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Potential for Biological Control of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus Vectors

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Potential for Biological Control of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus Vectors African Crop Science Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 211 - 222 ISSN 1021-9730/2007 $4.00 Printed in Uganda. All rights reserved ©2007, African Crop Science Society POTENTIAL FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF RICE YELLOW MOTTLE VIRUS VECTORS N. WOIN, DJONMAÏLA1, SADOU ISMAEL, SALI BOUROU and T. BEBOM IRAD, Box 33 Maroua, Cameroon 1University of Dschang, Box 222 Dschang, Cameroon ABSTRACT Insect pests and disease infestations are the primary constraints in rice (Oryza sativa) production systems in Africa and Asia. For Cameroon in particular, the rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is increasingly a serious problem to rice production. During the poulations of the various insect vectors of RMYV are not known, and hence the need for this study. Unfortunately, 2002 - 2004, two sampling methods were combined to assess the population of insects vectors of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in the three major irrigated rice ecosystems in northern Cameroon (Lagdo, Maga and Yagoua), and in low land rice fields. Sampling was conducted using sweep net and D-Vac (sucking trap) fortnightly in 2002 and 2003 until mid October in low land rice fields, while in the irrigated fields, samplings occurred between December and April. Rearing using dead insects was conducted simultaneously in the laboratory to identify the parasitoid insect species. From samples obtained at different sites: (i) the dominant structure of the RYMV insect vectors was analysed according to the rice phenology; and (ii) the diversity and the occurrence of potential major groups of predators and parasitoids were assessed. Among the RYMV insect vectors sampled: Chaetocnema pulla Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Chnootriba similis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Trichispa sericea Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Locris rubra Fabricius (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Oxya hyla Stål (Orthoptera: Acrididae), and Conocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) were the most encountered insect species during the rice growing seasons. With regard to predator populations, spiders (Araneae) were the most abundant, with high concurrency of Pardosa spp (> 42 %) in all sites. In Maga and Yagoua sites, the carabid beetle species, Abacetus crenulatus Dejean and Abacetus foveolatus Chaudoir, were the most numerous whereas the Lagdo site was highly colonised by Clivina. erythropyga Putzeys. Paederus sabaeus Erichson, and Stenus ravus Puthz were the most abundant Staphylinid beetles. From reared dead RYMV insect vectors, Eurytoma spp., Pediobius spp., Tetrastichus spp. and Telenomus spp. emerged as parasitoids. Results of this study reveal a great potential of biological control against rice yellow mottle virus vectors using predators and parastoids. This potential should be developed to manage the yield losses caused by the virus infection in rice cropping systems. Key Words: Cameroon, Oryza sativa, parasitoids, predators RÉSUMÉ Les infestations dues aux insectes et les maladies sont les contraintes primaires dans le système de production du riz (Oryza sativa) en Afrique et en Asie. Pour le Cameroun en particulier, le virus marbre jaune de riz (RYMV) est de plus en plus un problème sérieux à la production de riz. Cependant, les populations des divers vecteurs d’insecte de rmyv ne sont pas connu, et donc le besoin pour cette étude. Malheureusement entre 2002 et 2004, deux méthodes d’échantillonnages ont été combinées pour évaluer la population de vecteurs d’insectes de virus marbre jaune de riz (RYMV) dans les trois écosystèmes majeurs de riz irrigué au nord du Cameroun (Lagdo, Maga et Yagoua), et dans les champs de riz de terre bas. L’essai a été dirigé utilisant le coup de balai net et D- vac (suçant le piège) les nuits de 2002 et 2003 jusqu’ a mi-octobre dans les champs de riz de terre bas, pendant que dans les champs irrigué, les échantillons sont arrivés entre Décembre et Avril. Utilisation des insectes morts était simultanément dirigée dans le laboratoire pour identifier l’espèce d’insecte parasitaire. Des échantillons obtenus aux sites différents: (i) la structure dominante des vecteurs d’insecte de rymv a été analysée selon la phénologie 212 N. WOIN et al. de riz ; et (ii) la diversité et l’événement de groupes majeurs potentiels de prédateurs et de parasitoides ont été évaluées. Les vecteurs d’insecte de RYMV : Chaetocnema pulla Chapuis (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae), Chnootriba similis Mulsant (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae), Trichispa sericea guerin meneville (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae), Locris rubra Fabricius (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae), Oxya hyla stål (Orthoptera : Acrididae), et Conocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae) étaient les espèces d’insecte le plus communes pendant les périodes de croissance de riz. En ce qui concerne les populations de prédateur, les araignées (Araneae) étaient le plus abondant, avec haute concurrence de Pardosa spp. (> 42 %) dans tous les sites. Sur les sites de Maga et Yagoua, l’espèce de coléoptère de carabid, abacetus crenulatus dejean et Abacetus foveolatus Chaudoir, étaient les plus nombreux tandis que sur le site de Lagdo a été extrêmement colonisé par Clivina. erythropyga Putzeys. Paederus sabaeus Erichson, et Stenus ravus Puthz étaient les coléoptères du Staphylin le plus abondant. Les vecteurs d’insecte de RYMV, Eurytoma spp., Pediobius spp., Tetrastichus spp., et Telenomus spp. ont émergé comme parasitologies. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent un grand potentiel de contrôle biologique contre les vecteurs de virus marbre jaune de riz utilisant des prédateurs et des parasitoses. Ce potentiel devrait être développer pour gérer les pertes de rendement causées par l’infection de virus dans le système de riz. Mots Clés: Cameroun, Oryza sativa, parasito¿des, prédateurs INTRODUCTION Cameroon in year 2 000 (Traoré et al., 2001), studies have never been carried out on RYMV Africa produces only 2.7% of the world’s rice nor on its vectors. (Oryza sativa) and is the second largest rice The aim of this work was to assess the species importing region in the world (6.5 metric in 2003). diversity and population abundance of RYMV Africa’s rice imports represent about 25% of the insect vectors including those of their potential world rice importation (Méndez del Villar, 2003). natural antagonists in lowland/irrigated rice fields With an average yield of 2 t ha-1. With the in the Sudano-sahelian savannah of Cameroon exception of Egypt, rice production in Africa with a view of establishing the potential of remains significantly below the world average and biological control strategies against RYMV regional averages such as Asia (3.8 t ha-1), Latin vectors. America (3.0 t ha-1) and United States (7.0 t ha-1), according to FAO (published online). Compared MATERIAL AND METHODS to the other West African countries, the yearly amount of rice importation in Cameroon is at least Experiments were conducted from 2002 to 2004 in 62 % of thequantity needed. the Sudano-sahelian climate, with a relative Insect pests and diseases are the major humidity of 65 ± 25 %, temperature range of 13- constraints limiting rice production in Africa and 42°C, and mean annual rainfall of 1,000 mm. Three Asia. Of all the rice diseases, the one caused by sites, at least 200 km apart, were sampled. These the rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), first reported were (1) Lagdo: 9° 3' 0N; 13° 43' 60E - 232 m a.s.l; in Kenya in 1966, is one of the most damaging in Maga: 10° 50' 12N; 14° 56' 37E – 305 m a.s.l, and Africa. The RYMV has by far been reported in Yagoua: 10° 20' 34N; 15° 14' 26E – 313 m a.s.l. The many countries in East and West Africa including experimental fields consisted of a plot (0.5 ha) in Cameroon, where in some cases whole fields each site. Sampling in lowland rice was carried have been devastated. Based on available out only in Lagdo and Yagoua where field plots evidence, RYMV has only been reported from were contiguous to farms cropped by maize (Zea the African continent and is endemic in every mays L.). country where it has been reported. Among the The RYMV vectors and their natural enemies known vectors of the disease insects constitute populating the aerial rice parts were sampled using one of the indubitable and important group. Since 2 methods as described: evidence of the existence of the disease in Biological control of rice yellow mottle virus vectors 213 (i) sweeping with net: 200 doubled sweeps (50 International Institute of Entomology (CAB random sweeps per plot along diagonal and International, London) for identification or median transects); and confirmation. (ii) sucking with D-Vac: 10 sucking of one (1’) at To compare diversity values estimated with 15 m and 100 m from the edge of the plot. the Shannon–Weiner index (H’) on the basis of the frequency distribution of the beetles, Dead RYMV vector materials were reared to parametric statistical techniques were questioned confirm emergence of parasitoids through a t-test (MacArthur, 1965; Poole, 1974) at 5%. All the experimental fields had not been treated with insecticides in the 10 years preceding the RESULTS study. All arthropods sampled were labeled, stored at -4°C, sorted in the laboratory under a Population abundance of RYMV insect vectors. stereoscopic binocular microscope, and then In the 3 locations of the study, the RYMV insect transferred into 70% alcohol, pending vectors sampled were: Chaetocnema pulla identification. Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), As species diversity combines the area of Chnootriba similis Mulsant (Coleoptera: ‘number of species’ (species richness) and the Coccinellidae) Trichispa sericea Guerin- way in which the individuals are apportioned into Meneville (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Locris those species (evenness) (Vandermeer, 1981), the rubra Fabricius (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Oxya heterogeneity of such a community is determined hyla Stål (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and using the Shannon-Weiner index (Risch et al., Conocephalus longipennis (de Haan) 1983). (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). The frequency distribution was assessed From 2002 to 2004 (Figs. 1, 2 and 3), C.similis considering dominance class according to was always the most dominant species in Lagdo Engelmann (1978).
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