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The Indiana Historian December 1996 ISSN 1071-3301 Editor Pamela J

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The Indiana Historian December 1996 ISSN 1071-3301 Editor Pamela J A Magazine Exploring Indiana History IndianaThe Historian “a marvel of ingenuity” Bicycles are a common sight today nomic impact of the bicycle is on paths and roads throughout introduced. Focus the country. People, young and On pages 6-10, the riders of old, ride for fun, health, and bicycles are the focus. The map on transportation. As the 1996 page 11 provides a statewide Olympic games in Atlanta rein- overview of some bicycle busi- forced, bicycle racing is a popular nesses and cycle clubs. amateur and professional sport. On pages 12-13, the League of As a result of all this interest, American Wheelmen is discussed. there is an industry to produce An exciting addition to the and improve bicycles. Manufactur- research and resources has been ers and entrepreneurs are adept an alliance with Steve Carter, at producing clothing and “neces- Plainfield, Indiana, who is a sities” to tempt the rider to invest. bicycle collector, restorer, and This is nothing new! As the historian. His collection of bi- nineteenth century was coming to cycles, replicas, and accessories an end, the bicycle was taking have been the basis for many America by storm and becoming illustrations in the issue. On page one of the most significant inven- 14, we share some of Carter’s tions for social change in Ameri- interesting perspectives. can history to that time. On page 15, there is the This issue focuses on the usual sampling of sources and Cover illustration: Carolyn and phenomenon of the bicycle when it suggested readings. Steve Carter, in period costume, was a short-lived “craze” in the On page 16, the photograph pose on their 1889 Columbia tandem tricycle. According to Carter, only 1890s. and the quotation of an automo- five are now known to exist. Indiana On page 3, there is a brief bile pioneer provide some perspec- Historical Bureau; Patricia A. Pollard. overview of the significance of the tive of the past and for the present bicycle. On pages 4-5, the eco- and future. The Indiana Historian December 1996 ISSN 1071-3301 Editor Pamela J. Bennett Lead Researcher Paula A. Bongen Designer Dani B. Pfaff Contributing Editors “a marvel of ingenuity” Carole M. Allen, Janine Beckley, Alan Conant, Dani B. Pfaff, The title of this issue is part of a years ago, so perfect in propelling Virginia Terpening quotation from Charles E. Pratt, power, so easy to ride, so swift of The Indiana Historian provides re- motion, so useful as a means of sources and models for the study of local The American Bicycler: conveyance, that it seems impossible history to encourage Indiana’s citizens of all ages to become engaged with the his- From 1868 until the present time for history to repeat itself with regard to tory of their communities and the state of [1879] the patented improvements the present mania” (20). Indiana. The Indiana Historian (formerly The have been numerous, and the Pratt comments: “we can pity the Indiana Junior Historian) is issued quar- mechanical details of construction have terly from September through June. man with the poor thing” that he It is a membership benefit of the Indi- been thoroughly worked out, until the ana Junior Historical Society. One compli- machine has become a marvel of was describing. mentary subscription is provided to Indi- ingenuity and of workmanship; and the The quotations help to illus- ana libraries, school media centers, and modern bicycle has been there cultural and historical organizations. trate the role of perspective in Annual subscriptions are available for developed to its present state of $5.00 plus tax. Back issues are available perfection in strength, lightness, ease history. Pratt in 1879 was describ- at individual and bulk pricing. This material is available to visually of propulsion, certainty of control, and ing the high-wheeler—or ordi- impaired patrons in audio format, cour- gracefulness of design and operation nary—as the modern bicycle. Keep tesy of the Indiana History Project of the (19). Indiana Historical Society. Tapes are avail- in mind the technology of bicycles able through the Talking Books Program of Pratt goes on to quote an 1869 the Indiana State Library; contact the Talk- of today as you learn more about ing Books Program, 317-232-3702. source on velocipedes: The Indiana Historian is copyrighted. the development of the bicycle and Educators may reproduce items for class . “The machines now in use are use, but no part of the publication may be attitudes toward it. reproduced in any way for profit without so radically different from those of fifty written permission of the Indiana Histori- cal Bureau. 2 The Indiana Historian, December 1996 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1996 Bicycle mania—and change For most individuals, walking or For the first using a horse—with or without a time, more wheeled vehicle—were the stan- people could go dard transportation options on where and when land until the late nineteenth they wanted, if century, even after railroads came they had enough in the mid-1800s. money to pur- In 1876, Philadelphia held an chase a bicycle. exposition in honor of the centen- Early bicycles nial of the United States. It was were expensive, here that the English high- and, for the most wheeler, or ordinary, was first part, only the introduced to the American pub- wealthy could Toolroom of the Indiana lic. It was not long thereafter that afford them. Bicycle Company, 1896. Indiana Bicycle Company, Waverly the bicycle mania gripped con- Others, including (Indianapolis, 1896), 5. sumers. women and children, got to ride as Robert Smith, a modern mechanical improvements were historian, has written of made and prices came down. the impact of the bicycle on American Social restrictions were You be the historian! life, an influence far transcending its relaxed. Men and women met, The table of bicycle factories on this use for mere sport . especially in talked, and even rode together, page provides limited information the areas of technological advances about workers in Indiana in 1895- without the watchful eye of a and alterations of the transportation 1896. system (x). chaperone. The healthful benefits • Determine the number of work- According to one contemporary of riding a bicycle were promoted. ers. What percentages were author, Maria Ward, The bicycle also set the stage women and boys? The usefulness of the bicycle begins for the coming automobile. Inno- • Which workers—in what city— had the highest and lowest where that of the railroad ceases, for it vative manufacturing and market- connects and opens districts of country wages? that the railroad has not reached (2). ing, safety accessories, insurance, • The catalogs of seven Indiana Smith asserts that service clubs, good roads move- companies in 1895 show sixteen ment, and road maps and signage, bicycle models ranging from $30 the old concepts of social morality and to $150, with an average price proper conduct were undermined by for example, were first developed just over $90. How many hours the freedom conferred upon those who with the bicycle. rode the wheel. As a result, a of work would it take a skilled General source: Smith, Social History. considerable part of American society laborer in Richmond to pay for a had to re-evaluate its old ideas (112-13). $90 bicycle? Do you think most bicycle workers were able to buy a bicycle? Bicycle Factories 1895-1896 from Proprietors’ Statements Location Indianapolis Plymouth Michigan City La Porte Goshen New Castle Richmond Marion Number of Establishments 921 111 11 Employees—Men 1,063 435 100 25 150 55 25 96 Employees—Boys 129 55 10 5 5 4 Employees—Women 262 Highest Daily Wages Skilled Labor $4.12 $3.25 $3.50 $3.35 $2.75 $3.00 5.00 Highest Daily Wages Unskilled Labor $1.41 $1.37 $1.00 $1.25 $2.00 1.50 Average Daily Wages Paid Boys $.60 $.50 $.75 $.50 $.60 .75 Average Daily Wages Paid Women & Girls $.71 Indiana Department of Statistics, Biennial Report, 1895-1896, p. 42. © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1996 The Indiana Historian, December 1996 3 The business of bicycles When the English ordinary was started on the east coast, it moved people dependent on it (43, 44). introduced at the Centennial west. Indiana citizens joined in. The total establishments reported Exposition in Philadelphia in Harry T. Hearsey was the man peaked at nineteen in 1899; only 1876, Albert A. Pope, a successful who introduced the safety bicycle two were reported in 1904. Boston industrialist, was im- to Indianapolis. As the map on page 11 pressed with the new machine. He In addition to Hearsey, there indicates, there is evidence of soon visited England to learn were many others who benefited many more Indiana establish- about the cycle industry. He later financially from the bicycle craze ments whose business had to do opened a bicycle import house in in Indiana. The standard history with bicycles. The table on page 3 Boston. of this period in Indiana notes is probably a low indication of the Pope hired a patent attorney, that there was in 1895 many people who earned a living Charles E. Pratt, to secure foreign a total of 17 establishments engaged in from those establishments. and U.S. bicycle patents so that making bicycles and bicycle parts in 8 Many related businesses took he would not have to pay royal- cities, 9 shops being located in advantage of the bicycle craze: Indianapolis itself. The value of ties. Pope hired a mechanic to products was estimated at $3,085,377 clothing and shoes, roadside construct a new bicycle based on (Phillips, 310-11). taverns, bicycle theft insurance, the English design of the ordinary.
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