DOCSLIB.ORG

Body Structure 6 Directional Terms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Body Structure 6 Directional Terms Body Structure 6 Directional Terms In describing the location or direction of a given point in the body, it is always assumed that the subject is in the anatomical position, that is, upright, with face front, arms at the sides with palms forward, and feet par-allel, as shown in the small diagram in Figure 6-1. In this stance, the terms illustrated in Figure 6-1 and listed in Display 6-1 are used to designate relative position. Figure 6-2 illustrates planes of section, that is, direc- Superior (cephalad) Proximal Anterior Posterior (ventral) (dorsal) Distal Medial Lateral FIGURE 6-1. Directional terms. (Reprinted with per- mission from Cohen BJ, Wood DL. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease. 9th Ed. Philadel- phia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.) Inferior 1 (caudal) BODY STRUCTURE 2 DISPLAY 5-1 Anatomical Directions TERM DEFINITION anterior (ventral) toward the front (belly) of the body posterior (dorsal) toward the back of the body medial toward the midline of the body lateral toward the side of the body proximal nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point distal farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point superior above inferior below cephalad (cranial) toward the head caudal toward the lower end of the spine (Latin cauda means “tail”) superficial (external) close to the surface of the body deep (internal) close to the center of the body Frontal Sagittal Transverse (coronal) plane (horizontal) plane plane FIGURE 6-2. Planes of division. (Reprinted with permission from Cohen BJ, Wood DL. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease. 9th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.) 3 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY tions in which the body can be cut. A frontal plane, also called a coronal plane, is made at right angles to the midline and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. A sagittal (SAJ-i-tal) plane passes from front to back and divides the body into right and left portions. If the plane passes through the midline, it is a mid- sagittal or medial plane. A transverse plane passes horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. Body Cavities Internal organs are located within dorsal and ventral cavities (Fig. 5-3). The dorsal cavity contains the brain in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity (canal). The uppermost ventral space, the tho- racic cavity, is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm. There is no anatomical separation be- tween the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity, which together make up the abdominopelvic cavity. The large_ membrane_ that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs within it is the peritoneum (per- i-to-NE-um). Cranial cavity Spinal cavity (canal) Thoracic cavity Dorsal Diaphragm cavity Ventral Abdominal cavity cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity FIGURE 6-3. Side view of the body cavities. (Reprinted with permission from Cohen BJ, Wood DL. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease. 9th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.) BODY STRUCTURE 4 Body Regions For orientation, the abdomen can be divided by imaginary lines into nine regions, which are shown in Fig- ure 5-4. The sections down the midline are the: • epigastric (ep-i-GAS-trik) region, located above the stomach • umbilical (um-BIL-i-kal_ _ ) region, named for the umbilicus, or navel • hypogastric (hi -po -GAS-trik) region, located below the stomach The lateral regions are the: _ _ _ • right and left hypochondriac (hi -po-KON-dre-ak) regions, named for their position near the ribs, specifically near the cartilages (root chondr/o) of the ribs, • right and left lumbar (LUM-bar) regions, which are located near the small of the back (lumbar region of the spine) _ • right and left iliac (IL-e-ak) regions, named for the upper bone of the hip, the ilium. These regions are also called the inguinal (ING-gwi-nal) regions, with reference to the groin. Right Left Epigastric hypochondriac hypochondriac region region region Right Left Umbilical lumbar lumbar region region region Right Left Hypogastric iliac iliac region region region FIGURE 6-4. The nine regions of the abdomen. (Reprinted with permission from Cohen BJ, Wood DL. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease. 9th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.) 5 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY More simply, but less precisely, the abdomen can be divided by a single vertical line and a single horizontal line into four sections (Fig. 5-5), designated the right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ). Additional terms for body regions are shown in Figures 5-6 and 5-7. You may need to refer to these illus- trations as you work through the book. Positions In addition to the anatomical position, there are other standard positions in which the body is placed for ex- amination or medical procedures. The most common of these are described in Display 5-2. Right Left upper upper quadrant quadrant Right Left lower lower quadrant quadrant FIGURE 6-5. Quadrants of the abdomen, showing the organs within each quadrant. (Reprinted with permission from Cohen BJ, Wood DL. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease. 9th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.) BODY STRUCTURE 6 Cranium Forehead (frontal) (cranial) Head Eye (ocular) (cephalic) Face Mouth (oral) (facial) Chest (thoracic) Breast (mammary) Armpit (axillary) Arm (brachial) Inner elbow (antecubital) Upper extremity Navel (umbilical) Forearm (antebrachial) Groin (inguinal) Wrist Pubis (pubic) (carpal) Hand Palm (palmar) Fingers (phalangeal) Thigh (femoral) Knee Kneecap (patellar) Leg Lower (crural) extremity Ankle (tarsal) Foot (pedal) Toes (phalangeal) .FIGURE 6-6. Common terms for body regions, anterior view. Anatomical terms for regions are in parentheses 7 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Crown (parietal) Base of skull (occipital) Neck (cervical) Shoulder Deltoid Shoulder blade (scapular) Arm (brachial) Small of back Flank (lumbar) Sacrum (sacral) Hip (iliac) Buttock (gluteal) Back of knee (popliteal) Calf Ankle (tarsal) Sole of foot (plantar) .FIGURE 6-7. Common terms for body regions, posterior view BODY STRUCTURE 8 DISPLAY 5-2 Body Positions POSITION DESCRIPTION anatomical position standing erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, legs parallel, toes pointed forward decubitus position _ _ lying down, specifically according to the part of the body resting on a flat de-KU-bi-tus surface, as in left or right lateral decubitus, or dorsal or ventral decubitus dorsal recumbent position on back, with legs bent and separated, feet flat Fowler position on back, head of bed raised about 18 inches, knees elevated Kraske (Jackknife) position _ prone with the buttocks raised KRAS-ke knee-chest position on knees, head and upper chest on table, arms crossed above head lateral recumbent position on the side with one leg flexed; arm position may vary lithotomy position _ _ on back, legs flexed on abdomen, thighs apart li-THOT-o-me prone lying face down Sims position on left side, right leg drawn up high and forward, left arm along back, chest forward resting on bed supine*_ _ lying face up SU-pi-n Trendelenburg position on back with head lowered by tilting bed back at 45° angle tren-DEL-en-berg *To remember the difference between prone and supine, look for the word up in supine. Key Terms abdominal cavity The large ventral cavity below the diaphragm and above the ab-DOM-i-nal pelvic cavity abdominopelvic_ cavity The large ventral cavity between the diaphragm and pelvis that ab-dom-i-no-PEL-vik includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities anatomic position Standard position for anatomical studies, in which the body is an-a-TOM-ik erect and facing forward, the arms are at the sides with palms forward, and the feet are parallel cranial_ _ cavity The dorsal cavity that contains the brain KRA-ne-al diaphragm_ The muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity DI -a-fram frontal_ (coronal) plane Plane of section that separates the body into anterior (front) and ko-RON-al posterior (back) portions pelvic cavity The ventral cavity that is below the abdominal cavity PEL-vik 9 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY The large serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity peritoneum_ _ per-i-to-NE-um and covers the organs within it sagittal plane Plane that divides the body into right and left portions SAJ-i-tal spinal_ cavity (canal) Dorsal cavity that contains the spinal cord SPI-nal The ventral cavity above the diaphragm; the chest cavity thoracic_ cavity tho-RAS-ik transverse (horizontal) plane Plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior trans-VERS (lower) portions Word Parts Pertaining to Body Structure TABLE 5-1 Roots for Regions of the Head and Trunk ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE cephal/o head abnormal smallness of the head microcephaly_ _ _ mi -kro-SEF-a-le cervic/o neck pertaining to the neck and face cervicofacial_ _ ser-vi-ko-FA-shal thorac/o outside the thorax chest, thorax extrathoracic_ eks-tra-tho-RAS-ik abdomin/o abdomen intra-abdominal within the abdomen in-tra-ab-DOM-i-nal celi/o pertaining to the abdomen abdomen celiac_ _ SE-l e-ak lapar/o instrument for viewing the peritoneal cavity abdominal wall laparoscope_ _ LAP-a-ro-skop through the abdominal wall lumb/o pertaining to the chest and lumbar region lumbar region, thoracolumbar_ _ lower back tho-rak-o-LUM-bar periton, pertaining to the peritoneum peritoneum peritoneal_ _ peritone/o per-i-to-NE-al BODY STRUCTURE 10 The human body consists of several structural and functional levels of organization.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reference Sheet 1
    MALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 8 7 8 OJ 7 .£l"00\.....• ;:; ::>0\~ <Il '"~IQ)I"->. ~cru::>s ~ 6 5 bladder penis prostate gland 4 scrotum seminal vesicle testicle urethra vas deferens FEMALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 2 1 8 " \ 5 ... - ... j 4 labia \ ""\ bladderFallopian"k. "'"f"";".'''¥'&.tube\'WIT / I cervixt r r' \ \ clitorisurethrauterus 7 \ ~~ ;~f4f~ ~:iJ 3 ovaryvagina / ~ 2 / \ \\"- 9 6 adapted from F.L.A.S.H. Reproductive System Reference Sheet 3: GLOSSARY Anus – The opening in the buttocks from which bowel movements come when a person goes to the bathroom. It is part of the digestive system; it gets rid of body wastes. Buttocks – The medical word for a person’s “bottom” or “rear end.” Cervix – The opening of the uterus into the vagina. Circumcision – An operation to remove the foreskin from the penis. Cowper’s Glands – Glands on either side of the urethra that make a discharge which lines the urethra when a man gets an erection, making it less acid-like to protect the sperm. Clitoris – The part of the female genitals that’s full of nerves and becomes erect. It has a glans and a shaft like the penis, but only its glans is on the out side of the body, and it’s much smaller. Discharge – Liquid. Urine and semen are kinds of discharge, but the word is usually used to describe either the normal wetness of the vagina or the abnormal wetness that may come from an infection in the penis or vagina. Duct – Tube, the fallopian tubes may be called oviducts, because they are the path for an ovum.
    [Show full text]
  • General Signs and Symptoms of Abdominal Diseases
    General signs and symptoms of abdominal diseases Dr. Förhécz Zsolt Semmelweis University 3rd Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, 3rd Year 2018/2019 1st Semester • For descriptive purposes, the abdomen is divided by imaginary lines crossing at the umbilicus, forming the right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants. • Another system divides the abdomen into nine sections. Terms for three of them are commonly used: epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric, or suprapubic Common or Concerning Symptoms • Indigestion or anorexia • Nausea, vomiting, or hematemesis • Abdominal pain • Dysphagia and/or odynophagia • Change in bowel function • Constipation or diarrhea • Jaundice “How is your appetite?” • Anorexia, nausea, vomiting in many gastrointestinal disorders; and – also in pregnancy, – diabetic ketoacidosis, – adrenal insufficiency, – hypercalcemia, – uremia, – liver disease, – emotional states, – adverse drug reactions – Induced but without nausea in anorexia/ bulimia. • Anorexia is a loss or lack of appetite. • Some patients may not actually vomit but raise esophageal or gastric contents in the absence of nausea or retching, called regurgitation. – in esophageal narrowing from stricture or cancer; also with incompetent gastroesophageal sphincter • Ask about any vomitus or regurgitated material and inspect it yourself if possible!!!! – What color is it? – What does the vomitus smell like? – How much has there been? – Ask specifically if it contains any blood and try to determine how much? • Fecal odor – in small bowel obstruction – or gastrocolic fistula • Gastric juice is clear or mucoid. Small amounts of yellowish or greenish bile are common and have no special significance. • Brownish or blackish vomitus with a “coffee- grounds” appearance suggests blood altered by gastric acid.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Terminology Abbreviations Medical Terminology Abbreviations
    34 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ABBREVIATIONS MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ABBREVIATIONS The following list contains some of the most common abbreviations found in medical records. Please note that in medical terminology, the capitalization of letters bears significance as to the meaning of certain terms, and is often used to distinguish terms with similar acronyms. @—at A & P—anatomy and physiology ab—abortion abd—abdominal ABG—arterial blood gas a.c.—before meals ac & cl—acetest and clinitest ACLS—advanced cardiac life support AD—right ear ADL—activities of daily living ad lib—as desired adm—admission afeb—afebrile, no fever AFB—acid-fast bacillus AKA—above the knee alb—albumin alt dieb—alternate days (every other day) am—morning AMA—against medical advice amal—amalgam amb—ambulate, walk AMI—acute myocardial infarction amt—amount ANS—automatic nervous system ant—anterior AOx3—alert and oriented to person, time, and place Ap—apical AP—apical pulse approx—approximately aq—aqueous ARDS—acute respiratory distress syndrome AS—left ear ASA—aspirin asap (ASAP)—as soon as possible as tol—as tolerated ATD—admission, transfer, discharge AU—both ears Ax—axillary BE—barium enema bid—twice a day bil, bilateral—both sides BK—below knee BKA—below the knee amputation bl—blood bl wk—blood work BLS—basic life support BM—bowel movement BOW—bag of waters B/P—blood pressure bpm—beats per minute BR—bed rest MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ABBREVIATIONS 35 BRP—bathroom privileges BS—breath sounds BSI—body substance isolation BSO—bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy BUN—blood, urea, nitrogen
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy and Physiology
    LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students.
    [Show full text]
  • Scapular Positioning and Movement in Unimpaired Shoulders, Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, and Glenohumeral Instability
    Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011: 21: 352–358 & 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01274.x Review Scapular positioning and movement in unimpaired shoulders, shoulder impingement syndrome, and glenohumeral instability F. Struyf1,2, J. Nijs1,2,3, J.-P. Baeyens4, S. Mottram5, R. Meeusen2 1Department of Health Sciences, Division of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Artesis University College Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, 2Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, 3University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium, 4Department of Biometry and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, 5KC International, Portsmouth, UK Corresponding author: Jo Nijs, PhD, Department of Health Sciences, Division of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Artesis University College Antwerp, Campus HIKE, Van Aertselaerstraat 31, 2170 Merksem, Antwerp, Belgium. Tel: 132 364 18265, E-mail: [email protected] Accepted for publication 9 November 2010 The purpose of this manuscript is to review the knowledge of horizontal, 351 of internal rotation and 101 anterior tilt. scapular positioning at rest and scapular movement in During shoulder elevation, most researchers agree that the different anatomic planes in asymptomatic subjects and scapula tilts posteriorly and rotates both upward and patients with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) and externally. It appears that during shoulder elevation, pa- glenohumeral shoulder instability. We reviewed the litera- tients with SIS demonstrate a decreased upward scapular ture for all biomechanical and kinematic studies using rotation, a decreased posterior tilt, and a decrease in keywords for impingement syndrome, shoulder instability, external rotation. In patients with glenohumeral shoulder and scapular movement published in peer reviewed journal.
    [Show full text]
  • ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY and PERITONEUM Dr
    ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY AND PERITONEUM Dr. Milton M. Sholley SUGGESTED READING: Essential Clinical Anatomy 3 rd ed. (ECA): pp. 118 and 135­141 Grant's Atlas Figures listed at the end of this syllabus. OBJECTIVES:Today's lectures are designed to explain the orientation of the abdominopelvic viscera, the peritoneal cavity, and the mesenteries. LECTURE OUTLINE ­ PART 1 I. The abdominopelvic cavity contains the organs of the digestive system, except for the oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, and thoracic portion of the esophagus. It also contains major systemic blood vessels (aorta and inferior vena cava), parts of the urinary system, and parts of the reproductive system. A. The space within the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into two contiguous portions: 1. Abdominal portion ­ that portion between the thoracic diaphragm and the pelvic brim a. The lower part of the abdominal portion is also known as the false pelvis, which is the part of the pelvis between the two iliac wings and above the pelvic brim. Sagittal section drawing Frontal section drawing 2. Pelvic portion ­ that portion between the pelvic brim and the pelvic diaphragm a. The pelvic portion of the abdominopelvic cavity is also known as the true pelvis. B. Walls of the abdominopelvic cavity include: 1. The thoracic diaphragm (or just “diaphragm”) ­ located superiorly and posterosuperiorly (recall the dome­shape of the diaphragm) 2. The lower ribs ­ located anterolaterally and posterolaterally 3. The posterior abdominal wall ­ located posteriorly below the ribs and above the false pelvis and formed by the lumbar vertebrae along the posterior midline and by the quadratus lumborum and psoas major muscles on either side 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit #2 - Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum
    UNIT #2 - ABDOMEN, PELVIS AND PERINEUM 1 UNIT #2 - ABDOMEN, PELVIS AND PERINEUM Reading Gray’s Anatomy for Students (GAFS), Chapters 4-5 Gray’s Dissection Guide for Human Anatomy (GDGHA), Labs 10-17 Unit #2- Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum G08- Overview of the Abdomen and Anterior Abdominal Wall (Dr. Albertine) G09A- Peritoneum, GI System Overview and Foregut (Dr. Albertine) G09B- Arteries, Veins, and Lymphatics of the GI System (Dr. Albertine) G10A- Midgut and Hindgut (Dr. Albertine) G10B- Innervation of the GI Tract and Osteology of the Pelvis (Dr. Albertine) G11- Posterior Abdominal Wall (Dr. Albertine) G12- Gluteal Region, Perineum Related to the Ischioanal Fossa (Dr. Albertine) G13- Urogenital Triangle (Dr. Albertine) G14A- Female Reproductive System (Dr. Albertine) G14B- Male Reproductive System (Dr. Albertine) 2 G08: Overview of the Abdomen and Anterior Abdominal Wall (Dr. Albertine) At the end of this lecture, students should be able to master the following: 1) Overview a) Identify the functions of the anterior abdominal wall b) Describe the boundaries of the anterior abdominal wall 2) Surface Anatomy a) Locate and describe the following surface landmarks: xiphoid process, costal margin, 9th costal cartilage, iliac crest, pubic tubercle, umbilicus 3 3) Planes and Divisions a) Identify and describe the following planes of the abdomen: transpyloric, transumbilical, subcostal, transtu- bercular, and midclavicular b) Describe the 9 zones created by the subcostal, transtubercular, and midclavicular planes c) Describe the 4 quadrants created
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Term Meaning Relating to the Abdomen
    Medical Term Meaning Relating To The Abdomen Curmudgeonly Reginauld refurbish his landslide invigorated cousinly. Which Wallace domiciliated so jerkily that Flem styles her tomfool? Connective and Uruguayan Elton never albumenises psychologically when Montague closet his animus. There is an abnormal closed cavity, useful diagnostic procedures are prone to control movement of this year of abdomen to medical the term meaning relating to. But wicked people block the term stomach pain many experience pain related to the. Many causes crusty eyes in various states that. Pain during bowel sounds may be the medical terms from muscle cell that builds up in. Page helpful in relation to sugar often comes first glance, meaning relating to break down any disease on your healthcare team has many causes. 1 the part of such body between her chest engaged the hips including the cavity containing the stomach some other digestive organs 2 the hind part why the love of an arthropod as being insect abdomen noun. Skip the main content School and Medicine Homepage Emory University. This article should plan to go for additional diagnostic procedures to get pregnant and to medical the term meaning abdomen and skeletal development of dry granulated sugar often nonspecific and signs or. Medical Terminology Reference List- A GlobalRPH. An abdominal X-ray can help find the cause rose many abdominal problems. The bacterial production function in their upper digestive symptoms. Medical Terms Glossary Abdominal aorta Portion of the aorta within the. According to the Oxford English Dictionary this meaning developed in. Latin names for the strike include Ventriculus and Gaster many medical terms related to the get start in gastro- or gastric Note The image text is.
    [Show full text]
  • Macroinvertebrate Glossary a Abdomen
    Macroinvertebrate Glossary A Abdomen: the third main division of the body; behind the head and thorax Accessory flagellum: a small fingerlike projection or subantenna of the antenna, especially of amphipods Anterior: in front; before Apical: near or pertaining to the end of any structure, part of the structure that is farthest from the body; distal Apicolateral: located apical and to the side B Basal: pertaining to the end of any structure that is nearest to the body; proximal Bilobed: divided into two rounded parts (lobes) C Calcareous: resembling chalk or bone in texture; containing calcium Carapace: the hardened part of some arthropods that spreads like a shield over several segments of the head and thorax Carinae: elevated ridges or keels, often on a shell or exoskeleton Caudal filament: threadlike projection at the end of the abdomen; like a tail Cercus (pl. cerci): a paired appendage of the last abdominal segment Concentric: a growth pattern on the opercula of some gastropods, marked by a series of circles that lie entirely within each other; compare multispiral and paucispiral Corneus: resembling horn in texture, slightly hardened but still pliable Coxa: the basal segment of an arthropod leg Creeping welt: a slightly raised, often darkened structure on dipteran larvae Crochet: a small hook like organ Cupule: a cup shaped organ, as on the antennae of some beetles (Coleoptera) D Detritus: disintegrated or broken up mineral or organic material Dextral: the curvature of a gastropod shell where the opening is visible on the right when
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the Horse
    BY LES SELLNOW he evolution of the horse from a tiny, four-toed an imal, T perhaps no more than one foot tall, to the variety of equines in existence today, is one of the wonders of nature. During that process of change, the horse evolved over many thousands of years from an animal that predators hunted for food to an animal that became a servant and friend for mankind. Today’s horses are designed to do one of two things— pull a load with their shoulders or carry riders on their backs. The type of horses utilized for these respective tasks varies a good deal; one is large and pon d erous and the other is lighter-boned with less mu s cle mass. Even within these two types, there are significant differences. For example, the conformation of a roping or cutting This first article of a 12-part series on equine anatomy and horse is different from that of the American Saddle- physiology discusses basic terminology, the horse’s largest bred. Yet there is a basic sameness to anatomy. organ, and how horses and humans are alike (and different) ROBIN PETERSON ILLUSTRATIONS 2 www.TheHorse.com THE HORSE January 2006 January 2006 THE HORSE www.TheHorse.com 3 Saudi Arabia as chief medical illustrator closer to the tail (cauda). Example: The Median Plane—This divides the horse’s for the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and horse’s back is caudal to his neck. body into right and left halves (median Research Center in Riyadh. Through the Rostral—That part of the structure means in the middle).
    [Show full text]
  • Abdomen Abdomen
    Abdomen Abdomen The abdomen is the part of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis. It is a flexible, dynamic container, housing most of the organs of the alimentary system and part of the urogenital system. The abdomen consists of: • abdominal walls • abdominal cavity • abdominal viscera ABDOMINAL WALL Boundaries: • Superior : - xiphoid proc. - costal arch - XII rib • Inferior : - pubic symphysis - inguinal groove - iliac crest • Lateral: - posterior axillary line ABDOMINAL WALL The regional system divides the abdomen based on: • the subcostal plane – linea bicostalis: between Х-th ribs • the transtubercular plane – linea bispinalis: between ASIS. Epigastrium Mesogastrium Hypogastrium ABDOMINAL WALL The right and left midclavicular lines subdivide it into: Epigastrium: • Epigastric region • Right hypochondric region • Left hypochondric region Mesogastrium: • Umbilical region • Regio lateralis dex. • Regio lateralis sin. Hypogastrium: • Pubic region • Right inguinal region • Left inguinal region Organization of the layers Skin Subcutaneous tissue superficial fatty layer - Camper's fascia deep membranous layer - Scarpa's fascia Muscles Transversalis fascia Extraperitoneal fat Parietal peritoneum Organization of the layers Skin Subcutaneous tissue superficial fatty layer - Camper's fascia deep membranous layer - Scarpa's fascia Muscles Transversalis fascia Extraperitoneal fat Parietal peritoneum Superficial structures Arteries: • Superficial epigastric a. • Superficial circumflex iliac a. • External pudendal a. Superficial structures Veins: In the upper abdomen: - Thoracoepigastric v. In the lower abdomen: - Superficial epigastric v. - Superficial circumflex iliac v. - External pudendal v. Around the umbilicus: - Parumbilical veins • Deep veins: - Intercostal vv. - Superior epigastric v. - Inferior epigastric v. Superficial structures Veins: In the upper abdomen: - Thoracoepigastric v. In the lower abdomen: - Superficial epigastric v. - Superficial circumflex iliac v. - External pudendal v.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Body
    The Human Body The principal parts of the human body are: the head, the trunk (‘body’) and the limbs. We have hair on the head. Inside the head, we have the brain. We think with our brain. Between the forehead and the eyes we find the eyebrows. We see with our eyes. The principal parts of the eyes are: the eyelids and the eyelashes. Between the eyes and the mouth, we see the nose.We smell with our nose. The mouth has lips, teeth and tongue. We eat talk, drink and smile with our mouth. We kiss with our lips and chew with our teeth. Between the chin and the eyes, we find the cheeks. On both sides of the head, we find the ears we hear with our ears. The neck joins the head to the trunk. In our trunk, we have the chest. Inside the chest, we find the heart and the lungs. The abdomen separates the chest from the waist. In the back, there is the backbone. We have four limbs: two arms and two legs. The principal parts of the arm are: the shoulder, the elbow, the wrist and the hand. The hand has five fingers: the thumb, the fore finger, the middle finger, the ring finger, and the little finger, the fingers have nails. The principal parts of the leg are: the thigh, the knee, the shin, the calf, the ankle, the foot and the toes. We have five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. [Questions a) What are the main parts of the body? b)What do we have on our heads? c) What color is your hair? d)Do you think with your hair? e) Where are the eyebrows? f) How many eyes do you have? g)What do we see with? h)Where’s the nose? i) What do you smell with? j) What are the parts of the mouth? k)What do we speak with? l) Where are the cheeks? m) What do we hear with? n)Does the neck join the head to the trunk? o)Where are the heart and the lungs? p)What separates the chest from the waist? q)Where’s the backbone? More Questions! a) How many limbs do you have? b)Name the parts of the arm, please.
    [Show full text]