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Sipunculus Nudus Linnaeus, 1766 1 Le ver cacahuète Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus, 1766 Comment citer cette fiche : Noël P., 2015. Le ver cacahuète Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus, 1766. in Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed.], 21 avril 2015. Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel, 5 pp., site web http://inpn.mnhn.fr Contact de l'auteur : Pierre Noël, SPN et DMPA, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 43 rue Buffon (CP 48), 75005 Paris ; e-mail [email protected] Résumé : Le ver cacahuète mesure jusqu'à une trentaine de cm de long pour un diamètre de 2 cm. Son corps est cylindrique, non segmenté, et son tégument épais et musculeux est couvert d'un quadrillage bien visible chez les adultes. A l'avant, il possède une trompe dévaginable avec une couronne tentaculaire d'une douzaine de lobes. L'anus est situé dorsalement au milieu du dos. Les jeunes sont roses et iridescents et deviennent progressivement beiges ou brunâtres en grandissant. L'espèce est détritivore ; elle vit enfouie dans le sable ou se tient dans les fissures des rochers depuis le bas d'estran jusqu'à plusieurs centaines de mètres de profondeur. Sipunculus nudus est probablement un complexe d'espèces, ce qui explique sa distribution cosmopolite dans les eaux tempérées et tropicales. Elle est présente sur toutes les côtes de France métropolitaine, et potentiellement présente dans presque tous les DOM-COM. Carte de distribution en France métropolitaine Concarneau (Finistère), 21-03-2015. Photo © Aïcha Badou. © P. Noël INPN-MNHN 2015. Classification : Phylum Sipuncula Rafinesque, 1814 > Classe Sipunculidea Rafinesque, 1814 > Ordre Golfingiida Cutler & Gibbs, 1985 > Famille Sipunculidae Rafinesque, 1814 > Genre Sipunculus Linnaeus, 1766 Synonymes usuels (INPN 2015) : Noms vernaculaires : Sipunculus (Sipunculus) nudus Linnaeus, 1766 Ver cacahuète (Ziemski & Scaps 2011 ; Heusser & al. Siphoncolus nudus Linnaeus, 1766 2013). Siphunculus balanophorus Delle Chiaje, 1823 Siponcle (Heusser et al. 2013). Siphunculus nudus Linnaeus, 1766 Grand siponcle, ver bibi, bibi de Sète, maie, ver gris Siphunculus reticulatus Martin, 1786 Sipunculus delphinus Murina, 1967 (Ziemski & Scaps 2011). Sipunculus eximinoclathratus Baird, 1868 Sipunculus eximio-clathratus Baird, 1868 Sipunculus gigas De Quatrefages, 1865 Sipunculus norvegicus vemae Stephen, 1966 Principaux noms étrangers : Sipunculus nudus var. tesselatus Costa, 1853 Anglais : Peanut worm, bibi worm (Ziemski & Scaps 2011 ; Sipunculus nudus nudus Linnaeus, 1766 FAO 2015). Sipunculus nudus tesselatus Costa, 1853 Espagnol : Tita (Ziemski & Scaps 2011 ; FAO 2015). Sipunculus tesselatus Costa, 1853 Sipunculus tessellatus Costa, 1853 Chinois 方格星虫(FAO 2015). Sipunculus titubans diptychus Fischer, 1894 Sipunculus titubans dyptichius Fischer, 1894 Sipunculus titubans var. diptychus Fischer, 1894 Sipunculus titubans titubans (Selenka & Bülow) in Selenka, de Man & Bülow, 1883 Sipunculus titubans Selenka & Bülow, in Selenka, de Man & Bülow, 1883 Syphunculus nudus var. tessellatus Costa, 1853 Syrinx nudus (Linnaeus, 1766) Syrinx tesselatus Rafinesque, 1814 2 Préambule important : Il est possible et même probable que Sipunculus nudus soit en fait un comlexe d'espèces proches non discernables morphologiquement mais génétiquement différentes (Kawauchi & Giribet 2014). Description. La longueur du ver cacahuète peut atteindre 25 cm (Coudre 2015) à 30 cm (SeaLifeBase 2015) et même 34 cm (Delphy 1935 ; Hayward & al. 1998) de long pour environ 2 cm de diamètre (Ziemski & Scaps 2011). Le corps est cylindrique ; il n'est pas segmenté et la peau est très épaisse ; il est divisé en deux parties, la trompe (ou introvert) et le tronc mesurant respectivement environ 1/4 et 3/4 de la longueur de l'animal. L'appareil buccal consiste en une trompe dévaginable ; la couronne tentaculaire comporte au-moins une douzaine de lobes ; elle a très vaguement la forme d'un fer à cheval ; les deux lobes dorsaux sont un peu plus grands que les autres, rentrant légèrement en dedans ; il n'y a pas de crochets mais de simples villosités sur la trompe excertile où s'ouvre la bouche (Delphy 1935). L'anus s'ouvre dorsalement au milieu du dos. La surface du corps est parcourue de sillons longitudinaux et transversaux dessinant sur le tégument externe une sorte de quadrillage ou de "carrelage" (Delphy 1935 ; Hayward & al. 1998) non visible chez les jeunes de moins de 35 mm (Marine Species Identification Portal 2015). Il n'y a pas de dimorphisme sexuel. Pour l'anatomie, consulter SeaLifeBase (2015) et Marine Species Identification Portal (2015). Sur le vivant, la couleur des petits spécimens est iridesente et rosâtre ; chez les gros spécimens, le corps est plutôt beige, rougeâtre, brunâtre ou grisâtre, avec les extrémités plus claires (Hayward & al. 1998 ; Ziemski & Scaps 2011 ; SeaLifeBase 2015). Sipunculus norvegicus Danielssen, 1869 est une espèce d'eaux froides très proche mais qui vit en profondeur ; elle est également cosmopolite ; certains signalements de Sipunculus nudus en profondeur correspondent peut- être à cette espèce. Biologie. Par contraction, l'animal peut réduire sa longueur de moitié ; il devient alors très ferme. Au niveau alimentation, ce ver est un détritivore / dépositivore de sub-surface (Bakalem 2008) qui absorbe du sédiment d'où il puise des particules organiques (Coudre 2015) ; il se nourrit principalement la nuit (GBIF 2015). L'espèce est gonochorique, les larves trochophores sont planctoniques. Sipunculus nudus est parasité par les copépodes cyclopoïdes Myzomolgus tenuis Kim, 2001 (Kim 2001), Myzomolgus stupendus Bocquet et Stock 1957, Catinia plana Bocquet & Stock 1957 (Bocquet & Stock 1957), et Myzomolgus sipunculensis Kihara, Björnberg & Kawauchi, 2007 (Kihara & al. 2007). L'espèce compte certains poissons comme prédateurs : le sar commun Diplodus sargus (SeaLifeBase 2015), bars, lieus, daurades, sars et ombrines (Ziemski & Scaps 2011). Ecologie. Sipunculus nudus est l'espèce la plus commune du genre Sipunculus. Cette espèce marine vit enfouie dans le sable fin des plages ou le sable vaseux (Cabioch & al. 1968), dans les mattes de Posidonia oceanica (Bourcier & Willsie 1986), le coralligène (Casellato & Stefanon 2008 ; Coudre 2015), et dans les fissures des rochers (SeaLifeBase 2015). Elle se rencontre le plus souvent à faible profondeur (Delphy 1935) mais elle a été trouvée jusqu'à -700 m (Marine Species Identification Portal 2015), -900 m (Ziemski & Scaps 2011 ; GBIF 2015) ou - 2275 m (SeaLifeBase 2015). Distribution. Le ver cacahuète est souvent considéré comme une espèce à distribution cosmopolite tropicale et tempérée (GBIF 2015 ; OBIS 2015 ; SeaLifeBase 2015 ; WoRMS 2015) mais des études récentes semblent indiquer qu'il pourrait s'agir de plusieurs espèces très proches (Kawauchi & Giribet 2014). L'espèce a été signalée sur toutes les côtes de France métropolitaine (Cuénot 1922 ; Delphy 1935) et plus précisément dans les sites suivants : Baie de Seine (Jourde & al. 2012), Côtes d'Armor (Ziemski & Scaps 2011 ; Nature22 2015), Roscoff (de Beauchamp 1914 ; Cabioch & al. 1968), Concarneau (Mwinyi & al. 2009), Quiberon (Ehrhold & al. 2010), Golfe de Gascogne (Martin 2010), Charente-maritime (de Montaudouin & Sauriau 2000), Arcachon (Ziemski & Scaps 2011), Catalogne & région de Banyuls (Centelles 1979 ; Carlier & al. 2007), Hérault (Ziemski & Scaps 2011), étang de Thau (Guélorget 1994), Marseille (Bourcier & Willsie 1986), Provence-Côte d'Azur (Fredj 1974 ; Coudre 2015) et Corse (Ziemski & Scaps 2011). En Méditerranée, l'espèce est aussi connue d'Italie : Naples (Delle Chiaje 1823) et Sicile (Rafinesque 1814), d'Adriatique (Casellato & Stefanon 2008), d'Algérie (Bakalem 2008) et du bassin est-méditerranéen (Murina & al. 1999 ; Pancucci-Papadopoulou & al. 1999). Dans l'Atlantique, elle a été signalée des localisations suivantes : Nord de l'Europe (Hayward & Ryland 1990), Scandinavie (Hansson 1998), Irlande (Marine Species Identification Portal 2015), îles britanniques (Plymouth Marine Fauna 1957 ; Gibbs 2001), Cuba et zone caraïbe (Murina 1967a, 1967b ; Schulze & Rice 2004.), Brésil (Kihara & al. 2007), Sénégal (SeaLifeBase 2015) et Atlantique sud (Stephen 1966). Dans l'indo-pacifique, elle est connue des localisations suivantes : Comores (SeaLifeBase 2015), Mayotte (Gout 1991 ; INPN 2015), Viet- Nam (Murina 1989), Hong-Kong (Shin & Thompson 1982 ; Manning & Morton 1987), Chine (Chen & Yeh 3 1958 ; Pagola-Carte & Saiz-Salinas 1996 ; Pagola-Carte & Saiz-Salinas 2000), Corée (Kim 2001), Australie (Australian Biological Resources Study 2000) et Nouvelle Zélande (Cutler & al. 2004). Menaces et mesures de conservation Cette espèce ne semble pas particulièrement menacée. Elle a fait l'objet de diverses études scientifiques en physiologie, biologie et biochimie (Jourdan 1891 ; Cutler 1994). Elle est bien connue des pêcheurs sous le nom de "bibi" et elle est très prisée en raison de sa consistance musculeuse et charnue (Ziemski & Scaps 2011 ; Coudre 2015). Dans le sud de la Chine, cette espèce est pêchée, vidée, séchée et cuisinée de différentes façons (Ziemski & Scaps 2011). En Méditerranée, elle est considérée comme destructrice du coralligène (Coudre 2015). Listes rouges [Mondiale = M / France métropolitaine = FM] Législation - réglementation - directives M = non évalué / FM = non évalué Aucune disposition réglementaire spécifique Sources documentaires Australian Biological Resources Study 2015. Australian Faunal Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/index.html. Consulté le 19 avril 2015. Bakalem A., 2008. Les
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