De Lamentatione Jeremiae Prophetae Aspekte Zur Entwicklung Und Verbreitung Der Lamentation Im 18. Jahrhundert Dissertation Zur E

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De Lamentatione Jeremiae Prophetae Aspekte Zur Entwicklung Und Verbreitung Der Lamentation Im 18. Jahrhundert Dissertation Zur E De lamentatione Jeremiae Prophetae Aspekte zur Entwicklung und Verbreitung der Lamentation im 18. Jahrhundert Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät „Musik“ der Universität der Künste Berlin vorgelegt von Heike Blumenberg aus Braunschweig Gutachterinnen: 1. Frau Prof. Dr. Susanne Fontaine 2. Frau Prof. Dr. Dörte Schmidt Die Dissertation wurde im April 2008 angenommen. De lamentatione Jeremiae Prophetae Aspekte zur Entwicklung und Verbreitung der Lamentation im 18. Jahrhundert Seite Vorwort 1 1 Einleitung 3 2 Die Klagelieder des Jeremias – Historisches zum Text 8 2.1 Aufbau des Buches der Klagelieder 15 2.2 Liturgischer Ort 18 2.3 Der Lamentationston 25 3 Entwicklung und Verbreitung der Lamentation ab dem 15. Jahrhundert 33 3.1 Mehrstimmige Vertonungen 33 3.2 Monodische Vertonungen 43 3.3 Kirchengeschichtliche Voraussetzungen für die Verbreitung der Lamentationen 48 4 Affekte der Klage 61 4.1 Betrachtungen zum Inhalt des Buches der Klagelieder 61 4.2 Musikalische Ausdrucksmittel der Lamentation 71 4.2.1 Melodische Mittel 75 4.2.1.1 Der Halbtonschritt 75 4.2.1.2 Haltetöne und Tonrepetitionen 78 4.2.1.3 Figuren 85 4.2.1.4 Wortmalereien (=Hypotyposis) 97 4.2.1.5 Melismen/Koloraturen/Verzierungen 110 4.2.1.6 Bewegungen 113 4.2.2 Rhythmische Mittel 117 4.2.2.1 Punktierungen 117 4.2.2.2 Synkopen 119 4.2.2.3 Pausen 120 4.2.3 Satztechnische Mittel 121 4.2.3.1 Imitationen 121 4.2.3.2 Wiederholungen und Sequenzen 124 4.2.3.3 Der „Dialog“ 126 4.2.3.4 Die Synkopation 130 4.2.3.5 Stimmlagen 132 4.2.4 Harmonische Mittel 134 4.2.4.1 Tonartenfremde Halbtonschritte/Chromatik 134 4.2.4.2 Querstände 136 4.2.4.3 Vorhalte 140 4.2.4.4 Orgelpunkte und Akkordstellungen 142 II 4.2.4.5 Septakkorde und Septnonakkorde 143 4.2.4.6 Der neapolitanische Sextakkord 147 4.2.4.7 Enharmonik und Tonartenwechsel 151 4.2.5 Mittel des Vortrags 154 4.2.5.1 Tempowechsel und Satzbezeichnungen 154 4.2.5.2 „Noires blanchés“ 157 4.2.5.3 Dynamik und Dynamikwechsel 162 4.2.5.4 Ondeggiando 163 5 Lamentationen des 18. Jahrhunderts 169 5.1 Spanien 169 5.1.1 Pedro Rabasa (1683-1767) 183 5.1.2 Francisco Vicente y Cervera (vor 1712-1749) 188 5.1.3 Pascual Fuentes Alcácer (1721-1768) 192 5.1.4 Manuel Narro (1729-nach 1766) 201 5.1.5 Francisco Morera Cots (1731-1793) 209 5.2 Italien 219 5.2.1 Francesco Durante (1684-1755) 227 5.2.2 Leonardo Leo (1694-1744) 233 5.2.3 Giacomo Francisco Milano, Principe d’Adore (1700-1780) 240 5.2.4 Davide Perez (1711-1778) 246 5.2.5 Michele Perla (18. Jahrhundert) 250 5.3 Frankreich 258 5.3.1 Sébastien de Brossard (1655-1730) 264 5.3.2 Alexandre de Villeneuve (1677-1756) 267 5.3.3 Charles Henry (de) Blainville (1711?-nach 1771) 270 5.4 Deutschland 273 5.4.1 Jan Dismas Zelenka (1679-1745) 280 5.4.2 Johann David Heinichen (1683-1729) 311 6 Ausblick – offene Fragen 325 7 Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis 333 7.1 Noten 333 7.1.1 Handschriften 333 7.1.2 Notendrucke vor 1900 335 7.1.3 Notendrucke nach 1900 336 7.2 Sekundärliteratur 337 7.2.1 Bibliothekskataloge 337 7.2.2 Musikwissenschaftliche Literatur 338 7.2.2.1 Musiktheoretische Schriften und Lexika aus dem 18. Jahrhundert 338 7.2.2.2 Musikwissenschaftliche Bücher 340 7.2.2.3 Musikwissenschaftliche Aufsätze und Artikel 342 III 7.2.3 Kirchengeschichtliche Literatur 346 7.2.3.1 Kirchengeschichtliche Bücher 346 7.2.3.2 Kirchengeschichtliche Aufsätze und Artikel 347 7.2.4 Sonstige Literatur 347 Anhang I: Komponistenverzeichnis I, 1-11 Anhang II: Abstract Vorwort Für diese breit angelegte, länderübergreifende Studie wurde eine Reihe von Notenhandschriften gesichtet und ausgewertet, die in den unterschiedlichsten Bibliotheken und Archiven Europas aufbewahrt werden. Viele Bibliotheken haben mir ihre Handschriften und Drucke bereitwillig zur Verfügung gestellt und sie mir in Form von Mikrofilmen oder Fotokopien zum Studium überlassen. Dafür möchte ich allen Mitarbeitern der folgenden Bibliotheken und Archive herzlich danken: Dem Civico Museo Bibliographico Musicale in Bologna (Frau Barbara Ventura), dem Conservatoire Royal de Bruxelles (Herrn Drs. Paul Raspé), der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek in Dresden, der British Library in London (Herrn Robert Balchin), dem Royal College of Music in London (Herrn Timothy Eggington), der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in München (Frau Dr. Sabine Kurth und Frau Ingrid Weiß), dem Conservatorio Di Musica „S. Pietro a Majella“ in Neapel (Herrn Prof. Dr. Francesco Melisi und Herrn Alberto Bivash), der Bibliotheque National de France in Paris (Frau Dr. Catherine Massip), der Biblioteca de la Catedral de Valencia (Herrn Canoningo José Climent Barber) und der Biblioteca del Real Colegio Seminario de Corpus Cristi in Valencia. Viele Personen haben mir während der Bearbeitung dieses Themas mit Rat und Tat zur Seite gestanden; ihnen allen sei herzlich dafür gedankt. Mein besonderer Dank für viele hilfreiche Anregungen und weiterführende Hinweise zur Recherche gilt Frau Prof. Dr. Helga de la Motte-Haber (Technische Universität Berlin) und Herrn Prof. Dr. Hans Joachim Marx (Universität Hamburg). Außerdem danke ich sehr herzlich meiner Betreuerin Frau Prof. Dr. Susanne Fontaine (Universität der Künste Berlin), die diese Arbeit sehr interessiert, engagiert und hilfsbereit begleitet hat. Ihre kritische, offene und ermunternde Zusprache und Unterstützung haben mich stets motiviert, mein Thema zielstrebig zu bearbeiten. 2 Ein weiteres besonderes Dankeschön gebührt noch zweien meiner Freunde, die Wesentliches zur Entstehung dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben: Herrn Frank Nebendahl (Berlin), welcher mit viel Geduld, Mühe und Sorgfalt die Notenbeispiele erstellt und an der Gestaltung des Layouts mitgearbeitet hat und Frau Susanne Weihreter (Berlin) für ihre (Lese-)Korrekturen und Kommentare zur sprachlichen Form dieser Arbeit. Damit die Notenbeispiele leichter und auf den ersten Blick erfaßbar sind, wurden sie in moderne Schlüsselung übertragen. Fremdsprachige Zitate – mit Ausnahme englischer Texte – werden grundsätzlich im Original und in deutscher Übersetzung wiedergegeben, etwaige Übersetzungsfehler habe allein ich zu veranworten. 3 1 Einleitung Neben dem Psalter und dem Hohen Lied Salomos gehören die Klagelieder des Propheten Jeremias zu den literarisch schönsten und ausdrucksvollsten Dichtungen des Alten Testaments. Daher verwundert es nicht, daß die Klagelieder schon sehr früh sowohl in der Synagoge als auch in der christlichen Kirche zur Steigerung des Ausdrucks kantillierend bzw. singend vorgetragen wurden. In der Liturgie der katholischen Kirche hatten die Klagelieder vom frühen Mittelalter bis zum Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzil (1962-1965) ihren festen Platz in den nächtlichen Stundengebeten (Matutinen) des Gründonnerstags, Karfreitags und Karsamstags. Im Laufe der Jahrhunderte bildete sich zum Vortrag der Klagelieder nach und nach eine Vielzahl musikalischer Darbietungsformen heraus. Über Vertonungen der Klagelieder – sie werden in dieser Arbeit „Lamentationen“1 genannt – gibt es in der musikwissenschaftlichen Literatur eine Reihe von Einzelstudien, die sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Lamentationen wie z. B. Zyklusbildung, Stil- und Besetzungsfragen, Zusammenhänge zwischen liturgischen und musikalischen Lokaltraditionen etc. beschäftigen. Neben den Artikeln in den gängigen Fachlexika gibt es bislang nur die größere, detailliertere Studie von Mary Jane Klimesch aus dem Jahr 1971, die sich mit der Geschichte und den stilistischen Ausprägungen der Gattung Lamentation durch die einzelnen Jahrhunderte hindurch befa?t.2 Seit dem Erscheinen dieser Arbeit sind neben den kleineren Arbeiten zu Einzelfragen der Lamentationen etliche größere Untersuchungen zu den Lamentationen des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts entstanden. Bislang fehlt jedoch eine weitere Arbeit, die einen Überblick über die Wirkungsgeschichte der Gattung Lamentation bietet und dazu die bisher gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und Ergebnisse in ein Gesamtbild einordnet. 1 Zur besseren Unterscheidung wird in der folgenden Arbeit der Bibeltext immer mit „Klagelieder“ bezeichnet; die Vertonungen der Klagelieder hingegen mit „Lamentationen“. Für die Bibelzitate in dieser Arbeit wurde folgende Bibelübersetzung benutzt: Die Bibel. Aus dem Grundtext übersetzt. Revidierte Elberfelder Bibel. Wuppertal, Zürich 1987. Auch die Abkürzungen für die biblischen Bücher sind dieser Bibelausgabe entnommen. 2 Klimisch, Mary Jane: The Music of the Lamentations. Historical and Analytical Aspects. Washington University 1971. 4 Es ist sicherlich angebracht, die Lamentationen als eine eigenständige musikalische Gattung zu bezeichnen, auch wenn ihre Erscheinungsform sehr uneinheitlich ist. Verwendet man den musikalischen Gattungsbegriff jedoch als Metapher3, und begreift man eine musikalische Gattung als eine Tradition, in welcher sich die Gattungen nicht durch die Ausbildung typischer Merkmale, sondern durch ihre ganz individuelle Wirkungsgeschichte prägen,4 indem die vorhandenen Werke den Maßstab für neue bilden, dann kann man hinsichtlich der Lamentation durchaus von einer eigenen Gattung reden. Von den übrigen kirchenmusikalischen Werken grenzt sich die Lamentation durch ihre höchst eigene Wirkungsgeschichte ab; daneben besitzt die Lamentation mit dem angehängten Jerusalem-Vers eine eigene Textstruktur, die auch die musikalisch-formale Anlage wesentlich festlegt. Zusätzlich hebt sich die Lamentation durch ihre eigene (liturgische) Funktion innerhalb der Musikgeschichte von den anderen Kirchenmusikwerken ab.5 In dieser Studie wird die Wirkungsgeschichte der Gattung Lamentation nachgezeichnet. Es werden die unterschiedlichen musikalischen Erscheinungs-
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