Human Ethology Newsletter Editor: Glenn Weisftld Department ofPsyc1lOlogy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI48202 USA 1-313-577-2835 (office) 577-8596 (lab), 577-2801 (messages), 577-7636 (Fax), 393-2403 (home)

VOLUME 9, ISSUE 1 ISSN 0739-2036 MARCH 1994

© 1994 The Illternatiollal Sociehj for Humall Ethology

corner, please indicate any dates that you will be unable to present (note that the poster TWELFTH CONGRESS OF session is 3 August). Only one abstract may be ISHE submitted as senior author.

3-7 AUGUST 1994 Include a copy of your abstract with TORONTO, ONTARIO, your registration form. Send another copy by CANADA mail or fax to: Linda Mealey, Program Chair, Psychology Dept., College of St. Benedict, Collegeville, MN 56321 USA (fax 1-612-363- Announcement 3202). ACCOMMODATIONS, Dormitory rooms are VENUE: Victoria University of the University available at $60 per night, twin, and $42 of Toronto. single, including breakfast ($50 and $35, respectively, for undergraduate students and CALL FOR PAPERS: The program is being organized by Irwin Silverman, Linday Mealey, persons 65 or older). All rates given in this and Bill Charlesworth. Themes will be Announcement are in Canadian funds, which "Proximate Mechanisms" and "Cross-Cultural are at about 75% of U.S. funds. To reserve space Studies." However, presentations in all areas in the dormitory, use the brochure on Victon1 of human ethology are welcome. Papers on University summer accommodation, enoh'.Ged· similar topics will be grouped. Each talk will Dormitory reservations must be received by 1 be scheduled for about 20 minutes, with an June for you to be assured a place. Allow two additional 10 minutes for questions. A slide weeks for overseas air mail. projector and an overhead projector will be Alternative arrangements have beep available; please make an advance request if nlJde at the Journey's End Hotel, 280 Bloor you will need any other audio-visual Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1V8, equipment. Thumb tacks, staplers, and tape Canada (tel. 1-416-968-0010, fax 1-416-968- will be provided for mounting posters. 7765) for a rate of $65 per night per room for two double or one queen-size bed(s), and at the Park Abstracts should be in standard-size Plaza Hotel, 4 Avenue Road, Toronto, Ontario, type, on 8.5 x 11 inch paper (21 x 28-29.5 em), M5R 2E8, Canada (tel. 1-416-924-5471, fax 1- with a maximum of 250 words, not including the 416-924-4933) for a rate of $99 per night for two heading. The heading should comprise title, double or one king-size bed(s). The Journey's author(s), and affiliation(s) (with a mailing End is a comfortable hotel; the Park Plaza is a address), on separate lines. Note in the upper deluxe hotel. Both are less than a five-minute right hand corner of the page: (L) if you have a walk from the meeting rooms, and are air- preference for lecture presentation, (P) if you prefer poster presentation, or (NP) for no conditioned, unlike the dormitory rooms. preference. If you note a preference, indicate Contact the hotels directly. Identify yourself also by (Y) for "yes" and (N) for "no" whether as a participant in the ISHE Conference when or not you will be wilJing to present in your non- requesting the rate. Hotel reservations must be preferred format, if necessary. In the upper left arranged before 1 May to assure space and rates. TRANSPORTA nON: From Pearson marked "pay in Canadian funds," or by International Airport: The Airport Express bus International Money Order in Canadian funds leaves every 40 minutes from all terminals. from anywhere else. Checks should be payable Exit at the Yorkdale Subway Station. Take the to ISHE Conference. Full refunds will be given subway south to the SI. George stop for the for cancellations before 1 July 1994. Thereafter, hotels, and the Museum stop for the dormitory. a $100 deduction will be made. The brochure map has directions from the Museum station. From the St, George stop, exit Other events for the weekend of 6-7 via St. George Street for the Journey's End, and August (e.g., a tour of Niagara Falls, dinner at Bedford Street for the Park Plaza. the Royal Ontario Museum) are in planning. Toronto offers many other Bus fare is $6.50 ($11.25 round trip). attractions, so Congress participants may wish Subway fare is $1.25. Alternatively, to extend their stay. Attractions include limousines or taxis will take you from the theatre (e.g., Miss Saigoll, Phalltom of the airport to the dormitory or hotels for Opera), the Ontario Science Center, the approximately $35. University of Toronto Bookstore (which stocks some British books unavailable in the U.S.), From the downtown train and bus and Blue Jays baseball (5-10 August). terminals: Take the University Subway north from both. Board at the Union Station stop from the train terminal, and at the Dundas Avenue stop from the bus terminal. Exit at the Museum stop for the dormitory and the St. THE PROGRAM: Registration will George stop for hotels, and follow the begin the evening of 2 August. Poster directions above for each. Alternatively, taxis presentations will be part of the wine and from either teminal will be about $10. cheese reception the evening of 3 August. The daily program will incl ude four featured By car: Exit on Spadina Avenue from speakers: the Gardiner Expressway. Drive north to Bloor Street and tum right. The Journey's End will 3 August: Outgoing ISHE President Irenaus Eibl- appear shortly on your left. The Park Plaza Eibesfeldt will open the meeting with an will appear soon after, also on your left, on the overview of the field, entitled "Human northeast corner of Bloor and Avenue Road (see Ethology: Its Distinctive Contributions, Past brochure map); tum left on Avenue Road for the and Future." entrance. For the dormitory, take the first right from Bloor Street after Avenue Road and 4 August: Michael T. McGuire, editor-in-chief follow the brochure map to the Margaret of Ethology and Sociobiology, will summarize his recent research in a presentation on Addison Residence Reception. "Environmental Contingencies and Physiological Change." A discussion period CONFERENCE FEES AND EVENTS: The conference fee is $300 ($260 for students), due, will follow. with registration form and abstract (if any), by 5 August: ISHE Secretary Karl Grammer will 15 May 1994. There will be a sucharge of $45 for late registration. discuss his current research project, "An Evolutionary Theory of Misapprehension: Body Talk between Strangers of the Opposite Sex." The fee will include a wine and cheese reception on 3 August, a barbecue on 4 August, a A discussion will follow. banquet on 5 August, lunches on the four full days of the conference (3-6 August), all 6 August: The new ISHE President, Bill refreshments during the meetings, and the Book Charlesworth, will give his inaugural address of Abstracts. Persons ace 0 m panyin g on the topic "Human Ethology: A Good Idea for participants may pay individual fees for the Behavioral Sciences and Society." specific events (see Registration form, infra). In addition, Nancy Segal, ISH E Fees may be paid by personal check from Membership Chair, will conduct a symposium a Canadian or U.s. bank, with the latter on methodology in human ethological research. Registration Form--1994 ISHE Conference

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Abstract: enclosed__ (A copy must be sent to Linda Mealey, Program Chair, using the address or fax given in the Announcement on page 1. Questions about the program may also be directed to Linda by E-mail at [email protected] or by phone at 1-612-363-3135.

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SEND REGISTRATION FORM, PAYMENT, AND ONE COPY OF ABSTRACT TO: IRWIN 5ILVERMAN, PSYCHOLOGY DEPT., YORK UNIVERSITY, 4700 KEELE STREET, NORTH YORK, ONTARIO, CANADA, M3J IP3, TO ARRIVE BEFORE 15 MAY.

FOR QUESTIONS, IRWIN'S PHONE IS 1-416-736-5122 OR 1-416-690- 4981; FAX IS 1-416-736-5814L E-MAIL IS [email protected]

YOU WILL RECEIVE CONFIRMATION OF YOUR REGISTRATION AND A PROGRAM OUTLINE PRIOR TO 1 JULY. ., SOCIETY NEWS Conference attendance, editor 1000 Total expenses 3528 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY (b) Balance 31 Dec 1992 5609 Everyone who has renewed his or her (a-b) membership to ISHE for 1994 will be listed in the Membership Directory soon to be prepared. Income 1993 If you have not yet paid your dues, please Balance 1 Jan 1993 NL 3353 complete the form on the last page. Ifyour dues US 2256 are paid up, please complete the form on the Interest NL second-last page (or a photocopy thereof). If 50 you do not complete this form, the same Dues (until 18 Nov) NL 689 information will be used that appeared in the US 1772 last directory. If you do not pay your dues Transfer from NL to US promptly, your name will be excluded from the 1839 directory. The last calendar year through which you are paid is mentioned on your Total income 9959 address labeL (c)

Expenses 1993 Newsletter Mar 631 TREASURER'S REPORT June 665 Sept 588 Dec 629 Herman Di enske, assisted by Nancy Conference attendance, editor 400 Segal, prepared this financial report for 1992 Newsletter promotion 35 and 1993; all figures are in US dollars. He Transfer from NL to US recommends that membership dues not be raised 1839 at this time because We have maintained quite fair reserves. As can be seen from these figures, Total expenses 4787 the expense of the newsletter has stayed at less (d) than $3000 per year despite an increase in length to 20 pages. Income has stayed about Balance 18 Nov 1993 NL 4092 the same too, judging by the constancy of the 30 Sept 1993 US 1080 number of paid members, which has been about 320 for the past several years. Total balance 5172 (c- d) Income 1992 Balance 1 Jan 92 NL 3253 US 164 Interest NL 61 CRIMEAN Dues NL 1878 US 2281 CONFERENCE Wayne State donation US 500 By Detlev W. Plooj, Director Emeritus, Max Total income 8137 Planck Institute for Psychiatry, (a) Kraepelinstrasse 2, 8000 Munchen, Germany Expenses 1992 In June 1993 I attended an international Newsletter Mar 698 conference on "The Biological Roots of Human June 692 Behaviour" in the Crimea. The meeting Sept 540 focused on the evolution and ethology of normal Dec 598 and pathological behavior. The meetings took place in the open air session, and again roughly the same number of in the breathtaking countryside, creating a speakers in parallel symposia. delightful atmosphere. There were an abstracts book in English and a skillful To give a more detailed account of my interpreter who pitched in when necessary. impressions, I would need the total space of some three to four Human Ethology Included were 32 presentations Newsletters. As Glenn Weisfeld kindly delivered by psychiatrists, psychologists, declined this offer, I will concentrate on the clinical neurophysiologists, anthropologists beginning and the end of the conference. and biologists from the Crimea, Moscow, St. Petersburg and Latvia. Among the topics The first speakers were Martin Daly discussed from an ethological perspective were: and Margo Wilson. I expected a sinister-looking nonverbal behavior, mother-infant couple, all dressed in black, and quite aware of interactions, agonistic behavior in various life's seriousness. Instead, the word 'charming' diseases, transitions from instinctive behavIor might be the right word to describe them. to habit disorders, and deviations in sexual During the lecture, they playfully teased one behavior. Some authors also addressed the another, and the presentation was very question of how ethology may be useful in professional and easy-going. Their subject, psychotherapy. homicide, might be one of the most convincing and accessible chapters of sociobiology. It The Crimean group presented original draws anyone's attention, and offers the work and inspiring concepts within the possibility of constantly switching between framework of evolutionary and ethological theory and empirical findings. psychobiology and psychopathology. Th e participants were rewarded by the content of I stayed in a student hotel, and early in the presentations, the intellectual spirit of the the morning, while eating fried fish, tomatoes meeting, the beauty of the Black Sea area, and and beans, I could join heated philosophical

the warm hospitality of the organizers, Victor discussions about humansl consciousness, and Samohvalov, Vitally Egorov and their evolution- a nice way to enjoy your breakfast. colleagues. The next Crimean Confeence will be held 26-30, 1994 (see December HEN). To me, the subject of the Saturday morning conference session ('Danvinian medicine") was completely new and very interesting. I saw George Williams, grand old man of evolutionary theory who resembles Abraham London Conference on Lincoln, and witnessed how Paul Ewald threa- tened the first rows of the audience with a Evolution and the sneeze, while speaking about the evolution of virulence. During a parallel symposium, Alex Human Sciences Walter told the listeners that he had found the Westermarck Effect in Morocco, and that By Frans Roes, Lauriergracht 127II, 1016 RK this effect turned out to be stronger for women Amsterdam, The Netherlands than for men, as was earlier predicted by, among others, van den Berghe. This conference, held from 24th to 26th June 1993, was organised by the London School Someone told me that concluding of Economics and the Times Higher Education discussions are always disappointing, and the Supplement. Financial assistance came from closure of this conference could not disprove this several other organisations, including the proposition. The old issue of individual versus Home Office and Toyota. Student volunteers group selection was reiterated, as though no served coffee and seemed happy to make conclusion has ever been reached on tltis. If I everything run smoothly. The conference was am well informed, modem evolutionary biolo- completely sold out. There were some 30 gists reject the idea that natural selection speakers in plenary sessions, among them operates through group selection. Of course, it several 'evolutionary celebrities', about the should always be possible to attack this same number of contributors to the poster position, but why at the very end of the confe- r',nee, when everybody is tired and wants to go home? And why not a written attack on those who specialized in this subject, like Alexander, Newsletter Submissions Hamilton, Trivers or Williams? Anything that might be of interest to ISH Then someone in the balcony delivered members is welcome: Society Matters; articles; an endless statement about the subtle but appa- replies to articles; suggestions; announcements re,:tly very important differences between of meetings, journals or professional societies; 'evolutionary psychology' and Darwinian etc. These sorts of submission should be sent to anthropology'. (Europeans hardly know that the editor. Book review inquiries should go to two such kinds of sociobiology exist). It remin- the appropriate book review editor (the British ded me of the time when I studied sociology. editor covers English-language books Marxist fractions would give long statements, published in Europe). Submission should be insisting that Marxists belonging to all other in English, on paper and, if possible, on fractions were in reality not Marxist at all. diskette. Please include complete references for all publications cited. For book reviews, please Given the title of the conference, I include publisher's mailing address and the expected something else as a conclusion. Let me price of hardback and paperback editions. suggest some broad issues that might have been No material in the newsletter is selected b} addressed at this time. In The Netherlands, for critical peer review and thus material is instance, I believe there is not a single sociology presented only to foster free and creative teacher who thinks evolutionarily. But when I exchange of (even outrageous) ideas between look at myoid sociology books, they seem hope- scholars. The fact that material appears in the lessly outdated because of the advances neWSletter never implies the truth of those sociobiology has made. Yet evolutionary ideas, ISHE's endorsement of them, or support theory is ignored by sociologists. This is for any policy implications that might be remarkable, considering the exceptional inferred from them. tolerance sociologists have with regard to the scientific standards of their own theories. No I R. D. Beyolld Relativism: Science and matter how naive these theories are, anything Human Values. University Press of New goes. Yet sociobiology is taboo. Why do the England, 23 S. Main St., Hanover, NH 03755 human sciences generally reject Darwinism? Do USA. sociobiologists perhaps present their ideas and findings in the wrong way? Or is it simply a Masters, R. D., and Gruter, M. (Eds.). 'TI,e Sellse matter of time before their ideas will be known of lustice: All Inquiry into the Biological more widely? Foundations of Law (1992). Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA, USA. Though the concluding discussion did not help me to answer these kinds of questions, Gruter, M., and Bohannan, P. (Eds.), Law, as a whole I liked this conference very much. Biologtj and Cultllre., 2nd edition (1992). London is almost ideally situated between McGraw-Hill Primis. Needs Reviewer. Europe and America, so why not have such a conference again? Masters, R. D. (Ed.). Biology, Law and Human Social Behavior: All Interdisciplinary Reader (1992). McGraw-Hill Primis. GRUTER INSTITUTE Masters, R. D., and McGuire, M. T. (Eds.). The Neurotrallsmitter Revolutioll (1993). Southern PUBLICATIONS Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL. Needs Reviewer.

The Gruter Institute for Law and McGuire, M. T. (Ed.). Human Natllre alld the Behavioral Research has produced the New Europe (1993). Westview Press, Boulder, followll1g publications: CO, USA. Needs Reviewer. M. Law and tI,e Mind: Biological producing daughters, etc. Eventually the sex Ortg"'s of HU11lm, Beltavior (1991). Sage ratio will stabilize at around 100:] 00. Publications, Newbury Park, CA, USA.

There arel however, several exceptions. Smith, B., and Danilenko, G. (Eds.). Law and In a species where it costs the parent(s) twice as Democracy in tlte New Russia (1993). The much to produce a son as a daughter, twice as Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, many females are produced, so the total USA. investment in the two sexes remains equal. Parental investment is all the energy spent by McGuire, M. T. (Ed.). Del' Faktor Mensclt i11l parents to produce and rear offspring. neuel! Europa (1993). Luchterhand Verlag, Kriftel, Germany. Needs Reviewer. In polygynous species, where the variance in male reproductive success j s McGuire, M. T., and Rehbinder, M. (Eds.). greatest, parents are expected to be 'choosier' Biology, Law and tlte Environment. In with regard to investment in sons: "The Schriftenreihe zur Rechtssoziologie and expected strategy is to start more males and Rechtstatsachenforschung, Band 73 (1993) save only those most likely to be successful" Dunekee & Humblot Verlag, Berlin, Germany. (Alexander 1979: 33).

Gruter, M. Recl,tsverltaltelt Biologiscl,e The human species seems to fit this Gl'Il1ldlagelt mit Beispielen aus dem Familie1l- pattern well: Humans are often classified as a ultd Umweltrecltt (1993) Verlag Dr. Otto mildly polygynous species, and indeed, more Schmidt, Kliln, Germany. males than females are conceived, and the mortality of males is higher than that of females, starting even before birth. The human sex ratio ilt 1Itera drops from about 120:100 to PARENTS' PREFERENCES FOR about 106:100. THEIR OFFSPRING'S SEX: As total investment in both sexes is THE INFLUENCE OF PATRI- supposed to be equal (and independent of the OR MATRILOCALISM breeding system--monogamy, polygyny or other), the cost of the males that die during the By Frans Roes, Lauriergracht 127", 1016 RK period of parental investment contributes to the Amsterdam, The Netherlands cost of the males that survive to the end of parental investment. Human males that The sex ratio is the number of males in a survive to the end of parental investment may population per hundred females. Darwin for that reason be more 'expensive' for parents himself noticed that in most species at birth to produce than females at the same stage. the sex ratio is about 100:100; that is, approximately as many males as females are One would therefore expect most human born. However, he was unable to explain this populations to have a female-biased sex ratio phenomenon. at the end of parental investment. But what is the end of parental investment in humans? Sir Ronald Fisher solved the problem Parental care may sometimes continue until in 1930, as Trivers puts it, with one stroke. offspring have themselves completed their Suppose there are ten times as many females as reproductive lives, at least in terms of actual males. A female producing a son will then have production of offspring. ten times as many grandchildren as a female producing a daughter. This means that the Does the human sex ratio vary at all genetical instruction: "produce males" will across populations and, if so, why? Trivers spread rapidly through the population, and draws attention to the possible influence of after some time there will even be more males residency patterns. In his 1985 book, he suggests than females. But then selection will start (pp. 295f) that in patrilocal, patrilineal operating in the opposite direction, because societies, males may be 'cheaper' to produce reproductive success will now best be served by than females, while in matrilocal, matrilineal societies the reverse may be the case. range from p < .01 to P< .0003. However, sta- tistical convention prescribes that the expected In a patrilocal society males remain in frequencies may only be less than 5 in 20% of their natal group after marriage, and therefore the cells. In my cross-tabulations, the expected they can make a return investment. For frequencies were mostly below 5 in 50% of the instance, they can defend and help their cells, but the E.F. was never below 1, which is parents and other kin, who will have greater considered to be the absolute minimum. reproductive success. This return investment of the son reduces the cost for the parents to These data suggest that where the produce a male. But in the same patrilocal bride leaves her natal group, there indeed a society, females leave their natal group after preference for sons. Where the groom leaves, marriage, so they can no longer support their daughters are preferred. parents and other kin. This makes it expensive for parents to produce daughters in a patrilocal On small islands, the sex ratio at birth society. seems to be close to 100:100. This also seems logical: Neither bride nor groom can disperse In matrilocal societies it is the other widely, so males are not 'cheaper' to produce way around; females may be 'cheaper' for their than females as they are in patrilocal parents to produce than males. Trivers gives societies. some examples supporting this idea, and he finally remarks that "so far as I know, no one Several researchers have suggested has attempted to demonstrate carefully a corre- that the widespread neglect and infanticide of lation between residency patterns and the daughters may reflect adaptive sex allocation primary sex ratio in human populations". in the context of the Trivers-Willard (1973) hypothesis. With the greater variance of male Although I have no data on primary reproductive success in mind, this hypothesis sex ratios, I found support for the idea that states that rich parents invest in sons, while parents prefer offspring of the sex that remains poor parents prefer daughters. However, in a in the natal group: theoretical article, Anderson and Crawford (1993) question if this hypothesis is a sufficient Data from the StandQ7·d Sample were explanation for female infanticide. analysed with the help of SPSS. The Standard Sample comprises 186 mainly non-Western Perhaps female infanticide results from societies, with data on over a thousand varia- several forces simultaneously operating in the bles. The societies are mostly pre-industrial, same direction: and chosen to represent the known cultural types of the world from among the societies in (a) Parents in (some segment of) some the Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock and White, society prefer sons because of sex allocation in 1986). the context of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis.

Five variables were chosen as the (b) Parents prefer sons because at independent variables, i.e., as variables that marriage a dowry has to be paid. (Gaulin and indicate whether the bride or groom leaves the Boster [1990] found very strong support for their natal group. These were: Marital Residence idea that dowry results from competition (patrilocal or matrilocal), Descent (patrilineal among women for attractive men in or matrilineal), Transfer of Residence after monogamous, stratified societies.) However, in First Year, Relative Distance Moved by Bride the Standard Sample I found no significant and Groom, and Rule of Descent. When cross- relation between marriage payments tabulated with each other, all correlate very (brideprice or dowry) and parental preference significantly (p < .0001), which is no surprise. for offspring of one sex.

The dependent variable is Stated (c) Parents prefer sons because their Preference for Children of One Sex. When cross- society is patrilocal, and sons therefore are tabulated with the independent variables, all more 'profitable' than daughters in terms of relations were found to be significant in the inclusive fitness-osee above. As most human expected direction. The levels of significance societies are patrilocal (for an evolutionary explanation. see van den Berghe, 1983:98), this might explain both the common male-biased Editorial Staff sex ratio at birth and the widespread occurrence of female infanticide. Associate Editor II Laurence j. Stettner If these forces simultaneously operate Department of Psychology II in the opposite direction, one would expect Wayne State University '. male infanticide. For the time being, however, Detroit, MI 48202 USA this is only speculative, tel. 1-313-577-2866

References Current Literature Editor Robert M. Adams Alexander, R. D. (1979). Darwinislll and Human Department of Psychology Affairs. Seattle: University of Washington Eastern Kentucky University Press. Richmond, KY 40475-0937 USA

Anderson, j. L., & Crawford, C. G. (1993). American Book Review Editor Trivers-Willard rules for sex allocation: When Linda Mealey do they maximize expected grandchildren in Department of Psychology humans? Human Nature, 4:: 137·174. 51. John's University Collegeville, MN 56321 USA Gaulin, j. C. . & Boster, j. 5.(1990): Dowry as tel. 1-612-363-3135 female competition. Amer'ican Anthropologist, fax 1-612-363-3202 92: 994-1005. E-mail [email protected]

Murdock, G.P., & While, D.R. (1985) Standard British Book Review Editor Cross-Cultural Sample. World Cultures. A. Stuart Laws Department of Psychology Murdock, G.P. , & White, D.R. (1986). The University Ethnograpllic Atlas. World Cultures. Newcastle uponTyne NE1 7RU, England Sieff, D. F. (1990). Explaining biased sex ratios tel. 44-91-222-6000 in human populations: A critique of recent fax 44-91-261-1182 studies (with 12 comments and reply). Current Telex 53654 (UNINEW G) Ant/nopolo!?'J, 31: 25-48. French Book Review Editor Trivers, R. (1985). Social Evolution, Menlo Peter LaFreniere Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. Universite de Montreal C. P. 6128, succursale A, Trivers, R. L., & Willard, D. E. (1973). natural Montreal, Quebec H3C 317, Canada selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179: 90-91. German Book Review Editor Karl Grammer Van den Berghe, P. (1983). "Human inbreeding Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for avoidance: Culture in nature". Bellavioral and Urban Ethology/Human Biology Brain Sciences,6: 91-123. Althanstrasse 14 A-I090 Vienna, Austria Watson, j. 5.(1992). On artificially selecting for the sex ratio. EtllOIo!?'J and SociobioIo!?'J, 13 : 1- Spanish and Portuguese Book Review Editor 2. Eduardo Gudynas c/o ASMER Regional Office Casilla Correo 13125 Montevideo, Uruguay BOOK REVIEWS

The Sexual Brain stress in influencing sexual orientation, and the research of Michael Bailey, James Weinrich, John Money, and many others. By Simon LeVay. The MIT Press, 55 Hayward St., Cambridge, MA 02142 USA, and London, That LeVay does so much in so few England. 1993, $22.50 (hdbk.). words makes this book a "must read" for anyone interested in human sexuality. It is also short Reviewed by Linda Mealey, Dept. of enough to use as supplementary reading in a Psychology, SI. John's University, sexuality or biopsychology course, and includes Collegeville, MN 56321 USA. a finely distilled glossary and a bibliography. Get down to your local bookstore and get In his December review of this book, yourself a copy! David Hays invited commentary from other readers with a more specialized background. As the North American Book Review Editor and a great fan of this little book, I would like not only to second David's favorable review but Theories ofRape: Inquiries into also to suggest that in six years this may be considered one of the top ten biology-related the Causes of Sexual Aggression books of the nineties.

In fewer than 150 pages, LeVay By Lee Ellis. New York: Hemisphere summarizes our current knowledge of the Publishing Corp., 1989 ($37.50 hdbk.). biological bases of sexual behavior, and somehow manages to do so in a way that is both Reviewed by Vern L. Bullough, SUNY Professor accessible to the educated lay reader and yet Emeritus, 17434 Mayall St., Northridge, CA exciting for the expert. When I read the first 91325 USA. two chapters (uGenes, Environment, and Sex" and "The Evolution of Sex and Sexual Why do men rape? Ellis examines Behavior"), I thought LeVay might fall into different ways of explaining the causes of rape, the trap that many authors do when they write grouping them under three conflicting theories: in a field somewhat outside their expertise-- feminist, social learning, and evolutionary. tediously rehashing some well-worn ideas as if The feminist theory holds rape to be the result they were their own, brand new insights. of long and deep-rooted social traditions in Refreshingly, this did not happen. After which males have dominated nearly all providing a brief genetic and evolutionary important political and economic activity. (ultimate) context, LeVay jumps right into Rape thus becomes a male response to the social cutting-edge research on the inequity between the sexes. The social learning neurophysiological and neurochemical theory differs from the feminist in that it mechanisms of sexuality. emphasizes how sexuality and violence (especially toward women) can become fused, LeVay cites studies from both the leading to favorable attitudes toward violence. human and the nonhuman literature, but The evolutionary theory holds that there are always with an eye for understanding human rape promoting genes contributing substantially sex and sex differences. The book, not to the persistence of such behavior. surprisingly, culminates in speculations derived from his own recent, widely publicized Each of these theories is then examined findings, that in homosexual males, one of the by subjecting them to a series of hypotheses, hypothalamic nuclei involved in the testing their strengths and weaknesses. From regulation of male sexual behavior (one that this, Ellis concludes that none of the theories is typically sexually dimorphic in size) clearly surpasses the others in predicting all resembles that of heterosexual females. He that is known about rape. Each theory also discusses the fascinating and controversial contributes significantly to the understanding of work of Gunter Dorner on the role of prenatal this phenomenon. He then argues for a fourth theory, father's role is examined in evolutionary or which he calls the synthesized theory. This hiosocial frameworks, and (II) the father's role incorporates elements of the three others, but is analyzed in symbolic and cultural contexts. relies mainly on the evolutionary one. He concludes that (1) two drives are involved, the The second sedion is good. sex drive and a drive to possess and control; (2) Complementing Lamb's (1987) work, the the actual teclmiques involved in committing various contributors detail how various cultures rape are largely learned, although males have sculpt fatber-child expectations and

different propensities for learning them; (3) interactions. Anyone, at any levell who is males have been favored by natural selection interested in the subject of fatherhood would be for readily learning methods of procuring well advised, indeed, to read these eight multiple sex partners, these methods ranging chapters. from deception to force; and (4) various tendencies to rape result from exposing the Twelve of the 16 chapters of the book brain tu various high regimens of androgens. include empirical data that the reader can use to evaluate the author's conclusions as well as The key to his argument is the to formulate and test alternative hypotlleses. assumption that lienetic factors help control the A wide swath of tbe human experience is degree to which the brain is exposed to represcnted: foragers, horticultu rists, androi:ens, and that such hormonal exposure agricultural and non-agricultural villagers, and produces variations in the tendency to commit urbanites. The ethnographers visited the four rape. He concludes by arguing that even if his corners of our globe: Paraguay, Venezuela, the synthesized theory is ultimately found Caribbean, Amazonia, Oceania, Australia, somewhat defective, it should contribute to a Kenya, the US, Belize, Nepal, Andaman better understanding of rape. Island, Malaysia, the Philippines, and China.

One of the most valuable aspects of the A recurring theme across the disparate book, whether one accepts or rejects the cultures is the systematic funneling of adult men theories presented, is the 60-page bibliography to their cbildl'en. Not only are his food and of recent works on the subject of rape. There is other resources shared with his children, but also a helpful index. also his time and affection. A strong point of tbis ethnography is the analyzed linkages Editor's Note: Dr. Bullough is currently behveen the form and cbaracter of father-child affiliated with California State University in sharing in a particular case and the local Northridge. subsistence technique and ecology. Accordingly, this collection is a welcome addilion to the literature on the still-underreported fother Father-Child Relations: Cultural figure. and Biological Contexts The first section of the book, which attempts to view fatherhood from an Edited by Barry S. Hewlett. Aidine de evolutionary perspective, is not as Gruyter, 200 Saw Mill River Rd.. Hawthorne, enlightening. However, an effort to address NY 10532 USA (1992) ($59.95 hdbk). questions of human phylogeny is especially relevant to us ethologists. Reviewed by Wade C. Mackey,9713 Saigon Dr., EI Paso, TX 79925 USA. Despite the editor's avowal to the contrary, there is virtually no integration of This book is a collection of well-focused presented theories and data with evolutionary ethnographies of father-child interactions in theory. Fifteen of the 16 chapters are clearly 21 distinct communities plus a survey of primate etbnographies without any relation to paternal behavior. The goal of the book is "to Darwinism. A purely tabula rasa elucidate both the diversities and anthropological/ sociological paradigm could commonalities in the father's role" (p. xiii). account for every cultural pattern that tbe The book is divided into two sections: (1) the authors have profiled. i:'

Accounting for cross-cultural tends to be somewhat cavalier with its consistencies is another matter. It is difficult to statistics, e.g., IIsignificance" does not come in attribute behavioral consistencies across degrees; hence "highly significant" (p. 42) is cultures to different cultural bases, Le., a meaningless, and p < .10 is not an acceptable constant cannot be explained by a variable. In level of significance (pp. 72, 100). Pearson's r his introduction, Hewlett writes: "[in all parts can only pick up linear relationships, not of the world) fathers provide less direct curvilinear ones (p. 102). Anything less than caregiving than mothers...fathers are expected 50% cannot be a majority (p. 144). And what is to provide at least SOme economic support for meant by "These differences are small and their children, and fathers are expected to insignificant, but they could bias the results" support the mother economically and/ or (p. 120)? emotionally" (p. xii). These themes are never again mention, much less examined with regard In sum, this book is a most welcome to why they would exist at all. Why do men addition to "fathering," but largely ignores invariably nurture and play with their young, Homo's evolutionary heritage and deals too alheit generally less than women? Why do men casually with quantitative analysis. share food and other resources with their children? Ethological approaches to such issue References are not discussed. Harlow, H. Learning to Love. San Francisco: The first chapter, dealing with Albion, 1971. nonhuman primates (Smuts and Gubernick), surmises that men's care and protection of their King, G. E. Alternative uses of primates and young may represent more a mating and carnivores in the reconstruction of early courtship actiVity than a parental one. The hominid behavior. Ethology & Sociobiology, 1: authors are resurrecting Harlow's (1971:63f) 99-110. thesis (based on the rhesus macaque) that the man-child relationship is a derivative of the Lamb, M. E. The Father's Role: Cross-ClIltllral woman-child bond and the man-woman bond, Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1987. Le., women like children and men like women, hence men are found around children. The rest Thompson, P. R. The evolution of territoriality of Hewlett's book, however, clearly negates and society in top carnivores. Social Science this surmise. rnjormatioll, 17: 949-992.

Another evolutionary explanation for men's parental care likewise is not mentioned. Male canids--wolves, coyotes, African hunting dogs, foxes, jackals--play with their young and Human Universals share food with them. As hunting became a key element in human evolution, convergent evolution with the canids seems a reasonable By Donald E. Brown Temple University Press, hypothesis to account for our own paternal care Broad and Oxford Streets, Philadelphia, PA (King, 1980; Thompson, 1978 inter alia). 19122 USA, 1991, $34.95 (hdbk.).

Thus, the term "biosocial" in the title Reviewed by John Money and William P. is misleading, especially for newcomers to Wang, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral ethology who are trying to grasp what Darwin Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Hospital and was about and who the human ethologists may University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA be. Tinbergen's quartet of explanatory levels would have been a useful addendum to the In early 20th century Arne ri can book's first section. anthropology the nature versus nurture debate became defined as the biology versus Finally, a plea to Aldine de Gruyter: culture-pattern debate. For many cultural statistical analysis is not a mere overlay to the anthropologists, biology became a dirty word. behavioral sciences. Quantitative analysis As a junior anthropologist, Donald E. Brown helps separate rhetoric from science. The series confesses, he was a cultural relativist. Later, partly by losing a bet to his colleague Donald Brown might also have considered Symons and partly by the publication of universals not as universals of behaviur, or of several books refuting long-accepted cultural the culture pattern, but as universal exigencies anthropological works, Brown became - but he does not refer to Money's exigency convinced of the error of his ways. That led theory (1986). Nonetheless, Chapter 3 eventually to the writing of this book. What skillfully outlines the history of the study of brought about his conversion was the concept of universals. This chapter, noteworthy for its

universalst namely that there are some features mention of the early progenitors of the study of of "humanity and human affairs" that are universals, Franz Boas, A.L. Kroeber, and Clark manifest in all cultures and across all times. Wissler! is recommended to sociobiologists and ethologists who wish to broaden their The concept of universals opens the door understanding of anthropology as a means of from anthropology into biology, which is gaining insight into their own disdpline. anathema to anthropologists of the social constructionist persuasion is currently in Chapter 4, "Explaining Universals," vogue as today's version of cultural relativism. focuses on the question of what makes a Even the most rabid social constructionists do universal. Brown enumerates eleven possible not deny, however, some phylogenetically explanatory theories. He gives support determined universals, for example that human predominantly to evolutionary theory but with beings in all societies have heads that have the proviso that pitfalls abound. One pitfall is mouths through which they talk and eat, the tendency in sodal science to apply selection orifices through which they urinate and and adaptation to the group rather than the defecate, and in the case of women, an orifice individual. Other credible theories include through which they menstruate and give birth, diffusion, cultural recognition of biology, and so on. Culture defines the circumstances of logical extension of biology, and archoses. time, placel and person for the performance of these universals. Of these, the concept of archoses as developed by Weston LaBarre is perhaps the The book begins with a refutalion of most intriguing. Archoses are ancient such noted cultural anthropologists of the misperceptions about human biology which, twentieth century as Margaret Mead, Benjamin through successive generations, become fixed Whorf, and Bronislaw Malinowski. These and widely, if not universally, accepted. For pillars of cultural relativism have been example, the misperception that the. sphlal challenged and, on some counts, refuted by later fluid, the brain, and semen are or comprIse hfe- anthropological sdlOlars. Other scholars have giving substances leads to various behaviors published studies of color perception (Brent such as semen-conserving and headhunting. At Berlin and Paul Kay) and facial expressions present, archoses are theoretically of interest (Paul Ekman) that favor not cultural but lacking in sufficient supportIve empll'lcal relativism but cultural universals. Brown cites data. At the end of the chapter, Brown theidindings also. concludes that no explanation of universals is particularly satisfying and that more attention In Chapter 2, "Conceptualizing, needs to be given to matching the theoretical Defining, and Demonstrating Universals," basis of universals with ethnographic data. Brown explains what he means by universals. Biological universals, per se, are rejected in Chapter 5, beginning with Edward favor of biology on which cultural elaborations Westermarck and continuing to the present day, are superimposed. Nonetheless, the chapter serves as a useful compendium and history of gives an uneven rather than a lucid explanation research on the sources, both biological and of what constitutes a universal. The cultural, of incest avoidance and the human explanation might have greatly benefited from incest taboo. This chapter supplements the the ethological concepts of releaser stimulus, examples in Chapter One of cultural relativism recognition responsel and released action and its refutation. pattern, all three of which are phylogenetically prescribed, i.e., they belong Chapter 6, ''The Universal People," to us as members of our speciesl not as members (UP) is a description of fictitious people who of a spedfic cultural group (Money, 1993: 27). manifest features of behavior, thought, language, emotion, culture and society common Money, ). Venuses Pen uses: 5 ex 0 logy, to all humans. It draws on the work of George Sexosophy, and Exigwcy Theory. Murdock, Lionel Tiger, Robin Fox, and Charles Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1986. Hockett, all of whom have compiled lists of universals and theorized on the subject. Morell, V. Anthropology: Nature-culture battleground. Science, 261: 1798-1802, A recent speCial issue of Science (1993), 1993. focusing on careers in science! has one section titled "Anthropology: Nature-Culture Battleground." It describes the state of current anthropology as being still fractured into the cultural and the biological factions. Neither side is familiar with or trusting of the Officers of the Society methodology of the other, and neither side seems able to reconcile with the other. President William R. Charlesworth Brown's work aims at, but does not fully Institute of Child Development achieve a reconciliation. Whereas it 51 East River Road appropriates data from cultural anthropology University of Minnesota in support of b i 0 log icaII y-bas ed Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA anthropological theory, at the same time it does not totally refute cultural relativism. It Vice-President! President-Elect establishes a hierarchy of what is Charles B. Crawford fundamental about all humans and places Department of Psychology "human nature and, hence, the human mind" at SimonFraser University the pinnacle. To prevent the divided branches Burnaby, B. C. V5A 156 Canada of anthropology from going their separate ways, Brown postulates a biology of human Vice-President for Information universals applicable to the study of cultural Glenn Weisfeld anthropology and human nature. In its Department of Psychology eagerness to establish the relevance of Wayne State University biological universals, this book comes close to Detroit, MI 48202 USA short-changing the specifics of authentic cultural relativism without necessarily Secretary satisfying the adherents of biological Karl Grammer determinism. Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Urban Ethology /Human Biology The goal of integrating biological and A1thanstrasse 14 cultural anthropology, nature and nurture, A-1090 Vienna, Austria deserves continuing scllOlarly attention. Their integration will enrich not only anthropology Treasurer but also human ethology and sociobiology by Barbara F. Fuller attempting to resolve the adversarialism of School of Nursing nature versus nurture. This book records the University of Colorado intellectual odyssey of Brown's personal search 4200 E. Ninth Ave. for just such a resolution. It will be of interest to Denver, CO 80220 USA all who are likewise challenged. Membership Chair References Nancy L. Segal Department of Psychology Money,). The Adam Principle: Genes, California State University Genitals, Hormones, and Gender: Fullerton, CA 92634 USA Selected Readings in Sexology. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1993. Delwart Foundation Award Membership Renewals for 1994 The 1993 award in Chemical Communication It is time to renew your membership for 1994 if was won by Martine Perret and Alain Schilling you have not already done so. Membership is (CNRSS Brunoy-France) for their studies of by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by the chemical signals in the social behavior of the first of the year. If the date on your mailing lemur MierocebIls marinl/s. label is earlier than the current year, it is time to renew your membership. For economic The $10,000 prize of the Jean-Marie Delwart reasons, renewal notices are not sent. Those Foundation in Human Ethology and Cultural who do not renew their memberships will be Anthropology for 1994 will be announced in removed from the membership list. Please December. The prize will be awarded for a report any errors, change of address, etc. to the study, either planned or in progress, dealing editor. Current dues and directions for with a European society considered in its payment are given on the last page. ethical dimension apart from any ideological consideration. Submissions are due 1 July. For information, contact Raphaelle Hollander, ANNOUNCEMENTS Fondation Jean-Marie Delwart, Chateau de Pellenberg, B-3212 Pellenberg, Belgium. Gruter Institute Faculty Seminars Intemational Primatological Society The second annual Faculty Seminar 0 n Biological Perspectives in the Social Sciences The 16th Congress of the International will take place at Dartmouth College 13-19 Primatological Society will be held in August 1994. Visiting lecturers will represent Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 1996, hosted by diverse fields in the biological and social the Harlow Primate Research Center there. sciences. Directed by ISHE members Roger D. For information, contact the Director of the Masters and Michael T. McGuire, the seminar is Center, Dr. Jolm Hearn. limited to 40 participants. The preliminary schedule includes Robert Trivers, Miguel Marin-Padilla, Lionel Tiger, Helen Fisher, Robert Frank, E. Donald Elliott, and Edward HBES E-mail Address Berger. Some grants to cover expenses are available to faculty and graduate students. For Gene Mesher has started an E-mail address for applications and information, contact Ms. the Human Behavior and Evolution Society Kimberly Watson, Nelson A. Rockefeller The correct ad dress .. Center for the Social Sciences, 6082 Rockefeller [email protected], according to Hall, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755- ASCAP Newsletter; a slightly different 3514 USA, tel. 1-603-646-3874, fax 1-603-646- .. one was gIven In the last Hu IIIall Etlzala 1 1329. Newsletter. Gene reportedly is willing to any?ne on the list, HBES member or not; write The third faculty seminar on Applications of to him and see. Biology in the Study of Law will take place at Squaw Valley, California 15-20 June 1994, co- sponsored by the University of Washington Law School. William Rodgers, Jr. will direct HUMEVO it. Faculty will include Robert CVlter, Frans de Waal, E. Donald, Robert Frank, Gordon Getty, Another list is HUMEVO, prepared by the Roger Masters, Michael McGuire, Gordon International Institute for Human Evolutionary Orians, Lionel Tiger, and Robert Trivers. For an Research. The list address is application, contact Gerli Dieker, Gruter [email protected]. For information, Institute, 158 Goya Rd., Portola Valley, CA contact [email protected] 94028 USA, tel. 1-415-854-1191, fax 1-415-854- (Noel Boaz). 1192. Biological Anthropology Institute Our Man in Washington A State-of-the-Science Summer Institute in ISHE member Brian Gladue, Dept. of Biological Anthropology will be held 6-11 June Psychology, North Dakota State University, 1994 in Virginia. Contact: IIHER, GWU, 20101 has been appointed the first Senior Scientist by Academic Way, Ashburn, VA 22011 USA, tel., the American Psychological Association. His 1-703-729-8350, fax 1-703-729-8351, e-mail term extends through 1995. Brian, who directs IlHER@GWUVM. his university's Program in Human Sexuality, will develop contacts with scientists at funding agencies, and then work with the agencies and ISRA APA staff to create science policy projects. Another role is facilitating contacts between The International Society for Research on APA and academic psychologists. One of this Aggression will hold its 11th meeting in Delray current projects is to facilitate preparation of a Beach, Florida 6-19 July 1994. Contact Prof. review paper to be submitted to a major journal Deborah Richardson, Dept. of Psychology, on the current state and applied potential of Florida Atlantic Univesity, Boca Raton, FL human ethological research. He envisions such 33431 USA, e-mail [email protected]. an article to be useful for gaining more financial support of ethological research. Ethology and Sociobiology

This journal has a new Associate Editor, Martin Daly. There are no current plans to change the name of the journal, or to replace MIchael CURRENT McGuire as Editor-in-Chief. LITERATURE

Biosociality of the Perinatal March 1994 Period Interested in possibly reviewing one of the A colloquium on "Conception, naissance et books below or some other suitable book? petite enfance, aspects biosociaux" will take Please contact the appropriate book review place 21-24 September 1994 in Marrakech, editor (see Editorial Staff box). Morocco. Contact Prof. Emile Crognier, C.N.R.5., U.R. 221, Pavillion de Lanfant, 346 route des Alpes, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France, Abell, T. D. (1994). Methodological challenges teI.33-42-23-57-94, fax 33-42-21-13-31. in the study of fetal growth. Human Nature, 5, 23-67. (Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. 0 f Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA) European Anthropological Association Adler, N. F. R. (1993). lntenzational Handbook Oil Gellder Roles. Greenwood Publishing, 88 Post Rd. West, Westport, CT 06881 USA, $95 The tenth congress of the EAA is scheduled for (hdbk.). 19-22 August 1996 in Brussels, Belgium. Contact Prof. C. Suzanne and Dr. R. Hauspie, Free Baker, A. J., Dietz, J., & Kleiman, D. G. (1993). University of Brussels, Lab. Anthropogenetics, Behavioural evidence for monopolization of Pleinlaan 2, lU50 Bruxelles, Belgium, tel. 32-2- paternity in multi-male groups of golden lion 641-34-26, fax 32-2-641-33-89, e-mail tamarins. Animal Behaviour, 46,1091-1103. rhauspie®vnet3.vub.ac.be. For information on (Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Maryland, College the 1994 congress, see Sept. HEN. Park, MD, 20742, USA). Bevc, I., & Silverman, I. (1993). Early Guillernin, J. (1994). Experiment and illusion in proximity and intimacy between siblings and reproductive medicine. Hili/lUll Natllre, 5, 1-22. incestuous behavior: A test of the Westermarck (Dept. of Sociology, Boston College, Chestnut theory. Ethology and SociobiologJ}, 14,171-182. Hill, MA 02167 USA) (REPRINT: Silverman, I., York Univ., Dept. Psycho!., 4700 Keele St., North York, ONT., Harcourt, A. H., DeWaal, F. B. M. (1992). Canada, M31 IP3) Coalitiolls and Alliances in Hllmans and Other Animals. Oxford University Press, Walton Buss, D. M. (1994). The Evollltioll of Desire: Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, U. K. Nee d 5 Strategies of Hllman Mating. Basic Books, 10 Reviewer. E. 53rd St., New York, NY 10022 USA. Needs Reviewer. Hawkes, K. (1994). On life-history evolution: Comment on Chisholm. Cllrrent Anthropology, Caton, H. The Samoa Reader: An thropologists 35, 39-41. (Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of Take Stock. University Press of America, 4720 Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) Boston Way, Lanham, MD 20706 USA, $51.50 (hdbk.), $31 (ppr.). Hofman, M. A. (1993). Encephalization and the evolution of longevity in mammals. formral Chisholm, J. S. (1994). On life-history of Evoilltionary Biology, 6, 209-227. evolution: Reply to Hawkes and Rushton. (Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Cllrrent Anthropology, 35, 42-46. (Dept. of Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Applied Behavioral Sciences, Univ. 0 f Netherlands) California, Davis, CA 95616 USA) Johnston, V. S., & Franklin, M. (1993). Is beauty Crampton, W. G. R., & Hurst, L. D. (1994). True in the eye of the beholder? Ethology & kin recognition, in the form of somatic SociobiologJ), 14, 183-200. (New Mexico State incompatibility, has multiple independent Univ., Dept. Psycho!., Las Cruces, NM, 88003, origins. Animal Behavior, 47, 230-234. NM) (Animal Beh. Res. Grp., Dept. Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, U.K.) Katz, V. L. (1993). Two trends in middle-class birth. Hllman Natllre, 4, 367-382. (Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynecology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7570 USA) Curtis, P. (1993). Oxytocin and the augmentation of labor. Hllmall Natllre, 4, 351- Kenner, A. N. (1993). A cross-cultural study of 366. (Dept. of Family Medicine, Univ. of North body-focused hand movement. TOl/mal of Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7595 USA) Nonverbal Behavior, 17, 263. (Univ. S. Australia, Sch. Psycho!., Magill, SA 5072, Dietz, J. M. & Baker, A. J. (1993). Polygyny and Australia) female reproductive success in golden lion tamarins, Leo/ltopitheclls rosalia, Animal Lamb, M. E. (1993). Birth management and Behaviollr, 46, 1067-1078. (Dept. of Zoology, perinatal care: biosocial pespectives. Hllman Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Nahlre, 4, 323-328. (National Institute of USA) Child Health & Human Development, BSA Bldg., Rm. 331, 9190 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Eyer, D. E. (1994). Mother-infant bonding: a MD 20814 USA) scientific fiction. Hllman Natllre, 5,69-94. (320 Centre Ave., Newtown, PA 18940 USA) Maestripieri, D. (1993). Maternal anxiety in rhesus macaques (Macaca mil latta). 1. Grammer, K. (1993). 5-a-Androst-16en-3a-on- Measurement of anxiety and identification a male pheromone? A brief report. Ethology anxiety-eliciting situations. Ethology, 95, 19- and Sociobiology, 14, 201-208. (lnst. Human 31. (Emory Univ., Yerkes Reg. Primate Res. Bio!., Ludwig Boltzmann Inst. Stradtethol, Ctr., 2409 Taylor Lane, Lawrenceville, GA Althanstr 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria) 30243, USA) Maestripieri, D. (1993). Maternal anxiety in Rushton, J. P. (1994). Race and crime: A reply to rhesus macaques (Macaca mulalla).2. Cernovsky. Canadian Journal of Criminology, Emotional bases of individual differences in 36, 79-82. (See supra) mothering style. Ethology, 95, 32-42. (See supra) Rushton, J. P., & Ankney, C. D. (1993). The evolutionary selection of human races: A Miller, E. M. ·1993). Could r-selection account response to Miller. Personality & Individual for the African personality and life cycle? Differences, 15, 677-680. (See supra) Personality & [ndividual Differences, 15, 665- 675. (Dept. of Economics & Finance, Univ. of Ruzek, S. B. (1993). Defining reducible risk: New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA) social dimensions of assessing birth technologies. Human Natllre, 4, 383-408. (Dept. Nei, M., & Roychoudhury, A. K. (1993). of Health Education, 304 Seltzer Hall, Temple Evolutionary relationships of hum an Univ., Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA) populations on a global scale. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 10, 927-943. (Dept. of Scott, G. B. D. (1993). Comparative Primate Biology, Pennsylvania State Univ., University PatllOlogtj. Oxford University Press, see supra. Park, PA 16802-5303 USA) Siegel, L. S. (1994). The long-term prognosis of Noe, R. (1994). A model of coalition formation pre-term infants. Human Nature,S, 103-126. among male baboons with fighting ability as (Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 252 the crucial parameter. Animal Behaviour, 47, Bloor St. West, Toronto, Ont., M5S 1V6 211-213. (Max-Planck-lnstitut f ii r Canada) Verhaltensphysiologie, Abteilung Wickler, Seewiesen, 82319 Starnberg, Germany) Thiessen, D., Young, R. K., & Burroughs, R. (1993). Lonely hearts advertisements reflect Palmer, C. T. (1993). When to bear false sexually dimorphic mating strategies. witness: An evolutionary approach to the Ethology and Sociobiology, 14, 209. (Univ. social context of honesty and deceit among Texas, Dept. Psycho!., Mezes Hall 330, Austin, commercial fishers. ZYGON JOllmal of TX 78712, USA) Religion and Science, 28, 455-468. (1901 Stardust Dr., Colorado Springs, CO, 80906, Trevathan, W. R. (1993). The evolutionary USA) history of childbirth. Human Nature, 4, 337- 350. (Dept. of Sociology & Anthropology 3BV, Papile, L.-A. (1994). Predicting the future for Box 30001, New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, ne"wborns requiring intensive care. Human NM 88003 USA) Nature,S, 95-102. (Division of Neonatology, Dept. of Pediatrics, Univ. of New Mexico, Trevathan, W. R., Burleson, M. H., & Gregory, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA) W. L. (1993). No evidence for menstrual synchrony in lesbian couples. Pereira, M. E., & Fairbanks, L. A. (1993). Psycl1oneuroendoc7"inology, 18, 425-435. (See Juvenile Primates: Life-History, Developmen t, supra) and Behavior, Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, U. K. ($65 Vinovskis, M. A. (1993). Historical hdbk.). Needs Reviewer. perspectives on parental investment and childbearing. Human Nature, 4,329-336. Rowe, D. C. (1994). The Limits of Family (Dept. of History & Center for Political Experience: Genes, Experience and Behavior. Research, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ml Guilford Press, 72 Spring St., New York, NY 48109 USA) 10012 USA. Weerth, C. de, Kalma, A. P. (1993). Female Rushton, J. P. (1994). On life-history evolution: aggression as a response to sexual jealousy: A Comment on Chisholm. Current Anthropologtj, sex role reversal? Aggressive Behavior, 19, 35, 41-42. (Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of 265-279. 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