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World Housing Encyclopedia Report World Housing Encyclopedia Report Country: Slovenia Housing Type: Rubble-stone masonry house Contributors: Marjana Lutman Miha Tomazevic Primary Reviewer: Svetlana Brzev Created on: 6/5/2002 Last Modified: 7/5/2003 This encyclopedia contains information contributed by various earthquake engineering professionals around the world. All opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed herein are those of the various participants, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, the International Association for Earthquake Engineering, the Engineering Information Foundation, John A. Martin & Associates, Inc. or the participants' organizations. Table of Contents General Information............................................................................................1 Architectural Features........................................................................................ 2 Socio-Economic Issues...................................................................................... 3 Structural Features............................................................................................. 4 Evaluation of Seismic Performance and Seismic Vulnerability.......................... 8 Earthquake Damage Patterns............................................................................ 10 Building Materials and Construction Process..................................................... 11 Construction Economics.....................................................................................13 Insurance............................................................................................................14 Seismic Strengthening Technologies................................................................. 15 References......................................................................................................... 16 Contributors........................................................................................................ 17 Figures................................................................................................................18 1 General Information 1.1 Country Slovenia 1.3 Housing Type Rubble-stone masonry house 1.4 Summary Rubble-stone masonry houses are still found throughout Slovenia. This housing type is special because of its history. It represents a typical, older residential building in the FIGURE 1A: Typical Building northwestern part of Slovenia. After their destruction during World War I, these houses were rebuilt, mostly with the recycled stone material (from the buildings that were demolished). Many houses of this type were subsequently damaged during the last two earthquakes in Slovenia (1976 Friuli and 1998 Bovec). In order to preserve the country's architectural heritage, about 66% of these houses were strengthened after the earthquakes. 1.5 Typical Period of Practice for Buildings of This Construction Type How long has this construction been practiced < 25 years < 50 years < 75 years X < 100 years < 200 years > 200 years Is this construction still being practiced? Yes No X Additional Comments: This type of construction was practiced between the World War I and the World War II. 1.6 Region(s) Where Used Stone-masonry houses constructed in that period are mostly spread in the area of Upper Posocje. The residential housing stock built before the World War II in that area is generally of this type. It represents 24 % of dwelling stock in that area. 1.7 Urban vs. Rural Construction Where is this construction commonly found? In urban areas In rural areas In suburban areas Both in rural and urban areas X Page 1 2 Architectural Features 2.1 Openings Average area of a window opening in front exterior wall is 1.2 m² in the rural area and 1.7 m² in the urban area. The door opening area in exterior and interior bearing walls is approximately 2.0 m². Maximum opening area is approximately equal to 16% of the front exterior wall area. The back exterior walls are usually not perforated with openings at all or in some cases there are smaller window openings (approx. area 0.5 m²). 2.2 Siting Yes No Is this type of construction typically found on flat terrain? X Is this type of construction typically found on sloped terrain? (hilly areas) X Is it typical for buildings of this type to have common walls with adjacent X buildings? The typical separation distance between buildings is 10.0 meters 2.3 Building Configuration Typical shape of building plan is usually rectangular. 2.4 Building Function What is the main function for buildings of this type? Single family house X Multiple housing units Mixed use (commercial ground floor, residential above) Other (explain below) 2.5 Means of Escape The additional back entrance door is rare, usually there is no additional door besides the main entry. There is no additional exit staircase besides the main staircase. The only means of escape from the building is through the main staircase and the main entry and/or in some cases through the additional back door. 2.6 Modification of Buildings After the 1976 Friuli earthquake certain modifications on the buildings of this type were carried out, mainly combined with the repair and strengthening. Some examples are: construction of new R.C.. slabs above the basement and ground floor, addition of balconies and exterior staircases, and new bathrooms. The replacement of existing interior stone masonry walls with brick masonry walls or reinforced concrete columns are rare. The extensions are usually built close to original buildings, however the old and the new parts have not been adequately connected together in the structural sense. Page 2 3 Socio-Economic Issues 3.1 Patterns of Occupancy Houses of this type are mostly occupied by one family, or in some cases by two families. 3.2 Number of Housing Units in a Building 1 units in each building. Additional Comments: Buildings of this type have two units sometimes. 3.3 Average Number of Inhabitants in a Building How many inhabitants reside in a typical building of this During the day / business During the evening / night construction type? hours < 5 X X 5 to 10 10-20 > 20 Other 3.4 Number of Bathrooms or Latrines per Housing Unit Number of Bathrooms: 1 Number of Latrines: 1 Additional Comments: One or two bathrooms or latrines per housing unit. The bathrooms were added when the building renovations were performed. 3.5 Economic Level of Inhabitants Economic Status House Price/Annual Income (Ratio) Very poor / Poor X / Middle Class X / Rich / 3.6 Typical Sources of Financing What is the typical source of financing for buildings of this type? Owner Financed X Personal Savings X Informal Network: friends and relatives Small lending institutions/microfinance institutions Commercial banks / mortages Investment pools Combination (explain) Government-owned housing Other 3.7 Ownership Type of Ownership/Occupancy Rent Own outright X Own with Debt (mortgage or other) X Units owned individually (condominium) Owned by group or pool Long-term lease Other Page 3 4 Structural Features 4.1 Lateral Load-Resisting System The lateral load-resisting system consists of exterior and interior stone walls. The walls are generally uniformly distributed in both orthogonal directions, and the building plan is generally regular. In general, with a few exceptions, the walls are not connected by means of wooden or iron ties. The thickness of walls varies from 40 to 70 cm, with spacing ranging from 3.0 m to 6.0 m. The walls are supported by foundation walls (strip foundations) made out of rubble masonry or there are no footings at all. Lateral load transfer to bearing walls is accomplished through roof and floor structures. The weakest links in this structural type are usually: weak inner infill between exterior wythes of masonry, vertical joints between walls, and connections between roof /floors and walls. 4.2 Gravity Load-Bearing Structure The gravity-load bearing structure consists of roof, floor structures and structural walls. Original or new roof structures are made out of timber and roofs are covered with ceramic tiles. In many cases original wooden floor structures have been replaced with reinforced concrete slabs. Page 4 4.3 Type of Structural System Material Type of # Subtypes Load-Bearing Structure Masonry Stone masonry 1 Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without X walls mortar (usually with timber roof) 2 Massive stone masonry (in lime or cement mortar) Earthen walls 3 Mud walls 4 Mud walls with horizontal wood elements 5 Adobe block or brick walls 6 Rammed earth/Pise construction Unreinforced brick 7 Unreinforced brick masonry in mud or lime mortar masonry walls 8 Unreinforced brick masonry in mud or lime mortar with vertical posts 9 Unreinforced brick masonry in cement or lime mortar (various floor/roof systems) Confined masonry 10 Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams Concrete block 11 Unreinforced in lime or cement mortar (various floor/roof masonry walls systems) 12 Reinforced in cement mortar (various floor/roof systems) 13 Large concrete block walls with concrete floors and roofs Concrete Moment resisting 14 Designed for gravity loads only (predating seismic codes i.e. frame no seismic features) 15 Designed with seismic features (various ages) 16 Frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls 17 Flat slab structure 18 Precast frame structure 19 Frame with concrete shear walls-dual system 20 Precast prestressed frame with shear walls Shear wall structure 21 Walls cast
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