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Settlement Patterns in the Chifeng Region Settlement Patterns in the Chifeng Region Chifeng International Collaborative Archaeological Research Project Center for Comparative Archaeology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh 2011 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chifeng International Collaborative Archaeological Research Project. Settlement patterns in the Chifeng region / Chifeng International Collaborative Archaeological Research Project. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-877812-91-0 (alk. paper) 1. Neolithic period--China--Chifeng Region (Inner Mongolia) 2. Bronze age--China--Chifeng Region (Inner Mongolia) 3. Land settlement patters, Prehistoric--China--Chifeng Region (Inner Mongolia) 4. Pottery, Prehistoric--China--Chifeng Region (Inner Mongolia) 5. Tools, Prehistoric--China--Chifeng Region (Inner Mongolia) 6. Plant remains (Archaeology)--China--Chifeng Region (Inner Mongolia) 7. Social archaeology--China--Chifeng Region (Inner Mongolia) 8. Chifeng Region (Inner Mongolia, China)--Antiquities. I. Title. GN776.32.C6C475 2011 951.7’7--dc23 2011049724 ©2011 University of Pittsburgh Center for Comparative Archaeology Department of Anthropology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 U.S.A. All rights reserved Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-877812-91-0 Table of Contents Contents . .v List of Figures . vi List of Tables . xi Acknowledgements. xiii 1. Introduction by Katheryn M. Linduff and Ta La . .1 2. Stratigraphic Testing, Ceramics, and Chronology . .7 2.1 Ceramic Chronology by Zhu Yanping and Guo Zhizhong. .9 2.2 Excavation Methods and Stratigraphy by Robert D. Drennan . 17 2.3 Absolute Dating by Gideon Shelach, Robert D. Drennan, and Christian E. Peterson . 19 2.4 Lithics, Faunal Remains, and Bone Artifacts by Christian E. Peterson . 23 2.5 Plant Remains by Zhao Zhijun . 27 3. Environment . 35 3.1 The Natural Environment and Its Modern Exploitation by Teng Mingyu and Gideon Shelach . 36 3.2 Climate Change during the Past 10,000 Years by Teng Mingyu and Gideon Shelach . 39 3.3 Geomorphology by Gideon Shelach and Yoav Avni . 44 4. Settlement Analysis . 53 4.1 Field Survey Methods by Robert D. Drennan . 54 4.2 Methods for Regional Demographic Analysis by Robert D. Drennan and Christian E. Peterson . 57 4.3 Methods for Delineating Community Patterns by Christian E. Peterson and Robert D. Drennan . 80 4.4 The Environmental Basis of Settlement Distribution by Gideon Shelach and Teng Mingyu . 88 5. Sequence of Social Change . .101 Appendix A. Glossary of Chinese Characters . .141 Appendix B. Electronic Access to Color Illustrations and the Full Dataset . .143 References Cited . .145 v List of Figures 1.1. Location of the Chifeng Project survey area, surrounding urban Chifeng in northeastern China . .2 1.2. The Chifeng Project survey area . .3 1.3. A section of the flat alluvial valley floor in the Chifeng Project survey area . .5 1.4. Flat valley floor in the foreground rising gently into the rolling uplands behind, with steeper slopes in the background . .5 2.1. Locations of the two sites where stratigraphic testing was carried out in the Chifeng survey area . .7 2.2. Xinglongwa sherds . 10 2.3. Zhaobaogou sherds . 11 2.4. Decoration on Zhaobaogou sherds . 11 2.5. Hongshan sherds . 12 2.6. Lower Xiajiadian sherds . 13 2.7. Upper Xiajiadian sherds . 14 2.8. Zhanguo-Han sherds . 15 2.9. Radiocarbon dates for the greater Chifeng region . 20 2.10. Summary of the chronology used in this volume . 22 2.11. Grains of foxtail millet from excavation unit 570 at site 342 . 28 2.12. Grains of foxtail millet from excavation unit 049 at site 674 . 28 2.13. Grains of broomcorn millet from excavation unit 570 at site 342 . 29 2.14. Grains of broomcorn millet from excavation unit 049 at site 674 . 29 2.15. Compact ball of millet grains from excavation unit 014 at site 674. 30 2.16. Soybean from excavation unit 368 at site 342 . 30 2.17. Seeds of Cannabis sativa from excavation unit 031 at site 674 . 30 2.18. Seeds of legumes from excavation unit 509 at site 342 . 31 2.19. Wild soybeans from excavation unit 526 at site 342 . 31 2.20. Seed of bush cherry from excavation unit 085 at site 674 . 31 2.21. Seeds of mallow from excavation unit 509 at site 342 . 31 2.22. Seeds that could not be identified from excavation unit 031 at site 674 . 32 3.1. The greater Chifeng region with the four subsistence zones discussed in the text. 37 3.2. The greater Chifeng region with the locations of paleoclimatic data from archaeological sites and natural sediments . 40 3.3. Schematic diagram of principal geomorphological features of the Chifeng region . 45 3.4. An active gully . 46 vi LIST OF FIGURES vii 3.5. Intensive geological survey of a small drainage system west of Yaowangmiao . 47 3.6. Locations of the trenches for geological sampling . 48 3.7. Flooding on a small tributary of the Banzhijian River, summer 2006 . 48 3.8. The effects of local flooding on a small tributary of the Banzhijian River, summer 2006. 49 3.9. Areas of flat valley floor that were not surveyed . 50 3.10. The urbanized zone of Chifeng during the 1970s, by the mid-1990s, and by 2003 . 51 4.1. Distribution of modern occupation in 14 townships corresponding approximately to the Chifeng survey area . 58 4.2. Correlation between population and total settlement area for 14 townships near Chifeng . 59 4.3. Site 342 with locations of collection lots from regional survey (99D043–99D046) . 60 4.4. Site 674 with locations of collection lots from regional survey (00D008–00D011) . 61 4.5. Histogram of numbers of sherds from general collections . 63 4.6. Regional survey collection units with Zhanguo-Han ceramics at Site 674 . 66 4.7. Density surface for Zhanguo-Han occupation at Site 674 based on systematic surface collections . 66 4.8. Regional survey collection units with Upper Xiajiadian ceramics at Site 674 . 67 4.9. Density surface for Upper Xiajiadian occupation at Site 674 based on systematic surface collections. 67 4.10. Regional survey collection units with Lower Xiajiadian ceramics at Site 674 . 68 4.11. Density surface for Lower Xiajiadian occupation at Site 674 based on systematic surface collections . 68 4.12. Regional survey collection units with Zhanguo-Han ceramics at Site 342 . 69 4.13. Density surface for Zhanguo-Han occupation at Site 342 based on systematic surface collections . 69 4.14. Regional survey collection units with Upper Xiajiadian ceramics at Site 342. 70 4.15. Density surface for Upper Xiajiadian occupation at Site 342 based on systematic surface collections . 70 4.16. Regional survey collection units with Lower Xiajiadian ceramics at Site 342 . 70 4.17. Density surface for Lower Xiajiadian occupation at Site 342 based on systematic surface collections . 70 4.18. Regional survey collection units with Hongshan ceramics at Site 342 . 71 4.19. Density surface for Hongshan occupation at Site 342 based on systematic surface collections . 71 4.20. Estimated Xinglongwa period surface scatter at Baiyinchanghan . 74 4.21. Estimated Hongshan period surface scatter at Baiyinchanghan . 74 4.22. Estimated Zhaobaogou period surface scatter at Zhaobaogou . 75 4.23. Estimated Hongshan period surface scatter at Site 6384 . 75 4.24. Estimated surface scatter corresponding to the excavated portions of Jiangzhai (contemporaneous with Hongshan). 76 4.25. Estimated surface scatter at Laohushan (contemporaneous with Xiaoheyan) . 76 4.26. Estimated Lower Xiajiadian surface scatter at Sanzuodian . 76 4.27. Alignment of occupational density ranges from excavated sites . 78 4.28. An unsmoothed occupation surface showing compact nucleated local communities . 82 4.29. An unsmoothed occupation surface showing compact nucleated local communities of highly variable sizes . 82 vii viii LIST OF FIGURES 4.30. An unsmoothed occupation surface showing numerous dispersed farmsteads . 83 4.31. A smoothed occupation surface showing a single very centralized supra-local community . 84 4.32. A smoothed occupation surface showing several centralized supra-local communities consisting of dispersed farmsteads . 84 4.33. A histogram representing the number of local communities in different population size ranges. 85 4.34. A histogram representing the estimated proportions of the regional population living in local communities of different population size ranges . 85 4.35. Interpretation of two site-size histograms to indicate the tiers of a settlement hierarchy. 85 4.36. Different shapes to be observed in rank-size graphs. 86 4.37. Rank-size graphs with error zones for 90% confidence . 87 4.38. Buffers of 0.5 km around lowlands . 89 4.39. Proportion of the regional population in buffers of 0.5 km around the lowlands. 90 4.40. Proportion of population in buffers of 0.5 km around the lowlands for fortified Lower Xiajiadian sites, for Upper Xiajiadian sites excluding the larger towns, and for Liao excluding the Songshanzhou site . 90 4.41. Slopes . 91 4.42. Proportion of regional population on slopes of different steepness . 92 4.43. Proportion of population on slopes of different steepness for fortified Lower Xiajiadian sites, for Upper Xiajiadian population excluding the larger towns, and for Liao population excluding Songshanzhou. 92 4.44. Aspects . 93 4.45. Proportion of regional population on slopes of different aspects . 94 4.46. Proportion of regional population for all periods on slopes of different aspects . 94 4.47. Proportion of population on slopes of different aspects for fortified Lower.
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