Using Green Manures in Potato Cropping Systems

USING GREEN MANURES IN POTATO CROPPING SYSTEMS

By Andrew McGuire, Irrigated Cropping Systems Agronomist, Washington State University Extension. FS218E

FS218E | Page 1 | ext.wsu.edu WSU EXTENSION | USING GREEN MANURES IN POTATO CROPPING SYSTEMS Using Green Manures in Potato Cropping Systems Why Use Green Manures? Fungal and bacterial diseases, and parasitic nematodes have all been reduced by using green manure crops (Wiggins and Kinkel 2005; Larkin and Griffin 2007; Fourie et al. 2016). A green manure is a crop that is grown and then incorporated into the soil while still green. This practice was widely used to The chemical properties of a soil can be improved by improve soils and provide nutrients to crops before synthetic increasing nutrient and organic matter levels. This, too, comes fertilizers became available. Recently, innovative farmers have from organic amendments to the soil. been giving this old technology a new look with mustard green manures (Figure 1). Washington potato producers are using When used in certain cropping systems, green manure crops green manures to produce better crops by improving the have been able to replace expensive fumigants (McGuire quality of their soils. In contrast to the lowinput, 2003). However, the degree and duration of these beneficial lowmanagement green manures of the past, mustard green effects depend on many factors, such as soil texture, manures require fertilizer, irrigation, and intensive temperature and moisture, plant age and species, climate, management. They require a current understanding of soil tillage practices, pest species and levels, and crop rotation ecology, soilborne pests, plant biochemistry, and breeding and (Larkin et al. 2011). Therefore, the benefits of green manures screening techniques. And unlike synthetic fertilizers, they can may differ between systems and between fields. Refer to Mustard Cover Cropping in Potatoes in the Other Resource improve the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological qualities section for case study information. (McGuire 2003). How Green Manures Help Manage Pests

The effects of green manures on soilborne pests are the result of several interacting mechanisms. These mechanisms take place in the complex environment of the soil where it is difficult to measure specific biological processes. It is not yet possible to say which mechanism is most important or how each works in conjunction with the other—we can only deduce which mechanisms may be at work. Still, it is beneficial to review these mechanisms and the strategies you can use to enhance their effects in your system. Crop Rotation

Before advances in soil microbiology, many green manure and Figure 1. A mustard green manure crop being chopped and disked in the cover crop effects were combined under crop rotation. Crop fall before spring potato planting. rotation reduces pest problems by changing the environmental and biological conditions in the field (Peters et al. 2003). Each Soil physical characteristics, such as tilth, water infiltration pest has a set of conditions it prefers. If pests are allowed to rate, water holding capacity, and aeration, are generally have their favored set of conditions for too long, they multiply improved by the addition of organic matter to the soil whether rapidly and give us problems. by manure, green manure, compost, or crop residues. This can lead to the growth of larger, healthier root systems, which help In general, rotating crops with different planting dates (spring plants better handle stress (Magdoff and van Es 2010). vs. fall), different growing habits (annual vs. perennial; tall vs. short; fibrous vs. tap roots) or different susceptibility to pests The biological characteristics of a soil, such as microbial (grasses vs. broadleaves) prevents any one pest from becoming biomass, biological activity, and biodiversity, can also be a problem. improved through green manures. These changes in the soil’s Strategy. Rotate crops that are as different from one another as biology provide the short-term economic incentive to use possible, and usually, the longer the rotation, the better the pest green manure crops in potato cropping systems, especially for control. With green manures, grow a crop that is not a host to soilborne pest management (McGuire 2012). the pests that affect your main crops.

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Biological Disease Suppression Brassica crops such as rapeseed and mustard contain biologically active chemicals, called glucosinolates. In the soil, A second mechanism of some green manure crops has been certain glucosinolates in the roots of rotation crops, or in the termed biological disease suppression. This is a mechanism put roots, stems, and leaves of green manures, break down into forward by scientists to account for the observed suppression isothiocyanates (ITCs) and other chemicals (Figure 2). ITCs of a soilborne disease even though the disease-causing are known to kill or suppress some soilborne diseases, organism is still present in the soil at potentially hazardous nematodes, and weed seeds. There are many types of levels (Garbeva et al. 2011). glucosinolates, some of which produce different types of ITCs, which vary in their toxicity to different pests. Methyl ITC is With Verticillium dahliae, researchers have observed that the active chemical produced when metam sodium, a common when certain green manures (barley, mustard, rapeseed, synthetic fumigant, is applied to the soil; hence the name sudangrass, and sweet corn) are incorporated with a chisel biofumigation when ITCs are produced by plants. plow or disk before planting a potato crop, the level of infection by Verticillium is low, even with high levels of the fungus still in the field (Davis et al. 2010; Ochiai et al. 2008).

The green manure serves as an energy source for beneficial microorganisms. It is suspected that these organisms out- compete Verticillium for energy and subsequently increase in number. Then, after the potato crop is planted, they possibly exclude Verticillium from the area along the potato roots, called the rhizosphere. This is the only place where Verticillium can infect potato plants. Figure 2. Biofumigation reaction in Brassica crops.

There are probably other mechanisms at work resulting from a In the laboratory, these chemicals have suppressed growth of green manure crop. These may include predation, parasitism, silver scurf, white rot, powdery scab, and pink rot (Manici et and the interference of chemical signals between pathogens al. 1999). Field tests have shown mixed results and research is and plants. However, little is known about the specifics of ongoing. these mechanisms and how they might affect control of soilborne pests. Sorghum-sudangrass and sudangrass green manures have been shown to be effective against root-knot nematodes by a very Strategy. Manage your green manure crop to produce similar mechanism (Widmer and Abawi 2002). These crops maximum biomass. The more biomass produced, the better, as produce dhurrin that, like glucosinolates, produce a toxic long as it does not affect your ability to establish the following compound when tilled into the soil; in this case, hydrogen cash crop. This is where fall incorporation can be helpful; large cyanide (HCN). amounts of biomass will have longer time to break down before you need to plant your potato crop. However, in some Strategy. First, select species and varieties that produce large conditions, fall incorporation may also increase wind erosion amounts of biomass with a high concentration of and winter leaching of nitrate. Choose the most productive glucosinolates. Generally, the concentration of glucosinolates crop for your available growing window. peaks just before flowering. However, biomass continues to increase until the plants begin to dry. The time of incorporation For this mechanism, dried crop residues do not work as well as for maximum biofumigation is not yet known, however, to fresh plants. Therefore, incorporate the crop while it is still prevent the green manure from becoming a weed in the green (Davis et al. 1996). following crop, incorporate before viable seed production.

Biofumigation Second, to produce ITCs, the glucosinolates must be exposed to specific enzymes, which are normally separated from the This term was coined to describe the effects of Brassica glucosinolates in the plants. This is also true for producing rotation crops or green manures on soilborne pests HCN from dhurrin in sudangrass. (Matthiessen and Kirkegaard 2006).

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Goal setting should consider the unique mixture of crops, soils, and pests on your farm or even in each field you manage. Because certain green manures will be better in certain situations, you should investigate the advantages and disadvantages of each type of green manure crop and try those that seem to best fit your situation. Green Manure Management

Success or failure in reaping benefits from a green manure crop can be a matter of management details. Factors such as planting method, planting date, seeding rate, fertilization, weed control, and incorporation method and timing can all help or hinder your goals. Before you buy any seed, make sure you Figure 3. Green manure crop that has been incorporated into the soil. have all the information available on the green manure you have chosen. See the resources at the end of this publication. Current practice is to chop the green manure before incorporating to ensure that this mixing occurs (Figure 3). A Cost high-speed flail chopper, such as those used by some grass seed and asparagus growers, may be the best implement for Green manure crops, in certain situations, can be costly. this. See Mustard Green Manures (McGuire 2016) for more However, green manures produced by using the cheapest seed, information on green manure incorporation. residual soil nutrients, and minimal irrigation will not normally produce satisfactory results, especially in terms of pest Finally, ITC production is greater in wet soils than in dry soils, management. so if possible, irrigate following incorporation. When looking at the cost of green manures and comparing Systemic Acquired Resistance them with the benefits, it is important to consider all the benefits. While it is relatively easy to figure the benefits if you This mechanism, related to biological disease suppression, can reduce or eliminate pesticide applications, it is far more occurs when organisms are stimulated by the addition of difficult to estimate the benefits of improving soil physical organic matter to the soil. Some of these organisms then characteristics, or other longer-term benefits. secrete chemicals that come in contact with plant roots and activate the plant’s natural defense systems. (Navarre et al. Also, remember that some of the money you spend on a green 2002) manure crop would also have been spent if you did not grow the green manure. This is the case with fertilizer applied to Strategy. Although many of the details of this mechanism are green manures as much of it will be recycled into following known in other situations, we do not know how important it is crops, thus reducing the amount of fertilizer needed. with the use of mustard green manures. Therefore, there is no clear strategy for enhancement. Incorporating a green manure Management and Labor crop may or may not provide the active organic matter in the soil that this mechanism depends upon. Research is ongoing. Requirements

When considering a green manure, take into account the time Factors to Consider and labor required to obtain good results. Will you have these resources available when they are needed? Do you have other Goals for a Green Manure activities at that time of year that may keep you from paying due attention to the green manure crop? You may have to Before you add a green manure crop to your rotation, you supply additional machinery or labor if you want to should decide what you want to achieve. It may be that you successfully produce a green manure crop. want to control a certain nematode, a disease, a problem weed, or just improve the soil’s tilth. Once you have decided on a Short-term vs. Long-term Benefits primary goal, then your management decisions should be made to maximize the effects that take you towards that goal. Often While many of the pest management benefits may come soon you may have secondary goals, but because there are different after producing a green manure crop, other benefits will not be ways to manage green manure crops, you should always have evident for years. your primary goal in mind.

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Regular use of green manure crops can give you benefits that increase every year. One the other hand, if you only grow a green manure crop every four or five years, you may find that the short-term benefits are all you see.

In the short term, adding a cover crop to a cropping system will impact nitrogen dynamics. The nitrogen released from the crop residues will affect the timing and amount of fertilization needed. Additional soil and tissue sampling may be needed to optimize this nitrogen. Other Cropping System Factors

You can affect the success of your green manure cropping through other management decisions. In general, soil quality will improve or be maintained if you: Figure 4. Green manure crop growing in standing wheat straw. Minimize tillage Avoid overwatering Getting Started with Green Avoid soil compaction Prevent wind and water erosion Manures Changing System Components When done correctly, on-farm testing is a good way to evaluate green manures. However, a single side-by-side Remember that you are working within a system and changing comparison, although easy to conduct, will not tell you if your the components of a system may change the outcomes. observations were the result of the practices you were comparing or the result of other varying conditions. For best For instance, one successful cropping system has a mustard results: green manure crop following wheat. (Refer to Mustard Cover Cropping in Potatoes in the Other Resource section for case Start with a small part of a larger field study information.). In this system the mustard is planted Leave areas that are managed as normal without disturbing the wheat straw (Figure 4). In late October, Use replication and randomization both the mustard and wheat straw are tilled into the soil together. Call your local Extension office for help and resources to conduct on-farm tests. You may want to change this system by tilling the wheat straw before planting the mustard. This may seem like an insignificant change. However, it may be that the incorporation Other Resources of the wheat straw with the mustard is important in the success of this system. By incorporating the wheat straw, you can McGuire, A. 2016. Mustard Green Manures. Washington State increase the weed pressure, increase the nitrogen requirements University Extension Publication FS219E. Washington State of growing the mustard, or increase the risk of nitrate leaching University. and wind erosion in the following winter and spring. Mustard Cover Cropping in Potatoes. REACCH Case Studies, This should not prevent you from developing your own Dale Gies System profile. system, but be aware of the possible complications when changing system components. On-farm research results and other information on mustard green manures. WSU Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources.

This is a revision of EB1951E, written by Andrew McGuire and published by WSU Extension in 2003. Portions of this publication have been included in Collins et al. (2006).

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References McGuire, A.M. 2003. Mustard Green Manures Replace Fumigant and Improve Infiltration in Potato Cropping System. Collins, H.P., A. Alva, R.A. Boydston, R.L. Cochran, P.B. Crop Management. Hamm, A. McGuire, and E. Riga. 2006. Soil Microbial, Fungal, and Nematode Responses to Soil Fumigation and McGuire, A.M. 2012. Mustard Green Manure Use in Eastern Cover Crops under Potato Production. Biology and Fertility of Washington State. In Sustainable Potato Production: Global Soils 42 (3): 247–57. Case Studies. Z. He, R. Larkin, and W. Honeycutt, eds. 117–30. Springer Netherlands. Davis, James R., O.C. Huisman, Dale O. Everson, P. Nolte, L.H. Sorensen, and A.T. Schneider. 2010. Ecological Navarre, D.J., P. Thomas, C. Brown, and P. Kachroo. 2002. Relationships of Verticillium Wilt Suppression of Potato by Systemic Acquired Resistance in Potato. In XXVI Green Manures. American Journal of Potato Research 87 (4): International Horticultural Congress: Potatoes, Healthy Food 315–26. for Humanity: International Developments in Breeding, 619, 177–81. Davis, J.R., O.C. Huisman, D.T. Westermann, S.L. Hafez, D.O. Everson, L.H. Sorensen, and A.T. Schneider. 1996. Ochiai, N., M.L. Powelson, F.J. Crowe, and R.P. Dick. 2008. Effects of Green Manures on Verticillium Wilt of Potato. Green Manure Effects on Soil Quality in Relation to Phytopathology 86 (5): 444–53. Suppression of Verticillium Wilt of Potatoes. Biology and Fertility of Soils 44 (8): 1013–23. Fourie, H., P. Ahuja, J. Lammers, and M. Daneel. 2016. Brassicacea-Based Management Strategies as an Alternative to Peters, R.D., A.V. Sturz, M.R. Carter, and J.B. Sanderson. Combat Nematode Pests: A Synopsis. Crop Protection 80 2003. Developing Disease-Suppressive Soils through Crop (February): 21–41. Rotation and Tillage Management Practices. Soil and Tillage Research 72 (2): 181–92. Garbeva, P., W.H. Gera Hol, A.J. Termorshuizen, G.A. Kowalchuk, and W. de Boer. 2011. Fungistasis and General Widmer, T.L., and G.S. Abawi. 2002. Relationship between Soil Biostasis – A New Synthesis. Soil Biology and Levels of Cyanide in Sudangrass Hybrids Incorporated into Biochemistry 43 (3): 469–77. Soil and Suppression of Meloidogyne Hapla. Journal of Nematology 34 (1): 16–22. Larkin, R.P., and T.S. Griffin. 2007. Control of Soilborne Potato Diseases Using Brassica Green Manures. Crop Wiggins, B.E., and L.L. Kinkel. 2005. Green Manures and Protection 26 (7): 1067–77. Crop Sequences Influence Alfalfa Root Rot and Pathogen Inhibitory Activity among Soil-Borne Streptomycetes. Plant Larkin, R.P., C.W. Honeycutt, and O.M. Olanya. 2011. and Soil 268 (1–2): 271–83. Management of Verticillium Wilt of Potato with Disease- Suppressive Green Manures and as Affected by Previous Cropping History. Plant Disease 95 (5): 568–76.

Magdoff, F., and H. van Es. 2010. Building Soils for Better Crops. J. Mason, ed. 3rd ed. Beltsville, MD: SARE Outreach.

Manici, L.M., O. Leoni, L. Lazzeri, S. Galletti, and S. Palmieri. 1999. Fungitoxic Activity of Four Thio- Functionalised Glucosinolate Enzyme-Derived Products on Ten Soil-Borne Pathogens. Pesticide Science 55 (4): 486–88.

Matthiessen, J.N., and J.A. Kirkegaard. 2006. Biofumigation and Enhanced Biodegradation: Opportunity and Challenge in Soilborne Pest and Disease Management. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 25: 235–65.

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