The Internet As a Digital Thirdspace: Evolving Representations Of
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THE INTERNET AS A DIGITAL THIRDSPACE: EVOLVING REPRESENTATIONS OF ASIANS AND ASIAN AMERICANS IN POPULAR CULTURE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH MAY 2019 By Edward Hunter Lee Dissertation Committee: Darin Payne, Chairperson Daphne Desser Gary Pak Shawna Ryan Christopher Bae Copyright © 2019 by Edward Hunter Lee All rights reserved i To my sons, Casey, Aiden, Nolan, and Terrence ii ABSTRACT In response to the nominations for the 2016 Academy Awards’ top acting categories, the 2015 hashtag, #OscarsSoWhite, was resurrected and addressed by almost every major news organization in North America. While many treated this as a “black and white” issue, the topic of media representations of Asian Americans (or a lack thereof) seemed to come to fore. Scholars and academics have addressed the recurring social constructions of Asian American “otherness” in the traditional mainstream media productions of Hollywood and popular culture, and research has shown that such representations affect how Asians and Asian Americans are perceived and treated by others and themselves. The advent of the Internet and its ability to disrupt the power arrangement that dominated American popular culture has enabled more equitable representations of Asians and Asian Americans. This study aims to reveal the rhetorical dimensions of the Internet as a Digital Thirdspace as a purveyor of popular culture and how this Digital Thirdspace’s productions of new media texts, texts created primarily in digital environments, are a convergence of exigence, the rhetoric of empowerment, the subaltern counterpublic (a space where members of marginal groups can communicate), and the dialectic of the participatory culture of Digital Thirdspace. This project reviewed of a selection of Asian American (or Asian) related new media texts on Digital Thirdspace and examined the content and participatory culture of YouTube. Analyses of the videos, online actions (e.g. “likes”), and comments demonstrated that the Internet not only provided a venue for beneficial representations for Asians and Asian Americans in media industries but also provided a space for like-minded individuals to create and/or strengthen communities due to the participatory culture of Digital Thirdspace. YouTube users have created a bounty of new media text selections for consumers, and among these are iii positive representations of Asians and Asian Americans in popular culture. These developments have countered the stereotypic tropes of Asians and Asian Americans that have been prevalent in American popular culture for generations. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE: CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS IN POPULAR CULTURE ...................... 1 Rhetoric .......................................................................................................................................... 10 The Internet as a Digital Thirdspace and a Participatory/Public Sphere ...................................... 13 Kairos ............................................................................................................................................. 17 Invention in Digital Thirdspace ..................................................................................................... 26 Chapter Outline .............................................................................................................................. 30 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER TWO: THE INTERSECTIONS OF ASIAN AMERICAN DIGITAL RHETORICS AND THE RHETORICS OF POPULAR CULTURE ..................................................................... 40 Asian American Rhetoric .............................................................................................................. 44 Rhetoric of Popular Culture ........................................................................................................... 51 Digital Rhetorics & Digital Thirdspace, Part I .............................................................................. 58 Digital Rhetorics & Digital Thirdspace, Part II ............................................................................ 63 Asian and Asian American Digital Rhetorics ............................................................................... 74 CHAPTER THREE: ASIAN AMERICAN BREAKTHROUGHS IN SECONDSPACE: THE EMERGENCE OF KOREAN AMERICAN MALE FIGURES IN SECONDSPACE AND THEIR DIGITAL THIRDSPACE AFTERLIVES ........................................................................................ 76 Glenn Rhee’s Fame and Empowerment through Killing Zombies, Getting through Adornian/Horkheimian Gatekeepers, and Showing Up on Digital Thirdspace ........................... 82 The Digital Thirdspace As an Enabler for Reputational Afterlife ................................................ 93 Afterlives for Secondspace Artifacts ........................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER FOUR: KOREAN POPULAR CULTURE AS RHETORIC ..................................... 113 Rhetorical Dimensions of American Popular Music .................................................................. 118 Thirdspace, K-pop, & Participatory Culture ............................................................................... 123 K-pop as Rhetoric ........................................................................................................................ 129 CHAPTER FIVE: KOREAN AMERICAN REALITY SHOW AS AN ASIAN AMERICAN RHETORIC ..................................................................................................................................... 143 Rhetoric of Popular Television .................................................................................................... 146 The Rhetoric and Participatory Culture of K-Town .................................................................... 151 CHAPTER SIX: THE RHETORICAL DIMENSIONS OF ASIAN AMERICAN YOUTUBE CELEBRITIES ................................................................................................................................ 169 Participatory Rhetoric Theory, Agency ...................................................................................... 172 Asian American YouTube Celebrities ........................................................................................ 175 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 193 Challenges .................................................................................................................................... 194 Coda ............................................................................................................................................. 206 v APPENDIX A - All Industry Insider Blurbs for Kat Loves LA Second Season Indiegogo Campaign .......................................................................................................................................................... 207 APPENDIX B - Fan Comments for Season One of Kat Loves LA - Second Season Indiegogo Campaign ......................................................................................................................................... 208 APPENDIX C - All 10 Comments for YouTube’s “Margaret Cho - all American Girl, Pilot (2/2)” .......................................................................................................................................................... 209 APPENDIX D - Select Comments for YouTube’s “The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson: 02/14/1979...Johnny Yune” ............................................................................................................. 211 APPENDIX E - Comments for YouTube’s “Johnny Yune Does Stand-up on the 1987 National Easter Seal Telethon” ...................................................................................................................... 213 APPENDIX F - Comments for YouTube’s “Dick Clark's Live Wednesday Show 01 Johnny Yune Comedy Performance” .................................................................................................................... 214 APPENDIX G - Images Used in Ryan Higa’s 2017 “Can Asians Be Sexy” Vlog Episode ......... 216 APPENDIX H - Banner images used in How I Infiltrated a White Pride Facebook Group and Turned It into 'LGBT Southerners for Michelle Obama' ................................................................ 218 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................... 220 vi TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Keller - "The Chinese Must Go" ........................................................................................ 5 Figure 2 - Blubbalutsch - "Yellow Terror" ........................................................................................