Africa seems to be will set the agenda and identify key state-owned companies must at risk of losing its investment grade projects for the state-owned companies undertake similar measures. status from ratings agencies. If that to implement over a defined period. • Premiers of all nine provinces as happens, it will become more expensive The President promised that proper well as mayors have been invited to for South Africa to borrow money monitoring and evaluation will be done. join the call to eliminate wasteful from abroad to finance government expenditure within government. programmes aimed at building a Cost-containment measures better life for all, especially the poor. According to the President, government A big expenditure item that government The situation requires an effective has made an undertaking to spend would like to persuade Parliament to turnaround plan from everyone. It is public funds wisely and to cut wasteful consider is the maintenance of two about doing things differently and also expenditure, but without compromising capitals: Pretoria as the administrative acting on what may not have been the core business of government one and Cape Town as the legislative

8 College of Law and Management Studies capital. The President believes that zero percent university fee increase, as municipalities. A 10-point plan of this matter requires the attention of agreed in meetings with students and ‘Back to Basics’ priority actions matters of national interest Parliament soon. ‘We all have a lot to vice-chancellors last year. has been developed to guide this do to turn the economy around and next phase. The plan includes the to cut wastage. We will go through a President Zuma has appointed a promotion of community engagement, difficult period for a while, but when judicial commission of inquiry into which is absolutely critical to enable the economy recovers, we will be proud higher education, and has urged all communities to provide feedback on of ourselves for having done the right stakeholders to co-operate with the their experience of local government. thing,’ he said. commission and help ensure its success. Police Service Achievements since last year Local government The Service During SONA in February 2015, the Local government elections will be held is undergoing a turnaround and President announced the Nine-Point within three months after 18 May, the has adopted the Back to Basics Plan to respond to sluggish growth. date of the last elections. This is an approach to management to rebuild Most of the projects highlighted in this important sphere of government as the organisation and to improve plan have been achieved. most delivery takes place at this level. performance at all under-performing The President urged all citizens who are police stations. Progress has been made to stabilise over the age of 18 to register to vote. the electricity supply. There has been Conclusion no load-shedding since August last ...South Africa seems to To achieve the objectives of creating jobs, year which has brought relief for both be at risk of losing its reducing inequality and pushing back the households and industry alike. investment grade status frontiers of poverty, South Africa needs from ratings agencies. faster growth, according to the President. As South Africans are aware, five In the National Development Plan, provinces have been seriously affected If that happens, it will government set an aspirational target by drought, namely North-West, become more expensive growth of five percent per year, which KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, for South Africa to borrow it had hoped to achieve by 2019. Given and Mpumalanga, and government money from abroad to the economic conditions the President is providing relief to affected finance government painted, it is clear that South Africa will communities. The President took the not achieve that growth target in the opportunity to commend the civil programmes aimed at time it had hoped. The tough global and society initiative, Operation Hydrate, building a better life for domestic conditions should propel all and others for the provision of water all, especially the poor... South Africans to redouble their efforts, relief to many communities in distress. working together as all sectors. In this In terms of innovation, government The ‘Back to Basics’ local government regard, it is important to act decisively to will fast-track the implementation of revitalisation plan was launched in remove domestic constraints to growth. the first phase of broadband roll-out September 2014, and 2015 has been the to connect more than five thousand year of intensive implementation. In This year’s address was the most government facilities in eight district this second phase of implementation, challenging Zuma faced as the country municipalities over a three-year period. national government will engage looked to host the local government in more active monitoring and elections against an economy that, Social sector accountability measures. This includes according to the World Bank, is According to the President a lot of work unannounced municipal visits, spot expected to grow less than one percent was done in the social sector as well in checks of supply chain management this year. the past year. processes, the implementation of recommendations of forensic reports, Professor Thokozani Ian Nzimakwe Higher education site visits of Municipal Infrastructure Associate Professor in the School of Government has responded to the Grant-funded projects, and increased Management, IT and Governance financial shortfall arising from the interventions to assist struggling

March 2016 9 Budget 2016: Analysis

oth domestically and globally, the speech and training is one of the areas that I believe Bby Finance Minister was the whole of South Africa is concerned eagerly awaited. It came after the shock with. The ‘#FeesMustFall’ campaigns led axing of former Finance Minister Nhlanhla to a 0% increase in fees for the year 2016 Nene, and in the wake of an ongoing global and the Minister has allocated R2.5 billion economic slowdown. Thus, the work of to National Student Financial Aid Scheme Gordhan was never going to be an easy (NSFAS) to clear outstanding debts and task. First and foremost, his speech had to R8 billion to enable current students to by all means necessary win back market complete their studies. This is indeed one confidence, and avoid junk status for South of the issues that I feel the Minister dealt Africa. Not only that, Gordhan had to ensure with exceptionally well. It will put an end, or Mr Ntokozo Nzimande. that while minimising the budget deficit, rather bring a pause, to the ongoing strikes. South Africa’s highly indebted consumers were not negatively affected. The reduction of municipalities from 278 to 257 will assist in reducing personnel costs as mentioned in the 2016 Budget Almost everyone anticipated a modest increase in personal Speech. income taxes. Personally, I was expecting that VAT might increase as well, probably from 14% to 15% or slightly Overall, my comment on the speech is that the Minister did above 15%. Surprisingly Gordhan left both personal and VAT his best. However, the failure to adopt necessary austerity unchanged, which is a very good thing for South Africans, measures presents a challenge. The Minister did not address particularly poor people. This implies that highly indebted the main issue: that the rand is being oversold and devalued. South Africans will still be able to repay their debts. However, Austerity measures would have had been reflective of a the introduction of a ‘sugar tax’, although not new to our significant policy change in government, and thus restore the ears, is indeed surprising. There are three sides to this confidence of the market. In the absence of such austerity sugar tax: it will badly affect South Africans, especially the measures, combined with a global economic slowdown, poor whose will have to pay more; it is an alternative way drought (hitting small-holder farmers hardest), and a of making revenue for the government, thus avoiding junk continuous decline in commodity prices, South Africa will status for the country; it aims to reduce the number of people continue to lose its attractiveness as a destination of capital who suffer from obesity, thereby reducing healthcare costs. and will experience huge capital outflows.

The proposed 30-cent increase in the fuel levy adds a burden While I commend the Minister for having realised that tax is to already stressed consumers. The increase is justified not the only way to raise revenue – he was intelligent enough by the fact the oil prices have been on a declining trend. to utilise other avenues of revenue collection – the budget However, I feel that the Minister failed to take cognisance speech ultimately failed to rescue South Africa from the of the fact that South Africans have not received the benefit ‘reality of recession’. Indeed, it was drafted merely to avoid of decreased oil prices, thanks to the deteriorating South junk status for credit ratings and for politicians to adopt it. African rand. In my view it was merely a ‘bunch of fancy words’ with no significant policy changes. The Minister did touch on other important aspects, such as curtailing government expenditure by reducing personnel Mr Ntokozo Nzimande costs, while providing more funding to key areas such as Economics Lecturer: School of Accounting, post-school education and training, economic infrastructure, Economics and Finance social protection, and also health. Post-school education

10 College of Law and Management Studies The Slippery Slope of Customary Law in South Africa’s New Dispensation authority. These principles included, been undermined by uNkosi Mandela. but were not limited to, concepts such The piece is also not concerned about as ‘ubuntu’ which is characterised as the issues relating to the legitimacy a value that ‘embraces the spirit of surrounding his succession to the caring and community, harmony and throne, or about his other marriages. hospitality, respect and responsiveness’ (Ncube: 2010). It is these principles that uNkosi Mandela: displaying an form the core content of traditional ‘individualistic approach’ to leadership in customary law. traditional leadership The 1996 Constitution protects the Professor Nomthandazo Ntlama. The dawn of democracy has brought right to culture which entails being led back the system of customary law and in a manner that is foundational to the he marriage in February this it now has equal status as a source values and principles of the particular Tyear of uNkosi Zwelivelile of law in the regulation of its own community (section 31). The protection (Mandla) Mandela of the Umvezo affairs within the context of the new is linked to the recognition and the role Traditional Authority in the constitutional dispensation. This is of traditional leaders in the affirmation Eastern Cape to Ms Rabie Clarke, important for the evolution of the of the system of customary law in a Muslim woman, has set tongues wagging about the place of principles of traditional leadership the exercise of traditional authority traditional leadership principles within the system of customary law (sections 211 and 212). This means that under customary law in South and for ensuring the integration of its the recognition of traditional leadership Africa’s democracy. values into the general framework of is a vital component of South Africa’s the law. legal and administrative system which has to harness its own values within The marriage was preceded by However, despite the bid to restore the context of the new dispensation Mandela’s conversion to Islam, which the credibility of customary law in the (Pilane: 2013 at 51). Having said this, raises concerns about his role as regulation of tradition leadership, as does the marriage of uNkosi Mandela the iNkosi of Umvezo going forward mentioned above, uNkosi Mandela’s lead him to become ‘an island unto because of anticipated differences marriage to a non-customary law- himself’ where communal principles between the values of his traditional subscribing wife threatens to throw of leadership have been placed on and communal background, and those the system into a greasy melting pot, a ‘slippery slope’? This question is of his new religion. which may undermine his position as a framed by issues that emanate from custodian of culture. his marriage and possible demise of The system of traditional leadership his leadership role. These include, but under customary law is recovering Against this background, this piece are not limited to, the following points from a history in which it was denied is concerned about the leadership which are set out below: legitimacy by the pre-democratic of uNkosi Mandla Mandela in the governments, both colonial and execution of his duties as leader of Firstly, the iNkosi is not an ordinary , but at the same time used the Umvezo Traditional Authority. leader elected through electoral and as an instrument of manipulation and The issue herein is not about his political processes. The iNkosi is born division of the African people (Bennett: conversion to Islam but does pose a as such and goes on to serve as an 2007). A great travesty during these hypothetical question: Why should embodiment of the law and order in the periods was the undermining of the core the head of the Mkhize clan lead and reinforcement of the well-being of his values which regulated the system of provide guidance to the Ndlovu clan? community. It is against the backdrop traditional leadership in the affirmation The piece argues that the traditional of this fundamental role that Mandela’s of customary law as a system under identity of the Umvezo Community has conversion to Islam – to the detriment which traditional leaders exercised their

March 2016 11 of his community’s interests – creates also very concerned. What we and presiding over council meetings. uncertainty in relation to his position know is that the woman converts, The uncertainty is further reinforced by as the custodian of customary law not the man. That is our custom the question of whether the ‘wife’ will principles of leadership. The Islamic … Traditional leaders don’t marry adopt an ‘arms-length’ approach on religion entails restrictions based on secretly. He should have been issues of traditional leadership because relationships where a woman cannot represented by the traditional of her clearly distinct principles of marry a man that is not a Muslim council of Mvezo. He is the leader Islamic religion compared with those of (accessed at http://www.ezsoftech. of people of Mvezo. We are customary law. com/omm/handbook.asp on 19 still trying to locate him to get February 2016). It is this restriction answers. (Tandwa: accessed at …We reacted with that is of great concern and could have http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/ shock on the news of caused uNkosi Mandela to abandon his news/2016/02/10/traditional- his conversion. We were own leadership responsibilities under leaders-want-answers-from- customary law. This concern is raised mandela-over-islamic-conversion, also very concerned. against the background of the ideals on 19 February 2016.) What we know is that of the new democracy that seek to the woman converts, ensure the full and equal enjoyment Thirdly, the marriage was not celebrated not the man. That is our of the rights in South Africa’s 1996 at his homestead to welcome umakoti custom … Traditional Constitution. However, Mandela’s (bride) to the community (Jezile: 2015). right is limited by the legitimate role The welcoming of umakoti involves the leaders don’t marry of father-figure, and by his ultimate slaughtering of the goat or a sheep, secretly... responsibilities towards preserving the which is called ‘utsiki’ depending on identity of his community. the traditions of each family, and serves Lastly, uNkosi Mandela’s conversion to to deepen the cultural and ancestral Islam, which extended the chieftaincy Secondly, it transpired that the ilobola connection with the new addition to to a woman who is not of the royal negotiations were never conducted the family. In turn, umakoti is required family and unlikely to bear an heir by the elders of the royal family and/ to carry out duties expected by custom. in order to succeed him as per the or the iNkosi’s council. Customarily, a This means that the community itself, customary law rule of succession to the marriage is negotiated between the which he leads, was never part of the throne, undermines the importance of two families in order to establish a celebrations to ensure the sense of leadership under the system (Ntlama: relationship between these families and cultural attachment with the woman 2009). The marriage taints not only the not only the parties to the marriage. who is supposedly to play a lead role in quality of leadership under customary Ilobola in African culture is a bedrock the regulation of traditional authority. law but further devalues and degrades of a marriage and an expression of the In a sense, the ‘wife’ will never be the essence of the principles of creation of a new marital relationship recognised as a legitimate one under succession under the system. In (Dlamini: 1983). It is quite disconcerting the system of customary law and customary law, the father is succeeded to note that uNkosi Mandela, as will remain a concubine because of by the eldest son (prince) and in this the treasurer of African heritage, uNkosi Mandela’s failure to follow the instance, the marriage has created a undermined the significance of ilobola traditional steps of marriage. ‘hullabaloo’ about the development in the conclusion of his marriage. of the principles of succession which uNkosi Mwelo Nonkonyane, who is Fourthly, it remains uncertain are compromised by the conversion at the Chairperson of the Congress of whether the wife will be able to the expense of customary law which Traditional Leaders in the Eastern Cape, carry out her customary law duties is fundamental to the people that also expressed the disappointment of and responsibilities as the mother subscribe and adhere to it. Under the institution about the disrespect of the nation. The wife is required by customary law, a woman who is not of shown towards the tradition: custom to be the backbone behind royal blood, even if she marries into to the chieftaincy in ensuring its stability the royal family, will never bear the heir …We reacted with shock on the by, at times, for example, acting as to succeed the iNkosi and will remain of news of his conversion. We were a regent in the absence of the iNkosi lower status in the household.

12 College of Law and Management Studies It is anticipated from the afore- with regard to the manner in which touched a raw nerve and is an affront identified factors that uNkosi he conducts himself (Ncube: 2010). to the legitimacy of the general system Mandela’s conversion and marriage are These principles affirm the essence of of customary law. This is exacerbated likely to have a negative impact on the leadership in African culture which is by the extension of his chieftaincy traditional identity of the community derived from: to a ‘commoner’ (a woman not born that he leads. The essence of identity • A cultural value system; of the royal family). It is therefore is conceptualised as a ‘belonging to • An indigenous and Afrocentric very disconcerting when Mandela, as a community and not from a personal character which offers different the ostensible bearer of traditional choice or achievement which involves approaches to the understanding customs and principles, operates more than simple association but of leadership; outside the framework of customary goes further to include participation • The manner in which it invokes law recognised by the Constitution. and expression of the community’s traditional practices and cultures; and practices and traditions’ (Pillay at 53). • An inclusive approach that In conclusion, this piece has raised It is this communal understanding that embraces non-Western traditions many concerns. The conduct of must be evident in African leadership that have long been historically uNkosi Mandela has encouraged the and which uNkosi Mandela has not misinterpreted and marginalised. development of a ‘guards-up’ approach demonstrated in order that the entire (Ncube: 2010). in defending the fundamentals of Umvezo community could have become customary law. The key points of this part of the preservation of its own These principles are an endorsement piece highlight deep-rooted concerns identity in traditional authority. of the core-content of leadership about the importance of leadership in in African culture and have been African culture and the confusion that It is evident that uNkosi Mandela placed on a slippery slope by uNkosi has been created over the legitimacy has become more ‘individualistic’ Mandela through his disrespect of of the preservation of the prescripts and ignorant of the principles of what is required of him by custom. of customary law. It is therefore clear leadership in African culture. This His marriage, to the detriment of the that uNkosi Mandela has put the individualism is on display in his refusal identity of the community, ‘perpetuates foundations of customary law on a to take due cognisance of his role the history of customary law which has slippery slope and has undermined the not only as the iNkosi but as a role been one of neglect’ (Nhlapo: 1995). concept of ‘collectivism’, which is the model for his community. As leader, His arrogance in not adhering to the basis of African leadership. there are legitimate expectations of basic and fundamental principles Professor Nomthandazo Ntlama his commitment to African values of customary law when negotiating Associate Professor: School of Law of honesty, sincerity, truthfulness, his marriage, or discussing his new- empathy and respect for others found religion with his community, has Nkandla: Our Constitution Under Siege? ecure in comfort’ is the title of a Following receipt of the report, in a ‘Sreport on an investigation into the letter to the then Speaker of Parliament, allegations of improper and unethical Mr Max Sisulu, the President said he conduct relating to the installation and would wait for completion of a probe implementation of security measures by the Special Investigative Unit (SIU) at President Jacob Zuma’s private before responding fully to the report homestead in Nkandla. This investigation of the Public Protector, Advocate Thuli was conducted in accordance with section Madonsela. 182 of the Constitution, a provision that empowers the Public Protector to In its findings, the SIU held that such investigate alleged improperness in expenditure was the result of wrongful, Mr Andile Mcineka. state affairs, report and take appropriate unlawful and negligent conduct on remedial actions. the part of President Zuma’s architect,

March 2016 13 Minenhle Makhanya. In addition, the part of the six Chapter 9 institutions The oath taken by the President affirms SIU indicated that the best way of established by section 181(1)(a) of his faithfulness to the Republic and recovering the state money misspent our Constitution. These institutions obedience to the Constitution. It affirms on the project would be to claim it were brought into being in order to that as President, he will obey, observe, from Makhanya. This, however, was in strengthen constitutional democracy, uphold and maintain the principles contrast to Madonsela’s finding that promote the rule of law and ensure envisaged by the Constitution and the President Zuma was liable to pay a proper separation of powers. As such, Constitution itself. certain portion. Section 182(1)(a) must be read in conjunction with section 181(3) of the One would recall that this is not the first What followed was a report by the Constitution so as to provide the basis time the president has failed to adhere Minister of Police, responding to a upon which the National Assembly and to the prescripts of the Constitution recommendation arising from an ad other organs are required to assist the and follow due process. Looking at the hoc committee to consider the Public Public Protector, so as to give the office chain of events, the president appears Protector’s report, a recommendation its full effectiveness. to be ignorant of the law and fails to adopted by the National Assembly apply his mind appropriately before on 11 November 2014 relating to It can thus be concluded that the powers making decisions. For example, in ‘what constitutes security and non- of this office are binding. The only his appointment of Advocate Menzi security upgrades’, as expressed in exception to this is when a government Simelane as the National Director of correspondence from the Speaker of institution rejects the finding on the Public Prosecution, the court found the National Assembly to the Minister basis of irrationality. In essence, the that his decision, on constitutional of Police, dated 29 December 2014. recommendations are steps suggested values, was improper as Mr Simelane to remedy the maladministration and was unfit for the appointment. The report of the Minister of Police are binding in nature. found that President Zuma did not have Failing to apply his mind to the issues to repay a cent for the multimillion Thus, the gnawing question is at hand seems to be an unbecoming rand upgrades at his home, because whether President Zuma breached tendency and an unwavering trend all the features that were installed the Constitution or not? In court, on the part of the President who were fundamental to his safety. This the President admitted that he also appeared to be ignorant of resulted in a tug-of-war within the erred and fully acknowledged the implications of the report by ruling party and between the ANC that the recommendations by the the Public Protector, and of the fact and the opposition parties, as what Public Protector are binding and, that he was bound to apply those was then required was to determine to consequently, that he is liable to pay recommendations. Instead, he opted what extent the powers of the Public back a certain portion of the Nkandla for more investigations headed by Protector bind organs of state, in expenditure. institutions which are not part of that particular the President. Controversy group which fosters and enhances our sparked as various opposition parties In one sense, this concession may be constitutional democracy. Nkandla, in parliament held that President seen as a political football as we are in its true sense, depicts those trends Zuma had defied the Public Protector approaching the local government which bring us closer towards realising by refusing to implement her elections. However, in its true sense, just how troubled is the state of our recommendations that the President under microscopic evaluation, it can constitutional democracy. was liable to pay the state a certain be seen as an admission of having portion of the money spent on his flouted the Constitution. Through such Andile Mcineka Third-year Law Student . admission, the President has conceded to having violated the Constitution. One thing to be borne in mind is that This subsequently amounts to a failure the office of the Public Protector forms to uphold his oath of office.

14 College of Law and Management Studies Publications Book chapter explores South African Regulation of the Foreign Military Assistance Act ew research by Law academic, Dr Shannon Bosch, and on issues of national security, Nother academics provides analyses and insights into democratic governance, civil- South Africa’s unique anti-mercenary legislation, and has military relations and private been published as a chapter in a book comprising a range of security – all of which have been international contributions. brought to the fore by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

The chapter, entitled ‘South African regulation of the Foreign Bosch said collaboration on the chapter came about after Military Assistance Act: Misconceived mercenaries, the editors Gary Shaub and Ryan Kelty from the Centre for toothless threat of prosecution, and the convenient denial of Military Studies at the University of Copenhagen read a citizenship,’ was co-authored by Bosch, former UKZN academic piece that she and Maritz had previously published in the Ms Marelie Maritz and LLM graduate Mr Matthew Kimble. Potchefstroom Electronic Review. On the basis of that piece they were invited to write the South African chapter for this It appears in the book, Civilians at War: Controlling international publication. Private Military and Security Contractors, which focuses Thandiwe Jumo College Dean of Research and Son Publish in Law Journal rofessor Marita Carnelley LLB research project supervisor, Professor Shannon Hoctor. Pand her son, Pieter, who This article tracked the development of the Roman law graduated with his LLB cum Praetorian Edict (D 4 9 0) from its roots to the application in laude last year, both published and interpretation by the South African courts. Carnelley said articles in Vol 36 3 of the Obiter that they had not planned to publish in the same journal, but Law Journal. it makes her very proud.

Identifying Predatory Open-Access ‘There are not many candidate attorneys that can say that Mother and son: Mr Pieter and Professor Marita Carnelley. Academic Journal Publishers, they have published in an accredited peer-review journal. In Light of the South African What makes Pieter and Shannon’s article unique in this Department of Higher Education and Training’s Decision to century, is that very few practitioners and academics have a the Retrospectively De-Accredit Certain Journals is the title of grounding in Latin,’ she said. Carnelley’s article – dealing with the new scourge of predatory publications. ‘Pieter did his Honours in Latin before he did his LLB, and Shannon has the post-graduate diploma in Latin from the The article cautions academics to be vigilant when choosing University of Wales Trinity Saint David. The two of them a journal to publish in, as they might fall prey to unscrupulous bonded over Latin when Pieter tutored Shannon during his publishers who are out there to scam academics. These Latin studies,’ she added. digital publications are aimed at financial profits rather than sound academic peer-review. Pieter is currently doing his articles at Webber Wentzel and is looking forward to an interesting and successful legal career Pieter’s article is titled: The Meaning of the Term “Stabularius” with hopefully a masters somewhere in the distant future. Thandiwe Jumo in South African law. He co-authored this article with his March 2016 15 Book shines a spotlight on Globalisation and Seafaring Labour Markets uman Resources Management expert, Dr Shaun markets; Producing labour HRuggunan’s book titled: Waves of Change, Globalisation markets: The role of and Seafaring Labour Markets (published by the HSRC Press) organised labour; The role of aims to create awareness of the importance of seafarers and state institutions in shaping the shipping industry to South Africa’s economy. the labour market for seafarers and The Kraken ‘The story of seafarers and shipping that I tell in this book is released: Reflections on really an account of how global capitalism is reshaping every global capital, labour and aspect of work and workplaces. Whilst the book focuses the state. specifically on the maritime industry, its arguments can easily be extrapolated to most other occupations and industries,’ Dr Marcus Bowles, Director explained Ruggunan. of the Institute for Working Futures and Professor The book which is linked to Ruggunan’s decade long research at the Australian Maritime College at the University of and interest in global labour markets and seafaring as an Tasmania said the book ‘highlights the complex and often occupation explores how the cargo shipping industry is the poorly understood world of the global shipping industry and most globalised industry in the world and yet very little about the seafarers who carry more than 90% of the world’s trade the context in which these ships operate or the ways in which by volume.’ seafaring labour is organised. ‘As one of the oldest global industries, the book challenges ‘I am continuing with this vein of research by examining how the simplistic capitalistic and neoclassical ideals that other professions reconfigure as a consequence of global subsequently argue for nation states to leave the commercial capitalism. The book is targeted at those with scholarly fate of any domestic shipping industry to global market interest in how global labour markets are formed under forces. Instead the author asks many critical questions, capitalism. However, it will also be of interest to those the author shows that globalisation does not always mean outside of academia who have a lay interest in these matters. a ‘race to the bottom’ for workers: labour solidarity and Industrial Relations, Human Resources Development, Labour interventionist states shape globalisation as much as ship Studies, Industrial Sociology and Economics scholars and owners do,’ he said. students may also find it of some interest,’ said Ruggunan,

The book’s chapters are: Rupture! Capitalism and labour markets; Making sense of the puzzle of seafaring labour Thandiwe Jumo

16 College of Law and Management Studies CONFERENCES Ed O’Brien International Street Law Best Practices Conference The School of Law is to host a conference from 1-3 April to clinicians and law educators running Street law, community honour the late legal academic Ed O’Brien and celebrate outreach and legal literacy programmes from different parts the 30th anniversary of the first international Street Law of the world. The best practice lessons may cover, but are not programme established at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. restricted to: • Introduction to law and the legal system; The conference provides a platform for Street Law-type • Constitutional law, democracy and human rights; programmes from around the world to share their best • Criminal law and child justice; practices, lessons and projects. Colleagues involved in Street • Civil wrongs – torts and delicts; Law and legal literacy programmes are invited to attend • Consumer law and contracts; to share their lessons and interact with each other in an • Family law; international forum devoted entirely to Street Law activities. • Housing, health, social security and the environment; and • Employment law. Likewise, individuals, law schools and NGOs interested in establishing or becoming involved in Street Law-type The conference will be preceded by a three day Ed O’Brien activities will benefit from attending. Memorial Safari (29-31 March) to the world famous Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Game Reserve where the white rhinoceros The conference will comprise a series of workshops in which was saved from extinction. best practice lessons will be presented by law teachers, law For more information visit: http://streetlawconference2016.ukzn.ac.za Seminar to discuss Judicial Application of Customary Law The School of Law will host a seminar on the judicial The idea behind the seminar was sparked by the recent application of customary law to discuss and debate the role, conviction and sentencing of King Buyelekhaya Dalindyebo of challenges and the future of customary law in South Africa’s the AbaThembu Traditional Authority by the Supreme Court new constitutional dispensation. of Appeal. The judgement has raised debates surrounding the application of customary law in practice. These include The seminar, titled ‘The constitutional legitimacy of the debates about: application of customary law and common law in judicial • The systematic discrimination against the majority of reasoning’, aims to regenerate debates about the role, citizens who subscribe to the system of customary law; challenges and the future of customary law in South Africa’s • Legal practitioners who are not accustomed to the new constitutional dispensation, and will take place on 22 April. values and principles of customary law, resulting in poor representation; Speakers include Advocate Tembeka Ngcukaitobi, Professor • The failure of institutions of higher learning to infuse Chuma Himonga, Professor Thandabantu Nhlapo, Dr Dial principles of customary law into their curricula; and Dayana Ndima, Dr Nokuzola Mndende, Professor Pierre de Vos, • The limitations of the Constitution in the application of Advocate Lesala Mofokeng and Professor Sihawu Ngubane. customary law.

For more information on the seminar visit: http://lawseminar.ukzn.ac.za/Homepage.aspx

March 2016 17 College to host 4th Business Management Conference The College of Law and Management Studies will host the • Good governance and public management frameworks 4th Business Management Conference (BMC) taking place in and solutions; Durban, KwaZulu-Natal from August 24-26. • Financial strategies and improved financial and accounting systems for economic growth; The two day multi-disciplinary conference, themed • Economic development policies (industrial development ‘Innovative and Creative Solutions for Economic Growth strategies vs exportation and supply of raw materials as Strategies and Sustainable Futures’, aims to bring together the basis of economic growth); academics, researchers, business practitioners, students and • New regional and international trade opportunities; stakeholders who will showcase their work and share their • Constitutional, policy and legal lessons and comparisons; expertise with the intention of contributing to solutions to • Lessons from established and emerging economies; global challenges. • The politics and political economy of economic growth in regions; As part of the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary nature • Government to business e-government; of the conference, proceedings will, amongst others, focus • Contribution of e-government – case studies of success on the following sub themes: stories; • New theories and approaches to entrepreneurship; • Land reform and management, and its contribution to • Entrepreneurial Innovations - case studies of success economic growth. stories; For more details on registration and the call for papers please visit: http://bmc.ukzn.ac.za 9th Aids Economic Network pre-conference to convene in Durban The 9th International AIDS Economics Network (IAEN) pre- The conference proceedings will focus, amongst others, on conference takes place from 15-16 July in Durban. the following: • Exploring innovative country-led approaches for It will be hosted in conjunction with the Bill and Melinda supporting affected countries; Gates Foundation, IAEN, Health Economics and HIV and Aids • Prioritising, sustaining and leading national investments Research Division (HEARD), UNAIDS, the World Bank, Rush in HIV and AIDS responses; Foundation and Sida/Norad. • Identifying ways to create, optimise, and sustain fiscal space for HIV investment domestically, as well as The two-day pre-conference has as its theme ‘Investing in exploring innovative national and international financing Sustainable Responses to HIV and AIDS’ and aims to bring mechanisms able to leverage allocated funds. together economic researchers and stakeholders including ministers of Finance and Health, along with leading activists, practitioners and scholars to generate a shared understanding of the key issues and challenges, as well as to develop real options for sustainable financing for AIDS.

For more details visit: http://www.heard.org.za/iaen-2016-preconference/

18 College of Law and Management Studies alumni profile Top Young Chartered Accountant looks forward but also gives back t the age of 25, BCom graduate Mr Sanele I also manage a team of trainees ranging from ANkosi is pursuing a rewarding career as first-year to senior level,’ continued Nkosi. a Junior Audit Manager in the Durban office of one of the top, international, audit and Nkosi’s ongoing thirst for knowledge and advisory firms – BDO South Africa. But, when desire to keep abreast of developments in the he isn’t jetting off overseas to learn more, he accounting sector will see him travel to BDO’s is giving back to society. international offices in Washington DC this June. After completing his BCom degree, under a full Mr Sanele Nkosi bursary from BDO, Nkosi joined the firm under ‘I will be working for one of our North a training contract in 2012. In 2014, he sat his board exams Carolina offices for six months as part of the firm’s exchange and qualified. He is now a registered chartered accountant programme to help me gain invaluable international and has earned the role of Junior Audit Manager at BDO. experience and expertise that I can apply on my return to South Africa,’ he said. ‘I have always wanted to pursue a career in chartered accountancy, and getting my BCom in Accounting was one When he is not developing himself professionally, Nkosi is foot in the door to reaching my ultimate goal,’ he said. hard at work using this experience and knowledge to benefit others. While studying at UKZN, Nkosi was part of the top 15% in his first year, and also a member of the Golden Key Society. ‘I’m really passionate about giving back, mostly because of where I come from and the people I grew up around. I am After qualifying as a CA(SA), he was offered a permanent role an active member of the Association for the Advancement at BDO to work as an audit supervisor and then later moved of Black Accountants in Southern Africa. We run projects to into a junior audit manager role. assist underprivileged youth with university applications, high school tuition and all the other necessary steps on the In this capacity, Nkosi manages a portfolio of clients, liaises journey towards qualifying as an accountant,’ he said. with them on a regular basis, sets up, oversees and reviews audit work. ‘Most importantly, I learn from the audit partners. Thandiwe Jumo NEW college staff

Mr Franky Lwelela Mr Sakhile Fatyi Ms Yanga Lufundo Mr Khulekani Khumalo Public Relation and Administration Web Administrator, Career Development Officer, Lecturer, Officer: African Ombudsman Public Relations Unit, Student Support Services, School of Law, Research Centre, School of Law, Westville Campus Westville Campus Pietermaritzburg Campus Howard College

March 2016 19 20

TO DIARISE...

Ed O’Brien Street Law and Legal Literacy International Best Practices Conference Date: Venue: Howard College campus For more information click here

Victoria and Griffiths Mxenge Memorial Lecture Date: Time: Venue: Howard College Theatre, 1 – 3 April 2016

Guest speaker: The Honourable Chief Justice Mogoeng, Chief Justice of South Africa

College Graduation Ceremonies Thursday, 14 April 2016 Date: 18h00 for 18h30 For more information click here Howard College campus Customary Law Seminar Date: For more information click here

14, 15 & 18 April 2016

Friday, 22 April 2016

Employers’ Career Exhibition 2016 Date: Time: Venues: Pietermaritzburg, Westville and

Bookings: [email protected]

Business Management Conference Date: Venue: The Riverside Hotel, Durban 3 – 5 August Visit: 09h00 until 14h00

College Research Day Howard College Campuses Date: Venue: Westville campus

http://bmc.ukzn.ac.za/ College Teaching & Learning Day 24 – 26 August 2016 Date: Venue: Westville campus

29 & 30 September 2016

Saturday, 1 October 2016

Produced by College of Law and Management Studies Submit newsworthy stories to [email protected] / [email protected]