Building visions for the Future of : A Bottom Up Approach

ONE CITY TWO REALITIES: JERUSALEM 2018 PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY

Israeli and Palestinian social and political attitudes about their city life and the future of Jerusalem

Prof. Dan Miodownik Mr. Noam Brenner

Leonard Davis Institute of International Relations - Creative Regional Initiatives (IPCRI) Funded by the European Union Peace-building Initiative The Hebrew University of Jerusalem April 2018 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 1 The Sample 2 Satisfaction from life 6 Life in Jerusalem 10 Life in My neighborhood 13 Community Leadership 16 Local Communication 18 Violence in the Neighborhood 19 The Future of Jerusalem 20 Municipal Elections 22 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Abstract

What, Why and How?

This public opinion survey covers different issues of life in Jerusalem of its Israeli and Palestinian residents. It surveys their expressions about local needs, who they view as their local leadership, their social attitudes and ways of communication. It also explores perceptions of violence, life satisfaction and also questions about the future of Jerusalem and municipal elections.

This survey is a part of a larger peacebuilding initiative in Jerusalem called “Building Visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom-Up Approach”. As such, the survey is one of a few ways to collect and give voice to the residents’ needs and perceptions regarding their life in Jerusalem. Its final objectives are to to better understand the foundations for cooperation between the two populations in this contested city, in order to assist in improving their well-being.

The survey was conducted differently in each part of the city. In , respondents (N=612) were interviewed face-to-face by PCPO, an experienced Palestinian survey firm under the supervision of Dr. Nabil Kukali. In , respondents (N=596) were recruited by “I-panel” and “Midgam”, two of Israel’s largest opt-in internet survey firms. The Surveys were fielded, and responses were collected during January 2018. We are confident that these two- different means of data gathering, which is made necessary by the political reality on the ground, are nonetheless commensurate and comparable. Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

The Sample (PAL = ISR=Israelis)

Gender Age

Male Female Other Total 0 - 18 19 - 28 29 - 38 39 - 48 49 - 58 59+ Total PAL 49% 51% 0% 100% PAL 2.3% 17% 25.3% 27.6% 17.6% 10.1% 100% ISR 50.5% 49.2% 0.3% 100% ISR 2.1% 26.8% 23.4% 19.1% 14.6% 14% 100%

Educational level Elementary and below Secondary Above Secondary Total PAL 26.5% 42% 28.3% 100% ISR 6.3% 27.9% 65.8% 100%

Which of the following religious groups you belong to?

Muslim Christian Jewish Other Total PAL 95.3% 4.7% 0% 0% 100% ISR 0.2% 0% 99.3% 0.5% 100%

How would you define your level religiosity?

Secular Conservative Religious Total PAL 35.6% 56.9% 7.5% 100% Secular Traditional National religious Ultra Orthodox Total ISR 31.7% 18.2% 28.3% 21.2% 100%

2 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Income Less than 2.5k NIS 2.5k-5k 5k-7.5k 7.5k-10k 10k – 12.5k 12.5k – 15k 15k+ Total PAL 1.3% 25.2% 37.7% 28.6% 6.9% 0.3% 0% 100% ISR 10.3% 18.1% 24.7% 22.3% 11.3% 9% 4.4% 100%

Were you born in Jerusalem? Marital status

Yes No Total Married Single, never married Divorced Widowed PAL PAL 89.7% 10.3% 100% 71.9% 21.2% 2.6% 4.2% ISR ISR 60% 40% 100% 57.1% 32.6% 8.5% 1.4%

For how long have you been living in this neighborhood?

I was born in the I moved to the I moved to the neighborhood I moved to the Total neighborhood neighborhood as a child as a teenager neighborhood as an adult PAL 56.5% 10.6% 10.5% 22.4% 100% ISR 14.2% 9.9% 7.7% 68.2% 100%

How long has your family been living in the neighborhood? (N= 346 in East J., N=86 in West J.)

My parents moved to the My grandparents or their parents moved We have been living in the Total neighborhood to the neighborhood neighborhood for generations PAL 28.6% 49.4% 22% 100% ISR 81.4% 12.8% 5.8% 100%

3 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Which Neighborhood you live in?

East Jerusalem West Jerusalem Kafr 'Aqb, 4% Neve Yaaqov 2% Kiryat Hayovel 5% Bet Hanina 12% Pisgat Zeev 10% 0% Shu'afat 9% 2% Baqa, , 2% Shu'afat - refugee camp 4% Ramot 6% , , Makor Haim 4% New Anata 2% , , 1% /Armon Hanatziv 4% Isawiyya 4% , Givat Hamivtar 1% 7% At-Tur, Mount of Olives 8% French Hil 2% 8% Wadi Al-Joz, 7% , Mamila 1% Beit Hakerem/Yefe Nof/Ramat BH 7% Bab A-Zahara, Mas'udiya 1% , 3% 3% - Moslem Quarter 12% , Zichron Moshe 1% Kiryat Menahem, 2% Old City - 1% City Center 1% Givat Masua 1% Old City - 2% Nahlaot, Zichronot 2% 1% 6% Rehavya 1% Katamonim 5% Abu Tor 5% 3% San Simon 2% Ras Al-'Amud 7% 2% 3% Jabal Mukabar 7% 2% Givat Havradim 1% 5% 1% Old 2% Um Tubba 1% Bayit Vagan 2% German Colony 1% Bet Safafa 4% Ramat Sharet, 2% OC Jewish Quarter 1% Total 100% Ein Kerem 1% Total 100%

4 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Map of Jerusalem

Jerusalem Municipality GIS Website

5 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Satisfaction from Life

Please indicate if you strongly agree (5), somewhat agree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree (1) with each of these statements:

Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree nor disagree Somewhat agree Strongly agree

ISR 5% 8% 13% 44% 31% neighborhood PAL 6% 15% 50% 29% I am satisfied living in my in living satisfied am I

ISR 5% 7% 15% 37% 35% Jerusalem

PAL 2% 8% 31% 59% I am satisfied living in living satisfied am I

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Thinking about yourself would you say that on the whole, are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, neither satisfied nor unsatisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with ...?

Not at all Satisfied Rather unsatisfied Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied Rather satisfied Very satisfied 1% 2% 100% 2%

11% 16% 18% 27% 17% 35% 27% 75% 47%

43%

44% 53% 52% 50% 43% 51% 45% 21% 37%

25% 22% 20% 25% 26% 18% 15% 11% 17% 13% 7% 5% 5% 7% 5% 5% 0% 1% 3% 1% 1% PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR Your personal job situation The financial situation of your The life you lead The place where you live household

7 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Thinking about the infrastructure of your neighborhood, please tell me if you are in general very satisfied (=5), rather satisfied, neither satisfied nor unsatisfied, rather unsatisfied or not at all satisfied with the following:

Not at all Satisfied Rather unsatisfied Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied Rather satisfied Very satisfied

ISR 15% 26% 31% 24% 4%

PAL Sports 18% 30% 28% 23% 1% facilities

ISR 5% 13% 22% 47% 12%

care PAL Health 19% 11% 20% 39% 12% services

ISR 25% 27% 20% 24% 4%

Clean PAL 33% 21% 31% 14% 1%

ISR 16% 18% 26% 32% 8%

Noise PAL 25% 39% 22% 13% 1%

ISR 9% 15% 43% 27% 6%

Police PAL 18% 36% 28% 17% 2%

ISR 16% 22% 23% 28% 11% ation Public PAL 12% 25% 25% 31% 7% transport

8 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Not at all Satisfied Rather unsatisfied Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied Rather satisfied Very satisfied

ISR 8% 9% 36% 37% 9%

facilities PAL 18% 21% 28% 29% 3% Educational

ISR 10% 23% 27% 34% 7%

PAL 10% 20% 36% 30% 4% Retail shops

ISR 17% 25% 22% 29% 7% Green spaces PAL 17% 49% 21% 12%

ISR 19% 31% 26% 20% 4% Public spaces PAL 10% 42% 29% 19%

ISR 14% 26% 26% 28% 7%

PAL 40% 28% 22% 10% buildings Streets and Streets

ISR 25% 28% 26% 17% 3%

Cultural PAL 20% 31% 28% 20% 1% facilities

9 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Life in Jerusalem

I will read you a few statements about the city of Jerusalem generally (not your neighborhood). Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with each of these statements:

Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree nor disagree Somewhat agree Strongly agree 1.90% 1.8% 2.0% 100% 2.9% 4.60% 11.30% 14.90% 14.40% 18.1% 14.20% 30.6% 39.7% 27.3% 75% 33.30% 28.9% 38.10% 31.60% 47.50%

50% 45.9% 44.4% 18.80% 42.5% 25.70%

25% 50.0% 47.70% 25% 21.50% 17.6% 20.3% 15.70% 15.8% 8.80% 15.10% 5.60% 8.8% 0% 2.9% 4.20% 0.3% PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR It is easy to find good housing I feel safe in Jerusalem Generally speaking, most people I have full access everywhere in at a reasonable price in in Jerusalem can be trusted Jerusalem Jerusalem

10 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Where is your workplace located (for students: where do you study)?

100.0% 90.3%

75.0% 61.9%

50.0% 24.8% 25.0% 13.2% 7.5% 2.2% 0.0% A neighborhood with a A neighborhood with a Outside of the city Jewish majority Palestinian majority PAL ISR

My employer is…

100.0% 90.2%

75.0% 57.4%

50.0% 30.4% 25.0% 12.3% 9.7% 0.2% 0.0% An Israeli Jew A Palestinian Other PAL ISR

11 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Which of the following means of transportation you mostly use to get to your workplace (or school)?

50.0% 44.2% 44.2% 35.5% 32.8%

25.0% 14.7% 9.6% 9.9% 7.4% 0.9% 0.9% 0.0% My own or friend’s car Public transportation Walk Taxi Organized transportation (bus or tram) by the workplace/school PAL ISR

Where do you usually make your weekly shopping? (check all that apply) (% of YES answers for each option)

75.0% 54.4% 48.8% 50.2% 50.0% 34.6%

25.0% 18.0% 18.4% 11.9% 5.1% 1.2% 1.9% 0.0% In my neighborhood Shopping center or Shopping center or Old city market "Mahane Yehuda" supermarket in West supermarket in East Market Jerusalem Jerusalem PAL ISR

12 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Life in My Neighborhood

I would like to ask you a few questions about your neighborhood. Please indicate if you strongly agree

(5), somewhat agree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree (1) with each of these statements:

Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree nor disagree Somewhat agree Strongly agree

100% 2% 1% 5% 36% 6% 36% 22% 19% 17% 36% 22% 75% 19% 27% 41% 26% 24% 50% 21% 37% 38% 32% 25% 29% 45% 14% 38% 40% 20% 12% 8% 8% 11% 0% 5% 4% 1% 0% PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR0% I feel safe in my neighborhood It is easy to find good housing I feel that my neighborhood I feel that my neighborhood at a reasonable price in my receives fewer resources than receives fewer resources than neighborhood other Jewish neighborhoods other Palestinian neighborhoods

13 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree nor disagree Somewhat agree Strongly agree 4% 3% 1% 100% 10% 15% 13% 17% 16% 10% 27% 75% 21% 26% 28% 47% 45% 46% 55% 50% 30% 39% 24% 31% 23% 42% 25% 29% 24% 32% 20% 27% 32% 16% 7% 13% 0% 8% 2% 3% 7% 8% PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR people in this neighborhood People in my neighborhood I feel very close to my People in this neighborhood do NOT share the same are willing to help their neighbors generally do NOT get along values neighbors with each other

Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree nor disagree Somewhat agree Strongly agree 4% 6% 100% 8% 17% 17% 75% 46% 26% 42% 53% 31% 37% 50% 37% 34% 32% 40% 23% 25% 32% 9% 9% 9% 18% 10% 10% 12% 0% 0%3% 6% PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR Generally speaking, most people in my Generally speaking, local activists in my Generally speaking, my neighborhood’s neighborhood can be trusted neighborhood can be trusted community council can be trusted

14 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Please tell me in a few words or sentences WHAT would you like to improve in your neighborhood? (% within coded open answers)

20% 19% 18% 18% 17% 16% 16% 14% 12% 12% 11% 10% 10% 8% 7% 8% 7% 7% 7% 6% 6% 6% 5% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Safety Noise Health Sport Other Parking Religion Population Sanitation EducationCommerce Movement ConstructionEmployment Infrastructure Public ServicePublic SpacesGreen Spaces Cost of Living

Public Transportation Culture and Community PAL ISR

15 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Community Leadership

WHO in your neighborhood you could approach to help you promote the issue (The issue is the answers from the question above [p.15])?

40%

32%

30%

24% 23% 22%

20%

12% 13% 11% 10% 10% 8% 8% 7% 5% 4% 3% 2% 3% 1% 2%2% 2% 1% 0%

No one Facebook Don’t Know Neighbors Local CouncilMuniciplality Local LeaderBusinessmen Civil Society Security Forces Local institution Religiuos leader Traditional leaders Paletinian Authority Government \ Knesset PAL ISR

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Think about the relationships with people in your neighborhood. We know that sometimes relationships can evolve into conflicts (e.g dispute over land, resources or something else). Please rank the three actors that you would approach to handle a conflict you may have with your neighbors? (1 = your first choice 2 = second choice, 3 = third choice). If specific actor not relevant in the neighborhood, please indicate N/A

30%

24% 25% 23% 21%

20% 18% 16%

15% 13% 13% 12% 12% 11% 11% 10% 9% 10% 8%

5%

0% Community Municipality Religious figure or Mukhtar / sheikh Family members Local figure Local organization council organization / community (businessman, (social clubs, elderly activist) Parents-Teachers association, etc.) PAL ISR

17 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Local Communication

Where do you currently get your news about community news? (fill all that are relevant)

75% 70%

61% 57%

50% 48% 44% 45% 41%

28% 25%

14% 9% 9% 5% 4% 4% 1% 1% 0% Local Social Communal Friends and Local Radio Newsletter Neighbors Teachers Pamphlets newspaper networks council family (facebook, website tweeter) PAL ISR

18 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Violence in The Neighborhood

As you know, tensions in Jerusalem sometimes evolve into violence. How often have you observed or heard of the following incidents occurring in your neighborhood during the past 6 months?

Not at all Rarely Rather often Very often 6% 1% 1% 1% 4% 1% 2% 100% 3% 3% 8% 6% 7% 12% 15% 12%

38% 41% 75% 38% 34% 34% 34% 27% 41% 27% 38%

50% 39% 25% 31% 37%

59% 58% 58% 59% 25% 50% 46% 21% 32% 27% 20% 6% 0% PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR Violence between security Conflict between neighbors A sexual assault or rape A robbery or mugging Violence between Jewish forces and local residents or families residents and Palestinians residents

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The Future of Jerusalem

Lastly, different people have different ideas about the future of Jerusalem. If the Israelis and Palestinians will reach an agreement, please mark if you support or object each of the following scenarios.

Object very much Object neither support nor object support Support very much 1% 100% 2% 3% 3% 5% 8% 13% 23% 75% 21% 23%

41% 17%

50% 97% 97% 26% 30% 8% 63% 25% 52% 20% 35% 7% 6% 0% PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR Some people think that Jerusalem should Some people think that Jerusalem Should Some people think that Jerusalem should maintain its current municipal boundaries be divided along the June 1967 armistice be divided along the June 1967 armistice and be fully annexed to and controlled by boundaries, without access between its boundaries, but maintain access between Israel parts its parts Jerusalem

20 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Object very much Object neither support nor object support Support very much 1% 1% 100% 3% 5% 4% 8% 6% 12% 11% 13%

18% 19%

75% 24% 21% 30%

27% 18% 14% 28%

50% 15%

16% 84%

15%

25% 50% 51% 41% 35% 28%

0% PAL ISR PAL ISR PAL ISR Some people think that Jerusalem should Some people think that Jerusalem should Some people think that Jerusalem should be divided such that Palestinian be divided such that Palestinian be divided such that Palestinian neighborhoods will become part of the neighborhoods will become part of the neighborhoods will become part of the Palestinian State and Jewish Palestinian State and Jewish Palestinian State and Jewish neighborhoods part of Israel. Each group neighborhoods part of Israel. Israel will neighborhoods part of Israel. Control over will have sovereignty over its respective control the old city of Jerusalem with the the old city of Jerusalem is transferred to holy grounds. special arrangement that exist an International body.

21 Building visions for the Future of Jerusalem: A Bottom Up Approach

Municipal Elections

Some people claim that the Palestinian residents of Jerusalem should vote to their own representatives in the municipal elections in order to promote their interests. Do you object or support this claim?

Object Neither Support Nor Object Support

33% 33% 34% 45% 40% 47% 50% 50% 57% 58% 70% 67% 70% 67% 68% 74% 74% 76% 75% 17% 28% 26% 100%

28% 28%

60% 28% 50% 17% 48% 48% 40% 41% 43% 33% 26% 32% 26% 30% 26% 28% 25% 24% 25% 17% 14% 4% 2%

Total

Silwan (N=39) Abu Tor (N=29) Shu'afat (N=53) Isawiyya (N=27) Um Tubba (N=7) Bet Hanina (N=74) New Anata (N=10) Sur Baher (N=28)Bet Safafa (N=22) Ras Al-'AmudJabal Mukabar(N=45) (N=44) Kafr 'Aqb, Atarot (N=27)

Shu'afat - refugee camp (N=27)At-Tur, Mount of BabOlives A-Zahara, (N=47) Mas'udiya (N=5) Old City - Moslem Quarter (N=72) Wadi Al-Joz, Sheikh JarrahOld (N=40) City Old- Armenian City - Christian Quarter Quarter (N=4) (N=12)

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