EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block ______
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT & RISK ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR EXPLORATORY DRILLING OF 22 WELLS (ONSHORE) IN RAMANATHAPURAM PML, RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT TAMILNADU
EIA Report
Prepared for:
ONGC
Prepared by:
SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd.
July, 2016
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Declaration by Experts contributing to the EIA “Environmental impact assessment & risk assessment report for Exploratory drilling of 22 wells (onshore) in Ramanathapuram PML, Ramanathapuram district Tamil Nadu
I, hereby, certify that I was a part of the EIA team in the following capacity that developed the above EIA.
EIA coordinator: In House
Name: Debanjan Bandopadhaya (Oct-14- March 2015) and Mangesh Dakhore March 2015- December 2015.
At Present, Mr. Sunil Gupta is Empanelled EC for this project (since February 2016)
Signature and Date:
Period of involvement: Bandopadhaya (Oct-14- March 2015) and Mangesh Dakhore March 2015- December 2015.
At Present, Mr. Sunil Gupta is Empanelled EC for this project (since February 2016)
Name: Shubhangi (Acted as a Team Member and assisted EIA Coordinator)
Signature and Date:
Period of involvement: Oct-14- March 2015
Contact information:
Functional area experts:
Involvement Name of the S. No. Functional areas (period and Signature and date expert/s task**)
Oct’14 – Dec ‘15 Site visit, supervising the baseline 1 AP* Mangesh Dakhore monitoring, preparing the Impact analysis and prepared the EMP Oct’14 – Dec’ 15 2 WP* Mangesh Dakhore Site visit, Selection of sampling locations,
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Involvement Name of the S. No. Functional areas (period and Signature and date expert/s task**)
Impact analysis, Preparing the EMP against possible water Pollution aspects; Tendering technical support to other Junior EIA personnel in WP section.
Oct’14 – Dec ’15. Site visit, Impact 3 SHW* Mangesh Dakhore analysis, Preparing the EMP to mitigate SHW aspects Oct’14 – contg.. Site visit, stakeholder meeting, need based analysis, baseline section preparation, 4 SE* Rajani Iyer possible impact assessment and management and CSR plan.
Oct’14- Feb 15 Site visit and baseline Abhishek Roy 5 EB E&B primary data Goswami collection, analysis, EMP. Oct ’14- Done the baseline analysis which was vetted by EB Sanjukta Sarkar the FAE and also learnt a few lessons on E&B aspects.
6 HG* -----
7 GEO*
Site visit, Impact analysis, Preparing V.V. 8 SC* the EMP to mitigate Subbarao SC aspects from the proposed project
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Involvement Name of the S. No. Functional areas (period and Signature and date expert/s task**)
Oct’14 – March’15 Site visit and selection 9 AQ* Debanjan of sampling sites, Bandopadhaya ISCST3 modelling,
Impact assessment and EMP Oct’14 – Oct’15. , run the ISCST3 modelling under
supervision of Mr. AQ Girish Shukla ( as Debanjan and also team Member in AQ) wrote the section which was reviewed by Debanjan. Debanjan Oct ’14 – March ‘15 10 NV* Bandyopadhyay
Debanjan Oct ’14 – March ‘15 11 LU* Bandyopadhyay
Oct’14 – Oct ‘15 Girish Shukla ( as a LU team member in LU)
Oct’ 14– Dec’ 15, Site visit, analysing the possible Impacts, Preparing the EMP against possible RH aspects; Tendering 12 RH* Mangesh Dakhore guidance to Junior EIA
personnel in RH section, so that she could developed as an RH personnel.
*One TM against each FAE may be shown **Please attach additional sheet if required
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S. Functional Area Code Complete name of the Functional Areas No. Water Pollution Prevention, Control & Prediction of 1 WP Impacts 2 SHW Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Management 3 EB Ecology and Biodiversity 4 RH Risk Assessment & Hazard Management 5 SE Socio Economics 6 AQ Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling & Predication 7 LU Landuse 8 AQ Air Pollution Monitoring, Prevention & Control
Declaration by the Head of the Accredited Consultant Organization
I, Mainak Hazra, hereby, confirm that the above mentioned experts prepared the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for EIA & EC for O&G Exploration Project, Ramnathpuram Block, Tamilnadu, India. I also confirm that I shall be fully accountable for any mis-leading information mentioned in this statement.
Signature: Name: Mr. Mainak Hazra Designation: Director Name of the EIA Consultant Organization: SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. NABET Certificate No. NABET/EIA/RA016/040
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QCI Accreditation Certificate – SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd.
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Abbreviation
ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable BIS Bureau of Indian Standards BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BOP Blow out Preventor Cd Cadmium CGWB Central Ground Water Board COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board Cr Chromium CSR Corporate Social Responsibility Cu Copper DFO Divisional Forest Officer DG Diesel Generator DGH Directorate General of Hydrocarbons DMP Disaster Management Plan DO Dissolved Oxygen EC Environmental Clearance ECO Environment Compliance Officer EGIG European Gas Incident Group EGIG European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMC Environment Management Cell EMP Environment Management Plan EPIs Environmental Performance Indicators EQIs Environmental Quality Indicators ERT Emergency Response Team ERT Emergency Response Team ESDs Emergency Shut Down ETP Effluent Treatment Plant FC Forest Clearance GGS Gas Compressor Station GGS Group Gathering Station GLC Ground Level Concentrations GoI Government of India HC Hydrocarbon
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HFL High Flood Level HDD Horizontal Directional Drilling HDPE High Density Polyethylene HSD High Speed Diesel HSE Health, Safety and Environmental ITOPF International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources KLD Kilo Liter per Day KW Kilo Watt LEL Lower Explosive Limits LFL Lower Flammability Limit LOC Level of Concern LOC Level of Concern MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MSDS Materials Safety Data Sheets NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NABET National Accreditation Board for Education and Training NABL National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories NELP New Licensing Policy NH National Highway NIHL Noise Induced Hearing Loss NOx Oxides of Nitrogen NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency O&G Oil & Gas OCS Oil Collection Station OGP Oil and Gas Producers JOGPL Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited OREDA Offshore Reliability Data OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration Pb Lead PEL Petroleum Exploration License PM Particulate Matter PMP Petroleum & Mineral Pipelines PPAP Pollution Prevention and Abatement Plan PPE Personnel Protective Equipments PSC Production Sharing Contract PUCC Pollution Under Control Certificate
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QCI Quality Council of India QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment RADD Risk Assessment Data Directory RF Reserved Forest RFCC Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracking SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SO2 Sulphur Dioxide SOPs Safe Operating Procedures SPCB State Pollution Control Board SPL Sound Pressure Level SWMP Storm Water Management Plan TDS Total Dissolved Solid TDS Total Dissolved Solids TG Tea Garden TSS Total Suspended Solids UEL Upper Explosive Limits UKOPA UK Onshore Pipeline Operators Association VOC Volatile Organic Compound WBM Water Based Mud WLS Wild Life Sanctuary WMP Waste Management Plan
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...... 19 1 Introduction ...... 19 2 Project ...... 21 3 Project Activities...... 22 4 Project Cost ...... 22 5 Baseline Environment ...... 22
1 Introduction ...... 32 1.1 Background ...... 32 1.2 Objective of the study ...... 32 1.3 Scope of the study ...... 33 1.4 Structure of the EIA report...... 33 2 Description of the Project ...... 39 2.1 Overview ...... 39 2.2 Objectives and Benefits of Proposed Exploratory & Development Drilling Activities .. 2.3 Field Location & Description ...... 40 2.3.1 Location ...... 40 2.3.2 Accessibility...... 40 2.4 Ramanathapuram PML Area ...... 45 2.4.1 Environmental Settings of ONGC Onshore-PML Area ...... 45 2.4.2 Existing Activity in Gas Field...... 47
2.5 Well Locations and Environmental Settings...... 47 2.5.1 Location of Wells...... 47 2.5.2 Environmental Settings ...... 49 2.6 Alternative Analysis...... 52 2.7 Project Activities And Schedule ...... 54 2.7.1 Pre-drilling Activity ...... 55 2.7.2 Drilling Activity ...... 57 2.7.3 Well Decommissioning...... 61
2.8 Utilities & Resource Requirements ...... 62 2.8.1 Power Supply ...... 62 2.8.2 Water Consumption ...... 63 2.8.3 Waste water...... 63
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2.8.4 Fuel Consumption ...... 63 2.8.5 Chemical Storage ...... 65 2.8.6 Manpower / Employment...... 65 2.8.7 Noise and Vibrations...... 65 2.8.8 Air Emissions ...... 66
2.9 Drilling Hazards ...... 66 2.10 Project Cost ...... 67 2.11 HSE Policy ...... 67 3 Description of the Environment ...... 70 3.1 Physical Environment ...... 70 3.1.1 Climate & Meteorology ...... 70 3.1.2 Ambient Air Quality ...... 72 3.1.3 Ambient Noise Quality ...... 81 3.1.4 Physiography and Geology ...... 84 3.1.5 Hydrogeology...... 87 3.1.6 Ground Water Quality...... 88 3.1.7 Drainage ...... 95 3.1.8 Surface water quality ...... 98 3.1.9 Additional Surface Water Monitoring ...... 100 3.1.10 Land-Use ...... 102 3.1.11 Soil Quality ...... 104 3.1.12 Natural Hazards...... 106
3.2 Ecological Environment...... 108 3.2.1 Methodology ...... 108
3.3 Forest Resources ...... 109 3.4 Habitat ...... 109 3.4.1 Forest Habitat ...... 109 3.4.2 Inland Wetland Habitats...... 109 3.4.3 Coastal and Marine Habitat...... 109 3.5 Vegetation ...... 110 3.6 Wildlife Habitat & Wildlife ...... 110 3.6.1 Birds Sanctuary ...... 110 3.6.2 Gulf of Mannar...... 111
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3.7 Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park ...... 112 3.8 Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve ...... 112 3.9 Marine Ecosystem: Gulf of Mannar...... 113 3.9.1 Off Shore Islands and Coral Reefs...... 113 3.9.2 Mangrove ...... 115 3.9.3 Sea Grass & Sea-weed habitat ...... 116 3.9.4 Biodiversity Profile of Biosphere Reserve ...... 117 3.9.5 Planktons ...... 121 3.9.6 Agricultural Diversity ...... 124
3.10 Socioeconomic Environment ...... 124 3.10.1 Methodology ...... 124 3.10.2 General Socioeconomic Profile ...... 126 3.10.3 Demographic Profile ...... 126
4 Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 130 4.1 Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 130 4.1.1 Impact Criteria and Ranking ...... 130 4.1.2 Impact Significance...... 131
4.2 Impact Assessment...... 134 4.2.1 Visual Impacts & Aesthetics...... 134 4.2.2 Impacts on Air Quality...... 135 4.2.3 Impact on Noise Quality ...... 142 4.2.4 Potential Impact Transport and Traffic ...... 145 4.2.5 Potential Impact on Land Use ...... 145 4.2.6 Impact on Soil Quality ...... 145 4.2.7 Impact on Topography & Drainage ...... 147 4.2.8 Impact on Surface Water Quality...... 149 4.2.9 Impact on Hydrogeology & Ground Water Quality ...... 150 4.2.10 Impact on Biological Environment ...... 150 4.2.11 Impact on Socioeconomic Environment ...... 152 4.2.12 Impact on Occupational Health and Safety...... 154
5 Quantitative Risk Assessment...... 159 5.1 Objective of the QRA Study ...... 159 5.2 Risk Assessment Methodology ...... 160
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5.2.1 Hazard Identification...... 161 5.2.2 Frequency Analysis...... 162 5.2.3 Consequence Analysis ...... 163 5.2.4 Risk Evaluation ...... 165
5.3 Risk Assessment of Identified Project Hazards ...... 166 5.3.1 Blow Outs/Loss of Well Control ...... 166 5.3.2 Non-process fires/explosions ...... 177 5.3.3 Pipeline Failure ...... 178 Individual Risk ...... 187
5.4 Disaster Management Plan...... 188 5.4.1 Objective ...... 188 5.4.2 Purpose...... 189 5.4.3 Emergency Classification ...... 189 5.4.4 Level 1 - Emergency ...... 190 5.4.5 Level 2 - Emergency ...... 190 5.4.6 Level 3 - Emergency ...... 191 5.4.7 ONGC Emergency Response/Crisis Management Team ...... 191 5.4.8 Action Plan for Fire Fighting ...... 192
6 Environmental Management Plan & Monitoring Framework ...... 194 6.1 Environment Management Plans ...... 195 6.1.1 Pollution Prevention and Abatement Plan (PPAP) ...... 195 6.1.2 Waste Management Plan...... 200 6.1.3 Storm Water Management Plan ...... 203 6.1.4 Wildlife Management Plan ...... 203 6.1.5 Road Safety & Traffic Management Plan...... 205 6.1.6 Occupational Health & Safety Management Plan ...... 207 6.1.7 Management of Social Issues and Concerns...... 208 6.2 EMP Budget ...... 209 6.3 Environmental Monitoring Program ...... 213 7 Public Consultation ...... 217 8 Disclosure of Consultants ...... 219
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List of Tables
Table 1-1: Compliance to MoEF ToR ...... 34 Table 2-1: Details of Well Locations ...... 48 Table 2-2: Well Locations in CRZ area ...... 52 TAble -2.3: well located within 10 Km of therthangali bird sanctuary ...... 53 TAble -2.4: wells located in Ecological Sensitive Zone of sakkarkottai bird sanctuary ...... 53 Table -2.5: wells located within 10 km gulf of mannar national park ...... 53 Table 3-1: Details of AAQMS ...... 73 Table 3-2: Analytical / Measurement Methods ...... 73 Table 3-3: Ambient Air Quality Results - PreMonsoon ...... 76 Table 3-4: Ambient Air Quality Results – Post Monsoon ...... 78 Table 3-4: Ambient Air Quality Results – HC and VOC ...... 80 Table 3-5 Details of Noise Monitoring Locations ...... 81 Table 3-6: Ambient Noise Quality Results ...... 81 Table 3-7: Sampling Locations of Ground Water...... 90 Table 3-8: Groundwater monitoring Results ...... 92 Table 3-9: Sampling Location of Surface Water ...... 98 Table 3-10: Surface Water Quality Results ...... 99 Table 3-11: Additional Surface Water Monitoring Results ...... 100 Table 3-12: Details of Soil Monitoring Locations ...... 104 Table 3-13: Soil Analysis Results ...... 105 Table 3-14: Details of birds sanctuaries...... 110 Table 3-15: Plankton Profile of Marine Surface Water ...... 121 Table 3-16: Benthic Profile Of Sediment Sample ...... 123 Table 3-17:Biodiversity Index for Phytoplankton & Zooplankton...... 123 Table 3-18: List of the study area villages in the ONGC Field ...... 126 Table 4-1: Impact Prediction Criteria ...... 131 Table 4-2: Criteria based Significance of Impacts...... 132 Table 4-3: Impact Identification Matrix...... 133 Table 4-4: Input Parameters Considered for Monitoring...... 136 Table 4-5: Predicted GLCs for Air Pollutants ...... 137 Table 4-6: Construction Equipment Noise Levels ...... 142 Table 4-7: Drilling Rig & Equipment Noise Levels ...... 143 Table 4-8: Impact Significance Matrix (with mitigation) ...... 156 Table 5-1: Frequency Categories And Criteria ...... 162
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Table 5-2: Severity Categories and Criteria...... 163 Table 5-3: Risk Matrix ...... 165 Table 5-4: Risk Criteria and Action Requirements...... 166 Table 5-5: Blow Out Cause Distribution for Failures during Drilling Operations ...... 168 Table 5-6: Natural Gas Release Modeling Scenarios ...... 171 Table 5-7: Zone of Flammable Vapour Cloud – Natural Gas Release Scenarios ...... 175 Table 5-8: Frequency of Occurrence - Non-Process Fires...... 177 Table 5-9: Scenarios for QRA Study ...... 178 Table 5-10: Primary Gas Pipeline Failure Frequency...... 179 Table 5-12: Natural Gas Connectivity - Probability of Jet Fire ...... 181 Table 5-13: Pipeline Design Specifications ...... 182 Table 5-14: Threshold Values for each Effect Level ...... 182 Table 5-15: Threat Zone Distance for Hypothetical Risk Scenarios ...... 186 Table 5-16: Individual Risk – Pipeline Rupture ...... 188 Table 6-1: Tentative Budget for EMP Implementation ...... 209 Table 6-2: Environmental Management Matrix...... 210 Table 6-3: Proposed Monitoring Requirements of the Project ...... 214
List of Figures
Figure 2-1: Regional Setting Map of Ramanathapuram PML Area ...... 41 Figure 2-2: Ramanathapuram PML Field Location Map on Toposheet ...... 42 Figure 2-3: Ramanathapuram PML Field Location Map on Satellite Imagery ...... 43 Figure 2-4: Ramanathapuram PML Field Accessibility Map ...... 44 Figure 2-6: Typical Drilling Rig Configuration...... 59 Figure 2-7: Drilling Waste Management ...... 60 Figure 2-8: Typical Drilling Fluid Circulation System...... 61 Figure 2-9: Water Balance Diagram ...... 64 Figure 2-10: Typical Noise Emissions from Construction Machinery ...... 66 Figure 3-1: Wind Rose Diagram ...... 72 Figure 3-2: Location of Air, Noise, Meteorology Locations within the ONGC Field ...... 83 Figure 3-3: Topographic Map of ONGC Field ...... 86 Figure 3-4: Location of Groundwater, Surface Water and Soil Monitoring Locations within the ongc Field...... 94 Figure 3-5: Drainage Map within the Block ...... 97 Figure 3-6: Land Use Map within the ongc Field ...... 103
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Figure 3-7: Seismic Zone Map of India ...... 107 Figure 3-8: Gulf of Mannar...... 112 Figure 3.9: Ecological Sensitivity Map ...... 120 Figure 3.10: % of Sceduled caste population of the Villages of the study area ...... 129 Figure 3.11: literacy of the Villages falling in the study area...... 129 Figure 4-1: NO2 Plot (3x900 KW DG Set) ...... 138 Figure 4-2: PM Plot (3x900 KVA DG Set) ...... 139 Figure 4-3: SOx Plot (3x900 KVA DG Set) ...... 140 Figure 4-4: NOx Plot (Test Flaring) ...... 141 Figure 4-4: Noise Attenuation Plot ...... 144 Figure 5-1: Risk Assessment Methodology ...... 161 Figure 5-2: Ignition Probability Vs Release Rate ...... 170 Figure 5-3: Scenario I - Risk Contour Map ...... 173 Figure 5-4: Scenario II - Risk Contour Map ...... 174 Figure 5-5: Scenario III - Risk Contour Map...... 175 Figure 5-6: Scenario III (Worst Case) – Overpressure Risk Modeling Results ...... 176 Figure 5.6: Natural Gas Pipeline Failure – Distribution of Incident & Causes ...... 179 Figure 5.7: Threat Zone Plot for Jet Fire – 1” Dia Leak ...... 184 Figure 5.8: Threat Zone Plot for Jet Fire - 4” Pipeline Rupture ...... 185 VCE Modeling Results for Overpressure ...... 186 Figure 5.9: Tolerance Criteria For Individual Risks ...... 187 Figure 5-2: Emergency Classification “Decision Tree” ...... 190 Figure 5-3: Emergency Response Levels ...... 191
List of Annexures
Annexure 1.1:Approved TOR by MOEF………………………………………………214
Annexure 3.1:Ambient air Quality Results…………………………………………….219
Annexure 3.2:Ambient Noise Quality Results………………………………………….227
Annexure 3.3: Metrological Data Monsoon-2014 ( July 30 th to September 3rd 2014)…………………………………………………………………………………….237
Annexure 3.4: Demographic Details ……………………………………………………270
Annexre 4-A:Flora&Fauna……………………………...... …...278
Annexre 4-B:Phytosociological study…………………...... 288
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Annexure 5: Public hearing notice……………………………………………………….303
Annexure 6: Public hearing minutes of meeting………………………………………....306
Annexure 7: Coastal zone minutes of meeting………………………………………...... 327
Annexure 8: Application of Wild life clearance……………………………………….....330
Annexure 9: Nabet Certficate ………………………………………………………....332
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 Introduction
The Ramanathapuram PML block of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is located in Ramanathapuram District of Tamilnadu. ONGC is proposing to drill 22 wells in the district. The Ramanathapuram PML block is located in Ramnad sub-basin which is in the southern part of Cauvery Basin.
The exploratory and testing of hydrocarbons proposed in Ramanathapuram PML block is included under activities specified in Schedule (Activity 1b) of the new EIA Notification dated 14th September 2006. It requires Environmental Clearance (EC) from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).
ONGC had submitted Form-1 of the EIA Notification, along with a Draft Terms of Reference (ToR) for EIA study to MoEF. MoEF has issued approved ToR vide letter dated 5th November 2013F. No. J-11011/207/2013- IA II (I). TOR compliance is included in the EIA report as Table 1.1. Details of well locations finalized by ONGC after alternative analysis and geophysical studies is given in the following Table 1. The finalized locations fall in the same taluka.
TABLE 1: DETAILS OF WELL LOCATIONS S.N Well District/T Village Latitude Longitude Survey No. o No aluka Name 1 W1 Tiruppullan 9°16'41.67"N 78°49'7.38"E 236 i 2 W2 Periyapatta 9°16'40.92"N 78°54'27.78" 26 nam E
3 W3* Reghunatha 9°18'32.3"N 78°54'52.1"E 61/1C * puram 4 W4* Panaikulam 9°22'4.8"N 78°56'12.4"E 81/1D
5 W5 Kalari 9°17'28.10"N 78°47'16.90" 6 E
6 W6 Ramanat Pullandai 9°14'37.67"N 78°43'27.85" 3 hpuram E
7 W7* Kalari 9°17'21.03"N 78°47'3.10"E 335/2B *
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8 W8* Puthendhal 9°20'57.81"N 78°47'32.46" 208/1B * E
9 W9 Tiruppullan 9°18'34.43"N 78°47'48.74" 24 i E
10 W10 Utttarakosa 9°18'44.24"N 78°44'24.88" 121/122 magai E
11 W11 Achadipira 9°18'55.57"N 78°49'49.55" 125 mbu E
12 W12 Pattanamka 9°20'14.98"N 78°52'24.98" 375 ttan E
13 W13 Pattanamka 9°21'16.79"N 78°52'3.12"E 150 ttan 14 W14 Palangulam 9°24'17.54"N 78°52'7.16"E 103/104 ** 15 W15 Chittarakott 9°27'02.00"N 78°53'43.10" 180/1A5 * ai E
16 W16 Devipattina 9°27'10.58"N 78°53'1.76"E 333 m 17 W17 Perunayal 9°28'25.26"N 78°51'41.43" 414 E
18 W18 Attiyuttu 9°24'39.49"N 78°55'19.31" 221/222 E
19 W19 Athangarai 9°19'33.0"N 78°58'34.70" 113/2B * E
20 W20 Kil 9°18'46.69"N 78°59'31.12" 127/6A2 * Nagachi E
21 W21 Pirappanval 9°18'12.80"N 79° 2'32.9"E 107/2A * asai 22 W22 Sattakonval 9°17'23.2"N 79°0 4'16.7"E 150/2B asai Note:
Well locations marked with (*) are the updated locations. The previous locations were within the CRZ area. These updated locations (after alternative analysis) are now outside of CRZ area and does not require CRZ clearance. Well locations marked with (**) are the locations updated on the basis of findings from geological studies
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The awarded block falls within 10 km radius of wildlife sanctuaries, marine national park and biosphere reserve. Most of the well location identified in the awarded block falls in the 10 km radius of Therthangali and Sakkarkottai Bird Sanctuary, Gulf of Mannar Marine National park and Biosphere Reserve. The drilling locations identified on the basis of updated geological study findings were assessed with reference of CRZ area and ecological sensitivity by superimposing the well lcoations on CRZ and ecological sensitivity maps and it was observed that some of the well locations fall within 10 km radius of Wildlife Sanctuary, Marine National Park and Biosphere Reserve. However, based on the analysis, no wells falls within the CRZ area therefore CRZ clearance is not requried. Application for wild life clearance is already filed by ONGC on 21.08.2015 to the Chief Wildlife Warden, Gulf of Mannar Park, Ramnathpuram District, Tamilnadu.
2 Project Location
The Ramanathapuram PML area of ONGC covers approximately 493.21 sq. km area and is located in Ramanathapuram district of Tamilnadu. Proposed to drill 22 wells in the block area. The geographic location of the Ramanathapuram PML area is included within the Survey of India’s Topo- Sheet Nos. 58 K/11, 58 K/12, 58 K/15, 58 K/16, 58 O/3.
Accessibility
Roads Ramanathapuram PML area can be reached by NH 49 & NH 210 which connects Ramanathapuram through Madurai and Trichy cities from the state capital Chennai. The entire portion of the Field can be accessed by these National Highways which branches off to Periyapattanam, Thirupullani and Ervadi by PWD roads. Main settlements, industries and educational institutions within the field can also be accessed by PWD roads. However, small villages; remote areas, can be accessed by ‘kutcha’ roads.
Railway Ramanathapuram is the major railway station within the field and is located at the Chennai- Rameshwaram line of Southern railway.
Airport
The nearest airport to the Ramanathapuram PML area is located at Madurai, which is approximately 210 km from Ramanathapuram.
SENES/H-20084/July 2016 21 ONGC EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block ______3 Project Activities
The lifecycle of project activities for the exploration project has been divided into distinct steps and each is described in detail in the subsequent sections and will take approximately three months to complete drilling and testing activity at each well site.
The project lifecycle has been classified into three phases:
Pre-drilling activity Site selection Land acquisition Site access road and drill site construction Pre-drilling activities, mobilization and Rigging up Initial well construction
Drilling activity Drilling of wells Well testing
Well decommissioning
Well abandonment Site closure and decommissioning Site Restoration
4 Project Cost The anticipated cost of drilling of each well (which stacking of the location, land acquisition, site preparation and drilling activity works out to Rs.20.00 crores for one well and the total project cost is Rs.440Crores.
5 Baseline Environment Attributes of the physical environment like air, water, soil, and noise quality in the surrounding area were assessed primarily through monitoring and analysis of samples collected from field. Air, noise, water and soil primary monitoring was carried out by Vitro Labs Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad (MOEF certified laboratory). All monitoring at field were undertaken under the guidance and supervision of SENES personnel during premonsoon period 30th July- 3rd September 2014
Climate
The block falls under the tropical climate zone.The district characterize a Tropical climate. The period from May to June is generally hot and dry. The weather is pleasant during the period from December to January. Usually mornings are more humid than afternoons. The relative
SENES/H-20084/July 2016 22 ONGC EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block ______humidity is on an average between 79 and 84%. The mean minimum temperature is 25.7°C and mean maximum daily temperature is 30.6°C respectively (Source: CGWB Annual report 2009).
Primary meteorological monitoring conducted at Regunathapuram village within the block the temperature profile, rainfall pattern relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction of the region have been discussed below.
Wind Speed and Wind Direction
The wind speed and wind direction of an area influences the dispersal of pollutants from a point and non point sources. As the proposed drilling and testing activities involve the operation of both point (DG sets) and non point pollutant emissions sources, analysis of wind speed and direction data is considered important for predicting the air quality impacts based on pollutant dispersion. Meteorological monitoring weather station was placed at Regunathapuram village.
Interpretation of Primary Baseline Data
Hourly micro-meteorological data collected during primary monitoring has been analyzed to generate the monsoon wind rose. The predominant wind direction was observed to be from West for the study period. The average wind speed for the months was 4.12 m/s. The wind speed was observed primarily in the range 0.67 – 12.2 m/s for the monitoring period. The calm frequency was recorded as 5.2 %
Ambient Air Quality
Ambient air quality monitoring was conducted at 8 representative locations within the block for 24 hours a day twice a week for paramaters PM10, PM2.5, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen di oxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide (CO) and HC & VOC during the premonsoon period of the year 2014. Ambient air quality of Ramanathapuram, is found to be within the limits prescribed by CPCB for residential area and represent rural environments with slight dust at kutcha roads.
Air Quality Results
Particulate Matter (PM10): The average concentration of 24 hourly PM10 at all the monitoring 3 locations ranged between 35-57 μg/m . 98 percentile PM10 values of the stations ranged 3 between 42.8-56.6 μg/m . The average as well as 98 percentile PM10 concentrations were observed to be in compliance to the NAAQS (100 μg/m3) at all air quality monitoring locations.
Particulate Matter (PM 2.5): The average PM 2.5 concentration monitored at all the monitoring stations exist within the range of 18-27 μg/m3. The concentration of PM2.5 is also in compliance with the NAAQ standard of 60 μg/m3.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): The average value of NO2 concentration is found within the range of 9-16 μg/m3 at all the monitoring locations. The monitored concentration of NO2 complies with the NAAQS (80 μg/m3) specified for nitrogen dioxide.
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Sulfur dioxide (SO2): The average Sulfur dioxide concentration values at all the monitoring locations is observed in the range of 6-13 μg/m3 , which is well within the NAAQS (80 μg/m3 ) limits specified for nitrogen dioxide.
The concentration of CO, MHC and NMHC observed within the range of 1.0-1.2 mg/m3, 1.51- 1.69 ppm and 0.43-0.58 ppm. Concentration of VOCs were found as below detectable limit (BDL).
Ambient Noise Level
The ambient noise monitoring was conducted at 10 locations within the block. Noise stations were selected near to the proposed well locations and settlements to understand the baseline noise levels that could be impacted upon by the proposed drilling activities at the field during the period from 1st August 2014 to 17th August 2014.
The results of the noise monitoring indicates that daytime noise levels are in the range of 44 – 54.2 dB(A) and fall within the NAAQS limit i.e. 55 dB(A) prescribed for the residential landuse, at all the monitoring locations. The night time noise level 31.8 – 50.8 dB (A) is observed as higher than the NAAQS limit of 45 dB(A) at three locations. This higher level of noise may be attributed to ongoing traffic activities in the study area and high wind speed due to sea shore region.
Ground Water Quality
Ground Water Sampling Points
A total of 6 nos. ground water samples were collected from shallow tube wells of the study area prospect zone villages comprising of Enmanamkondan, Raghunathapuram, Periyapattanam, Kilakkarai, Ervadi and Tirupalani. Samples were analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological parameters and results compared with IS: 10500 drinking water standards to identify and interpret any deviation in the statutory limits set for parameters under this standard.
Interpretation of Ground Water Quality Results
Turbidity
Turbidity values for range between 2.80 to 6.00 ground water.
Chlorides and Total Dissolved Solids
With respect to IS: 10500 standards the desirable limit of chloride is 250 mg/l while the permissible limit of the said parameter (in absence of alternate source) is 1000 mg/l. The chloride concentration in the ground water samples of the study area range between 199-425 mg/l.
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The TDS values for the ground water samples analyzed varies in the range of 1001 mg/l to 1496 mg/l thereby conforming to the exceeding desirable limit of this ground water parameter.
Total Hardness
Total hardness values for the ground water samples analyzed ranged between 344 mg/l to 672 mg/l and were found to be exceeding standard of 300 mg/l specified under IS: 10500.
Iron and Fluoride
Iron concentration of ground water samples collected range 0.01 to 0.07 were found within the desirable limit of IS: 10500 Standard.
Heavy Metals
The presence of heavy metals like mercury (< 0.001 mg/l), arsenic (< 0.01 mg/l), copper (< 0.02 mg/l), lead (<0.005 mg/l), hexavalent chromium (<0.05 mg/l) and cadmium (< 0.002 mg/l), in the ground water samples of all the six sources were found to be below detection limits.
Coliforms
Total Coliform is analysed by Four plate method & Incubation Method as per IS:15185 - 2002. Fecal Coliform is measured is analysed by Four plate method & Incubation Method as per IS:15185 – 2002 method.
Surface water quality
Surface Water Sampling Points Surface water samples were collected from all major water channels of the study area i.e. Vagai river(Upstream & Downstream), Water body in periyapattanam, Water body/river near Kanjirangudi, Water body near Sattakonvalasai to get an overview of the surface water quality of the study area
Interpretation of Surface Water Quality Results
The pH of the surface water samples varied from 7.4-7.9. The total coliform count of the surface water samples range between 15 to 35 MPN/100ml. The presence of contaminants in the form of oil and grease and heavy metals viz. lead, iron, arsenic, chromium and mercury in the surface waters of all sources were found to be negligible. The toxic organic component, phenol, was also found be below detectable limit (<0.001 mg/l) in all the surface water samples
Soil Quality
Primary Soil Sampling and Analysis
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The soil characteristics within the study area, especially the physical quality and fertility of the soil have been characterized by analyzing the soil samples collected from 5 locations namely, Panaikkulam, Enmanamkondan, Sattakonvalasai, Raghunathapuram, Ervadi. Primary soil monitoring includes analysis of the heavy metals with the objective of establishing baseline values for such contaminants.
Interpretation of Soil Analysis Results
It has been observed that the pH of the soil in the study area ranged from 6.7 to 7.7 the maximum pH value of 7.7 was observed at village (Eravadi), where as the minimum value of 6.7 was observed at Village (Panikulam). The electrical conductivity was observed to be in the range of 143 µmhos/cm to 334 µmhos/cm, with the maximum observed at village (Eravadi) and minimum observed in Village (Regunathapuram). The nitrogen values range between 32.2-177 kg/ha. The nitrogen content in the study area falls in very less to better category. The phosphorus values range between 2.3 to 66.7 kg/ha, indicating that the phosphorus content in the study area falls in very less to sufficient category. The potassium values range between 111.6 – 267.3 kg/ha. The potassium content in the study area falls in less to more than sufficient category. The chlorides were found to be in the range of 70.9– 301.3 mg/kg of soil.
Ecological Environment
The Ramanathapuram district is rich in biodiversity and has a number of sensitive ecosystems comprising both terrestrial and coastal & marine components. In the study area important wildlife habitat is Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park(GMMNP), Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve and Sakkarkotai Bird Sanctuary. Some of the well locations in awarded block falls within 10km buffer zone of Gulf of Mannar Reserve and Sakkarkotai Bird Sanctuary.
Socioeconomic Environment
Stakeholders Identification The local communities which would primarily be affected were identified based on the location of the tentative exploratory and drilling operations as proposed by ONGC. The villages were selected within 1-2 km radius of the proposed well location considering the fact that there might be potential impacts on the socio-economic-cultural and environment of the local communities residing in these villages.
Consultations The stakeholder analysis was followed by discussions with some of the key stakeholders to identify their dependence on the affected or shared resources, the extent of impact on them and measure, which will be undertaken to mitigate these impacts.
Issues like land and resource damage, social disturbance, severance and increased congestion, noise and air pollution, employment opportunities, need for development of basic
SENES/H-20084/July 2016 26 ONGC EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block ______infrastructure, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities in the surrounding villages were discussed during the consultations so that they can be adequately addressed through the environment management plans. The consultations also helped in developing preliminary understanding of the requirement of social development initiatives, which are required in the project village and may be undertaken as part of the ONGC’s CSR activity.
Action plan ONGC has a CSR Policy. Based on the local area of project, CSR interventions will be finalized by ONGC. During consultation two key areas for CSR interventions identified were drinking water and educational services beyond primary school in some of the villages.
In terms of CSR interventions key concerns for some of the villages are with respect to drinking water and education facilities for middle/secondary and further educational services. Currently the education opportunities within the village are only till the primary school. For further studies opportunities are available only at Ramanathapuram which is far from the villages. While transport facilities are available these are not convenient for the students and the costs are high for families sending their children to school. Villages adjacent to the coast have salt water ingress due to which there is less availability of drinking water.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
The potential impacts of the project on different components of the environment was systematically identified and evaluated for significance. The principal concerns that emerged are:
Impact on air Quality
Development of drill sites and approach roads, operation of DG sets, movement of vehicles and machineries during construction and drilling at drill sites will result in the generation of air pollutants viz. PM, NO2 and SO2 which will affect the ambient air quality. Air pollutants like NO2 will also be generated as a result of flaring of natural gas.
Impact on Noise Quality
Operation of heavy machinery/equipments and vehicular movement during site preparatory, road strengthening/construction activities may result in the generation of increased noise levels. Operational phase noise impacts are anticipated from operation of drilling rig and ancillary equipment viz. shale shakers, mud pumps and diesel generators.
Impact on Soil Quality
Stripping of top soil will affect the soil fertility of the well sites. Potential impact on soil quality may result from storage and handling of fuel, lubricants and from storage and handling of drilling mud and drill cuttings.
Impact on Local Drainage & Physiography
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Well site preparation, sourcing of quarry material, widening/strengthening of access roads and restoration of well facilities would potential impact on drainage and topography. This might also lead to the flow of untreated waste water and excess rain water to the adjoining agricultural land thereby adversely impacting the fertility of the soil.
Impact on Biological Environment
Majority of the exploratory & development wells are located on agricultural land where there are no prominent vegetation except prosopis trees. Further, no wells are located in the coastal region which will prevent impact on vegetation in coastal area. Vegetation clearance (prosopis/palm trees) in an area of 2.2 ha will be required for wells located in 22 wells for construction of drill site.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Site-specific Environment Management Plans (EMP) has been developed to prevent and mitigate significant adverse impacts and accentuate beneficial impacts will be implemented by ONGC for the proposed project. The key mitigation measures specific for each management plan have been discussed in the Table below:
Environment Sl. Management Key Mitigation Measures No Plan 1 Pollution The top soil generated from site clearance activities will be Prevention and stored in designated area and stabilized to prevent fugitive Abatement Plan dust emissions. Preventive maintenance of DG sets to be undertaken. All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction will be subjected to preventive maintenance as per manufacturer norms. Installation of acoustic enclosures and mufflers on engine exhaust of DG sets to ensure compliance with generator noise limits specified by CPCB. Fuel and chemical storage areas will be paved and properly bunded. Run-off discharges to natural drainage channels/water bodies to conform to CPCB Inland Water Discharge Standards. Proper casing and cementing of drilling well will be done to prevent contamination of sub-surface aquifers. Water based mud to be used as a drilling fluid 2 Waste Use of low toxicity chemicals for the preparation of drilling Management Plan fluid. Storage of drill cuttings in impervious HDPE lined pits
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Environment Sl. Management Key Mitigation Measures No Plan Disposal of wash water will be achieved after necessary treatment to comply with the CPCB onshore effluent discharge standard for oil and gas industry. Necessary spill prevention measures viz. spill kit will be made available at the hazardous material storage area The hazardous waste (waste and used oil) will be managed in accordance with Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 Used batteries will be recycled through the vendors supplying lead acid batteries as required under the Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001. Recyclables will be periodically sold to local waste recyclers. 3 Road Safety & Project vehicular movement involved in sourcing and Traffic transportation of borrow material will be restricted to Management Plan defined access routes. Precautions will be taken to avoid damage to the public access routes including highways during vehicular movement. Clear signs, flagmen & signal will be set up at major traffic junctions and near sensitive receptors viz. primary schools in discussion with Gram Panchayat and local villagers. Movement of vehicles during night time will be restricted. Speed limits will be maintained by vehicles involved in transportation of raw material and drilling rig. Routine maintenance of project vehicles will be ensured to prevent any abnormal emissions and high noise generation. Adequate training on traffic and road safety operations will be imparted to the drivers of project vehicles. Road safety awareness programs will be organized in coordination with concerned authorities to sensitize target groups viz. school children, commuters on traffic safety rules and signage. 4 Occupational All machines to be used in the construction will conform to Health & Safety the relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be kept in Management Plan good working order, will be regularly inspected and properly maintained as per IS provisions and to the satisfaction of the site Engineer. Contractor workers involved in the handling of construction materials viz. borrow material, cement etc. will be provided with proper PPEs viz. safety boots, nose masks etc. No employee will be exposed to a noise level greater than 85 dB(A) for a duration of more than 8 hours per day.
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Environment Sl. Management Key Mitigation Measures No Plan Provision of ear plugs, ear muffs etc. and rotation of workers operating near high noise generating areas. All chemicals and hazardous materials storage container will be properly labeled and marked according to national and internationally recognized requirements and standards. Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) or equivalent data/information in an easily understood language must be readily available to exposed workers and first-aid personnel. The workplace must be equipped with fire detectors, alarm systems and fire-fighting equipments. Equipments shall be periodically inspected and maintained to keep good working condition. Adequate sanitation facilities will be provided onsite for the operational workforce both during construction and operational phase of the project. Training programs will be organized for the operational workforce regarding proper usage of PPEs, handling and storage of fuels and chemicals etc. Sensors and alarms to detect H2S will be installed at the project site and nearby area. further, breathing apparatus will be made available at the site 5 Management of People from adjoining areas especially given job preference Social issues and through local contractors according to the skill sets concerns possessed. ONGC will analys the needs in the area and implement Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Plan. During the drilling phase and for the rest of the project activities proper safety measures will be undertaken both for transportation as well as the other operations. The drill site would be fenced and gates would be constructed so that the children are refrained from straying into the site. 7 Emergency Drilling rig and related equipments to be used for Response Plan development drilling will be conformed to international standards specified for such equipment. Blow-out preventers and related well control equipment shall be installed, operated, maintained and tested generally in accordance with internationally recognized standards. Appropriate gas and leak detection system will be made available at each of the drilling location. Adequate fire-fighting equipment shall be provided at each drilling site
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The EMP has been designed with a flexibility so that it can be monitored and adapted to future changes in project design, scope, or the environment and be seamlessly integrated and implemented by ONGC.
Emissions from the proposed project will not degrade the ambient air quality of the surrounding areas. The impact on water, noise level, soil and land use is expected to be negligible. Impact on ecology, socio-economics, amenities and infrastructure of the study area is expected to be positive. All necessary pollution control measures would be invisaged for minimizing any impact foreseen due to the proposed project.
SENES/H-20084/July 2016 31 ONGC EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block ______1 Introduction
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Ramanathapuram PML block of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is located in Ramanathapuram District of Tamilnadu. ONGC is proposing to drill 22 exploratory wells in the district. The Ramanathapuram PML block is located in Ramnad sub-basin which is in the southern part of Cauvery Basin.
The exploratory and testing of hydrocarbons proposed in Ramanathapuram PML block is included under activities specified in Schedule (Activity 1b) of the new EIA Notification dated 14th September 2006.It requires Environmental Clearance (EC) from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).
ONGC had submitted Form-1 of the EIA Notification, along with a Draft Terms of Reference (ToR) for EIA study to MoEF. MoEF has issued approved ToR vide letter dated 5th November 2013, F. No. J-11011/207/2013- IA II (I). The approved ToR is attached as Annexure 1.1 and is in compliance to ToR is presented at Table 1.1.
The awarded block falls within 10 km radius of wildlife sanctuaries, marine national park and biosphere reserve. Most of the well location identified in the awarded block falls in the 10 km radius of Therthangali and Sakkarkottai Bird Sanctuary, Gulf of Mannar Marine National park and Biosphere Reserve. The drilling locations identified on the basis of updated geological study findings were assessed with reference of CRZ area and ecological sensitivity by superimposing the well lcoations on CRZ and ecological sensitivity maps and it was observed that some of the well locations fall within 10 km radius of Wildlife Sanctuary, Marine National Park and Biosphere Reserve. However, based on analysis, no wells falls within the CRZ area therefore CRZ clearance is not requried. Application for wild life clearance is already filed by ONGC on 21.08.2015 to the Chief Wildlife Warden, Gulf of Mannar Park, Ramnathpuram District, Tamilnadu. The locations of four wells are also updated by ONGC based on recent geological study findings. However, the updated locations are in the same village and Taluka. There is no change in the village and taluka level.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the EIA study are as follows:
Establish the prevailing baseline environmental and socio-economic condition of the Ramanathapuram PML block and its surroundings along with the compliance needs for environmental approvals to carry out exploratory, development and testing of hydrocarbons; Assess environmental and socioeconomic impacts arising out of the proposed exploratory and production testing activities;
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Assess impacts resulting from the proposed exploration project within the Ramanathapuram PML block; Conduct Risk Assessment study and propose disaster management plan Recommend appropriate preventive and mitigation measures to eliminate or minimize pollution, environmental & social disturbances during the life-cycle of the project, ensuring compliance with environmental laws and regulation applicable ; Integrate mitigative measures with existing ONGC’s environmental action plans and management systems so that they can be implemented, monitored and suitable corrective action can be taken in case of deviations; Identify and propose alternative actions in terms of technology and practices that may help in abating environmental or socio-economic impacts due to the project;
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The basic scope for this study involves conducting of an EIA study of about 3 months duration to understand the environmental and social impacts of the project and recommend suitable preventive / mitigative actions through the Environment Management Plan (EMP). The scope for the study finalized in close consultation with ONGC has been summarized below:
Understand the existing activities conducted by ONGC in the Field posing adverse impacts on environment and socioeconomic integrity of the area; Undertake site visits for collection of primary and secondary information on environmental and social setting in the Ramanathapuram PML block; Formulate primary environmental monitoring plan and supervision of the onsite monitoring program as per plan; Carry out public consultation and stakeholder analysis; Asses environmental and social impacts; and Conduct Risk Assessment study Formulate EMP and DMP.
1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE EIA REPORT
The EIA report documents the results and findings of the EIA study undertaken by SENES. Subsequent sections of the report present description of the project activities, environmental & social baseline scenario and the outcome of assessment of the impacts and risks that may arise during the lifecycle of the project. Subsequently, the environmental management plan involving mitigation measures that will help in mitigating negative and unacceptable environmental impacts has also been presented. The content of the report is structured as follows:
Executive Summary
Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Description of the Project
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Chapter 3: Description of the Environment Chapter 4: Impact Assessment Chapter 5 Risk Assessment Chapter 6 Environmental Management Plan & Monitoring Framework
TABLE 1-1: COMPLIANCE TO MOEF TOR
Sl. ToR Points Issued Addressed at EIA No The executive summary is included in 1. Executive summary of a project the EIA report Proposed project consist of drilling of 22 exploratory wells with an objective Project description, project to explore the potential of oil and gas 2. objectives and project benefits. reserves in the awarded block. The details of project and its benefits is given in section 2.2 Site details within 1 km of the each The site detail within 1 km of each well proposed well, any habitation, any is has been analyzed with the help of other installation/activity, flora and satellite image and site visit. Findings of fauna, approachability to site, other analysis is presented in the section 2.5.2 activities including agriculture/land, and 3.1.9 3. satellite imagery for 10 km area. All the geological details shall be mentioned in the Topo sheet of 1:40000 scale, superimposing the well locations and other structures of the projects. Copy of CRZ map prepared by one No wells fall under CRZ area of the agencies authorized by the MoEF for carrying out the CRZ 4. demarcation, on which the project boundary and facilities are superimposed. CRZ clearance/ recommendation Not applicable from State Coastal Zone 5. Management Authority, if applicable. Details of forest land involved in the Forest land is not involved in the 6. proposed project. A copy of forest proposed project. clearance letter, if applicable. Permission from the State Forest Application to obtain wildlife clearance Department regarding the impact of and Wildlife Management Plan has been the proposed plant on the submitted Chief Wildlife Warden on 7. surrounding National Park/Wild life 21.08.2015. Sanctuary/Reserve Forest/Eco sensitive area, if any. Approval
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Sl. ToR Points Issued Addressed at EIA No obtained from the State/Central Government under Forest (Conservation Act, 1980) for the forestland shall be submitted. Distance from nearby No Critically/Severely Polluted areas critically/severely polluted area as located in Ramanathapuram District. 8. per Notification dated 13th January, 2010, if applicable. Does proposal involves Rehabilitation and resettlement is not 9. rehabilitation and resettlement? If required. yes, details thereof. 10. Details of project cost. Total project cost is Rs. 440Crores Environmental considerations in the The environmental considerations such selection of the drilling locations for as location of sensitive ecological which environmental clearance is habitats, settlements, schools/ hospitals, being sought. Present any analysis water bodies, CRZ etc has been 11. suggested for minimizing the foot considered for selection of the well sites. print giving details of drilling and Details of site selection criterias have development options considered. been provided in Section 2.5.1.
Baseline data collection for air, The Baseline environmental data have water and soil for one season leaving been provided in Chapter 3 and detailed the monsoon season in an area of 10 data is provided as Annexure -3 12. km radius with centre of Oil Field as its centre covering the area of all proposed drilling wells. The topographic map is provided in (i) Topography of the project site. Figure 3.3 Ambient Air Quality monitored at 8 (ii) Ambient Air Quality locations and analysis is provided at monitoring at 8 locations for PM10, Section 3.1.2. Analysis result shows that SO2, NOx, VOCs, Methane and non- all the parameters of ambient air quality methane HC. is within the limit of NAAQS (iii) Soil sample analysis (physical Soil Quality monitored at 5 locations is and chemical properties) at the areas provided at Section 3.1.10 located at 5 locations. Groundwater and surface water quality (iv) Ground and surface water monitored at 6 and 5 locations quality in the vicinity of the respectively are provided at Sections proposed wells site. 3.1.6 and 3.1.8 (v) Climatology and Meteorology Climate and Meteorology of the project including wind speed, wind area is provided at Section 3.1.1and the
direction, temperature rainfall detailed results are presented at Annex relative humidity etc. 3.3 (vi) Measurement of Noise levels Ambient Noise Quality monitored at 10 within 1 km radius of the proposed near the proposed wells is provide at wells. Section 3.1.3
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Sl. ToR Points Issued Addressed at EIA No The land use of the Field is provided at (vii) Vegetation and land use; Section 3.1.9. The Land use map is Animal resources provided at Figure 3.5 Ambient air quality has been conducted to assess the increment GLC due to DG set operation and gaseous flaring. Incremental GLC as a result of DG 13. Analysis result is provided at Section set operation. 4.2.2 and it shows that there is no significant increase in GLC due to DG set operationa and gaseous flaring. Potential environmental impact Impact Assessment due to various phases envisages during various stages of of project on surrounding atmosphere is 14. project activities such as site done and presented in Chapter 4 of this activation, development, operation/ report maintenance and decommissioning. Actual source of water and Detailed water requirement, waste ‘Permission’ for the drawl of water generation and waste discharge for the 15. from the Competent Authority. proposed project has been estimated and Detailed water balance, waste water given in 2.8.2 generation and discharge. Impact on ambient noise has been assessed in details during the EIA study Noise abatement measures and and based on the assessment, noise measures to minimize disturbance 16. abatement measures has been provided due to light and visual intrusions in in Section 4.2.3 Impact on Noise Quality case coastally located. and Section 6.1.1 Pollution Prevention and Abatement Plan Refer Section 2.7.3 Waste water and Treatment and disposal of waste 17. Disposal and Section 6.1.2 Waste water. Management Plan Refer Section 2.7.3 Waste Streams and Treatment and disposal of solid 18. Disposal and Section 6.1.2 Waste waste generation. Management Plan Refer Section 2.7.5 Waste Streams and 19. Disposal of spent oil and loose. Disposal and Section 6.1.2 Waste Management Plan The chemicals for mud preparation would be stored at the drill site at a secluded site while Fuel will be stored at Storage of chemicals and diesel at 20. onsite storage facility as per Petroleum site. Rules, 2002 in a paved and bunded area. Refer Section 2.8.5 for Chemical storage and for Diesel storage Refer Section 2.6.2 Drilling Activity and Commitment for the use of WBM 21. for mud composition to be used at the only wells
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Sl. ToR Points Issued Addressed at EIA No Mud and cuttings disposal has been Mud make up and mud and cutting provided at Section 2.7.2 Solid and 22. disposal – all options considered Hazardous Waste Streams and Section shall be listed with selective option. 6.1.2 Waste Management plan Refer Section 2.8 Hazardous material Hazardous material usage, storage usage, storage accounting and disposal 23. accounting and disposal. and Section 6.1.2 Waste Management Plan Disposal of packaging waste from Refer Section 6.1.2 Waste Management 24. site. Plan Refer Section 2.8 Pollution Prevention and Abatement Plan for emergency plans Oil spill emergency plans in respect in case of oil spills. 25. of recovery/ reclamation. Oil spill emergency plans in case of a blow-out have been presented at Section 5.3.1 Natural gas produced from ONGC’s 26. H2S emissions control. existing producing Fields in the area is devoid of any H2S. Oil produced at the time of well testing 27. Produced oil handling and storage. operations will be collected in an Oil tanker and taken to the nearest OCS Details of scheme for oil collection Not applicable as this is exploratory 28. system along with process flow drilling project. diagram and its capacity. Details of control of air, water and Not applicable as this is exploratory 29. noise pollution in oil collection drilling project. system. Not applicable as this is exploratory Disposal of produced/formation 30. water. drilling project. Whether any burn pits being utilized Burn pits will not be utilized for 31. for well test operations. production test operations. Restoration and decommissioning Refer Section 2.7.3 Well plans which shall include mud pits Decommissioning 32. and wastage restoration also and documentation and monitoring of site recovery. Measures to protect ground water Refer Section 6.1.1 Pollution Prevention 33. and shallow aquifers from and Abatement Plans- Groundwater contamination. quality impacts Risk assessment and disaster Refer Chapter-5 for Quantitative Risk management plan for independent Assessment 34. reviews of well designed construction etc. for prevention of blow out.
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Sl. ToR Points Issued Addressed at EIA No Refer Chapter-6 Environment 35. Environmental management plan. Management Plan Documentary proof of membership None 36. of common disposal facilities, if any. Details of environmental and safety Refer Box 2.1 ONGC Corporate HSE related documentation within the Policy company including documentation Refer Box 6.1 ONGC Corporate and proposed occupational health Environment Policy 37. and safety Surveillance Safety Refer Section 6.1.6 Occupational Health Programme for all personnel at site. and Safety Management Plan This shall also include monitoring Environmental Monitoring Programme programme for the environmental. has been provided at Table 6.3 Total capital and recurring cost for Cost for environmental control measures 38. environmental control measures. have been provided at Table 6.2. A copy of Corporate Environment Refer Box 2.1 ONGC Corporate HSE Policy of the ONGC as per the Policy Ministry’s O.M. No. J- Refer Box 6.1 ONGC Corporate 39. 11013/41/2006-IA.II(I) dated 26th Environment Policy April, 2011 available on the Ministry’s website. Any litigation pending against the No litigation is pending against the project and or any direction/order project 40. passed by any court of law against the project. If so details thereof. Public hearing issues raised and Included in Chapter 7- Public commitments made by the project Consultation proponent on the same shall be 41. included separately in EIA/EMP Report in the form of tabular chart with financial budget for complying with the commitments made. A tabular chart with index for point- Provided 42. wise compliance of above TORs.
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2.1 OVERVIEW Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) obtained exploratory drilling PML lease for onshore in Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu under MoPNG, GOI, vide O.O F.No 12012/52/2003-ONG-II has approved Mining license for Ramanathapuram PML (493.21Sq.KM) for a period of seven years with effect from the date of grant by Government of Tamil Nadu. Application for grant of PML has been submitted to Government of Tamil Nadu.
In the present exploratory drilling plan ONGC is planning to drill 22 wells in Ramanathapuram PML area to determine more reserve and enhance production to meet the demand in the state.
2.2 OBJECTIVES AND BENEFITS OF PROPOSED EXPLORATORY & DEVELOPMENT DRILLING ACTIVITIES Based on detailed geological studies, 22 prospects have been identified in Ramanathapuram PML area to test the prospects of Nannilam, Bhuvanagiri and Andimadam formations.
Project Objectives Objectives of the proposed drilling activities are summarized below:
To drill and evaluate hydrocarbons’ prospects safely To drill and evaluate prospects minimum impacts on the environment To determine hydrocarbon potential of designated prospects To decide optimum locations of next few wells to be drilled based on geological models and Geotechnical investigations and Geological mapping.
Project Benefits The project will benefit people living in neighboring villages in relation to direct & indirect employment associated with various project activities and will boost the local economy.
The proposed project will also result in the improvement of existing road and/or bridge condition thereby enabling the transportation of drilling rig and ancillary equipment. Local economic development through contracts like vehicle supply, petty business.
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2.3 FIELD LOCATION & DESCRIPTION
2.3.1 Location The Ramanathapuram PML area of ONGC covers approximately 493.21 sq. km area and is located in Ramanathapuram district of Tamilnadu. Regional setting of the gas field is shown in Figure 2.1. The geographic location of the Ramanathapuram PML area is included within the Survey of India’s Topo- Sheet Nos. 58 K/11, 58 K/12, 58 K/15, 58 K/16, 58 O/3. The regional setting map, Ramanathapuram PML area location map superimposed on Toposheet and satellite imagery is shown in Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3 respectively.
2.3.2 Accessibility
Roads D Ramanathapuram PML area can be reached by NH 49 & NH 210 which connects Ramanathapuram through Madurai and Trichy cities from the state capital Chennai. The entire portion of the Field can be accessed by these National Highways which branches off to Periyapattanam, Thirupullani and Ervadi by PWD roads. Main settlements, industries and educational institutions within the field can also be accessed by PWD roads. However, small villages; remote areas, can be accessed by ‘kutcha’ roads.
Railway Ramanathapuram is the major railway station within the field and is located at the Chennai- Rameshwaram line of Southern railway.
Airport
The nearest airport to the Ramanathapuram PML area is located at Madurai, which is approximately 210 km from Ramanathapuram. The accessibility map is shown in Figure 2.4.
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FIGURE 2-1: REGIONAL SETTING MAP OF RAMANATHAPURAM PML AREA
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FIGURE 2-2: RAMANATHAPURAM PML FIELD LOCATION MAP ON TOPOSHEET
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FIGURE 2-3: RAMANATHAPURAM PML FIELD LOCATION MAP ON SATELLITE IMAGERY
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FIGURE 2-4: RAMANATHAPURAM PML FIELD ACCESSIBILITY MAP
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2.4 RAMANATHAPURAM PML AREA
2.4.1 Environmental Settings of ONGC Onshore-PML Area The onshore PML area is located in Ramanathapuram district of Tamilnadu and spreads over an area of about 493.21 sq. km. The block area is located in Kadaladi and Ramanathpuram Taluk of Ramanathapuram District. The key physical features of the area have been described below:
The block area is spread all over the district. The eastern boundary of the block area is aligned with the coast of Bay of Bengal. The block boundary gradually steps down from Ramanathapuram taluk towards the Southwest direction and ends near Idambadal village of Kadaladi taluk of the Ramanathapuram district. NH-49 & NH-210 coming from north direction lead to the well locations in the district. The southern boundary of the block area spread along the south coast from Ervadi to Sattakonavalasai of the district. The main drainage traversing through the block area is Vagai River coming from Paramkudi flows towards eastern side of the block and merges in to the sea at Atrangarai. Two back water streams, one is at Kanjirangudi another at Periyyapattanam, flows in southern side of the block. Irrigation here is mainly carried with tanks (rain fed), tube wells and dug wells. The entire district is dry throughout year; the district receives rain in retreat of monsoons, i.e., in September, October and November months.
Agricultural Lands with in the PML Block Sakkarkottai Bird Sanctuary with in the PML Block
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NH-49 at Devipatnam Road Vaigai River at Kil Nagachi
Prosopis within PML Block Palm Trees with in the PML Block
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2.4.2 Existing Activity in Gas Field The Ramanathapuram PML area has overlapping areas of other production fields of ONGC which is being operated for a long time. The main activities conducted by ONGC at the field are
Development and Production well drilling Production of gas from producing wells Transportation of gas to respective Gas Compressor Station (GCS) via. interconnecting pipelines
2.5 WELL LOCATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS
2.5.1 Location of Wells The proposed well sites are selected based on environmental considerations viz. location of sensitive ecological habitats, CRZ areas, settlements, schools/ hospitals, water bodies etc. Care had been taken to located wells sites distantly from these receptors. Alternative analysis had also been conducted to explore the well sites away from sensitive areas. However, some well’s locations falls within ecological sensitive zone or 10 km buffer area of Sanctuaries and National park. Application for wild life clearance is filed by ONGC dated 21.08.2015 to the Chief Wildlife Warden, Gulf of Mannar Park, Ramnathpuram District , Tamilnadu .
Details of well locations finalized after alternative analysis and geophysical studies is given in Table -2.1. After alternative analysis, no wells fall under the CRZ area as shown in Figure - 2.5. The wells which are proposed within the ecological sensitive zone/10 km buffer area have been applied for wild life clearance. The adequate environmental and safety measures will be adopted to minimize the footprint on ecological sensitive receptors. Primarily, agricultural lands have been identified for the drilling program and their survey numbers are given in Table-2.1. Total 22 exploratory wells are proposed in the Ramanathapuram PML area during the plan period. The well locations are shown in Figure 2.4.
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TABLE 2-1: DETAILS OF WELL LOCATIONS S.N Well District/Tal Village Name Latitude Longitude Survey o No uka No. 1 W1 Tiruppullani 9°16'41.67"N 78°49'7.38"E 236
2 W2 Periyapattana 9°16'40.92"N 78°54'27.78"E 26 m 3 W3** Reghunathapu 9°18'32.3"N 78°54'52.1"E 61/1C ram 4 W4* Panaikulam 9°22'4.8"N 78°56'12.4"E 81/1D
5 W5 Kalari 9°17'28.10"N 78°47'16.90"E 6
6 W6 Pullandai 9°14'37.67"N 78°43'27.85"E 3
7 W7** Ramanathp Kalari 9°17'21.03"N 78°47'3.10"E 335/2B uram 8 W8** Puthendhal 9°20'57.81"N 78°47'32.46"E 208/1B
9 W9 Tiruppullani 9°18'34.43"N 78°47'48.74"E 24
10 W10 Utttarakosama 9°18'44.24"N 78°44'24.88"E 121/12 gai 2
11 W11 Achadipiramb 9°18'55.57"N 78°49'49.55"E 125 u 12 W12 Pattanamkatta 9°20'14.98"N 78°52'24.98"E 375 n 13 W13 Pattanamkatta 9°21'16.79"N 78°52'3.12"E 150 n 14 W14* Palangulam 9°24'17.54"N 78°52'7.16"E 103/10 * 4 15 W15* Chittarakottai 9°27'02.00"N 78°53'43.10"E 180/1A 5
16 W16 Devipattinam 9°27'10.58"N 78°53'1.76"E 333
17 W17 Perunayal 9°28'25.26"N 78°51'41.43"E 414
18 W18 Attiyuttu 9°24'39.49"N 78°55'19.31"E 221/22 2
19 W19* Athangarai 9°19'33.0"N 78°58'34.70"E 113/2B
20 W20* Kil Nagachi 9°18'46.69"N 78°59'31.12"E 127/6A 2
21 W21* Pirappanvalas 9°18'12.80"N 79° 2'32.9"E 107/2A ai
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22 W22 Sattakonvalas 9°17'23.2"N 79°0 4'16.7"E 150/2B ai
Note:
Well locations marked with (*) are the updated locations. The previous locations were within the CRZ area. These updated locations (after alternative analysis) are now outside of CRZ area and does not require CRZ clearance. Well locations marked with (**) are the locations updated on the basis of findings from geological studies
2.5.2 Environmental Settings As per ToR conditions, environmental setting around one km radius area (referred as study area) of each well site was carried out during field survey and the same has been checked with toposheet and satellite imagery. All 22 wells are falling in Ramanathapuram district. Well wise environmental settings are described below and well wise land use is provided in Annex 2.5.
Well 1
The proposed well site is located at the private land of Thirupullani village. The well site is located adjacent to an existing production well of ONGC KJ-15. Land use within the study area primarily includes agricultural lands with palm and prosopis trees. A temple is located towards northeast side of this well. Settlements of Thirupullani village are on NE side, at about 0.6 km of the well.
Well 2
The proposed well site is located in Periyyapattanam. Major land use within the study area includes water body, which usually contains water after heavy rains and accessible from kutcha road. The Periyyapattanam village located at a distance of 0.8 km South west of the well site.
Well 3
The proposed well site is located in the agricultural lands of Reghunathapuram village. Nearest settlements are located about 0.02 km on all sides except on west direction it is of 0.14 km from the proposed well site. Land uses in the study area include agricultural lands and settlements. The site is located near to the Reghunathapuram main road.
Well 4
Well no. 4 is located at an open place within the Panaikulam. Immediate landuse around the well is of palm trees.Nearest settlement is Krishnapuram village located at a distance of 1.4km East of well location.
Well 5
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The well site is located at Kalari village. Landuse in the study area is open agricultural lands with Prosopis trees. Anaikudi village is loacated on NE side from the well point at a distance of 0.5km. Another village Pallamorrkulam is located 2.0km south of well location. Village main road is near to this location but new access road has to make for this well point.
Well 6
The well site is located in the agricultural lands of Pullandai village, which is located at a distance of 1.6 km SE of well point. Landuse is of agricultural lands with mainly Prosopis tress. Well point is very near to road connecting Velanur to Ervadi. No immediate settlement for this well, within radius of 1km.
Well 7
The proposed well site is located at Kalari village. Nearest settlement is Anaikudi village which is 1.1 km .
Well 8
The proposed well site is located at the Puthendhal Village . Major land use within the study area includes water body which is almost dry throughout the year. Nearest settlement is Vannikkudi village located at SE direction at a distance of 2.0km from the well location.
Well 9
The proposed well site is located at the land ward side of a creek near to the Thirupallani village. Land use classes within the study area creek (water body) and open land with Prosopis trees and salt pans prepared from this creek water. Nearest settlement is around 1.7 km from the well site which belongs to Anaikudi in SW direction to well point.
Well 10
The proposed well site is located at the Uttarakosamangai village. Major land use in the study area includes agricultural lands and settlements. The settlement of Uttarakosamangai village is located at about 0.06 km north of the proposed well site. A water body, which usually contain water after heavy rain, is located on north side of well at a distance of 0.18 km which is also near to well 7. Well No. 10 is not having approach road, but near to Ramanathapuram road at a distance around 0.5km.
Well 11
The well is located at Achadipirambu village. The major land use within the study area includes Prosopis trees in open scrub land. This well location is near to Kudakottai town at around 2.7 km.
Well 12
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The well is located in the near Pattanamakattan village. The major land uses within the study area are Prosopis trees. Nearest settlement is Skakarkotai village at around 1.1km. Sakkarkottai Bird Sanctuary is at 3.55 km west of well location.
Well 13
The proposed well site is located in agricultural lands of Pattanamkattan village. This well is surrounded by settlements of this village at a distance of 0.03km. Well is located near the village road which ia conneted to Madurai-Rameshwaram road at distance of 0.14km.
Well 14
The proposed well site is located near Palangulam village. Major landuse is of open lands with Prosopis trees and water bodies. Vaigai river is about 2.4km on east of the well location. The nearest village is Kulasekarakal on NorthEast at a distance of 3.4km from the well location.
Well 15
The well site is located at Chittarakotai . Gokulanagar is located at distance of 1.0km towards south of the well. No immediate settlements are located near to the well within 1km radius. The Devipattinam to Athiyuthur road is at 0.81 km to west of the well location. The well is located on coast of Bay of Bengal, which is on eastern direction at a distance of 2km.
Well 16
The well site is located at Devipatnnam village. The landuse is of open scrub land, with Prosopis trees. Settlements of Sakkaranallur and Venurkulam hamlets of Kalayanur are located at a distance of 1.6km towards west direction of the well. East Coast road is at distance of 0.2km on west the wets of the well location.
Well 17
This well is located at the open scrub lands of Peruvayal village. Another village, by name vattukudi, is at distance of 1.1km on North East side of the well. Village road is at west direction to the well location at a distance of 0.4km.
Well 18
The proposed well site is located at Athiyuthu village, at a distance of 2.1km towards SW direction. But nearest settlements is of Palanivalasai village is at distance of 1.1 km in north East of well locaton.Major land use around the well is covered with Prosopis trees.
Well 19
The proposed well site is located at Athagaraj village. Major landuse is with Prosopis trees. Vagai river is located at distance of 0.48km to the west of the well location.
Well 20
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The well site is located in Kil Nagachi village. Sea is at a distance of 3.0km to the east of the well location. Nearest settlement is of Kalkenarvalasai village is at a distance of 0.5 km to South of well location.
Well 21
The well site is located at the sea coast palm and prosopis tree lands of Pirappanvalasai village. Sea is at a distance of 0.1km to the east of the well location. Nearest settlement is Irumeni village is at a distance of 1.2km to the North West. Some fishermen hamlets are located very near to the well location. Irumeni village road is at a distance of 0.8 km to the north of the well location.
Well 22
The well site is located at the sea coast prosopis tree lands of Sattankonavalasai village, which is at around 3km north of the well location. Sea is at a distance of 2.0km to the east of the well location. Well location is located in marshy land. Nearest settlements is Pirpanvalasai village are at a distance of 3.0km to the north west of well location.
2.6 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS The awarded block in Ramnathpuram District falls under the following environmental sensitive area:
Ecological sensitive zone of Sakkarakottal Sanctuary Ecological sensitive zone of Therthangal wildlife sanctuary. Buffer zone of Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, Biosphere Reserve. CRZ area The detail of well locations falls under the environmental sensitive area is given in Table -2.2 to Table 2.5. This is to be noted that well locations given in following tables represent the locations identified prior to alternative analysis. The updated locations finalized by ONGC after alternative analysis is presented in Table 2.1
TABLE 2-2: WELL LOCATIONS IN CRZ AREA S.No Well District/Taluka Village Name Latitude Longitude No 1. W4 Ramnathapuram Panaikulam 9°22'40.17"N 78°57'46.15"E
2. W15 Chittarkottai 9°26'44.59"N 78°54'37.94"E
3. W19 Athangaraj 9°20'2.25"N 79° 0'25.77"E
4. W20 Kil Nagachi 9°19'28.18"N 79° 1'15.18"E
5. W21 Pirappavalasai 9°18'38.93"N 79° 2'36.98"E
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TABLE -2.3: WELL LOCATED WITHIN 10 KM OF THERTHANGALI BIRD SANCTUARY
Well District/Taluka Village Name Latitude Longitude No W17 Ramnathapuram Peruvayal 9°28'25.26"N 78°51'41.43"E
TABLE -2.4: WELLS LOCATED IN ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVE ZONE OF SAKKARKOTTAI BIRD SANCTUARY
Well District/Taluka Village Name Latitude Longitude No W1 Tiruppullani 9°16'41.67"N 78°49'7.38"E
W2 Periyapattanam 9°16'40.92"N 78°54'27.78"E
W3 Reghunathapuram 9°17'57.55"N 78°55'11.55"E
W5 Kalari 9°17'28.10"N 78°47'16.90"E
W7 Kalari 9°16'51.93"N 78°44'15.77"E
W8 Puthendhal 9°19'55.88"N 78°45'43.36"E Ramanathpuram W9 Tiruppullani 9°18'34.43"N 78°47'48.74"E
W10 Utttarakosamagai 9°18'44.24"N 78°44'24.88"E
W11 Achadipirambu 9°18'55.57"N 78°49'49.55"E
W12 Pattanamkattan 9°20'14.98"N 78°52'24.98"E
W13 Pattanamkattan 9°21'16.79"N 78°52'3.12"E
W14 Palangulam 9°23'38.49"N 78°51'55.54"E
TABLE -2.5: WELLS LOCATED WITHIN 10 KM GULF OF MANNAR NATIONAL PARK Well District/Taluka Village Name Latitude Longitude No W1 Ramanathpuram Tiruppullani 9°16'41.67"N 78°49'7.38"E
W2 Periyapattanam 9°16'40.92"N 78°54'27.78"E
W3 Reghunathapuram 9°17'57.55"N 78°55'11.55"E
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W5 Kalari 9°17'28.10"N 78°43'27.85"E
W6 Pullandai 9°14'37.67"N 78°43'27.85"E
W7 Kalari 9°16'51.93"N 78°44'15.77"E
W9 Tiruppullani 9°18'34.43"N 78°47'48.74"E
W11 Achadipirambu 9°18'55.57"N 78°49'49.55"E
W12 Pattanamkattan 9°20'14.98"N 78°52'24.98"E
W19 Athangarai 9°20'2.25"N 79° 0'25.77"E
W21 Pirappanvalasai 9°18'38.93"N 79° 2'36.98"E
W22 Sattakonvalasai 9°17'31.38"N 79° 4'18.14"E
As a result of alternative analysis, well locations falling under CRZ area have been shifted outside of CRZ area and presented in Table -2.1. Further, four well locations namely W-3, W- 7, W-8 and W-14 have also been shifted to another locations as presented in Table -2.1. These four locations have been finalized based on updated findings of geological studies. However, well locations within 10 km area from wildlife sanctuary are unchanged. The application of wild life clearance has been filed to Chief Wildlife Warden for obtaining Wildlife Clearance.
2.7 PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND SCHEDULE
The lifecycle of project activities for the exploration project has been divided into distinct steps and each is described in detail in the subsequent sections and will take approximately three months to complete drilling and testing activity at each well site.
The project lifecycle has been classified into three phases:
Pre-drilling activity
Site selection Land acquisition Site access road and drill site construction Pre-drilling activities, mobilization and Rigging up Initial well construction
Drilling activity Drilling of wells Well testing
Well decommissioning
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Well abandonment Site closure and decommissioning Site Restoration
2.7.1 Pre-drilling Activity
The pre-drilling phase will involve the following activities:
Site Selection
All the locations were selected based on geological data available. Suitable drilling locations were selected based on the physical (terrain and access) and technical suitability. Detailed drill site and access road survey will be carried prior to land procurement and construction of drill site.
Selecting drill site’s environmental considerations is as below:
Away from water bodies. Away from organized human habitats. Away from Bird Sanctuaries and sensitive ecological habitat
Land Acquisition
During the site selection process all the legal requirements in will be considered and surface location finalized. Once the surface drilling location is finalized, land acquisition will be done including crop compensation. After the finalization drill site, ONGC will take the land from the land owners on lease. The estimated land required per drill site is approximately 2.2 ha.
All the proposed drill sites are away from human habitation; therefore any displacement will not be required for this project. As displacement is not required, resettlement and rehabilitation is not applicable for this project
Private Land
Generally, ONGC will get the required land, on lease, through private negotiation. In few cases ONGC may apply the provision of Rule-189/190 of AL&RR, 1886, if private negotiation is not successful. During the process of land acquisition standing crops will be compensated as per the existing rules and lease rent shall be paid till the land is returned.
Access Road and Site Construction Construction of Access Road
All the wells are located adjacent to the existing road; the distance of the proposed well pad will be of 200 m (maximum) from existing road. Construction of site access road will not require any forest land or involve displacement of any household. As far as possible, existing
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Drill Site Construction
The ground is flat in the block area. Vegetation very less in the entire district. Wells located in coastal side near to sea are on the private agricultural land have palm trees; whereas, wells located in the interior land side are mainly covered prosopis trees.
After clearance of vegetation, top soil of the entire drill site will be scraped and stored in the top soil storage area for future use. Once the top soil removal process completed, leveling and compaction will be done with help of graders and mechanical rollers. Fill material required for construction will be met from excavated material for pit required for drill site and balance amount will be sourced from authorized quarry area.
Construction of a flat rectangular/square drilling site (pad) of 100m X 100 m (approximate) at site to facilitate drilling and testing of hydrocarbons will be required. Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) will be used for the construction of foundation system. For making foundations of the main rig structure, cast in-situ bored under- reamed piles of specified lengths will also be used. The proposed well site & campsite will be duly fenced to a height of about 2 m using chain link and barbed wires.
The transport of rig including ancillary equipments and camp facilities to the site is expected to comprise around 100 trailer loads. Though the rig and related equipments will be directly brought to site, spares, chemicals and other materials will be received at the warehouse located at a suitable place in the district. Materials will be intermittently supplied from warehouse to the drilling site, a provision will be kept for temporary storage of materials at the drilling site itself.
Rig Mobilization and Rigging up
A rig building process will follow the site preparation activities. This process involves transport of rig including auxiliary equipments and camp facilities, assembling of various rig parts and equipment to drill a well. Once the drilling rig is assembled, thorough rig inspection will be carried out to check equipment working capability and quality standards. The rig will have various allied equipments like mud tanks, mud pumps, compressors, fuel tank, DG sets etc.
Details of the drilling rig proposed to be deployed is mentioned as below:
Type of rig Electrical Rig Drilling mud composition Water based Drilling Fluid Power generator type & Nos. 4x 900 KvA (1 DG will be standby at all the time) Diesel consumption 6M3/Day Qty of fresh water requirement & 10 m3/day Transported from nearby Source source through contractor
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Manpower on rig 25 per shift of 12 hrs. Two shifts/day Material requirement & Mobilization From ONGC base Karaikal Details of solids handling system on Shale Shakers- 1200 GPM capacity rig Desander- 1200 GPM capacity Desilter- 1200 GPM capacity Waste Pit Availability & size 30’ x 33’ x 5’ – 2 Nos. 38’x 33’ x 5’ – 1 No. 23’ x 20 x 5’ – 1 No. Oil Pit availability & size 3 ‘ x 3’ x 4’ – 1 No.
Initial Well Construction
Well spudding is the start of drilling activity. Top-hole section will be drilled to a desired depth based on well design. After drilling top-hole section, it will be cased with a pipe called “Casing”. Casing provides support to hole wall and secures hole section. Other than that, it isolates problematic hole sections such as loss zones, shale sections, over pressurized formations etc. After running casing, space between hole wall and “Casing” will be cemented. This process of drilling and casing the hole section continues until the final well depth (target) is achieved.
Lengths and diameters of each section of the well are determined prior to drilling and are dependent on the geological conditions through which the well is to be drilled. Once each section of the well is completed, the drill string is lifted and protective steel pipe or casing lowered into the well and cemented into place.
2.7.2 Drilling Activity
ONGC will appoint a Drilling Contractor to carry out the drilling work. To support the drilling operation, the following systems and services will be included at the rig package:
Portable Living Quarters – to house essential personnel on site on a 24 hr basis. These units are provided with Bath/Washrooms. Crane-age - cranes for loading/off loading equipment and supplies. Emergency Systems - this includes fire detection and protection equipment. Environmental Protection – Blow Out Prevention (BOP) system, wastewater treatment unit, cuttings handling equipment.
The technical details of the proposed drilling activity are given below:
Duration of drilling 3-4 months for each location and likely to be taken up 2 locations at a time. Qty. of drilling fluid 350 m3 for each well Qty. of cuttings 300-400 m3 each well
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Qty. drlg. Waste water 6KLD for each well Depth 3000-4000 m Distance of block boundary On-land locations are away from the coast line. from coast line Development plan in case of To be chalked out at the end of Appraisal programme strike HC reserve (initial inplace) The provisional Initial Inplace Reserves have been estimated for 30 BCM (O+OEG). Formation pressure Hydrostatic Test flaring duration 2 to 3 days
Drilling of Well
The exploration of hydrocarbons requires the construction of a conduit between the surface and the reservoir. This is achieved by the drilling process. The exploration well will be drilled using a standard land rig or a “Mobile Land Rig” with standard water based drilling fluid treatment system. This rig will be suitable for deep drilling up to the desired depth of 3000-- 4000 metres as planned for the project. The typical configuration of a Drilling Rig is shown in the Figure 2.6.
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FIGURE 2-6: TYPICAL DRILLING RIG CONFIGURATION
Additionally, there will be other ancillary facilities like Drilling mud system, ETP, Cuttings disposal, Drill Cementing equipment etc. and utilities to supply Power (DG sets), water, fuel (HSD) to the drilling process and will be set up as a part of the project.
Mud System and Cuttings
Drilling of wells requires specially formulated muds which basically comprise in earth materials like bentonite, barite in water with several additives to give mud weight, fluidity and filter cake characteristics while drilling. The drilling muds have several functions like lubrication and cooling of the drill bit, balancing subsurface formation, bringing out the drill cuttings from the well bore, thixotropic property to hold cuttings during non-operations, formation of thin cake to prevent liquid loss along well bore etc.
Several additives are mixed into the mud system to give the required properties. Water based mud will be used to the possible extent in exploratory drilling but use of synthetic based mud may require due to complexities associated with the geological formation and associated hold stability problems.
During drilling operations, approx 300-400 m3 per well of wet drill cuttings are expected to be generated from each well depending on the type of formation and depth of drilling. In addition to the cuttings 6KLD of waste water is likely to be generated during well drilling. The waste residual muds and drill cuttings which contain clay, sand etc. will be disposed into the waste pit.
Mud used during the operation will flush out formation cuttings from the well hole. These cuttings will be separated from the drilling mud using a solids-control and waste management package. Cuttings will then be stored in the pits (of approximately 400 m3 capacity) and after completion of the drilling activities, cuttings will be tested for hazardous nature and based on nature of the drill cuttings, final disposal pathway will be finalized by ONGC. The total amount of cuttings produced during the entire drilling period is projected to be about 300-400 m3.
The whole process by which the drilling fluid will be reused during the drilling operation and is commonly known as a “closed loop system.” This system is ideal for drilling operations in sensitive environments as it cuts down immensely on the total water consumption for the formulation of drilling mud and also saves on the consumption of chemicals. Figure 2.7 shows the schematic layout of the drilling waste management. Figure 2.8 shows the drilling fluid circulation system which is designed to enable the drilling fluid to be recycled and maintained in good condition throughout the operation.
Various components of the drilling mud will be selected carefully to be able to provide desired properties to the mud. Mud chemicals will be added to the uniform mud system to adjust the mud properties and ensure fluid loss control/circulation, lubricity, shale inhibition, pH control and pressure control in the well during drilling.
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Drilling Operation
Drilling mud separation in Drill cuttings plus drilling shale shaker mud
Drilling mud reused
Disposal after testing & treatment to Washed & free of oil drill cuttings meet regulatory requirement to drill cutting pit
Drill cutting washing
Disposal after testing & treatment to Washed waste water to waste meet regulatory requirement water pit
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FIGURE 2-8: TYPICAL DRILLING FLUID CIRCULATION SYSTEM
Cementing Programme
Cementing is a necessary aspect of drilling gas wells. Cement is used to
Secure/support casing strings Isolate zones for production purposes Solve various hole problems
Cementing generally utilizes Portland Cement with various additives in small quantities as accelerators/retarders, density adjusters, dispersants, fluid loss additives, anti gas migration additives, etc.
Well Testing
Testing facilities will be available at drilling rig for separation of liquid phase and technical flare of all hydrocarbon gas during testing. The test flare boom will be located at a safe distance from the drilling rig.
2.7.3 Well Decommissioning
Well Abandonment
On completion of activities, wells will be either plugged and suspended (if the well evaluations indicate commercial quantities of hydrocarbons) or killed and permanently abandoned. In the
SENES 61 ONGC EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block ______event of a decision to suspend the well, it will be filled with a brine solution containing very small quantities of inhibitors to protect the well. The well will be sealed with cement plugs and few wellhead equipment (Blind Flange) left on the surface (Cellar). If the well is abandoned, it will be sealed with a series of cement plugs, all the wellhead equipment will be removed leaving the surface clear of any debris and site will be restored.
Site Closure and Decommissioning
After completion of the drilling activity, partial de-mobilisation of the drilling rig and associated infrastructure will be initiated. As discussed earlier, well testing may be carried out immediately after the drilling is completed or about 3 months depending on initial evaluation timing. The complete de-mobilisation of the facilities at site will happen after well-testing has been completed. This will involve the dismantling of the rig, all associated equipments and the residential camp, and transporting it out of the project area. It is expected that demobilization phase will last about 10 days and will involve the trucking away of materials, equipments and other materials from site to bring it back to original condition.
Subsequently, following steps will be typically involved to restore and rehabilitate the area:
The wellhead and all casing string will be cut off to a minimum depth of 3 m (10 ft) below ground level. All concrete structures will be broken up, and the debris disposed off as per the regulatory requirements. All other waste products, solid and liquid, will be disposed of in accordance with the requirements of the EIA and will be treated to render them harmless. All fencing and access gates will be removed. All pits whose contents will show regulatory compliance for on-site disposal, at the time of site closure, will be backfilled and closed out as per the legal requirements. Restoration of unusable portion of the access track, removal of pilings and Landscaping.
Site Restoration
All abandoned drill sites will be restored back to its near original condition. After decommissioning of site, it will be de-compacted and stored top soil will be overlaying on the de-compacted site with certain moisture conservation measures and seeding of leguminous plant for restoration soil nutrient level naturally.
2.8 UTILITIES & RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS
2.8.1 Power Supply
The drilling process requires movement of drill bit through the draw works which require power. The power requirement of the drilling rig will be met by total 4 DG sets of 900 KVA capacity. However, only three Diesel Generator sets will remain operational during peak load and one DG set will be as standby.
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2.8.2 Water Consumption
The water requirement in a drilling rig is mainly meant for preparation of drilling mud apart from washings and domestic use. While the former consumes the majority of water requirement, the water requirement for domestic and wash use is very less. The daily water consumption will be 25 m3/d of which 12 m3/d will be used for mud preparation, 9 m3/d in other drilling activities and 4 m3/d will be used for domestic purposes including drinking. The water balance diagram is shown in Figure 2-9.
2.8.3 Waste water
The operating personnel in the drilling rigs will operate from the onsite accommodation. It is estimated that 2 m3/d waste water will be generated from the domestic consumption. Soak pits and septic tank will be provided at the site for the disposal of domestic waste water. Approx. 6-8 m3/d waste water is estimated to be generated from drilling activities. Onsite ETP will be provided for the treatment of waste water generated from drilling activities.
2.8.4 Fuel Consumption
Fuel consumed during the drilling phase will mainly be diesel used by rig used for exploratory drilling, various equipments and vehicles operating to transport goods and supplies to site. It is estimated that about 6 KL diesel will be required to operate the DG sets.
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FIGURE 2-9: WATER BALANCE DIAGRAM
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2.8.5 Chemical Storage
The drilling rig will have normal storage facilities for fuel oil, required chemicals and the necessary tubulars and equipment. The storagef places will be clearly marked with safe operating facilities and practices.
2.8.6 Manpower / Employment
The drilling rig will be operated by approximately 25 persons on the rig at any time. The manpower will operate in two shifts with continuous operations on the rig.
2.8.7 Noise and Vibrations
Noise will be emitted from exploratory drill site during site preparation, drilling and decommissioning phases. The major noise generating operations from the proposed activity during drilling, testing are operation of rotary drilling equipment as part of rig, diesel engines for power generation, mud pumps and operation of vehicles. Noise during the site preparatory phase will primarily be contributed by heavy construction machinery operating on site and vehicular sources. Average noise emission ranges for different types of construction machinery are shown in the Figure 2.10.
As drilling activity is continuous, part of the noise associated with functioning of the rig and ancillaries will be generated throughout day and night.
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FIGURE 2-10: TYPICAL NOISE EMISSIONS FROM CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY Noise Level (dBA) at 50 feet CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT 60 70 80 90 100 110 Equipment Powered by Internal Combustion Engines Earthmoving Compactors (Rollers) Front loaders Backhoes Tractors Scrapers, Graders Pavers Trucks Materials Handling Concrete Mixers Concrete Pumps Cranes (Movable) Cranes (Derrick) Stationery Pumps Generators Compressors Impact Equipment Pneumatic Wenches Jackhammers and Rock Drills Pile Drivers (Peaks) Others Vibrators Sows Source: USEPA
2.8.8 Air Emissions Air emissions from point sources expected from the proposed exploratory drilling will be mainly from combustion of diesel in the diesel engines and power generators which will be operated to meet power requirement of the drilling rig and the campsite. The principal pollutants will comprise of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sulphur and Nitrogen dioxides (SO2 and NO2) and other hydrocarbons (HC). The quantity of diesel consumed during drilling will be in order of 6 KL /day/drilling site.
Additionally, the flaring and technical flare of oil during the testing of the well will also lead to the release of some pollutants including un-burnt hydrocarbons to the atmosphere. Some fugitive emissions of dust and air pollutants from vehicular exhaust will also happen during the project lifecycle, mostly during the construction and decommissioning activities. Additionally, there will be re-entrainment of dust from the approach road leading to the site mainly during the dry season.
Analysis of natural gas generated from the well site reveals that, it is mostly methane, ethane and propane without the presence of hydrogen sulfide.
2.9 DRILLING HAZARDS
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Loss of well control / blow-out, fire, explosion and oil spills are the major potential hazards associated with drilling for oil and gas. Effective response plans to foreseeable emergencies will be developed by ONGC and communicated to the project teams. A risk assessment to be carried out as part of this EIA will also contribute towards identification of hazards, risks and formulating management plans for emergency response, blowout, oil spills.
2.10 PROJECT COST
The anticipated cost of drilling of each well (which stacking of the location, land acquisition, site preparation and drilling activity works out to Rs.20.00 crores, for one well and the total project cost is Rs.440Crores.
2.11 HSE POLICY
ONGC is committed to protecting environment, health and safety of the people who may be affected, directly or indirectly by its operations. The Drilling Management System (DMS) framework lays down the corporate Health, Safety and Environment Policy for the entire organization and the range of operations it undertakes as a part of oil and gas exploration. The overall corporate health environmental safety policy of ONGC may be supplemented by a local policy document whenever so required. It is understood that ONGC will try to formulate a local site level policy taking from the parent corporate policy of ONGC to adequately address the environmental impacts of the proposed drilling projects in PML Field through the DMS. The Corporate HSE policy of ONGC is presented below:
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Box 2.1: ONGC HSE Policy
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SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 69 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block ______3 Description of the Environment
This chapter describes the existing environmental settings in the ONGC field and its immediate surroundings. This includes the physical environment comprising air, water and land components, the biological environment, and socio-economic environment. Attributes of the physical environment like air, water, soil, and noise quality in the surrounding area were assessed primarily through monitoring and analysis of samples collected from field. Air, noise, water and soil primary monitoring was carried out by Vitro Labs Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad (MOEF certified laboratory). Information about geology, hydrology, prevailing natural hazards like floods, earthquakes etc. have been collected from literature reviews and authenticated information made available by Government offices to understand the biological environment prevailing in the area and the same were collected through interviews with respective authorities and published information and literature. The socioeconomic environment has been studied through the data collected from secondary sources and consultations with various stakeholders in the villages within the study area. Additionally, socioeconomic data have been obtained from the Census of India reports.
3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.1.1 Climate & Meteorology
Climate and meteorology of a place can play an important role in the implementation of any developmental project. Meteorology (weather and climate) plays a key role in understanding local air quality as there is an essential relationship between meteorology and atmospheric dispersion involving the wind speed/direction, stability class and other factors. The block falls under the tropical climate zone.
Seasons and rainfall The sesason in the area comprise of summer, monsoon and winter. The main monsoon season in the area comprise of north east monsoon which starts from October and remain till December. As per the IMD Chennai, northeast monsoon is the major period of rainfall activitiy over south peninsula. Coastal districts in Tamilnadu receives nearly 60% of the annula rainfall during Oct – Dec. The northeast monsoon chiefly contributes to the rainfall in the district.
Most of the precipitation occurs in the form of cyclonic storms caused due to the depressions in Bay of Bengal. Another monsoon period in the area is known as “Southwest Monsoon” during which rainfall is highly inconsistent while summer rains are negligible. Rainfall data of IMD Ramnathpuram stations for the period Oct – Dec 2014 shows the normal annual rainfall over the district is 611 mm.
The Western Ghats acting as a barrier deprive the State of the full blast of South-west monsoon winds. The Ramanathpuram District depends mainly on the North East Monsoon rains which are brought by the troughs of low pressure establishing in south Bay of Bengal between October and December.
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The district characterized by tropical climate. The period from May to June is generally hot and dry. The weather is pleasant during the period from December to January. Usually mornings are more humid than afternoons. The relative humidity is on an average varying between 79 and 84%. The mean minimum temperature is recorded as 25.7°C and mean maximum daily temperature is 30.6°C, respectively (Source: CGWB Annual report 2009).
Primary meteorological monitoring were conducted during July 2014 - September 2014 at Regunathapuram village within the block, the temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction of the region have been mentioned in the following para. The detailed meterological data collected from site is enclosed as Annexure 3.3.
Wind Speed and Wind Direction
The wind speed and wind direction of an area influences the dispersal of pollutants from a point and non point sources. As the proposed drilling and testing activities involve the operation of both point (DG sets) and non point pollutant emissions sources, analysis of wind speed and direction data is considered important for predicting the air quality impacts based on pollutant dispersion. Meteorological monitoring weather station was established at Regunathapuram village.
Interpretation of Primary Baseline Data
Hourly micro-meteorological data collected during primary monitoring has been analyzed to generate the wind rose. The predominant wind direction is from west followed by southwest for the study period. The average wind speed for the months was 4.1 m/s. The wind speed was observed in the range 0.67 – 12.22 m/s for the monitoring period. The calm frequency was recorded as 5.2 %. The wind rose diagram generated for the primary monitoring study period has been presented in Figures 3.1.
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FIGURE 3-1: WIND ROSE DIAGRAM
3.1.2 Ambient Air Quality
Primary monitoring of the existing air environment was undertaken in the field to establish existing ambient air quality within the proposed field. Location of the proposed wells and the predominant wind direction is important in selection of the ambient air quality sampling stations as any gaseous and particulate emission from the project activities will disperse based on the predominant wind directions and affect to the receptors located at that end. Thus the analyzed values for the pre project environment can be compared during and after the project activities. The major industrial sources of air emission at the field are gas based power generation plant of Valathur, which is in north direction at 5.8 km from weather monitoring station, Regunathapuram village.
Ambient air quality monitoring was conducted by Vitro Lab (NABL and MoEF approved) at 8 representative locations during premonsoon period July –August 2014, prior to onset of northeast monsoon. Air quality monitoring was carried out for PM10, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen di oxide (NO2), CO, HC & VOC. ONGC being a responsible corporate and concous about the environment, wanted an additional air quality monitoring to be carried out to have a better representation of the ambient air quality of the surrounding project area. The additional ambient air quality monitoring was carried out by Netel India (NABL and MoEF approved Laboratory) in the month of January and February 2016 (post monsoon period) to verify the inconsistency of the results, if any. The result of air quality monitoring is presented in Table 3- 4 and 3-5.
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TABLE 3-1: DETAILS OF AAQMS
Sampling Numbers Monitoring Locations
AAQ1 Devipattanam AAQ2 Panaikkulam AAQ3 Enmanamkondan AAQ4 Sattakonvalasai AAQ5 Raghunathapuram AAQ6 Periyapattanam AAQ7 Tirupalani AAQ8 Ervadi
The monitoring was conducted for 24 hours a day twice a week for PM10 by Respirable dust sampler, Particulate matter(PM2.5) by PM 2.5 Sampler, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) by West & Gaeke Method, Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) by Jacob and Hochheiser Method . VOC is monitored by VOC analyser. Methane, Non-Methane Hydrocarbons were monitored using Gas Chromotography as per IS 5182 Part -21. The analaytical measurements of each parameter is given below in Table 3-2.
TABLE 3-2: ANALYTICAL / MEASUREMENT METHODS
POLLUTANTS METHODS BIS CODES
Particulate matter(PM10) Respirable dust Sampler 5182 (Part - IV) - 1973
Particulate matter(PM2.5) PM2.5 Sampler 5182 (Part - IV) - 1973
Sulphur Dioxide ( SO2 ) West & Gaeke Method 5182 (Part - II) - 1973
Nitrogen Oxides( as NO2 ) Jacob and Hochheiser 5182 (Part - VI) - 1975 Method
Methane & Non Methane Gas Chromatograph Hydrocarbon IS 5182 Part -21
The concentrations of various pollutants were processed for different statistical parameters like minimum concentration, maximum concentration and percentile values. A summary of ambient air quality results is presented in Table 3.1 and the detailed results are presented in Annexure 3.1.
Interpretation of Air Quality Results
Particulate Matter (PM10): The average concentration of 24 hourly PM10 at all the monitoring 3 locations ranged between 35-57 μg/m . 98 percentile PM10 values of the stations ranged 3 between 42.8-56.6 μg/m . The average as well as 98 percentile PM10 concentrations were observed to be in compliance to the NAAQS (100 μg/m3) at all air quality monitoring locations.
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Particulate Matter (PM2.5): The average PM 2.5 concentration monitored at all the monitoring stations exist within the range of 18-27 μg/m3. The concentration of PM2.5 is also in compliance with the NAAQ standard of 60 μg/m3.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): The average value of NO2 concentration is found within the range of 9-16 μg/m3 at all the monitoring locations. The monitored concentration of NO 2 complies with the NAAQS (80 μg/m3) specified for nitrogen dioxide.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2): The average Sulfur dioxide concentration values at all the monitoring locations is observed in the range of 6-13 μg/m3which is well within the NAAQS (80 μg/m3 ) limits specified for nitrogen dioxide.
The concentration of CO, MHC and NMHC observed within the range of 1.0-1.2 mg/m3, 1.51- 1.69 ppm and 0.43-0.58 ppm. Concentration of VOCs were found as below detectable limit (BDL).
Photographs of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Air Monitoring at Devipatnam
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Air Monitoring at Enamankonda
Air Monitoring at Ervadi
Air Monitoring at Periyapattnam
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TABLE 3-3: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY RESULTS - PREMONSOON HC as NMHC Sl. Monitoring PM PM SO NO CO VOC 10 2.5 2 2 CH4 in (ppm) No Locations (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (mg/m3) (μg/m3) ppm Devipattanam Average 51.6 25.0 9.5 14.4 1.1 1.66 0.51 BDL Max 57.0 27.0 12.0 16.0 1.2 2.0 0.8 BDL 1 Min 47.0 23.0 7.0 13.0 1.0 1.2 0.2 BDL 98 Percentile 56.6 27.0 11.8 16.0 1.2 1.2 0.2 BDL Average 46.8 23.4 8.1 13.6 1.1 1.69 0.5 BDL Panaikkulam Max 53.0 26.0 11.0 15.0 1.2 2.1 0.7 BDL 2 Min 39.0 20.0 6.0 13.0 1.0 1.3 0.3 BDL 98 Percentile 52.8 26.0 10.8 14.8 1.2 1.3 0.3 BDL Average 50.3 24.6 8.1 12.4 1.1 1.56 0.46 BDL Enmanamkondan Max 56.0 27.0 10.0 14.0 1.2 2.2 0.7 BDL 3 Min 45.0 22.0 6.0 10.0 1.0 1.2 0.1 BDL 98 Percentile 55.8 27.0 10.0 14.0 1.2 1.2 0.1 BDL Average 43.8 21.8 7.8 10.9 1.1 1.63 0.52 BDL Sattakonvalasai Max 49.0 24.0 10.0 13.0 1.2 1.9 0.7 BDL 4 Min 38.0 19.0 6.0 9.0 1.0 1.2 0.1 BDL 98 Percentile 49.0 23.8 9.8 12.8 1.2 1.2 0.1 BDL Average 49.7 24.3 8.9 12.2 1.1 1.6 0.58 BDL Raghunathapuram Max 55.0 27.0 11.0 14.0 1.2 1.9 0.8 BDL 5 Min 45.0 22.0 7.0 10.0 1.0 1.1 0.1 BDL 98 Percentile 54.6 26.8 10.8 13.8 1.2 1.1 0.1 BDL Average 47.2 23.6 8.9 12.3 1.1 1.72 0.51 BDL Periyapattanam 6 Max 53.0 27.0 11.0 15.0 1.2 2.1 0.9 BDL
Min 41.0 20.0 6.0 9.0 1.0 1.2 0.1 BDL
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HC as NMHC Sl. Monitoring PM PM SO NO CO VOC 10 2.5 2 2 CH4 in (ppm) No Locations (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (mg/m3) (μg/m3) ppm 98 Percentile 52.6 26.6 11.0 14.8 1.2 1.2 0.1 BDL Average 38.7 19.4 10.7 13.6 1.1 1.51 0.46 BDL Tirupalani Max 43.0 22.0 13.0 16.0 1.2 1.9 0.8 BDL 7 Min 35.0 18.0 8.0 12.0 1.0 1.1 0.1 BDL 98 Percentile 42.8 21.8 12.8 16.0 1.2 1.1 0.1 BDL Average 46.2 22.9 10.0 13.7 1.1 1.53 0.43 BDL Ervadi Max 52.0 25.0 12.0 15.0 1.2 2.2 0.9 BDL 8 Min 39.0 19.0 8.0 13.0 1.0 1.1 0.1 BDL 98 Percentile 51.6 25.0 11.8 14.8 1.2 1.1 0.1 BDL
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TABLE 3-4: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY RESULTS – POST MONSOON
Sl. Monitoring PM 10 PM 2.5 SO2 NO2 CO HC as NMHC VOC No Locations (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (mg/m3) CH4 in (ppm) (μg/m3) ppm 1 Devipattanam Average 43.9 11.98 6.74 11.5 1.72 1.66 0.51 BDL Max 51.2 16.1 10.3 17.8 2.14 2.0 0.8 BDL Min 33.7 8.7 4.2 7.0 1.2 1.2 0.2 BDL 98 Percentile 50.97 16.10 11.8 17.3 2.14 1.2 0.2 BDL 2 Average 46.8 23.4 8.1 13.6 1.1 1.69 0.5 BDL Panaikkulam Max 53.0 26.0 11.0 15.0 1.2 2.1 0.7 BDL Min 39.0 20.0 6.0 13.0 1.0 1.3 0.3 BDL 98 Percentile 52.8 26.0 10.8 14.8 1.2 1.3 0.3 BDL 3 Enmanamkondan Average 50.3 24.6 8.1 12.4 1.1 1.56 0.46 BDL Max 56.0 27.0 10.0 14.0 1.2 2.2 0.7 BDL Min 45.0 22.0 6.0 10.0 1.0 1.2 0.1 BDL 98 Percentile 55.8 27.0 10.0 14.0 1.2 1.2 0.1 BDL 4 Sattakonvalasai Average 43.8 21.8 7.8 10.9 1.1 1.63 0.52 BDL Max 49.0 24.0 10.0 13.0 1.2 1.9 0.7 BDL Min 38.0 19.0 6.0 9.0 1.0 1.2 0.1 BDL 98 Percentile 49.0 23.8 9.8 12.8 1.2 1.2 0.1 BDL 5 Raghunathapuram Average 49.7 24.3 8.9 12.2 1.1 1.6 0.58 BDL Max 55.0 27.0 11.0 14.0 1.2 1.9 0.8 BDL Min 45.0 22.0 7.0 10.0 1.0 1.1 0.1 BDL 98 Percentile 54.6 26.8 10.8 13.8 1.2 1.1 0.1 BDL 6 Periyapattanam Average 47.2 23.6 8.9 12.3 1.1 1.72 0.51 BDL Max 53.0 27.0 11.0 15.0 1.2 2.1 0.9 BDL Min 41.0 20.0 6.0 9.0 1.0 1.2 0.1 BDL
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Sl. Monitoring PM 10 PM 2.5 SO2 NO2 CO HC as NMHC VOC No Locations (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (mg/m3) CH4 in (ppm) (μg/m3) ppm 98 Percentile 52.6 26.6 11.0 14.8 1.2 1.2 0.1 BDL 7 Tirupalani Average 38.7 19.4 10.7 13.6 1.1 1.51 0.46 BDL Max 43.0 22.0 13.0 16.0 1.2 1.9 0.8 BDL Min 35.0 18.0 8.0 12.0 1.0 1.1 0.1 BDL 98 Percentile 42.8 21.8 12.8 16.0 1.2 1.1 0.1 BDL 8 Ervadi Average 46.2 22.9 10.0 13.7 1.1 1.53 0.43 BDL Max 52.0 25.0 12.0 15.0 1.2 2.2 0.9 BDL Min 39.0 19.0 8.0 13.0 1.0 1.1 0.1 BDL 98 Percentile 51.6 25.0 11.8 14.8 1.2 1.1 0.1 BDL
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TABLE 3-4: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY RESULTS – HC AND VOC Sl. Monitoring HC as CH4 NMHC VOC No Locations in ppm (ppm) (μg/m3) 1 Devipattanam 3.80 <0.5 1.48 2 Panaikkulam 6.97 <0.5 0.69
3 Enmanamkondan 3.72 <0.5 <0.5
4 Sattakonvalasai 2.83 <0.5 <0.5
5 Raghunathapuram 3.11 <0.5 <0.5
6 Periyapattanam 4.32 <0.5 1.26
7 Tirupalani 5.82 <0.5 2.70
8 Ervadi 4.93 <0.5 <0.5
Analysis of Air Quality Results
Particulate Matter (PM10): The average concentration of 24 hourly PM10 at all the monitoring 3 locations ranged between 37.08-46.84 μg/m . The average PM10 concentrations were observed to be in compliance to the NAAQS (100 μg/m3) at all air quality monitoring locations.
Particulate Matter (PM2.5): The average PM 2.5 concentration monitored at all the monitoring stations exist within the range of 9.41-12.84 μg/m3. The concentration of PM2.5 is also in compliance with the NAAQ standard of 60 μg/m3.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): The average value of NO2 concentration is found within the range of 8.70-12.53 μg/m3 at all the monitoring locations. The monitored concentration of NO2 complies with the NAAQS (80 μg/m3) specified for nitrogen dioxide.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2): The average Sulfur dioxide concentration values at all the monitoring locations is observed in the range of 5.34-7.0 μg/m3which is well within the NAAQS (80 μg/m3) limits specified for nitrogen dioxide.
Carbon Monoxide (CO): The average CO concentration values at all the monitoring locations is observed in the range of 1.13-1.99 mg/m3which is well within the NAAQS (2 mg/m3) limits specified for nitrogen dioxide.
The concentration of MHC observed within the range of 2.8-6.9 ppm while concentration of NMHC and VOCs are less than 0.5 ppm.
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3.1.3 Ambient Noise Quality
The ambient noise monitoring was conducted during the August 2014 at 10 locations within the ONGC Field. Noise stations were selected near to the proposed well locations to understand the baseline noise levels that could be impacted upon by the proposed drilling activities at the Field.
Sound pressure level (SPL) measurements in dB (A) were recorded for every hour continuously for 24 hours at 15 minutes interval for the monitoring stations and equivalent noise levels in the form of Leq day and Leq night was computed. The results obtained were compared with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) with respect to noise. The ambient noise quality monitoring locations within the study area are shown in Figure 3.2 and the rationale for selection of the stations has been presented in Annexure 3.2.
TABLE 3-5 DETAILS OF NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS
Sampling Numbers Monitoring Locations
N1 Panaikulam N2 Enmanamkondam N3 Sattakonvalasai N4 Regunathapuram N5 Periyapattinam N6 Tirupalani N7 Ervadi N8 Tanichattanmadal N9 Kodikulam N10 Kilakkarai
TABLE 3-6: AMBIENT NOISE QUALITY RESULTS DAY TIME NIGHT TIME LOCATION Leq dB(A) Limit dB(A) Leq dB(A) Limit dB(A) N1 45.8 55 41.6 45 N2 45.0 55 42.5 45 N3 44.6 55 42.5 45 N4 47.0 55 44.0 45 N5 45.3 55 42.2 45 N6 53.9 55 50.8 45 N7 53.8 55 49.8 45 N8 44.0 55 41.3 45 N9 45.9 55 31.8 45 N10 54.2 55 50.1 45 1. Daytime shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.
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2 Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.
The results of the noise monitoring indicates that daytime noise levels are in the range of 44 – 54.2 dB(A) and fall within the NAAQS limit i.e. 55 dB(A) prescribed for the residential landuse, at all the monitoring locations. The night time noise level 31.8 – 50.8 dB (A) is observed as higher than the NAAQS limit of 45 dB(A) at three locations. This higher level of noise may be attributed to ongoing traffic activities in the study area and high wind speed due to sea shore region.
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FIGURE 3-2: LOCATION OF AIR, NOISE, METEOROLOGY LOCATIONS WITHIN THE ONGC FIELD
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3.1.4 Physiography and Geology
The physical features and geology are closely related. Most of the area is covered by the unconsolidated sediments of Quaternary age except in the northwestern part, where isolated patches of Archaen Crystallines and Tertiary sandstone are exposed. The Archaeans are mainly represented by the Charnockite Group of rocks comprising garnetiferrous granulite and the Khondalite Group of rocks made up of quartzite of genesses.
The Tertiary sandstone (Cuddalore Formation) comprise pinkish, yellowish, reddish (variegated colours) medium to coarse grained sandstone and clay stone. It is overlain by thin alluvium and exposed towards north of Vaigai River.
Detached exposures of laterite and lateritic soil are seen in the northwestern part of the district.
A major part of the district is covered with the fluvial, fuvio-marine, Aeolian and marine sediments of Quaternary age. The fluvial deposits which are made up of sand, silt and clay in varying degree of admixture occur along the active channels of Vaigai, Gundar, Manimuthar and Pambar rivers. They have been categorized into levee, flood basin, channel bar/ point bar and paleo-channel deposits. The paleo channel deposits comprise brown coloured, fine to medium sands with well preserved cross-beddings.
The fluvio-marine deposits are exposed in the Vaigai delta as deltaic plain, paleo-tidal and dune flat deposits. The deltaic plain and dune flats comprise medium, Grey brown sands. The paleo tidal flat deposits include black silty clay, black clay and mud. In Rameswaram Island, the fluvio-marine deposits include indurated sand and dune sands.
The Aeolian deposits comprise red sands which are in nature of ancient dunes and occur over a 3.2 km wide and 8 km long stretch and lie parallel to the sea coast. These are separated by marshy deposits of black clays. The sands are underlain by calcareous hardpan. In Rameswaram Island also brown sand deposits occur around Sambaimadam on either side of NH 49 west of the town.
The marine formation comprises coastal plain deposits of sand and clay in varied proportion. Marine calcareous hardpan occurs as low terraces and platforms, with admixture of quartz, limonite and garnet concentration.
Ramanathapuram PML is in Ramnad sub-basin which is in the southern part of Cauvery Basin. Ramnad sub-basin and its continuation into Palk Bay-Gulf of Mannar is bounded in the northwest by Pattukottai-Mannargudi ridge and in the southeast by Mandapam-Delft ridge. The sub basin holds sediments over 6000 m in thickness, ranging in age from Lower Cretaceous and older to Recent. The synrift sedimentary column comprises mainly of shale and sandstone in the Andimadam Formation. Sag phase sedimentation represented in the upper Cretaceous Bhuvanagiri, Kudavasal Shale, Nannilam and Portonovo shale is predominantly sand shale alternations with minor limestone development. Major part of the passive margin sequences ranging from Paleocene to Recent were deposited on the eastern shelf-slope regime with
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Two regional fault trends - older NNE-SSW curvilinear fault set intersected by a younger EW fault set which are deep seated and Basement controlled play a vital role in the formation of the structures, subsequent charging and entrapment in Ramnad Sub basin. The established pools at upper Cretaceous reservoir levels are all located along or at the intersection of these two trends.
The hydrocarbon potential of Upper Cretaceous reservoirs ranging in age from Turonian to Campanian (Bhuvanagiri & Nannilam formations) is well established while the efforts to establish hydrocarbon prospectivity of Lower Cretaceous & older sequences are still at the nascent stage. About 55 exploratory & development wells were drilled in Ramanathapuram PML, out of which 29 are gas bearing in Nannilam, Bhuvanagiri and Lower Kamalapuram formations. The Lower Cretaceous being the source rocks, there is a fair chance of hydrocarbon accumulation in these sequences at favourable places.
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FIGURE 3-3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF ONGC FIELD
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3.1.5 Hydrogeology
The district is underlain by both porous and fissured formations. The important aquifer systems in the district are constituted by i) unconsolidated & semi consolidated formations and ii) weathered and fractured crystalline rocks.
The porous formations can be grouped into three aquifer groups, viz., Cretaceous sediments, Tertiary Sediments and Quaternary Sediments. The cretaceous aquifer is semi confined to confined in nature and consists of two zones. The top unit comprises fossiliferous sandstone red in colour and compact in nature, while the bottom is pinkish or grayish sandstone intercalated with shales. The aquifers are characterized by freshwater and occurs at the depth range of 116-407 and 205-777 m below ground level (bgl) and has thickness in the range of 68 to 535 m. The aquifer is made up of compact sandstone and the potential is limited. The wells may yield a discharge of 5-10 liters per second (lps) and can sustain a pumping of 10-15 hours a day. However, because of the presence of potential shallow tertiary aquifer, this aquifer has not been extensively developed.
Cuddalore Sandstone of Tertiary sediments consists Sandstone, Clay & Conglomerate. They are encountered at the depth of 15-75 m bgl with the thickness ranging from 20 to 70 m. The groundwater occurs under unconfined condition with thickness varying from 15-20m and under confined condition in deeper depths. The unconfined aquifer can be tapped by dug well/ dug cum bore well and can yield about 10-15 lps and can sustain a pumping of 10-15 hours a day. The deeper tube wells can yield about 15-20 lps and can sustain a pumping of 10-15 hours a day.
Quaternary sediments comprises fluvial and coastal sands and laterites. The alluvium with alternate layer of sand and clay with a thickness of 15-25 m and are characterized by floating freshwater lenses limited to a depth 6-7 m bgl and can sustain a pumping of 2 – 3 hours and can yield about 2-5 lps.
The water-bearing properties of crystalline formations which lack primary porosity depend on the extent of development of secondary intergranular porosity . The occurrence and movement of ground water in these rocks are generally confined to such spaces. These aquifers are highly heterogeneous in nature due to variation in lithology, texture and structural features even within short distances. Ground water generally occurs under phreatic conditions in the weathered mantle and under semiconfined conditions in the fissured and fractured zones at deeper levels. The thickness of weathered zone in the district is in the range of 4 to 15 m. The depth ofthe wells ranged from 10.00 to 15.00 m bgl.
The yield of large diameter wells in the district, tapping the weathered mantle of crystalline rocks ranges from 40 to 110 lpm and are able to sustain pumping for 2 to 6 hours per day. The Specific capacity of large diameter wells tested in crystalline rocks ranges from 20.25 to 95 lpm / m. of drawdown. The yield characteristics of wells vary considerably depending on the topographic set-up, litho logy and nature of weathering. The transmissivity of weathered formations computed from pumping test data using empirical methods range < 1 m2/day.
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The yield of bore wells drilled down to a depth of 40 to 70 m, by various state agencies mainly for domestic purposes ranged from 10 to 250 lpm.
The depth to water level in the district varied between 0.67 – 12.12 m bgl during pre monsoon depth to water level (May 2006) and varied between 0.49 – 8.78 m bgl during post monsoon depth to water level (Jan 2007). The seasonal fluctuation shows a rise in water level, which ranges from 0.35 to 2.8m bgl. The piezometric head varied between 3.49 to 16.23m bgl (May 2006) during premonsoon and 1.29 to 8.06 m bgl during post monsoon. (Source: Annual Report, April-2009, CGWB)
Ground Water Resources
The annual replenishable ground water resources of Ramanathpuram district as per the estimate of Central Ground Water Board (as on 31st March 2004) is 48,943 hectare metre (ham) whereas the net groundwater availability is found to be 33540 ham. The stage of ground water development is 15%. Future provision (upto year 2029) for use of ground water resources in domestic and industrial sector is 963 ham and net ground water availability for future irrigation use is 21,143 ham.
Groundwater is primarily used for drinking and other domestic purposes. Groundwater is primarily tapped by tube wells from depths ranging mostly between 40-70 m. District Ramnathapuram is falling under Semi Critical category as per stage of ground water development of the area.
3.1.6 Ground Water Quality
Primary monitoring of ground water quality was considered important in order to understand the probable impacts of the proposed project activities on the sub surface aquifers. Potential pollution of subsurface and unconfined aquifers may occur due to improper casing and cementing of well leading to infiltration or seeping of drilling chemicals or mud into nearby aquifer. Contamination of aquifers may also occur from disposal of drilling waste and mud in an open/unpaved pit.
A monitoring network consisting of 6 locations for groundwater was selected and representative sampling was carried out at each of the locations and the detailed results of ground water analysis are presented in Table 3.8.
Ground Water Sampling Points
A total of 6 nos. ground water samples were collected from shallow tube wells of the study area prospect zone villages comprising of Enmanamkondan, Raghunathapuram, Periyapattanam, Kilakkarai, Ervadi and Tirupalani. Samples were analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological parameters and results compared with IS: 10500 drinking water standards to identify and interpret any deviation in the statutory limits set for parameters under this standard.
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Interpretation of Ground Water Quality Results
Turbidity
Turbidity values for range between 2.80 to 6.00 ground water. However, turbidity values of groundwater collected from all the other sites were within the desirable limits of IS 10500 standards.
Chlorides and Total Dissolved Solids
With respect to IS: 10500 standards the desirable limit of chloride is 250 mg/l while the permissible limit of the said parameter (in absence of alternate source) is 1000 mg/l. At concentration above 250 mg/l chlorides renders a salty taste to water which may be considered to be objectionable in terms of human consumption.
The chloride concentration in the ground water samples of the study area range between
199-425 mg/l.
The concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in ground water is a measure of its suitability for domestic use. In general, TDS values at 500 mg/l or below is considered to be most desirable for such purpose being specified under IS: 10500 drinking water standard. The TDS values for the ground water samples analyzed varies in the range of 1001 mg/l to 1496 mg/l thereby conforming to the exceeding desirable limit of this ground water parameter.
Total Hardness
Hardness of water is considered to be an important parameter in determining the suitability of water for domestic uses particularly washing. Hardness of water is correlated to the presence of bivalent metallic ions viz. calcium and magnesium. Total hardness values for the ground water samples analyzed ranged between 344 mg/l to 672 mg/l and were found to be exceeding standard of 300 mg/l specified under IS: 10500. Further as discussed above, the hardness values recorded at each ground water monitoring station was found to be in correlation with the calcium and magnesium ions analyzed for such samples. The concentration of calcium and magnesium ions was found to be within exceeding permissible limits specified for the aforesaid parameters as per IS: 10500 standards.
Iron and Fluoride
Iron is considered to be an important ground water parameter since at higher concentration it interferes with laundering operations and imparts objectionable stains. Iron concentration of ground water samples collected range 0.01 to 0.07 were found within the desirable limit of IS :10500 Standard.
Heavy Metals
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The presence of heavy metals like mercury (< 0.001 mg/l), arsenic (< 0.01 mg/l), copper (< 0.02 mg/l), lead (<0.005 mg/l), hexavalent chromium (<0.05 mg/l) and cadmium (< 0.002 mg/l), in the ground water samples of all the six sources were found to be below detection limits.
Coliforms
Coliforms are indicators of contamination from sewage and feacal matter. Coliforms werenpresent in all collected samples and in the concentration range between 2 to 4 MPN/100ml Absence of faecal coliform at all the samples. Total Coliform is analysed by Four plate method & Incubation Method as per IS:15185 - 2002. Fecal Coliform is measured is analysed by Four plate method & Incubation Method as per IS:15185 – 2002 method
TABLE 3-7: SAMPLING LOCATIONS OF GROUND WATER Sampling Location Sampling Number
GW-1 Enmanamkondam GW-2 Regunathapuram
GW-3 Periyapattanam GW-4 Kilakkarai GW-5 Ervadi GW-6 Tirupalani
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Groundwater sampling Enamankonda Groundwater sampling Ervadi
Groundwater sampling Kilkari Groundwater sampling Panipattnam
Groundwater sampling Regunathapuram Groundwater sampling Tirupalani
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TABLE 3-8: GROUNDWATER MONITORING RESULTS
SL. No. Test Parameters Unit GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6
1. Colour Hazen <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 2. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 3. Taste - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 4. Turbidity NTU 2.90 6.00 3.90 3.30 2.80 3.60 5. PH - 8.1 7.7 7.4 7.1 7.6 7.2 6. Temperature 0C 29 28 29 28 29 27 7. Total Solids mg/l 1291 788 1504 1435 1015 1670 8. mg/l 344 200 624 672 496 592 Total Hardness as CaCO3 9. mg/l 300 140 320 280 140 480 Total Alkalinity 10. mg/l Nil 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 Iron as Fe 11. mg/l 333 199 425 411 340 425 Chlorides as Cl 12. mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Residual Free Chlorine 13. mg/l 1278 1100 1496 1423 1001 1662 Total Dissolved Solids 14. mg/l 135 52 183 173 118 157 Calcium as Ca 15. mg/l 2 18 40 58 48 48 Magnesium as Mg 16. mg/l <0.005 0.05 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Copper as Cu
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SL. No. Test Parameters Unit GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6
17. mg/l 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 Manganese as Mn 18. mg/l 170 108 179 286 188 233 Sulphate as SO4 19. mg/l 12 12 21 19 11 15 Nitrate as NO2 20. Flourides as F mg/l 0.45 0.44 0.86 0.92 0.78 0.83 21. Sodium as Na mg/l 279 158 226 225 160 345 22. mg/l 6 4 6 5 3 6 Potassium as K
23. Phenolic Compounds as C6H5OH mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 24. Mercury as Hg mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 25. Cadium as Cd Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 26. Selenium as Se mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 27. Arsenic as As mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 28. Cyanide as CN mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 29. Lead as Pb mg/l 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.06 30. Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.25 0.26 0.33 0.36 0.24 0.39 31. Anionic detergent as MBAS mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 32. Hexavalent Chromium as Cr+6 mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 33. Total Coliform Organism MPN/100ml 3 4 2 3 2 4 34. Faecal coliform/100ml MPN/100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
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FIGURE 3-4: LOCATION OF GROUNDWATER, SURFACE WATER AND SOIL MONITORING LOCATIONS WITHIN THE ONGC FIELD
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3.1.7 Drainage
The Vaigai basin is an important basin among the 12 basins lying between the Cauvery and Kanyakumari. The basin is bounded by the Varushanadu hills, the Andipatti hills, the Cardaman hills and the Palani hills on the west and the Palk Strait and Palk Bay on the east. The basin lies between 90 17' to 100 22' north latitudes approximately. This basin is divided into two major topographical divisions namely (i) the hilly areas and (ii) the plains.The basin is elongated in shape and drains into the Palk Bay. The Vaigai drains an area of 7,741 sq km which entirely lies in the state of Tamil Nadu.
The Vaigai river on the western slopes of the Varushanadu hills at an elevation on 1,200m above msl near Kottamalai in the Madurai district at a north latitude 90 32' and east longitude 770 23' and flows in the northernly and north easternly directions up to its confluence with the Varushanadhi and then takes a turn towards east and south east to flow through Madurai, Sivakangai and Ramanathapuram districts. After traversing about 258 km, the river Vaigai discharges into Ramnad big tank and some other tanks. The surplus water from the tanks finally discharges into the Palk Bay near Mandapam. On its way, the Vaigai receives two important tributaries namely the Suruliyar and the Manjalar on its left bank, besides a large number of small streams and rivulets. The river has been dammed downstream of its confluence with the Suruliyar.
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The major part of Ramanathapuram district falls in Gundar-Vaigai river basin. Vaigai and Gundar are the important rivers and in addition, Virusuli, Kottakariyar & Uppar are the othe r rivers draining the district. The drainage pattern, in general, is dendritic. All the rivers are seasonal and carry substantial flows during monsoon period. Vaigai., which is one of the important rivers of the district, which is flow and drain in the Paramakudi, Bogalur, Tirupullani and Mandapam blocks. The Gundar river originates in Kottamalai hills in the Saptura forest and enters the district near Anankulam and flows in a south –eastern to due south direction and enters the Bay of Bengal neare Mukaiyur. The river assumes the name of “ Reghunatha Cauveri “ from Kamudhi.
The Kottakarai, Virusuli and Uppar are other rivers flowing in south easterly direction and entering the Bay of Bengal. Major drainage in the study area is Manimuthar, Vaigai & Vaippar. The drainage map within the block has been prepared and presented as Figure 3.5.
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FIGURE 3-5: DRAINAGE MAP WITHIN THE BLOCK
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3.1.8 Surface water quality
Primary monitoring of surface water quality was given importance during scoping of the EIA study as the effluent generated during the exploratory well drilling operations are likely to be discharged to nearby surface water bodies/natural drainage channels/rivers after ensuring that it meets prescribed norms of CPCB. Further, an effort has been made to establish the baseline quality of the existing major watersheds and sub watersheds (comprising the major drainage of the study area) to identify any possible contamination due to any current industrial activities. A monitoring network consisting of 4 locations for surface water monitoring were selected. Water sampling and analysis was done following CPCB standard guidelines for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. The monitoring locations are shown in Figure 3.5.
Surface Water Sampling Points Surface water samples were collected from all major water channels of the study area i.e. Vagai river(Upstream & Downstream), Water body in Periyapattanam, Water body/river near Kanjirangudi, Water body near Sattakonvalasai to get an overview of the surface water quality of the study area. Surface water quality was finally assessed against water quality criteria as per CPCB guidelines for water resources. Results of surface water samples have been discussed below.
Interpretation of Surface Water Quality Results
The pH of the surface water samples varied from 7.4-7.9. The total coliform count of the surface water samples range between 15 to 35 MPN/100ml. The presence of contaminants in the form of oil and grease and heavy metals viz. lead, iron, arsenic, chromium and mercury in the surface waters of all sources were found to benegligible. The toxic organic component, phenol, was also found be below detectable limit (<0.001 mg/l) in all the surface water samples. BOD is varied from 2.2-2.6mg/l. COD is varied from 32-42mg/l.
Detailed surface water analysis results have been provided at Table 3.10.As discussed in the previous section the channels from which samples were taken and analyzed were primarily used for irrigation, bathing, cleaning and for catching fish. The analyzed values of the samples after comparing with the CPCB Water Use Criteria justifies their use in compliance to water use criteria.
TABLE 3-9: SAMPLING LOCATION OF SURFACE WATER Sampling Location Sampling Number
SW-1 Vagai river (up stream) SW-2 Vagairiver(down stream)
SW-3 Periyapattanam SW-4 Kanjirangudi SW-5 Sattakonvalasai
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TABLE 3-10: SURFACE WATER QUALITY RESULTS
SL. Test Parameters Unit SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 No.
1. Colour Hazen <5.0 >5.0 >5.0 >5.0 >5.0 2. - Agreeable Not Not Not Not Odour Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 3. DO mg/l 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.7 5.6 4. BOD mg/l 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.3 5. COD mg/l 32 35 38 42 38 6. Turbidity NTU 5 9 14 8 12 7. PH - 7.6 7.8 7.4 7.6 7.9 8. Temperature 0C 26 28 29 27 28 9. Total Solids mg/l 365 29300 606 21400 382 10. Total Hardness mg/l 112 3600 216 2800 128 as CaCO3 11. Total Alkalinity mg/l 120 8600 180 7200 110 12. Iron as Fe mg/l 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.01 13. Chlorides as Cl mg/l 71 9042 106 7340 63 14. Residual Free mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Chlorine 15. Total Dissolved mg/l 338 28808 551 21120 345 Solids 16. Calcium as Ca mg/l 25 803 35 722 32 17. Magnesium as mg/l 11 390 31 244 12 Mg 18. Copper as Cu mg/l <0.005 0.05 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 19. Manganese as mg/l BDL 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.03 Mn 20. mg/l 66 4850 106 4160 78 Sulphate as SO4
21. Nitrate as NO2 mg/l 13 72 22 44 18 22. Flourides as F mg/l 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.6 23. Sodium as Na mg/l 68 8087 108 7100 72 24. Potassium as K mg/l 3 22 2 16 2 25. Phenolic mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Compounds C6H5OH 26. Mercury as Hg mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 27. Cadium as Cd Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 28. Selenium as Se mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 29. Arsenic as As mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 30. Cyanide as CN mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 31. Lead as Pb mg/l 0.05 0.09 0.04 0.07 0.03 32. Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.40 0.52 0.29 0.48 0.26
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SL. Test Parameters Unit SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 No.
33. Anionic mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil detergent as MBAS 34. Hexavalent mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Chromium Cr+6 35. Total Coliform MPN/100 15 18 35 16 31 Organism ml 36. Faecal MPN/100 2 4 8 3 6 coliform/100ml ml
Surface water sampling Vaigai Down Stream Surface water sampling Vaigai UP Stream
3.1.9 Additional Surface Water Monitoring The additional surface water monitoring conducted in January 2016 to recheck the result of BOD, COD and TDS at two locations i.e. Vagai River downstream and Kanjirangudi River. In the study area month of January 2016 represent post monsoon period. The details of monitoring result is represented in Table – 3.11.
TABLE 3-11: ADDITIONAL SURFACE WATER MONITORING RESULTS
SL. Test Parameters Unit SW1 SW2 No.
1. pH --- 8.35 8.15 2. Colour Hazen <5 <5 3. Turbidity NTU 9.7 4.5 4. Temperature ⁰C 23.3 22.9 5. Electrical Conductivity mS/cm 19.78 4.68 6. Total Suspended Solids mg/l 105 176 7. Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 16838 49101 8. Alkalinity mg/l 223 125
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SL. Test Parameters Unit SW1 SW2 No.
9. Hardeness mg/l 2855.6 5121.2 10. Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 4.7 5.2
11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 71 96 12. Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 191.84 253.28 13. Nitrate mg/l BDL BDL 14. Nitrite mg/l 0.049 0.014 15. Sulphate mg/l 1106.47 1017.04 16. Chloride mg/l 6792.93 14802.50 17. Phosphate mg/l <0.5 <0.5 18. Fluoride mg/l 1.34 1.56 19. Sodium mg/l 3922.5 6567.5 20. Potassium mg/l 85.33 235.2 21. Nitrogen mg/l 2.8 3.5 22. Phosphorus mg/l <0.5 <0.5 23. Calcium mg/l 387.04 368.16 24. Magnesium mg/l 453.12 1008.20 25. Silica mg/l 1.08 1.30 26. Oil & Grease mg/l BDL BDL 27. Phenolic Compounds mg/l 0.83 1.43 28. Lead mg/l 0.27 0.47 29. Arsenic mg/l BDL BDL 30. Mercury mg/l BDL BDL 31. Cadmium mg/l 0.60 0.05 32. Hexavalent Chromium mg/l BDL BDL 33. Total Chromium mg/l BDL BDL 34. Copper mg/l BDL BDL
35. Zinc mg/l 0.040 0.040
36. Iron mg/l 0.76 0.09 37. Total Coliform MPN/100ml 12 23
Analysis of Additional Monitoring Result
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The analysis of result shows that BOD value at both the monitoring location is reported as 71 – 96 mg/l. This BOD value indicates the presence of higher organic content and therefore higher demand of oxygen would be requried to degrade the organic content. The higher BOD result monitored after monsoon may attribute to decaying of plant and other organic matter due to Chennai flood incident. The Chennai flood incident also influenced this area. Further, BOD/COD ration also lies in the range of 0.3 – 0.6 which indicates that presence of toxic components and acclimated mircroorganism may be requried in stabilization of these water bodies.
TDS result is observed as high in both the samples. TDS was also observed as high value in the sample collected during the pre-monsoon season. The high value of TDS may attribute to tidal influence in Vagai River (downstream) and increased water flow in Kanjirangudi River.
3.1.10 Land-Use The land-use and land-cover of the study area has been interpreted from the satellite data (Google Imagery), toposheet of the area, and subsequently by ground truthing during field surveys. The study area land use shows that the land (48.0%) in the area is used Prosopi Jungle, Agriculture ( 25.0%), Aquaculture (5%), Bird Sanctuary (0.3%), Settlements (15.0%), Coconuts (6.1%), Mangroves Forest (0.2%), Bird Sanctuary (0.2%), Salt ponds (0.2%), Water Body (0.2%). The land use analysis result is shown in the following Table. The land use map of the study area is presented in Figure 3.5.
Type of Landuse Distribution Prosopis Jungle 48 % Agriculture 25 %
Aquaculture 5% Bird Sanctuary 0.5% Settlements 15.0 % Coconuts 6.1% Mangroves Forest 0.2% Salt ponds & Water Body 0.4 %
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FIGURE 3-6: LAND USE MAP WITHIN THE ONGC FIELD
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3.1.11 Soil Quality Soils in the area have been classified into i) Black Clayey soil, ii) Sandy soil and iii) Red – ferruginous soil.
In the Ramanathapuram district, majority of the area is covered by Black Clayey soil type. These soils are mostly black or black to brownish in colour and are found in parts of Ramanathapuram, Paramakudi, Kamuthi, Tiruvadanai and Mudukulathur blocks. Sand occur in flat elevation along the Rameshwaram and Kadaladi blocks, Alluvial soils occur along the river courses of Vaigai and Gundar river covering in the blocks Paramakudi, Tiruvadanai and Muthukulayhur. The Red ferruginous soil of the Chettinad plains occurs as few pockets around Paramakudi and Tiruvadanai blocks.
As discussed above, since soils of the Ramanathpuram Taluka, of which the exploratory block is a part is characterized by Black Clayey Soil. Major part of district soil is infertile in nature, however the implementation of the proposed project may lead to the temporary change/loss of soil fertility at the drilling site. The understanding of soil quality therefore assumes significance considering the block soil fertility characteristics and also given the responsibility of the proponent to restore the site back to its original condition following decommissioning. An effort has been therefore been made to establish the soil quality of the block through primary monitoring study as discussed in the section below.
TABLE 3-12: DETAILS OF SOIL MONITORING LOCATIONS
Sampling Numbers Monitoring Locations
S-1 Panikulam S-2 Enmankondan S-3 Sattakonvalsai S-4 Regunathapuram S-5 Ervadi
Primary Soil Sampling and Analysis The soil characteristics within the study area, especially the physical quality and fertility of the soil have been characterized by analyzing the soil samples collected from 5 locations namely, Panaikkulam, Enmanamkondan, Sattakonvalasai, Raghunathapuram, Ervadi. Primary soil monitoring includes analysis of the heavy metals with the objective of establishing baseline values for such contaminants.
Interpretation of Soil Analysis Results
It has been observed that the pH of the soil in the study area ranged from 6.7 to 7.7 the maximum pH value of 7.7 was observed at village (S1), where as the minimum value of 6.7 was observed at Village (S5).
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It has been observed that the pH of the soil in the study area ranged from 6.7 to 7.7 the maximum pH value of 7.7 was observed at village (Eravadi), where as the minimum value of 6.7 was observed at Village (Panikulam). The electrical conductivity was observed to be in the range of 143 µmhos/cm to 334 µmhos/cm, with the maximum observed at village (Eravadi) and minimum observed in Village (Regunathapuram). The nitrogen values range between 32.2-177 kg/ha. The nitrogen content in the study area falls in very less to better category. The phosphorus values range between 2.3 to 66.7 kg/ha, indicating that the phosphorus content in the study area falls in very less to sufficient category. The potassium values range between 111.6 – 267.3 kg/ha. The potassium content in the study area falls in less to more than sufficient category. The chlorides were found to be in the range of 70.9– 301.3 mg/kg of soil.
TABLE 3-13: SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS Sr. Parameter Units S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 No. 1 pH (1:5 Aq.Extract) ---- 6.7 7.0 6.8 7.1 7.7 2 Condutivity (1:5 Aq.Extract) scm 145 175 221 143 334 3 Texture ---- Clay Sandy Clay Sandy Sandy Clay Clay clay 4 Sand % 35 55 36 50 52 5 Silt % 22 15 24 12 11 6 Clay % 43 30 40 38 37 7 Bulk Density mg/cc 1 1.2 1.1 1 1 8 Exchangeable Calcium as Ca mg/kg 1598 839 1518 1479 1840 9 Exchangeable Magnesium as mg/kg 461 218 680 413 1312 Mg 10 Exchangeable Sodium as Na mg/kg 181.8 498.5 245.7 81 327 11 Available Potassium as K Kg/ha 155.6 223 111.6 122.4 267.3 12 Available Phosphorous as P Kg/ha 2.3 44.7 66.7 14 9.3 13 Available Nitrogen as N Kg/ha 161.6 32.2 177 134.6 107.2 14 Organic Matter % 1.67 0.28 1.66 1.39 1.11 15 Organic Carbon % 0.97 0.16 0.96 0.81 0.64 16 Water Soluble Chloride as Cl mg/kg 88.6 227.7 212.6 70.9 301.3 17 Water Soluble Sulphate as SO4 mg/kg 62.2 131.6 104.2 109.3 141.6 18 Sodium Absorption Ratio ---- 0.46 1.77 0.59 0.21 0.64 19 Aluminium % 1.77 1.82 1.43 0.97 0.75 20 Total Iron % 2.08 1.43 0.64 0.41 2.11 21 Manganese mg/kg 442.1 362 86.5 102.3 294.1 22 Boron mg/kg 14.5 12.9 16.2 11.9 14.8 23 Zinc mg/kg 44.2 61.8 56.3 37.3 46.5
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Soil Sampling at Ervadi Soil Sampling at Panikulam
Soil Sampling at Sttakonavalsai Soil Sampling at Regunathapuram
3.1.12 Natural Hazards A natural disaster during the life cycle of the project can have a significant effect on the functioning of the project in addition to affecting the local environment in the area and stressing the availability of resources for the project. Such disasters also sometimes create difficulties in access through disruption of transportation links.
Seismicity & Earthquakes
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The study area is located in Zone II as shown in the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 2000 seismic zone map for India. Seismic Map of India is shown in Figure 3-6.
FIGURE 3-7: SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF INDIA
[Source : Amateur Seismic Centre www.asc-india.org]
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3.2 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The Ramanathapuram district is rich in biodiversity and has a number of sensitive ecosystems comprising both terrestrial and coastal & marine components. In the study area important wildlife habitat is Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park(GMMNP) and Biosphere Reserve. Sakkarkotai Bird Sanctuary, Gulf of Mannar National Park 10km buffer zone falls in ONGC Ramanathapuram PML block area.
The primary objectives of the biological environment study are:
To assess the vegetation types Phytosociological study of tree and herbs To identify common flora & fauna in the study area To find out rare and endangered floral and faunal species (if any) To evaluate wildlife habitat of the area and assess impact of the proposed project on wildlife & their habitats. To assess impact of the proposed project on agriculture and domestic livestock.
3.2.1 Methodology
Study Area The study area for terrestrial ecological surveys is considered taking the entire area of ONGC block.
Desktop Review and Reconnaissance Survey A desktop review (documents collected from GMMNP and other published documents, etc.) was conducted to determine the area (Toposheet and Satellite imagery), vegetation type (Champion and Seth, 1962), floral and faunal assemblage in the study area. A site reconnaissance visit was conducted on July 30th – 7th August and 4th-11th September 2014 to identify different ecological habitats, sensitive ecological habitat and also to identify the targeted study area for baseline survey.
Baseline Survey Baseline survey was carried out to determine the existing ecological conditions and was designed to fill any data gaps, and to facilitate an adequate assessment of the project’s impacts upon ecology and the development of appropriate mitigation measures. Baseline survey was conducted on July 30th – 7th August and 4th-11th September 2014 for habitat survey, flora & faunal assemblage, in the study area. Baseline survey has two parts- (i) Secondary data collection and (ii) Primary Survey.
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Secondary Data Collection
Secondary baseline data regarding sensitive ecological habitat (National Park, Sanctuary, Ecological Sensitive Area, Migratory Corridor, etc.), flora & fauna in the study area, published and unpublished documents.
Primary Survey
Primary survey was carried out the targeted study area for habitat (terrestrial and aquatic), flora and faunal survey (terrestrial and aquatic), phyto-sociological survey through transect and quadrant method (natural forest), planktonic monitoring. Special attention was paid to those areas, which will be directly impacted by proposed drilling activity.
3.3 FOREST RESOURCES The district has only 273 sq km forest cover, i.e. 6.4% of the total geographical area of the district. However, the ML area has no demarcated forest land. There some scrub land in the ML area. In the study area has four types of habitat –forests (mostly scrub land), coastal habitat and agricultural land.
3.4 HABITAT 3.4.1 Forest Habitat When Tropical dry-mixed evergreen forests are destroyed, often, tropical thorn forests (scrublands) grow in their place. Tropical thorn forests also grow in arid areas where the dry season is very long. Plants in thorn forests have to conserve water, so they have small leaves or thorns, to reduce water loss, or store water in fleshy leaves and stems. During the dry season, leaves fall off.
3.4.2 Inland Wetland Habitats Several streams and rivers drain into the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar. Rivers and streams are bodies of water that move continuously in one direction. At the beginning of the stream the channel is narrow and the water is pure and carries less sediment than downstream, as well as only a few minerals. Many such streams (tributaries of a river) join together to form a larger river.
3.4.3 Coastal and Marine Habitat In this region there are also many coastal and marine habitats. They are
Mangroves: above Devipattanam, and small patch at Karanjigudi Salt marshes: near to sea side creeks, Sand dunes and beaches (including seashore vegetation): are mainly on east part of the district, Mud flats: are mainly on east part of the district, Sea grass meadows, and Coral Reefs.
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3.5 VEGETATION Forest types occurring in this region are Tropical dry-mixed evergreen forests and Tropical thorn forests (scrublands). The flora of the area is dominated by species like Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora, Tamarindus indica, Azadirachita indica, Albizzia amara, Ficus bengalensis, Ficus religiosa, Morinda tinctoria, Borassus flabellifer, Syzygium cumuni, Acacia planifons, etc. About 45 plant angiosperm plant species were reported from this area.
Phytosociological study of terrestrial vegetation
The detailed phytosociological study of 9 wells of the study area are included in Annexure 4-B.
3.6 WILDLIFE HABITAT & WILDLIFE The study area has important wildlife habitat – Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park and Biosphere Reserve. The sanctuary and its adjoining forests are very rich in diversity. Ramanathapuram district has also three bird sanctuaries, namely Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary, Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary and Melaselvanur - Kilaselvanur Bird Sanctuary.
3.6.1 Birds Sanctuary The location and details of birds sanctuaries in the district is shown below:
TABLE 3-14: DETAILS OF BIRDS SANCTUARIES Sanctuary Area of the Location Distance from Sanctuary (sq. ML area (km) km)
Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary 0.48 9°19′48″N 78°29′23″E 22.5 Kanjirankulam Bird 1.04 9°20′N 78°29′E. 23.4
Sanctuary Melaselvanur - Kilaselvanur 5.93 9°13’47” & 9°12’27” N 10.8 Bird Sanctuary and 78°32’29” & 78°34’28” E Therthangal Bird Sanctuary 0.29 9°28'15.09"N& 4.0 78°47'15.19"E Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary 16.50 09°22'00"N, 78° 52'00"E Within the ML area
Melaselvanoor and Keelaselvanoor bird sanctuary The area under present study is KMBS, Ramanathapuram lies between latitude which is 9°13’47” and 9°12’27” N and longtitude 78°32’29” and 78°34’28” E in Kadaladi taluk of Ramanathapuram District in Tamil Nadu. This sanctuary was declared in the year 1998. This is the biggest birds Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu. The total area of the Sanctuary is 593.08 ha. The flora of the area is dominated by species like Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora, Tamarindus indica, Azadirachita indica, Albizzia amara, Ficus bengalensis, Ficus religiosa, Morinda tinctoria, Borassus flabellifer, Syzygium cumuni, Acacia planifons, etc.
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The three different habitats i.e., aquatic fresh water habitat (FWH), shrubby habitat (SH) and mixed forest habitat (MFH). A total of 116 species of birds belonging to 47 families was reported from this sanctuary. Of the total 116 species of birds 51 species were mixed forest residents, 18 species were reported to use more than one habitat, 26 species were reported to be aquatic residents and 21 species of birds use only shrubby habitat. Major bird species were Dater, Cormorant, Egret, Heron, Ibis, Spoonbill, Cotton Teal, Spot-Billed Duck, Plover, Lapwing, Sandpiper, Wagtail, Kingfisher, etc.
Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary is a 1.04 sq. km Protected area near Mudukulathur, 9°20′N 78°29′E. It is adjacent to Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary. It is notable as a nesting site for several migratory Heron species that roost in the prominent growth of Babul trees there. International name: Chitragudi and Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary, IBA Code: IN261, Criteria: A1, A4i.
The sanctuary vegetation is mostly Tropical Dry Deciduous forest. It is dominated by Babul along with Prosopis juliflora and the grasses Bermuda grass and Eremopogon foveolatus. The invasive Prosopis is slowly encroaching on much of the sanctuary area, retarding growth of Babuls. The irrigation tank bund and the area outside the tank have Tamarind trees, Fig trees, Neem trees, Portia trees, Silk trees Drumstick trees and palms
3.6.2 Gulf of Mannar The Gulf of Mannar lies between India and Sri Lanka. It encompasses the territorial waters of the southeast coast of India, from Dhanushkodi in the north to Kanyakumari in the south (Figure 3.7). It has a chain of 21 islands covering an area of 623 ha, with each island having an area of 0.5 ha minimum and 129 ha maximum. They are located 2 to 10 km from the mainland along the 140 km stretch between Tuticorin and Rameswaram (Lat 8°55'-9°15’N and Long 78°0'-79°16’E). The islands are occurring in 4 groups namely Mandapam group, Keezhakarai group, Vembar group and Tuticorin group. There are no permanent inhabitants in these islands and temporary camping by forest officials and fishermen for a few days is common in some of the islands.
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FIGURE 3-8: GULF OF MANNAR
3.7 GULF OF MANNAR MARINE NATIONAL PARK The government of Tamil Nadu in G.O. M.S. No 962 dated 10th September 1986 notified under section 35(1) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 the intention to declare the 21 islands as Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GOMMNP) for the purpose of protecting marine wildlife and its environment including depths of 3.5 fathoms on the bay side to 5 fathoms on the seaward side.
The primary objective of the establishment of the GOMMNP is to conserve the rich marine biodiversity of the Gulf of Mannar region by providing protection and through management and restoration of the degraded marine coral reef system, which have been historically mined and exploited to an unsustainable level.
3.8 GULF OF MANNAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE The GOMBR was set up as part of the UNESCO-MAB programme in 1989 through a notification issued by the MoEF, following acceptance by the Government of Tamil Nadu. The GOMBR was set up with the broad objectives of conserving representative samples of ecosystems, providing long-term conservation of genetic diversity in situ, promoting basic and applied research work and its monitoring, and disseminating experiences for education and training. The GOMBR is the first marine biosphere reserve not only in India but also in all of South and Southeast Asia.
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According to the notification, the area of the GOMBR is 10,500 sq km, running southwards and parallel to the mainland coastline to a distance of about 170 nautical miles. It includes the national park as the core area. The original notification includes the 21 islands, starting from the northern-most Pamban island to Tuticorin (the pearl banks near and away from Tuticorin, and between Tuticorin and Kanyakumari). The buffer zone includes the immediate sea between Keezhakarai and Mukairyur, Valimunai, Poovarsanpatti, Van, Kasuwar, Karaichalli and Vallanguchali islands and the remaining waters in the Tuticorin– Kanyakumari belt. Recent reports from the GOMBRT office show that the reserve has a coastline of about 300 km and a 10-km wide buffer zone on either side of the coastline (Melkani et al., 2006). The buffer zone comprises Gulf waters to the south and an inhabited coastline to the north, according to the draft management plan prepared by the WII and submitted to the GOI.
The broad guidelines and principle of this biosphere reserve is to safeguard the traditional and eco-friendly nature based livelihood practices of local communities as well as the ecologically fragile Marine habitat within the GOMBR.
3.9 MARINE ECOSYSTEM: GULF OF MANNAR The national park was declared to protect wildlife and its environment, because of its ecological, faunal, floral and zoological association and importance. The GOM has coral reefs, and mangrove and seaweed ecosystems, apart from rocky shores, sandy beaches, mud flats and estuaries.
These ecosystems support a wide variety of fauna and flora including rare cowries, cones, volutes, murices, whelks, strombids, chanks, tonnids, prawns, lobsters, pearl oysters, seahorses, seacucumbers, etc. The biosphere reserve and particularly the Marine National Park of the Gulf of Mannar also gains more importance because of the alarmingly declining population of the endangered Dugongs.
3.9.1 Off Shore Islands and Coral Reefs A chain of 21 low islands has been observed along the offshore region of GOM. All islands are made up of a calcareous framework of dead reef and sand. They have a low and narrow sandy coast and some of them have rocky coast. Around all offshore islands, well-developed coral reefs have been noticed. Geomorphologically, coral reefs in this area are of fringing type, though some patchy corals are also observed in between Appa Island and Pilliyarmuni Island, and in some areas like Bharathinagar coast and southeast coast of Kariya Shuli Island. Two islands namely Velanguchalli and Poovarasanpatti are now submerged in the seascape.
Based on biodiversity assessments made by the recent survey in 2013 conducted by Zoological survey of India the fauna and flora known so far from our Indian reefs comprises 1097 species under 254 families and 567 genera which includes 85 species of corals, 15 gorgonids,16 sea anemones, 24 prawns, 3 lobsters, 21 crabs, 88 molluscs, 106 echinoderms, 2 hemichordates, 2 cephalochordates, 78 tunicates, 553 fishes, 6 reptiles, 63 birds, 6 mammals (Venkataraman et al., 2002). Endemic Hemichordata Phycodera fluva flagship species such as Dugong, 3 species
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of dolphins, 2 species of whales, at least 5 species of turtles and 68 elasmobranchs (Venkataraman et al., 2002).
Threats The anthropogenic factors such as industrialization, pollution and discharge of large quantities of sewage into coastal areas, in addition to the over exploitation of reef resources and illegal mining of corals by the local population are the major threat to coral reefs.
Coral mining: The majority of damage to coral reefs in the Gulf of Manar has been through direct anthropogenic stress The human activity such as coastal development, destructive fishing, over exploitation, marine pollution, runoff from deforestation and toxic discharge from industrial and agricultural chemicals. Some of the factors affecting coral reefs growth are regression of coral growth due to silt laden water with greater load of suspended matter during monsoon flow, windblown sandy deposition, cyclone, quarrying for limestone, effect of current, etc.
Seaweed collection: Seaweed collection was carried out around the islands as a source of alternate livelihood for fishermen communities. Seaweed collections over coral reefs severely threaten and destroy coral reefs causing the release of bottom sediments and smothering affect, increase of turbidity and reducing the intensity of light; breaking and killing of coral.
Destructive Fishing Practices: Bottom trawlers and trap nets for crab and lobster are two of the major destructive fishing practices in the region. This fishing practices churn up the sea bottom releasing the sediments and casing turbidity, these silt laden waters are carried by currents and wave action over reefs causing stress to the corals by reducing light penetration or smothering the corals with sediment. These fishing activities are also destroying the corals.
Sedimentation: Sedimentation affects corals in three ways, photo-synthetically, physically and chemically. Sedimentation is caused my many sources, both natural and anthropogenic. The anthropogenic causes are through seaweed collection and by coral mining; the other sources of sedimentation are from afforestation and removal of vegetation on sand dunes and coast increases erosion by waves, wind and rainfall increases the sediment load in the water
Eutrophication: The release of sewage has resulted in heavy load of organics and low primary production, which in turn would drastically affect the growth of the coral habitat
Industrial pollutants: The release of heated water and fly ash from thermal plant has an affect the coral reefs.
Natural threats: During cyclones heavy wave actions uproots and break corals.
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3.9.2 Mangrove
Islands Mangrove The Gulf of Mannar islands possess some unique type of mangrove vegetation. A total of 10 true mangrove species were reported belonging to 6 families of 6 order1. Mangrove species was reported in 16 islands. The island Manoli ranks high in having 9 mangrove species and is followed by Krusadai, Pullivasal, Poomarichan and Hare Island respectively. The mangrove vegetation in Manoli is striking for its luxuriant growth and diversity. The islands Valai, Pullimunai, Nallathanni, Upputhanni and Van islands have only one mangrove species each.
About 24 mangrove associated species were recorded from all the islands. The species Salvadora persica and Sesuvium portulacastrum were the dominant associate flora found in about 15 islands. Similarly, the species like Thespesia populnea and Scaevola taccada have been recorded in 13 islands. Caesalpenia, Dalbergia, Pandanus, Pongamia, Salvadora and Thespesia were found distributed well away from the upper reaches of high tide. The grass species like Aleuropus, Fimbristylis, Spinifex and Tamarix were recorded at or near the upper reaches whereas halophytes Salicornia, Scaevola, Sesuvium, Suaeda occupies the gaps between the mangroves and in exposed areas in the mudflats. Clerodendrum, Ipomoea, and Spinifex covers the periphery of the islands.
About 61 species belong to trees, herbs, shrubs etc. (other than mangroves and mangrove associates), were identified at all islands of the Gulf of Mannar. Three alien invasive species (Acacia eburnean, Acacia nilotica and Prosopis juliflora) were reported from these islands.
On-shore Mangroves About 13 typical riverine-estuarine and canal have been recorded along coastline of the Biosphere Reserve in the four coastal districts. Among them only Kanjirangudi of Ramnathapuram; Vaipar, Buckil odai, Punakayal-Pazhayakayal complex of Tuticorin and Manakudi of Kanyakumari district have mangrove distribution.
The Kanjirangudi estuary falls in the oil and gas block. The estuarine waters have largely been utilized for aquaculture practice nearby. Avicennia marina is the only mangrove species found along the muddy shoreline of the estuary and its distribution extents upto a1.5 km distance from the coast.
Threats There is no direct profound threat to mangrove ecosystem in the off-shore Islands.However, the activities such as docking of small boats, cooking adjacent to the vegetation were pose very little damage. Natural degradation of mangroves has been reported in few islands due to increased anaerobic conditions, hyper salinity and sulfide stress at water-logged area over a period of time has killed mangroves.
1 A study was conducted by the Wildlife Institute of India, National Institute for Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Centre in 2006
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3.9.3 Sea Grass & Sea-weed habitat
Sea-Grass Sea-grasses occur in the intertidal and mid-tidal zones of shallow and sheltered areas of sea, gulf, bays, backwaters and lagoons. They form a dense meadow on sandy and coral rubble bottom and sometimes in the crevices under water.
The Gulf of Mannar is well known for its rich diversity of sea grasses along with dugong. Various fishes, molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms form the predominant associated fauna of the sea grass habitats. Under normal conditions, seagrasses maintain water clarity by trapping silt, dirt, and other sediments suspended in the water column. These materials are then incorporated into the benthic substratum, where they are stabilized by seagrass roots. However, when sediment loading becomes excessive, turbidity in the water column increases and the penetration of sunlight is inhibited. In extreme cases, excessive sediment loading can actually smother seagrasses.
It was estimated that the total extent of seagrass beds around all islands of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve was 80.7 sq. km. The species composition of seagrass community in the Gulf of Mannar region include Enhalus acoraides, Halophila ovalis, Halophila ovata, Halophila beccari, Halophila stipulacea, Thalassia lemprichii, Cymadocea serrulata, Cymadocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis and Syringodium isoetifolium etc .
Threats
The major threats which present in this region are mentioned below
Since the seagrass productivity is highly dependent on ideal salinity, water temperature , and turbidity, which are getting polluted by industrial and domestic wastes, which comes from the near by coastal areas of the GOMMNP Port and dredging related activities in the region churns up seagrass beds, increasing turbidity and suspended sediments in the water column, which would have a long-term impacts on seagrasses of this region. Use of indiscriminate fishing technology especially trawling on these beds is also expected to harm this habitat. With increased agricultural activity on the nearby landscape is also posing a threat to the sea grass beds because of its pollution. Fishing in the seagrass beds and increase use of fishing vessels on the habitat are also threatening this habitat. Collection of sea grasses for fodder and fertilizers.
Sea-weeds Seaweeds are marine plants belonging to lower Cryptogams. They occur in the intertidal, shallow and deep waters of the sea upto 150m depth and also in estuaries 49 and backwaters. These are large and diversified groups with size ranging from single cell such as
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Chlamydomonas to several meters in length (Macrocystis). The four classes of seaweeds are Chlorophyta (green algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae),
A total number of 147 species of algae comprising 42 species of green algae, 31 species of brown algae, 69 species of red algae and 5 species of blue green algae distributed in Gulf of Mannar islands.
3.9.4 Biodiversity Profile of Biosphere Reserve About 3600 species of fauna and flora have been identified in the GOMBR by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institutes and other organizations. The fauna is said to be one of the richest in the whole of Indo-west pacific region.
About 126 species of phytoplankton, 360 species of zooplankton, 51 species (2 endemic) of foraminiferans, 275 species (31 endemic) of sponges, 128 species (42 endemic), 14 species of Gorgonids, 75 species of Polychaeta, 9 species of Nematoda, 41 species Penaeid and Non- Penaeid shrimps, 7 specise Lobster, 210 species of Crabs, 25 species of Stomatopod, 731 species of Molluscs (Bivalvia, Gastropods and Cephalopods), 264 species of Echinodermata were reported from GOMMBR.
Corals 128 species (42 endemic) were recorded (Pillai, 1986, CMFRI, 1998). The dominant genera were Pocillopora, Acropora, Montipora, Favia, Favites, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Platygyra, Echinopora, Galaxea, Porites, Turbinaria, Leptoria, Pavona and Pachyseris.
Crabs and economically important A total of 38 crab species belong to 21 genera and five families occur in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, which is 5.6% of Indian crab germ plasm. Of the 11 important commercial crabs in India, six crab species occur in this region. Several species are considered to be becoming rare and threatened, or having reduced over all size because of over exploitation and their habitat destruction. Inter-tidal zone of Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park and the Biosphere Reserve are considered to be good habitats for these crabs in this region.
Shrimps Shrimps are abundant in the Gulf of Mannar. Penaeus semisulcatus, P. indicus and P. monodon are commonly available. There are 18 species of shrimps of which 10 are heavily exploited. The lobsters Panulirus homarus, P.ornatus, P. logipes and P. versicolor are abundant, of the 7 species of spiny and sand lobsters. The crabs Scylla serrata, Portunus pelagicus, and P. sanguinolentus are the three commercially important species. The sacred chunk, Xancus pyrum, forms an important fishery in the Gulf of Mannar. About 1,000 km2 area of inshore waters of Gulf of Mannar have been identified as chunk grounds.
Fishes
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A large number of finfish species are available in the Gulf of Mannar. This includes nearly 125 species of reef fishes. The common finfishes of Gulf of Mannar belong to Leiognathids, Sardines, Lethrinids, Perches, Carangids, Anchovies, Seer fishes, Red mullets, Half beaks, Needle fishes and Elasmobranchs such as sharks and rays. There are 15 species of silver bellies in this region of which four species of Leiognathus are common. They are L.equulus, L.bindus, L.dussumieri and L. splendens. As many as 20 species of lethrinids have been reported. The commonly available species of Lethrinus are L. ornatus, L. varigatus, L. hark, L. lentjan, L. nebulosus and L. microdon. The other major contributors to the fishery are Perches, Nemipterids Haemulids, Serranids, Lutjanids and Epinephelids.
Avi-fauna The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is also an Important Bird Area. About 187 species of aquatic and terrestrial birds have been identified from this IBA (Balachandran 1990, 1995), which is famous for waders and seabirds. Sometimes >50,000 water birds are found here. Pelagic birds are also recorded (Balachandran 1990).
Sea turtles Four of the seven species of sea turtles found worldwide are reported to occur in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reseves (Kar & Bhaskar, 1982; Bhupathy & Saravanan, 2003). These are the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), green (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill (Eretmochelys mbricate) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea. All the four species of sea turtles that occur in these coastal waters are protected under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972), as well as listed in Appendix I of Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) which prohibits trade in turtle products by signatory countries.
Sea snakes Sea snakes are considered to be the most successful marine reptiles in the world. 12 species of sea snakes have been reported in the Gulf of Mannar region. Of which, nine species are true sea snakes i.e. belong to the family Hydrophiinae. Studies shows that the sea snake population in Indian seas are declining. It is understood that, incidentally captured sea snakes are released back into sea but in several occasions the incidentally captured sea snakes are killed by the fishermen due to fear.
Marine Mammals 11 species have been recorded (James and Lal Mohan, 1987, CMFRI, 1998) including 6 species of whales, 4 species of dolphins and 1 species of Dugong. All are endangered species and placed under schedule 1 of "The Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972.
Dugong
The Dugong (Dugong dugong) is one of the four surviving species in the Order Sirenia and it is the only existing species of herbivorous mammal that lives exclusively in the sea (Heinsohn, 1972). The Dugong ranges along the coast of east Africa into the Red Sea, along the coast of
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southern Asia to as far east as the Solomon Islands, and along the northern coasts of Australia from southern Queensland to subtropical Western Australia (Marsh et al. 1999).
In India, the dugong occurs in the Gulf of Mannar and Gulf of Kutch, the Palk Bay and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. All these areas have sea grass beds, which are good foraging ground for the Dugongs.
The Gulf of Mannar had a good population of dugong but due to illegal off take of this species caused the species to be threatened with local extinction.. However, since from 1988 the Tamil Nadu Forest Department initiated awareness campaign to safeguard this species. Though, the illegal off take of this species drastically reduced their population, information on current status and distribution is not known in detail.
.
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FIGURE 3.9: ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY MAP
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3.9.5 Planktons Plankton are microscopic organisms that float freely with oceanic currents and in other bodies of water. Plankton is made up of tiny plants (called phytoplankton) and tiny animals (called zooplankton). The word plankton comes from the Greek word "planktos" which means "drifting." Phytoplankton are primary producers (also called autotrophs). As the base of the oceanic food web, phytoplankton use chlorophyll to convert energy (from sunlight), inorganic chemicals (like nitrogen), and dissolved carbon dioxide gas into carbohydrates. Zooplankton are microscopic animals that eat other plankton. Phytoplankton are the most important primary producers in the ocean. Small zooplankton consume phytoplankton. Larger organisms eat the small zooplankton. Larger predators eat these consumers.
To establish the profile of these planktons, marine surface water samples were analyzed at Mandapam for presence of various species. The plankton profile observed indicates that:
Around 26 families of phytoplanktons were observed. Of the plankton families observed, Zygnemataceae, Volvocaceae, Naviculaceae, Pyrocystaceae, Stephanopyxidaceae, Rhizosoleniacea and Stephanopvxidaceae were found to be present in 15% or more composition.
Phytoplankton count ranged between 19,000 to 21,000 cells/ml.
Of the zooplankton families observed, Bosminidae, Pontellidae, Lumbriculida, Calanoida, Collothecidae and Asterigerinacea were found to present in 25% or more composition.
Fish Larvae, crustacean larvae & Eggs composition ranged between 10-20%.
Zooplankton count ranged between 1800 to 2000 cells/m3.
Table 3-15: PLANKTON PROFILE OF MARINE SURFACE WATER Plankton Profile Family Phytoplankton Bacillariaceae Bellerocheaceae Biddulphiaceae Ceratiaceae Chaetocerataceae Chlorellaceae Climacospheniaceae Closteriaceae Coscinodiscaceae Cymbellacae Euglenales Eutreptiaceae Hemiaulaceae Leptocylindraceae Microcystaceae Naviculaceae
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Pinnulariaceae Pleurosigmataceae Pyrocystaceae Rhizosoleniaceae Scenedesmaceae Stephanopvxidaceae Thalassiosiraceae Ulotrichaceae Volvocaceae Zygnemataceae Zooplankton Asterigerinacea Bosminidae Calanoida Chitonophilidae Collothecidae Cypriclinidae Lumbriculida Misophrioida Pontellidae Sabellida Serpulidae
Benthos
Benthos are living things on the ocean floor. Many benthic organisms attach themselves to rocks and stay in one place. This protects them from crashing waves and other water movements.
To establish the profile benthos in project area, sediment samples were analyzed at Mandapam for presence of various species. The benthic profile observed indicates that:
Macro bethons formed 54-74% of total composition of benthos. Nephtyidae, Stylasteridae, Ampharetidae, Stylasteridae, Sabellidae are the prominently observed families.
Meiobethos formed 17-33 % of total composition of benthos. Carterinidae, Centropagidae, Ammodiscacea, Carterinidae, Acartiidae, Chaetonotidae and Misophriidae are the prominently observed families.
Micro benthos formed 7-18% of total composition of benthos. Micro benthos showed presence of Bacillariaceae, Cercomonadidae and Euglenaceae families.
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Table 3-16: BENTHIC PROFILE OF SEDIMENT SAMPLE Benthic Profile Family Macro Benthos Ampharetidae Eucopidae Eunicidae Magelonidae Milleporidae Nephtyidae Nereidae Onuphidae Prayidae Sabellariidae Sabellidae Stylasteridae Uncispionidae Meio Benthos Acartiidae Ammodiscacea Cafterinidae Centropagidae Diaptomidae Misophriidae Pontellidae Micro Benthos Bacillariaceae Cercomonadidae Euglenaceae
Biodiversity Index
A biodiversity diversity index is the measure of species diversity in a given community.Shannon - Weineer (H) Diversity Index is a commonly used diversity index that takes into account both abundance and evenness of species present in the community.
The details of Biodiversity Index and evenness for phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos are given in table below.
Table 3-17:BIODIVERSITY INDEX FOR PHYTOPLANKTON & ZOOPLANKTON Location Phytoplankton Zooplankton Benthos S-W Index Evenness S-W Evenness S-W Evenness Index Index Mandapam 2.4419 0.953 1.694 0.946 2.79 0.95 S-W Index: Shannon -Weineer (H) Diversity Index
Biologists proposed a different scale of pollution in terms of phytoplankton community diversity index, which states a negative correlation between Shannon and Wiener index and pollution: of 0.0-1.0 for heavy pollution, 1.0-2.0 for moderate pollution, 2.0-3.0 for light
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pollution, 3.0-4.5 for slight pollution (Shanthalaet al., 2009 Biligrami (1988)). It was established that the diversity index value of a phytoplankton community in less polluted waters would be higher. Shannon - Weineer Diversity Index for Phytoplankton for the project area ranged between 2.2 to 2.6, indicating light pollution.
3.9.6 Agricultural Diversity A major crop in the district is paddy followed by chillies. Other important crops are cultivated are coconut, oilseeds, cotton, millets and pulses.
3.10 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT This section discusses the baseline socio-economic environment of the Ramanathpuram district Ramanathpuram Taluka with respect to ONGC’s proposed exploratory well drilling operations. The following section discusses the methodology used for the socio-economic assessment. The subsequent sections discuss the baseline profile of the district and the villages within the study area. The information provided has been primarily derived from the secondary sources (Census of India and District Statistical Handbook). In addition primary information was also collected during the discussions at the villages with the local community members. The informal public consultations have been used to validate the Census 20011 data. The village-wise secondary data (obtained from Census, 20011 and presented) has been taken into consideration for analyzing the socio-economic profile in a comparative manner for the exploratory block.
3.10.1 Methodology A socio economic assessment of the positive and negative impacts on the people likely to be directly and indirectly affected by the project was conducted along with other studies during the EIA study. The assessment facilitated an understanding of the needs, demands, preferences, capacities and constraints of the people in the vicinity of the project operation. It was undertaken primarily to enhance the understanding of other relevant factors such as social organizations and networks, livelihood patterns, social infrastructure etc and thus helped prioritise ONGC’s commitment towards the CSR initiatives. Inputs from the social assessment into the design phase facilitated in:
Tracking potential adverse effects over different time frames and different activities Reviewing options to eliminate such negative impacts through design changes or mitigate them through specific social protection or mitigation measures Reviewing options to extend or enhance benefits for the population in the vicinity of the project site.
The social assessment was primarily based on the analysis of the secondary data obtained from the census survey (20011 and provisional data of 2011) and stakeholder consultations. Considering the nature of the project operations and understanding of the demographic characteristics of the area from the secondary data the following tools was used for the gathering information and validating the secondary data to carry out the assessment.
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Stakeholders Identification At the beginning of the EIA process, the SENES team conducted a preliminary identification of probable stakeholders. An inventory of actual / potential stakeholders, including local groups and individuals, local institutions like the panchayats which may be directly or indirectly affected by the project or with interest in the development activities of the region. This inventory was arrived through discussions with ONGC personnel and members of the local community. The local communities which would primarily be affected were identified based on the location of the tentative exploratory and drilling operations as proposed by ONGC. The villages were selected within 1-2 km radius of the proposed well location considering the fact that there might be potential impacts on the socio-economic-cultural and environment of the local communities residing in these villages. For further assessment of socioeconomic issues and impacts on different stakeholders, detailed consultations with the community were planned. The discussions focused on the issues of population/demography, education profile, medical facilities and amenities like drinking water, transport and communication and also on primary and secondary occupation of the villagers.
Consultations Consultations with key stakeholders are a continuous process that was carried all through the EIA process and would be continued during the construction and operation phases of the project. The stakeholder analysis was followed by discussions with some of the key stakeholders to identify their dependence on the affected or shared resources, the extent of impact on them and measure, which will be undertaken to mitigate these impacts.
Issues like land and resource damage, social disturbance, severance and increased congestion, noise and air pollution, employment opportunities, need for development of basic infrastructure, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities in the surrounding villages were discussed during the consultations so that they can be adequately addressed through the environment management plans. The consultations also helped in developing preliminary understanding of the requirement of social development initiatives, which are required in the project village and may be undertaken as part of the ONGC’s CSR activity.
Action plan ONGC has a CSR Policy. Based on the local area of project, CSR interventions will be finalized by ONGC. During consultation two key areas for CSR interventions identified were drinking water and educational services beyond primary school in some of the villages.
In terms of CSR interventions key concerns for some of the villages are with respect to drinking water and education facilities for middle/secondary and further educational services. Currently the education opportunities within the village is only till the primary school. For further studies opportunities are available only at Ramanathapuram which is far from the villages. While transport facilities are available these are not convenient for the students and the costs are high for families sending their children to school. Villages adjacent to the coast have salt water ingress due to which there is less availability of drinking water.
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3.10.2 General Socioeconomic Profile The ONGC Field study area falls in the Ramanthapuram Taluka of district Ramanathpuram of Tamilnadu state.
3.10.3 Demographic Profile The study area for socio economic profiling was defined within block and surrounding areas based on the proposed location of exploratory and development wells and its proximity to the village and professional judgment. Of the study area defined, the baseline study focuses on seventy one villages within the block. This Ramanathpuram Taluka of Ramanathpuram district. The list of villages has been provided in the Table 3.6 below.
TABLE 3-18: LIST OF THE STUDY AREA VILLAGES IN THE ONGC FIELD
District Taluka Villages
Ramanathpuram Ramanthpuram Pandamangalam, Pamban, Valinockam, Andichiendal, Vennathur , Pathanendal, Naranamangalam, Alamalandal, Devipattinam , Peruvayal, Kumariyendal, Kavanur , Karendal, Pullangudi, Chittrakkottai, Athyuthu, Palangulam, Toruvalur, Vannivayal, Surankottai, Pattinamkattan , Thiruvolhiyakalugoorani , Terbhogi , Alagankulam , Attangarai, Perungulam , Valantaravai, Kusavankudi, Sakkarakottai, Rajasuriamadai, Kooriyur , Achchundanvayal , Landai, Panaikkulam, Malangudi, Ekkakudi, Vellamarichchukkatti, Achadipirambu, Kudakottai , Vannankundu , Raghunathapuram , Kumbaram, Rettaiyurani, Nagachi, Enmanamkondan, Pirappanvalasai , Sattakkonvalasai, Mandapam , Nochiyurani , Pudumadam, Karan , Periapattinam, Kalimankundu , Tiruppullani , Kalari, Utrakosamangai, Mallal, Alagankulam, Nalirukkai, Panaydiyendal, Valanur , Kulapatham, Pallamerkkulam, Kanjirangudi , Keelakarai , Manikkaneri, Pullandai, Mayakulam, Ramanathapuram , Keelakarai (TP), Mandapam (TP)
The study area for socio economic assessment was defined as an area within 1-2 km radius around the 22 exploratory and development wells and is based primarily on reconnaissance surveys, census data information, toposheet maps, understanding of the project and professional judgment.
The demographic profile in terms of total population, household size, sex-ratio of the selected villages in the block has been summarized in the sections below, while the detailed demographic profile of the study area villages has been provided in Annexure 3.4.
Population and Household Size Ramanthapuram District has an area of 4123 km² and nearly 271-km-long coastline (Palk Bay 130 kms and Gulf of Mannar 141 kms). The coastal areas stretch from the Palk straits to the Gulf of Mannar in the South. The district contains the Pamban Bridge, an east-west chain of low islands and shallow reefs that extend between India and the island nation of Sri Lanka, and
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separate the Palk Strait from the Gulf of Mannar. The Palk Strait is navigable only by shallow- draft vessels.
As of 2011, Ramanathapuram district had a population of 1,353,445 with a sex-ratio of 983 females for every 1,000 males. Presentation and depiction of the demography details of the villages.
Ramanathapuram (M) (62050) is having the highest populations among all settlements within the district and Andichiendal (80) with the lowest. All the above-mentioned villages belonged to the Ramanthpuram Taluka. . The study area household size is 4.5. The average sex ratio for the villages is 1060.
Sex Ratio The average sex ratio of 1078 recorded for the study area villages. The highest sex ratio is recorded for Pallamerkkulam (1414) . Of all the villages within the study area, 75% of the villages have a sex-ratio of more than 900 and the lowest sex-ratio was been recorded at Mayakulam (707). Scheduled Caste (SC) & Scheduled Tribes (ST)
The overall demographic data of study area villages shows only 11 villages which consist of some STs. Only in one Village Devipattinam, the ST population is 2.21 % and in the rest the ST population was less than 1 %. There is a significant SC population in 58 % of the villages. In five villages the SC population in proportion to the total population is between 75 to 100 % and 10 villages the proportion of SC is more than 50 %. . The highest SC population is in Achadipirambu (98.04%).
Education & Literacy The study of the education and literacy profile in the region is relevant in order to have an understanding whether the proposed project can utilize skilled human resources available within the area.
According to 2011 census data, the literacy rate in the Ramnad district is 81.48% and Ramanathpuram Taluka is 67.21%. The average literacy rate of the study area villages observed as 61.36% . The highest literacy rate was observed in Pandamangalam (89.08%) and the lowest in Panaydiyendal (35.61%).
Economic Activity & Livelihood Pattern
The relevance of economic activity and livelihood pattern is important in the context of the study since depending on the existing situation one can predict the impact of the project activity on the economy of the region.
The total cropped area in Ramanathapuram district is 183651 hectares of which the net rrigated area is 66865 hectares (2014). Irrigation is mainly from tanks, tube and dug wells. The main
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crops grown are paddy, red gram, green gram, cowpea, maize, chillies, cotton, millets, groundnut etc. With a 34% share, the district is the top chilli pepper producer in Tamil Nadu.
In Ramanathanpuram district, as per the Census 2011, there were a total of 602,977 workers, comprising 149,959 cultivators, 103,592 main agricultural labourers, 18,546 in house hold industries, 214,053 other workers, 116,827 marginal workers, 23,808 marginal cultivators, 50,282 marginal agricultural labourers, 6,682 marginal workers in household industries and 36,055 other marginal workers. In the district there are a number of fishing villages whose population is dependent on fishing and related activities for livelihood.
The total working population in the study area villages varies from 35.81%. Of the total workforce, Andichiendal village revealed the highest percentage of workforce with 92.5% workers while Alagankulam revealed the lowest workforce percentage (20.65%).
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FIGURE 3.10: % OF SCEDULED CASTE POPULATION OF THE VILLAGES OF THE STUDY AREA
SC % 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00
0.00
Kalari
Mallal
Landai
Karan
Valanur
Karendal
Pullandai
Kooriyur
Nalirukkai
Attangarai
Alangulam
Malangudi
Vannivayal
Vennathur
Keelakarai
Valinockam
Kudakottai
Valantaravai
Rettaiyurani
Nochiyurani
Terbhogi
Chittrakkottai
Kumariyendal
Devipattinam
Kalimankundu
Mandapam Mandapam (TP)
Pallamerkkulam
Sakkarakottai
Pandamangalam Sattakkonvalasai
Enmanamkondan
Pattinamkattan
Naranamangalam
Raghunathapuram Vellamarichchukkatti Ramanathapuram Ramanathapuram (M)
FIGURE 3.11: LITERACY OF THE VILLAGES FALLING IN THE STUDY AREA
Literacy % 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00
0.00
Kalari
Mallal
Landai
Karan
Valanur
Karendal
Pullandai
Kooriyur
Nalirukkai
Attangarai
Alangulam
Malangudi
Vannivayal
Vennathur
Keelakarai
Valinockam
Kudakottai
Valantaravai
Rettaiyurani
Nochiyurani
Terbhogi
Chittrakkottai
Kumariyendal
Devipattinam
Kalimankundu
Mandapam (TP)
Pallamerkkulam
Sakkarakottai
Pandamangalam
Sattakkonvalasai
Enmanamkondan
Pattinamkattan
Naranamangalam
Raghunathapuram Vellamarichchukkatti Ramanathapuram (M)
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4 Environmental Impact Assessment
The impact assessment section of the EIA study systematically identifies, characterizes and evaluates the potential impacts arising out of the project and prioritizes them through a semi- quantitative system so that they can be effectively addressed by Environment Management Plans. Potential environmental impacts may arise out of various sequential activities to be undertaken as part of proposed project exploratory drilling and development drilling operations.
4.1 IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY An environmental impact identification matrix has been developed to present an overview of possible interactions between project aspects and components of the environment which may get affected. The matrix structure takes into account physical, biological and socioeconomic components of the environment on one axis (X axis) and activities / aspects of the proposed exploratory well drilling project on the other side (Y axis). Aspects (based on phases of activities like pre-drilling activities, drilling, decommissioning and potential accidental events) and impacts on environmental components that have been taken into consideration were in line with standard environment management system terminology. Environmental and socioeconomic components were identified based on reviewing of applicable legislation and baseline environment, site reconnaissance visits, discussions with stakeholders and SENES’ professional judgment.
Potential environmental and socio-economic impacts that may result from any of the identified project aspects has been identified in a matrix based on activity-component interaction and has subsequently been used to develop an impact evaluation matrix that list evaluation scores based on significance criteria delineated in section 4.1.2.
4.1.1 Impact Criteria and Ranking Once all project environmental aspects were comprehensively identified for the different activities of the project, the level of impact that may result from each of the activity-component interactions has been assessed based on subjective criteria.
For this, three key elements have been taken into consideration based on standard environmental assessment methodologies:
Severity of Impact Degree of damage that may be caused to the environmental components concerned; Extent of Impact : Geographical spread of impact around project location and corridors of activities; and Duration of Impact: Time for which impact lasts taking project lifecycle into account.
These elements have been ranked in three levels viz. 1 (low), 2 (moderate) and 3 (high) based on the following criteria provided in Table 4.1 below:
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TABLE 4-1: IMPACT PREDICTION CRITERIA Impact Criteria Ranking Elements Severity Regional impact resulting in long term and/ or medium damage to the 3 natural environment. Major impact on community and occupational health (e.g. serious injury, loss of life) on account of accidental events viz. well blow-outs and related operational activities. Adverse national media attention. Local scale impact resulting in short term change and / or damage to 2 the natural environment. Temporary loss of land, livelihood source of affected communities Local scale impact on terrestrial habitat, endangered species, drainage pattern and community resources. Moderate impact on occupation and community health & well being (e.g. noise, light, odour, dust, injuries to individuals) Complaints from the public, authorities and possible local media attention. Limited local scale impact causing temporary loss of some species etc 1 Limited impact on human health and well-being (e.g. occasional dust, odour, light, and traffic noise). Public Perception/Concern Extent Regional scale impact and including impacts to physical, biological 3 and socio-economic environment of the exploratory block Largely local level impact limited to immediate vicinity of the 2 exploratory well site Impact not discernable on a local scale 1 Duration The impact is likely to occur during the entire project life cycle at all 3 times. The impact is likely to occur in some phases of project life under 2 normal operating conditions. The impact is very unlikely to occur at all during project life cycle but 1 may occur in exceptional circumstances.
A positive or beneficial impact that may result from this project has not been ranked and has been depicted in the form of ++.
4.1.2 Impact Significance The significance of impact has been adjudged based on a multiplicative factor of three element rankings. The Table 4.2 (below) depicts impact significance in a scale of LOW-MEDIUM- HIGH and will be used for delineation of preventive actions, if any, and management plans for mitigation of impacts.
Impact significance has been determined taking into account measures which have been factored in the design and planning phase of the project. Legal issues have been taken into
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account, wherever appropriate in the criterion sets, to aid in ONGC’s effort to comply with all relevant legislation and project HSE requirements. Additionally, the results of quantitative impact prediction exercise, wherever undertaken, have also been fed into the process.
TABLE 4-2: CRITERIA BASED SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACTS
Severity of Impact Extent of Impact Duration of Impact Impact Significance (A) (B) I (A X B X C) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 Low 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 4 1 2 2 4 3 1 2 6 Medium 1 3 2 6 2 2 2 8 3 2 2 12 2 3 2 12 2 2 3 12 3 3 2 18 High 3 2 3 18 2 3 3 18 3 3 3 27 - Beneficial Impact - ++ Positive
To assist in determining and presenting significance of an impact, an impact evaluation matrix (Table 4.3) has been developed based on the one developed for the impact identification exercise. In addition to ranked weights, significance of impacts has been depicted using colour codes for easy understanding. In case an environmental component be impacted by more than one project activity, higher impact significance ranking has been taken as the significance ranking for subject receptor. Impacts that have been determined to be having high significance ranking of “>12” are considered significant and hence require examination in terms of preventive actions and/or additional mitigation to reduce level of the potential impact. Recommended additional mitigation measures and management plans are presented in Chapter 6. A second evaluation matrix presents significance of impacts after considering that proposed mitigation measures will be implemented.
The identified impacts are further discussed in detail in the following section with discussion focusing on impacts of higher significance. This is followed by a point wise outline of mitigation measures recommended.
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TABLE 4-3: IMPACT IDENTIFICATION MATRIX Environment Physical Environment Biological Environment Socio-economic Environment
Habitat
Activity
Productivity Agricultural ofss
Aesthetics & Visuals & Aesthetics Quality Air Quality Noise Traffic & Transport Use Land Quality Soil & Physiography Local Drainage WaterSurface Resources quality waterSurface Resources Ground Water Ground quality water & Floral Flora Habitat Wildlife Fauna Endangered & Threatened species rout & corridor Migratory Habitat Aquatic Fauna & Flora Aquatic Livelihood ofLoss opportunity Jobon Conflict Infrastructure of Disruption Resources Property Common Discomfort Noise & Dust Lo Population of Influx Site & Heritage Cultural Opportunity & Economic Job Safety & Health Occupational & Safety Health Community A. Pre-Drilling Activities Site selection and land acquisition x x x Site clearance and top soil removal X x x x X x X X x x x x + x Well site& access road construction X x x x X x x x + x X Sourcing & transportation of borrow material etc X x x x x X x X x x x + x X Storage and handling of construction debris X x x Transportation of drilling rig and ancillaries x x x x x x x X Operation DG set x x Workforce engagement & accommodation at construction site x x x + X Consumption of water for construction & domestic use for labourer x x Generation of domestic solid waste & disposal X x x x x X Generation of waste water & discharge from construction activity & labour camp x x X Surface run-off from construction site x X x x x x B. Exploratory Well Drilling & Testing Physical Presence of drill site X X Operation of DG sets and machinery x x x X Operation of drilling rig x X x x x Storage and disposal of drill cuttings and mud X x x x x Generation of process waste water & discharge x x x Surface run-off from drill site x x x x Generation of domestic waste water & discharge x x x x Generation of Municipal waste & disposal X x x x Workforce engagement & accommodation at drill site x x x + X Flaring during production testing and process upset x x x X Accidental events – blow out x x x x x X X x x x x X Accidental events-spillage of chemical & oil x x x C. Decommissioning and Reinstatement Dismantling of rig and associated facilities x x x X Transportation of drilling rig and ancillaries x x x X Removal of well site construction materials & disposal x x X Site Restoration + + +
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4.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT This section discusses the impacts of the project activities (exploratory drilling) on the environmental receptors that stand to get affected adversely by the project. It discusses probable impacts during various phases of the project lifecycle on the environmental and socioeconomic components. Rankings for every activity – component interaction is based on the criterion set earlier and resulting environmental significance with necessary justification that has been recorded below for every set of impacts and the same has been represented in evaluation matrices. In broader context, it is however important to remember that operations related to exploratory well drilling, testing and completion activities also include positive socioeconomic impacts in terms of increase in local business opportunities and on a larger perspective, by providing potential energy security at a national level.
4.2.1 Visual Impacts & Aesthetics Ramanathapuram PML block is an operating gas field, which has gas producing wells, GCS. In this gas field, drilling, geophysical survey is a regular activity about which people are very aware. Visual impacts during proposed drilling operations is anticipated from site clearance and well site preparation, vehicles involved in transportation of raw materials and personnel, material stockpiles and physical presence of drilling rig and associated facilities.
During drilling site preparation nearly 2.2 ha land is to be cleared for construction of drill site. During site construction activity, dust will be generated from transport of construction material, machinery and personnel, haphazard dumping of construction waste, domestic waste from labour camp may cause visual and aesthetic impacts. Such impacts likely to be particularly experienced by communities residing in villages located in the vicinity of exploratory well. However taking into account the temporary nature of site preparatory activities and necessary mitigation measures to be implemented by the proponent with respect to the siting of well locations ( borrow areas, use of existing infrastructure etc.) the impact is not major.
Visual impact due to the operation of drilling rig and presence of base camp is not considered significance given the temporary nature of exploratory activities (about 60 days) provided the well is not indicative of any commercial hydrocarbon reserve. Also with drilling waste and process waste water is likely to be temporary stored in impervious pits no visual impact to this regard is envisaged. Some visual impacts are also envisaged from light generated from flaring events. However such activity is likely to be of intermittent in nature, to occur only during process testing. Reinstatement of well site not indicative of any commercially exploitable hydrocarbon reserve is also likely to positively contribute to the site visual aesthetic.
Severity of Impact 1 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 1
Impact Significance = 2 i.e. Low
Mitigation Measures All the construction activity will be restricted within the designated site
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Dust nuisance from construction site will be suppressed through periodical water spraying at disturbance area; On completion of work all temporary structures, surplus materials and wastes will be completely removed; Construction wastes and municipal solid waste temporarily stored at the sites will be transported to the designated disposal site/facility at regular intervals; Domestic solid wastes temporarily stored in the collection point within the labour camp or township and will be transported to designated solid waste disposal site at regular intervals; After decommissioning of rig and associated facilities, drill sites will be restored –drill platform will be removed, pits & garland drains will be filled up, construction material of will be removed & disposed; Site will be rehabilitated through laying of top soil
4.2.2 Impacts on Air Quality
Operation of vehicles and construction machinery Exhaust emission from operation of construction machinery is likely to contribute to air pollutant load (primarily PM, NO2, SO2 etc.) in the ambient air near well site facilities. However considering localized nature of impacts, temporary nature of construction and drilling activities along with necessary mitigation measures is likely to be adopted by the proponent and impact is considered to be of low significance.
Severity of Impact 1 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 4 i.e. Low
Construction material transport, storage and handling During construction phase it is estimated that about 500 m3 of borrow material and 1000 m3 of aggregates will be required per well site location for road construction/strengthening and site preparatory activities. Fugitive emission is therefore anticipated from transportation, storage and handling by contractor personnel. However, generation of such fugitive dust is likely to be governed by micro-meteorological conditions (wind speed and direction) and the transportation route condition considering the exploratory drilling activity will be carried out dry season and majority of internal roads are kutcha or degraded condition. Such impacts are considered to be medium. However, the construction activity, rig mobilization and decommissioning activity is a temporary and limited movement of project vehicles (5 nos. /well) and adopting specific mitigation measures, no significant impact is therefore envisaged.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 1
Impact Significance = 4 i.e. Low
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Operation of Diesel Generator (DG) Sets The proposed project will involve the operation of diesel driven 4 X 900 KW generators for drilling of exploratory well. However, only three DG sets will be used at a time. One DG set will be kept as standby. The operation of DG sets will therefore result in the generation of air pollutants viz. PM, SO2 and NOx, thereby affecting the ambient air quality. The dispersion of these air pollutants may affect the receptors viz. village settlements located in near vicinity of the well site only under exceptional combination of meteorological conditions. It has been already mentioned in baseline that PM10, SO2 and NOx concentrations in ambient air is well within the NAAQS specified limits. Moreover, considering the temporary nature of drilling phase (approx 45- 60 days), dry conditions prevalent in the Block region and provision of adequate DG set stack height for effective dispersion of air pollutants, no significant impact to this regard is envisaged. Additionally the proponent also plans to adopt and implement necessary mitigation measures as discussed in the subsequent section to effectively address potential air quality impacts from DG set operation. Impact due to flaring operation is also assessed by modeling. The worst case scenario has been considered to run the ISCST3 model for following activities:
3 DG sets of 900 KW capacity Test Flaring In order to predict the maximum worst case Ground Level Concentrations (GLCs) of the above mentioned pollutants, air modeling has been undertaken with the following inputs.
TABLE 4-4: INPUT PARAMETERS CONSIDERED FOR MONITORING Stack Stack gas Emission Rate (g/sec) Stack Stack gas Source Height velocity Dia(m) temp (K) 2 (m) (m/s) PM NOx SO2 DG set operation 900 KW DG 9 0.30 773 17.0 0.05 1.0 0.06 Test Flaring 30 0.50 1273 20 - 2.0 -
Though, ISCST3 is a refined model, the model run was carried out based on micro- meteorology to predict air quality impacts for a average 24 hr period that may be caused by peak power utilization at the drill site. The model was run considering operation of three 900 KW DG sets simultaneously and intermittent flaring. Maximum back ground concentrations, incremental and projected back ground concentrations for the pollutants are shown in the following Table 4-5.:
2 Sulphur content in disel (BSIII) was taken as 0.035% or 350 ppm.
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TABLE 4-5: PREDICTED GLCS FOR AIR POLLUTANTS
Pollutants Predicted Maximum GLC (μg/m3) Max. Baseline Predicted Projected Distance concentration Incremental Worst Case Direction from well (m) GLC GLC DG set operation 3 NO2 (μg/m ) 13.00 11.70 24.70 532 E
3 PM10 (μg/m ) 57.00 0.59 57.59 532 E SO2 (μg/m3) 16.00 0.70 16.70 532 E Test Flaring
3 NO2 (μg/m ) 13.00 1.30 14.30 2046 E
Maximum monitored back ground concentration of NO2, PM and SO2 at all locations were recorded to be maximum 13.00, 57.00 and 16.00 μg/m3, respectively. Silmilarely, maximum predicted incremental concentration of NO2, PM and SO2 were found to be 11.70, 0.59 and
0.70 μg/m3, respectively. Projected worst case GLC’s of NO2 , PM10 and SO2 are predicted to be 24.70, 57.59, and 16.70 μg/m3, respectively. The distance and direction for the occerance of incremental GLC’s are found to be 532 m from the source as shown in the above Table 4.5. The predicted worst case background concentration of NO2, PM and SO2 are found to be well within the stipulated standard of MOEFCC for the ambient air quality.
The incremental Ground Level Concentration (GLCs) of the pollutants (as discussed above), do not exhibit any appreciable increase in the concentration of air quality. Therfore, impact on ambient air quality due to operation of DG set and flaring is considered to be of low significance.
Severity of Impact 1 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 4 i.e. Low
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Incremental Isopleth for NO2 – AQ Modeling
FIGURE 4-1: NO2 PLOT (3X900 KW DG SET)
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Incremental Isopleth for PM
FIGURE 4-2: PM PLOT (3X900 KVA DG SET)
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Incremental Isopleth for SO2
FIGURE 4-3: SOX PLOT (3X900 KVA DG SET)
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Incremental Isopleth for NO2
FIGURE 4-4: NOX PLOT (TEST FLARING)
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Mitigation Measures:
All vehicles used for transportation of loose and friable materials will not be loaded over the freeboard limit and will be covered. Water spraying will be done on the access roads to control re-entrained dust during dry season; Equipment, machinery and vehicles having inbuilt pollution control devices will be considered as a measure for prevention of air pollution at source Engines and exhaust systems of all vehicles and equipment used for the project will be maintained so that exhaust emissions are low and do not breach statutory limits set for that vehicle/equipment type. DG set will appropriate stack height will be utilized. Providing Personnel Protective Equipments (PPEs) like mask to workers at site.
4.2.3 Impact on Noise Quality Potential impact on noise quality is anticipated from noise vehicular movement, operation of construction machinery during well site preparation and access road strengthening and operation of drilling rig. Operation of construction machinery/equipments Operation of heavy machinery/equipments and vehicular movement during site preparatory and road strengthening/construction activities may result in the generation of increased noise levels as specified in the Table 4.6. The same can be used as a reference for calculating probable noise pressure levels arising out of a number of such equipments.
TABLE 4-6: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT NOISE LEVELS Sound Level At Operator (in decibels) Equipment Average Range A. Earth Moving Equipment Front End Loader 88.0 85-91 Back Hoe 86.5 79-89 Bull Dozer 96.0 89-103 Roller 90.0 79-93 Truck 96.0 89-103 B. Material Handling Equipment Concrete Mixer <85.0 - Crane/Hydra <85.0 - Derrick 100 97-102 Source: British Columbia, “Construction Noise,” Workers Compensation Board of BC
The noise related disturbance is likely to be experienced by communities residing in proximity of the construction site and along material transportation routes. The environmental setting of well sites reveals that settlements are very close to the proposed well site and site access road. Distance of settlement varies between 50 m (W- 6) to 700 m (W-19) and 18 wells having settlement within 250 m from proposed well site. Considering the construction phase activities
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to be of temporary nature, limited daily movement of project vehicles (3-4 nos. vehicle for transportation of personnel and 8-10 nos. for material transport) and adequate mitigation measures viz. equipment maintenance etc. to be implemented by the project proponent, impact is not considered to be of significance.
Severity of Impact 1 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 4 i.e. Low
Operation of drilling rig Operational phase noise impacts are anticipated from operation of drilling rig and ancillary equipment viz. shale shakers, mud pumps and diesel generators. Studies indicated that noise generated from operation of drilling rig generally varies in the range of 88-103 dB(A). Other contributors of high noise level at the exploratory well site include shale shakers, mud pumps and diesel generators. The average equivalent noise levels of drilling rig and ancillary equipment has been provided in the Table 4.7 (below) for reference.
TABLE 4-7: DRILLING RIG & EQUIPMENT NOISE LEVELS 3 Equivalent noise levels in dB(A) Equipment Average Range Drilling Rig 96.9 88.0-103.0 Mud Pumps 76.9 73.3 -80.5 Diesel Generators 72.7 71.8-73.7 Shale Shakers 76.6 -
Further, considering drilling to be a continuous operation, noise generated from aforesaid equipments has the potential to cause discomfort to the local communities residing in proximity (within 500m) of the rig facility. All drill sites, except W-19 and W-21 having settlement within 500m from proposed well site. Occupational health and safety impacts viz. Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is also anticipated on personnel working close to such noise generating equipment. However, considering short duration of drilling period (approx 60 days) and necessary noise prevention and control measures viz. use of acoustic barriers, provisions for proper PPEs, regular preventive maintenance of equipments etc. to be implemented by the- proponent no significant impact to this regard is envisaged.
Noise Level Prediction
A noise modeling exercise has been undertaken based on standard noise attenuation equations to predict noise levels from drilling rig near sensitive receptors within 200m. A noise
3 “Noise Report on Drilling Operation” – British Drilling & Freezing Ltd – Prepared by K A Worthington; AEC Report: P852-2; 17th October 2002;
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attenuation plot has been developed considering natural attenuation by distance with noise level predictions only expected to help in planning and decision making.
The noise generated from drilling rig is considered to be about 95.0 dB(A) at a distance of 10m from the rig location. Noise attenuation equations (without any noise barrier) show that the normal attenuated noise at any receptor points located at a distance of about 100 m and 200 m from the fence-line of the rig, will be in the range of about 75.0 dB(A) and 68.9 dB(A) respectively. In the absence of an acoustic barrier, the predicted noise levels were found to exceed the day time noise standard of i.e. 55 dB (A) leading to discomfort to neighbouring communities. However, with the introduction of a noise barrier at the fence-line with a height of 5 m the noise level may be controlled. This control measure will be enough to decrease noise levels near sensitive receptors at 200m to about 56.9 dB (A). However a detailed noise modelling exercise to look at option of noise reductions will be conducted at the design stage to determine the barrier specifications. The noise attenuation plot with and without acoustic barrier is presented in Figure 4.5 below.
Without acoustic barrier (decibels) With acoustic barrier (decibels) 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 68.98 60.00 50.00 56.98 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00
0.00
Equivalent noise level (in decibels)(inlevel noise Equivalent
10 30 50 70 80 20 40 60 90
100 120 130 150 170 190 200 220 240 250 110 140 160 180 210 230 Distance (in metres)
FIGURE 4-4: NOISE ATTENUATION PLOT
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 8 i.e. Medium
Mitigation Measures
Typical mitigation measures for noise will include the following:
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Installation of sufficient engineering control on equipment and machinery (like mufflers & noise enclosures for DG sets and PC pumps) to reduce noise and vibration emission levels at source, carrying out proper maintenance and subjecting them to rigid noise and vibration control procedures. Re-locating noise sources to less sensitive areas to take advantage of distance and shielding Providing Personnel Protective Equipments (PPEs) like ear plugs/muffs to workers at site. Undertaking preventive maintenance of vehicles and machinery to reduce noise levels.
4.2.4 Potential Impact Transport and Traffic The drill site access roads (i.e. village road) are not busy vehicular route. Only private/Govt. buses vehicles ply at the internal village roads. Considering the movement of 100 trailer/truck load material will be transported during site construction and decommissioning phase from Ramanathapuram to each drill sites. In the transport route, there are schools and Hospitals. Disturbance to traffic movement during school time is therefore anticipated from additional traffic during school hour. With respect to increase in traffic movement the impact is considered to be of medium significance considering low density traffic route.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2 Impact Significance = 8 i.e. Medium
4.2.5 Potential Impact on Land Use To construct drill site, approximately 2.2 ha of agricultural land per well site will be required. ONGC will purchase these private lands and same will be permanently converted into industrial purposes for sites in which hydrocarbons are promising. Rest of the sites will be handed over to the land owners after land restoration. The change of land use is considered to be medium significance.
Severity of Impact 1 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 3 Impact Significance = 6 i.e. Medium
4.2.6 Impact on Soil Quality Potential impact on soil quality is envisaged in the form of increase in soil erosion and loss of soil fertility resulting site clearance and top soil stripping for exploratory well site preparation, and accidental spillage resulting from storage and handling of mud chemicals Soil quality impacts so identified have been assessed and evaluated in the section below.
Site clearance and stripping of top soil The soils of Ramanathapuram District can be categorized into clay, coastal alluvium, sandy loam, alluvium, sandy and red soil clay, black cotton soil, which is believed to have been
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derived from the Archaen gneisses where calcareous formation are abundant. Calcium carbonate concretions of various sizes and shapes are present in majority of the black soil area and this affects the fertility of the soils. Stripping of top soil is therefore likely to affect the soil fertility of the well sites. It is estimated that about 3300 m3 of top soil will be removed per well site having an area of 2.2 ha considering 15 cm top soil. However, such impact is considered to be temporary taking into account the fact the proper reinstatement of site will be undertaken by the proponent in case the exploratory wells are not indicative of any commercially exploitable hydrocarbon reserves. Necessary surface run-off control measures need to be adopted by the proponent during construction phase to prevent contamination of abutting agricultural land from discharge of surface run-off characterized by increased sediment load. Further specific mitigation measures will be implemented by the proponent to stabilize the top soil to preserve their fertility characteristics during site restoration. The impact is therefore considered to be of medium significance.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 8 i.e. Medium
Sourcing of borrow material Site preparatory activities will involve the sourcing of earth-fill from borrow areas. Such sourcing activity may lead to direct and indirect long-term major adverse impacts on the environment due to loss of top soil if located on agricultural land. The loss of top soil may also enhance the soil erosion potential of the area resulting in increased sediment load in surface run-off. But terrain of Ramanathapuram district is flat, receives less rainfall, thus less soil erosion is expected due to surface run-off. Since most of the construction materials would be available from existing quarries nearby, relatively few new borrow areas will be required. Further necessary mitigation measures will be implemented by the proponent with respect to the borrow area reinstatement (particularly those located on agricultural land) and run-off control to prevent any possible impact on soil quality. Considering above scenario the impact is considered to be of low significance.
Severity of Impact 1 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 4 i.e. Low
Storage and disposal of drill cuttings and drilling mud It is estimated that nearly about 400 m3 of drill cuttings and 20 m3/day of drilling mud is likely to be generated from each well during exploratory drilling operation. Improper storage and disposal of such process waste on open soil or unlined areas may therefore lead to the contamination of soil onsite and abutting land if not properly managed. With the project design planning taking into account construction of a HDPE lined impervious pits of capacity 1200 m3 each for temporary storage of drill cuttings and drilling fluid respectively and their disposal
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in accordance with “CPCB Oil & Extraction Industry Standard – Guidelines for Disposal of Solid Wastes”( The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986-Schedule1) no significant impact to this regard is envisaged. Further with the proponent catering to the use of water based mud the drill cuttings and waste drilling mud generated are likely to be non-hazardous in nature and is not anticipated to pose any potential threat to the soil environment. The impact is therefore considered to be of low significance.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 1
Impact Significance = 4 i.e. Low
Storage and handling of fuel and chemicals Contamination of soil can result from the project activities if certain operations like storage of chemicals and fuels, spent oil and lubricants are not managed efficiently. Storage of chemicals and fuels, spent lubricants on unpaved surfaces also have potential for contamination of soil. Accidentally, if chemicals, oil and lubricants are spilled, either during transportation or handling, on open soil may contribute to soil contamination. However, considering that appropriate spill prevention and control measures to be implemented by the proponent the impact is not considered to be of significance.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 1
Impact Significance = 4 i.e. Low
Mitigation Measures
The following mitigation measures are proposed for reducing impact on soil quality: Restricted project and related activities during monsoon season; Carrying out adequate restoration of soil, to the extent possible; Implementing adequate sediment control measures to prevent discharge of untreated surface run-off characterized by increased sediment load to abutting agricultural land. Ensuring proper storage of drill cutting and chemicals to prevent any potential contamination from spillage. Implementing appropriate spill prevention and control measures.
4.2.7 Impact on Topography & Drainage Potential impact on drainage and topography viz. alteration of drainage pattern, water logging etc. are anticipated during well site preparation, widening/strengthening of access roads and restoration of exploratory well facilities. The impact details have been discussed below:
Site preparation and road construction/strengthening Potential impact on drainage is primarily anticipated in the form of disruption of natural drainage pattern during site preparation and approach road construction. Since site preparation
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involves raising of acquired/leased land to about 0.25 m from the ground level it may lead to alteration of onsite micro-drainage pattern leading to potential problems of water logging in the agricultural land abutting the drill site. However agricultural practice is less in Ramanathpuram, as the lands in the district are non-fertile lands.
The infrastructure in major portion of the block is characterized by paved and unpaved rural roads which are adversely affected during rainfall received by the district. Effect of rainfall on unpaved rural roads is more pronounced than the paved ones and sometimes could lead to complete isolation of few villages from the other parts of the district. Well specific environmental setting study shows that all the wells are located closed to existing road. Site approach to be constructed for drill site varies to 0 to 40m only. However, widening of existing road will be required for effective transportation of drilling rig and heavy equipments to the well site. Widening/ new construction of roads could therefore result in the alteration of drainage along water crossings and may lead to water-logging of adjacent lands and settlements if not properly managed. However considering the provision of cross drainage structures viz. culverts etc. at road embankments and stream crossings by the proponent to ensure uninterrupted drainage flow the impact is considered to be of medium significance.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 8 i.e. Medium
Well site restoration Site restoration will be initiated for well site not indicative of any commercially exploitable hydrocarbon reserves. Unplanned restoration may lead to the long term disruption in natural drainage pattern and water logging in neighbouring agricultural land abutting the site. However, adequate care will be taken by the proponent to restore the site back to its original condition based on the originally existing contours and predominant slope to prevent any such adverse drainage impacts. The impact is considered to be of medium significance with onsite drainage being dependent on the proper site restoration.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 8 i.e. Medium
Mitigation Measure Leveling and grading operations will be undertaken with minimal disturbance to the existing contour, thereby maintaining the general slope of site; Disruption/alteration of micro-watershed drainage pattern will be minimized to the extent possible.
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Loss of micro-watershed drainage, if any, is to be compensated through provision of alternate drainage.
4.2.8 Impact on Surface Water Quality Impact on surface water quality of natural drainage channels and community water bodies may arise from discharge of contaminated surface run-off, sewage and process waste water generated during various phases of the proposed project.
Surface run-off discharge Site clearance and stripping of top soil during site construction will result in an increase in soil erosion potential leading to an increased sediment load in the surface run-off during monsoon. Also, surface run off from drilling waste (cuttings and drilling mud), hazardous waste (waste oil, used oil etc) and chemical storage areas may cause contamination, if allows to discharge in the water bodies viz. natural drainage channels, ponds etc. However, taking into account the provision of onsite drainage system and sediment control measures to be implemented by the proponent in compliance with the CPCB Inland Water Discharge Standards, the impact is considered to be of medium significance.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 8 i.e. Medium
Discharge of drilling mud and process wash water It is estimated that nearly about 350 m3/day of drilling waste and process waste water is likely to be generated during drilling operation. The drilling waste so generated may be characterized by the presence of oil & grease, barites and heavy metal which on discharge to nearby natural drainage channels and/or rivers may lead to possible surface water contamination. However considering usage of water based mud for the proposed project, temporarily storage of drilling waste in an HDPE lined pit and subsequent treatment to ensure conformance with CPCB Industry Specific Standards for Oil Drilling & Gas Extraction Industry and guidelines provided by the MoEF under the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 the impact is not considered to be of significance.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 1
Impact Significance = 4 i.e. Low
Mitigation Measures Following mitigation measures will be implemented for water pollution control: Proper treatment of all wastewater and produced water discharges will be made to ensure that they comply with criteria set by the regulatory body (MoEF and SPCB)
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Drainage and sediment control systems at the well site will be efficiently designed Construction activities viz. stripping, excavation etc during monsoon season will be restricted to the extent possible. All chemical and fuel storage areas, process areas will have proper bunds so that contaminated run-off cannot escape into the storm-water drainage system. An oil-water separator will be provided at the storm water drainage outlet, to prevent discharge of contaminated run-off.
4.2.9 Impact on Hydrogeology & Ground Water Quality Potential impacts on groundwater resources that could arise as a result of the proposed drilling activities include the following:
Storage of drill cuttings and waste drilling mud Possibility of contamination of subsurface and unconfined aquifers may exist if the casing and cementing of the well is not carried out properly leading to infiltration or seeping of drilling chemicals or mud into porous aquifer region. The same is also valid for disposal of drilling waste and mud in an open/unpaved pit. However with the project proponent catering to the use of water based mud and storage of drill cuttings and waste drilling mud in an HDPE lined pit, impact is considered to be of low significance.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 1
Impact Significance = 4 i.e. Low
Mitigation Measures Proper engineering controls will be used for drilling and cementing operations Water based, non hazardous type of drilling mud will be utilized for drilling operation Drill cuttings & mud will be stored in HDPE lined pits
4.2.10 Impact on Biological Environment The potential impacts on ecological habitat of the exploratory block region due to proposed exploratory & development drilling operations are discussed below:
Loss of flora and floral habitat Majority of the exploratory & development wells ( 18 wells ) are located on agricultural land where there are no prominent vegetation except prosopis trees. Further, no wells are located in the coastal region which will prevent impact on vegetation in coastal area. Vegetation clearance (prosopis/palm trees) in an area of 2.2 ha will be required for wells located in 22 wells for construction of drill site. Reviewing of ecological conditions of the exploratory block reveals no flora or floral assemblages that are unique to the sites or are listed as protected or threatened plant species or trees with important heritage values. Taking drilling activity into account, drill
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site will be restored to near original condition and its impact on flora and floral habitat is considered to be of less significance.
Severity of Impact 1 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 4 i.e. Medium
Impact of Fauna & Faunal Habitat Majority of exploratory wells are located on open scrub land, private lands mainly covered with plam and prosopis trees. However, some of the wells also falls within the 10 km radius of ecological sensitive areas as mentioned in chapter 2 of this report and attracts wildlife clearance as per Wildlife Protection Act 1972. In view of proposed sensitivities and proximity to the Wildlife Sanctuary ONGC will prepare site specific Wildlife Management Plan and get it approved from the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State of Tamilnadu. ONGC will also take specific measures for implementation of the Wildlife Management Plan
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 6 i.e. Medium
.
Aquatic Habitat, Aquatic Flora & Fauna
The major river viz. Vaigai River, water body at Mandapam and creek near Kanjirgudi forms the aquatic ecosystem in the study area. Since no well is proposed in CRZ area therefore impact on aquatic habitat due to drilling of exploratory wells are not anticipated. However, precautions will be taken for the wells located outside of CRZ area but near to any water body so that impact on aquatic habitat can be prevented. It has been established in the baseline studies, that existing water quality of the surface water bodies is quite favorable to support diverse range of aquatic fauna and flora. Therefore, in case of any discharge of untreated waste water from exploratory drilling site may result in the possible contamination of receiving streams and their ecological habitat. Surface runoff during monsoon from the construction site of the wells has the potential to contaminate receiving surface water bodies thereby impacting their aquatic ecology. Again, all such process water to be discharged offsite will be undergoing adequate treatment to comply with discharge standards specified by regulatory authorities. Adequate treatment coupled with dilution factor of receiving water bodies will thus significantly contribute in preventing any deleterious effect on the aquatic ecological habitat.
Severity of Impact 3 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 1
Impact Significance = 6 i.e. Medium
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4.2.11 Impact on Socioeconomic Environment
Based on the nature and type of impacts, the assessment has been divided into broad categories namely (i) Adverse impacts and (ii) Positive impacts.
Adverse Impact
Loss of Livelihood
The proposed tentative well location map shows that, out of 22 exploratory wells, all wells are located in a private land. Approximately, 2.2 ha per well land will be required for proposed drilling activity. The agricultural lands are covered with either prosopis or palm trees which are helping local people in producing char coal. ONGC will procure this land through private negotiation. In all cases, necessary payments will be made against purchase and crop compensation to concerned land owners. The proposed project would not require any displacement of villagers. The impact on livelihood is considered to be of medium significance.
Severity of Impact 1 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 3
Impact Significance = 6 i.e. Medium
Conflicts on Job Opportunity
Primary survey and public consultation showed that the local people desired to work in the ONGC. Involvement of outside workers in proposed activity may possibly create conflict with the local people, as most of the villagers are small scale cultivators, daily labours, small businessmen. Local people are strongly objected to outsiders, and demanded that major proportion of workers be involved from surrounding villages. Considering public opinion, impact will be low. Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 1 Impact Significance = 4 i.e. low
Disruption on Infrastructure
Road network in the block area are observed that main roads are all weathered black top roads and internal village roads are Kutcha road. Numbers of access roads passes through villages are mostly Kutcha. Transportation of drilling rig and associated facilities to drill and decommissioning of rig and associated structure will increase traffic movement. An abrupt increase in vehicular fleet may damage road infrastructure if not properly maintained. Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2 Impact Significance = 8 i.e. Medium
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Dust and Noise Discomfort
Very less of wells are located in close proximity to settlement. Inhabitants residing close to access roads will get affected due to noise and dust generated from vehicular movement during site preparation, setting up of rig and associated facilities , decommissioning of rig and associated facilities. Again, during drilling operation, inhabitants residing close to drill sites (within 200 m) will get affected due to noise and emissions from DG sets and occasional flaring activity. Considering proximity of human settlement and short term activity with proper mitigation measures, impact will be of Medium significance. Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2 Impact Significance = 8 i.e. Medium
Ecological Productivity of Agricultural Fields
Ecological productivity of the agricultural land taken up for exploratory drilling activity stands temporarily affected during the entire lifecycle of the project. Reinstatement of ecological productivity will be dependent on successful restoration of soils, their structure, chemistry drainage characteristics and possibly other physical factors, such as micro-topography. These will provide a basis for successful recovery of ecological populations, whether allowed to occur naturally or aided by seeding and cultivation. However, considering necessary mitigation measures like top soil preservation, process water treatment, etc will be implemented by the proponent. During various project phases any impact in this regard is considered to be of low significance.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 1
Impact Significance = 4 i.e. Low
Influx of Population Influx of population is anticipated in all stages of the project cycle particularly during exploratory drilling. The drill site will involve the operation of about 30 onsite workers. Hence there might be an impact on the local communities due to the sharing of common resources like space, drinking water, roads, etc. Interaction between workers with villagers of nearby areas might give rise to various issues like conflict of workers with the local population, nuisance caused by workers due to improper sanitation facilities, etc. However, taking into account that workforce is likely to be sourced from nearby villages and adequate sanitation facilities will be provided chances of such conflicts are negligible.
Severity of Impact 1 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 1
Impact Significance = 2 i.e. Low
Cultural & Heritage Site
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Impact on cultural environment may occur due to site preparation, operation of drilling rig and also during vehicular movement with respect to the proposed exploration activities. There are no designated historical or cultural spots within block area. The project will however be adopting following mitigation measures to prevent any adverse impact to properties/remains of cultural and historical significance of any such remains accidentally encountered during aforesaid activities.
Prior to commencement of site construction activities, location of cultural important properties will be communicated to the contractor; and reporting of chance find of any properties/remains of archeological significance by the contractor to the proponent. Thus any significant impact due to project activities on cultural environment of the block is unlikely.
Severity of Impact 1 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 1
Impact Significance = 2 i.e. Low
Employment opportunities: Project will benefit people living in the neighboring villages by giving preference to them in relation to direct & indirect employment associated with the various project activities. Site preparation phase will involve certain number of laborers and there is a possibility that local people can be engaged for this purpose. Drilling process will involve a number of skilled and unskilled workers. There is a possibility that local people will be engaged for this purpose to the extent possible and hence improve existing employment scenario of the region.
However, most jobs will comprise technical involvement. Hence villagers can possibly be employed only in certain non-technical or casual labor jobs and that too for a limited duration. It is proposed that first preference be given to people whose land is acquired and to their relations. Next preference will be given to the poorer people and subsequently the other villagers.
Impact Significance = ++ i.e. POSITIVE
4.2.12 Impact on Occupational Health and Safety Occupational injuries and ill-health have huge socio-economic implications on individuals, their families and communities. They also have economic impacts in form of direct and indirect costs for society as a whole. Major occupational health risks encountered in proposed drilling activity include noise from drilling activity, operation of heavy vehicles and machinery, handing of chemicals.
However, the proponent will adopt necessary control measures through implementation of mitigation measures and provision of proper PPEs to workers operating in aforesaid area to prevent and/or mitigate adverse health related impacts. Hence any possible occupational health impact from exposure to such fugitive dust is not likely to be of major significance.
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Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 8 i.e. Medium
Community Health & Safety: Community health and safety of inhabitants residing close to the drilling site stands to get affected from frequent heavy vehicular movement along village access roads and due to noise from drilling rig operations. Health and safety impact arising from technological emergencies viz. well blow outs, explosions will be dealt separately in the QRA section. Although the aforesaid activities are temporary in nature it may not adversely affect community health and safety and hence is considered to be of medium significance.
Severity of Impact 2 Extent of Impact 2 Duration of Impact 2
Impact Significance = 8 i.e. Medium
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TABLE 4-8: IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE MATRIX (WITH MITIGATION)
Physical Environment Biological Environment Socio-economic Environment
Environment
Activity
Aesthetics & Visuals & Aesthetics QualityAir QualityNoise TransportTraffic& LandUse Quality Soil Physiography Local&Drainage Resources SurfaceWater Surfacequality water Resources Ground Water Groundquality water HabitatFloralFlora& HabitatWildlife Fauna ThreatenedEndangered & species route & Migratory corridor AquaticHabitat AquaticFauna Flora& ofLivelihoodLoss Conflictonopportunity Job DisruptionInfrastructure of Resources Common Property DiscomfortNoise & Dust ofAgriculturalProductivity Loss Influx ofPopulation Site Heritage Cultural& Economic&JobOpportunity Safety& Occupational Health Safety& Community Health Pre-Drilling Activities Site selection and land acquisition M M L Site clearance and top soil removal L L L M M M M L L + L Well site& access road construction L L L M M L + L L Sourcing & transportation of borrow material etc L L L M L L M M L M L + L L Storage and handling of construction debris L L L Transportation of drilling rig and ancillaries L L M L M L L L Operation DG set L L M M M Workforce engagement & accommodation at construction site L L L + L Consumption of water for construction & domestic use for labourer L L Generation of domestic solid waste & disposal L L L L L L L Generation of waste water & discharge from construction activity & labour camp L L L Surface run-off from construction site L M L L L L
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Physical Environment Biological Environment Socio-economic Environment
Environment
Activity
Aesthetics & Visuals & Aesthetics QualityAir QualityNoise TransportTraffic& LandUse Quality Soil Physiography Local&Drainage Resources SurfaceWater Surfacequality water Resources Ground Water Groundquality water HabitatFloralFlora& HabitatWildlife Fauna ThreatenedEndangered & species route & Migratory corridor AquaticHabitat AquaticFauna Flora& ofLivelihoodLoss Conflictonopportunity Job DisruptionInfrastructure of Resources Common Property DiscomfortNoise & Dust ofAgriculturalProductivity Loss Influx ofPopulation Site Heritage Cultural& Economic&JobOpportunity Safety& Occupational Health Safety& Community Health Exploratory Well Drilling & Testing Physical Presence at M M M drill site L Operation of DG sets M M M M and machinery L M M M Operation of drilling M M M M rig M M M Storage and disposal of drill cuttings and mud L L L L Generation of process waste water & discharge M L L L Surface run-off from drill site L L L L Generation of domestic waste water & discharge L L L L L Generation of Municipal waste & disposal L L L L Workforce engagement & accommodation at drill site L L L + M Flaring during M M M M production testing and process upset L M M M M Accidental events - M M M M blow out L M M M M L L M M Accidental events- spillage of chemical & oil M M M M M Decommissioning and Reinstatement
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Physical Environment Biological Environment Socio-economic Environment
Environment
Activity
Aesthetics & Visuals & Aesthetics QualityAir QualityNoise TransportTraffic& LandUse Quality Soil Physiography Local&Drainage Resources SurfaceWater Surfacequality water Resources Ground Water Groundquality water HabitatFloralFlora& HabitatWildlife Fauna ThreatenedEndangered & species route & Migratory corridor AquaticHabitat AquaticFauna Flora& ofLivelihoodLoss Conflictonopportunity Job DisruptionInfrastructure of Resources Common Property DiscomfortNoise & Dust ofAgriculturalProductivity Loss Influx ofPopulation Site Heritage Cultural& Economic&JobOpportunity Safety& Occupational Health Safety& Community Health Dismantling of rig and associated facilities L L M M Transportation of drilling rig and ancillaries L L M M Removal of well site construction materials & disposal L L M Site Restoration + + +
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5 Quantitative Risk Assessment
This section on Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) aims to provide a systematic analysis of the major risks that may arise as a result of drilling of 22 exploratory well in in Ramanathapuram PML area. The QRA process outlines rational evaluations of the identified risks based on their significance and provides the outline for appropriate preventive and risk mitigation measures. Results of the QRA provides valuable inputs into the overall project planning and the decision making process for effectively addressing the identified risks. This will ensure that the project risks stay below As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) levels at all times during project implementation. In addition, the QRA will also help in assessing risks arising from potential emergency situations like a blow out and develop a structured Emergency Response Plan (ERP) to restrict damage to personnel, infrastructure and the environment.
The risk study for the onshore exploratory drilling activities in Ramanathapuram PML area has considered all aspects of operation of the drilling rig and other associated activities during the exploration phase. Loss of well control / blow-out and process leaks constitute the major potential hazards that may be associated with the proposed onshore exploratory drilling in Ramanathapuram PML area.
The following section describes objectives, methodology of the risk assessment study and then presents the assessment for each of the potential risk separately. This includes identification of major hazards, hazard screening and ranking, frequency and consequence analysis for major hazards. The hazards have subsequently been quantitatively evaluated through a criteria based risk evaluation matrix. Risk mitigation measures to reduce significant risks to acceptable levels have also been recommended as a part of the risk assessment study.
5.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE QRA STUDY
The overall objective of this QRA with respect to the proposed project involves identification and evaluation of major risks, prioritizing risks identified based on their hazard consequences and formulating suitable risk reduction/mitigation measures in line with the ALARP principle. Hence in order to ensure effective management of any emergency situations (with potential individual and societal risks) that may arise during the exploratory drilling activities, following specific objectives need to be achieved.
Identify potential risk scenarios that may arise out of proposed drilling and other associated activities like operation of ancillary facilities and equipment’s, mud chemicals storage and handling etc. Analyze the possible likelihood and frequency of such risk scenarios by reviewing historical accident related data for oil and gas industries. Predict the consequences of such potential risk scenarios and if consequences are high, establish the same by through application of quantitative simulations.
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Recommend feasible preventive and risk mitigation measures as well as provide inputs for drawing up of Emergency Management Plan (EMP) for the project.
5.2 RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY The risk assessment process is primarily based on likelihood of occurrence of the risks identified and their possible hazard consequences particularly being evaluated through hypothetical accident scenarios. With respect to the proposed project, major risks viz. blow outs, process leaks and fires; non-process fires etc. have been assessed and evaluated through a risk matrix generated to combine the risk severity and likelihood factor. Risk associated with the exploratory drilling activities have been determined semi-quantitatively as the product of likelihood/probability and severity/consequence by using order of magnitude data (risk ranking = severity/consequence factor X likelihood/probability factor). Significance of such project related risks was then established through their classification as high, medium, low, very low depending upon risk ranking.
The risk matrix is a widely accepted as standardized method of quantitative risk assessment and is preferred over purely quantitative methods, given that its inherent limitations to define a risk event is certain. Application of this tool has resulted in the prioritization of the potential risks events for the exploratory drilling, GCS and pipeline operations thus providing the basis for drawing up risk mitigation measures and leading to formulation of plans for risk and emergency management. The overall approach is summarized in the Figure 5.1
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FIGURE 5-1: RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
5.2.1 Hazard Identification Hazard identification for the purposes of this QRA comprised of a review of the project and associated activity related information provided by ONGC. In addition, guidance provided by knowledge platforms/portals of the upstream oil & gas industry including OGP, ITOPF, EGIG and DNV, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate etc. are used to identify potential hazards that can arise out of proposed project activities. Taking into account the applicability of different risk aspects in context of the exploratory drilling operations in Ramanathapuram PML area, there are three major categories of hazards that can be associated with proposed project which has been dealt with in detail. This includes: Blowouts leading to pool fires/jet fires Process leaks and fires Non-process fires / explosions
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Well control incident covers a range of events which have the potential of leading to blow-outs but are generally controlled by necessary technological interventions. Hence, such incidents are considered of minor consequences and as a result not well documented. Other possible hazard scenarios like mud chemical spills, falls, etc. has also not been considered for detailed assessment as preliminary evaluation has indicated that the overall risk that may arise out of them would be low. In addition, it is understood that, causative factors and mitigation measures for such events can be adequately taken care of through exiting safety management procedures and practices of ONGC. It must also be noted here that many hazards identified are sometimes interrelated with one hazard often having the ability to trigger off another hazard through a domino effect. For example, a large oil spill in most instances is caused by another hazardous incident like a blowout or process leak. This aspect has been considered while drawing up hazard mitigation measures and such linkages (between hazards) has also been given due importance for managing hazards and associated risks in a composite manner through ONGC’s Health, Safety & Environmental Management System (HSEMS) and through the Emergency Management Plan, if a contingency situation so arises. 5.2.2 Frequency Analysis Frequency analysis involves estimating the likelihood of each of the failure cases identified during the hazard identification stage. The analysis of frequencies of occurrences for the key hazards that has been listed out is important to assess the likelihood of such hazards to actually unfold during the lifecycle of the project. The frequency analysis approach for the proposed project is based primarily on historical accident frequency data, event tree analysis and judgmental evaluation. Major oil and gas industry information sources viz. statistical data, historical records and global industry experience were considered during the frequency analysis of the major identified risks4. For QRA for the proposed project, various accident statistics and published oil industry databases have been consulted for arriving at probable frequencies of identified hazards. Based on the range of probabilities arrived at for different potential hazards that may be encountered during the proposed drilling activities, following criteria for likelihood rankings have been drawn up as presented in the Table 5.1.
TABLE 5-1: FREQUENCY CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA
Criteria Ranking Likelihood Ranking Frequency Class (cases/year)
5 >1.0 Frequent
4 >10-1 to <1.0 Probable
4 It is to be noted that the frequency of occurrences are usually obtained by a combination ofcomponent probabilities derived on basis of reliabilitydata and /or statistical analysis of historicaldata.
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3 >10-3 to <10-1 Occasional/Rare
2 >10-5 to <10-3 Not Likely
1 >10-6 to <10-5 Improbable
5.2.3 Consequence Analysis In parallel to frequency analysis, hazard prediction / consequence analysis exercise assesses resulting effects in instances when accidents occur and their likely impact on project personnel, infrastructure and environment. In relation to the proposed project, estimation of consequences for each possible event has been based either on accident experience, consequence modeling or professional judgment, as appropriate. Given the high risk perception associated with blow outs in context of onshore drilling operation, a detailed analysis of consequences has been undertaken for blow outs taking into account physical factors and technological interventions. Consequences of such accidental events on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment have been studied to evaluate the potential of the identified risks/hazards. In all, the consequence analysis takes into account the following aspects: Nature of impact on environment and community; Occupational health and safety;
Asset and property damage; Corporate image Timeline for restoration of environmental and property damage Restoration cost for environmental and property damage The following criterion for consequence rankings (Table 5.2) is drawn up in context of the possible consequences of risk events that may occur during proposed exploratory drilling activities:
Table 5-2: Severity Categories and Criteria
Consequence Ranking Criteria Definition Catastrophic 5 Multiple fatalities/Permanent total disability to more than 50 persons Severe violations of national limits for environmental emission More than 5 years for natural recovery Net negative financial impact of >10 crores Long term impact on ecologically sensitive areas International media coverage
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Consequence Ranking Criteria Definition National stakeholder concern and media coverage Major 4 Single fatality/permanent total disability to one or more persons Major violations of national limits for environmental emissions 2-5 years for natural recovery Net negative financial impact of 5 -10 crores Significant impact on endangered and threatened floral and faunal species Loss of corporate image and reputation Moderate 3 Short term hospitalization & rehabilitation leading to recovery Short term violations of national limits for environmental emissions 1-2 years for natural recovery Net negative financial impact of 1-5 crores Short term impact on protected natural habitats State wide media coverage Minor 2 Medical treatment injuries 1 year for natural recovery Net negative financial impact of 0.5 – 1 crore Temporary environmental impacts which can be mitigated Local stakeholder concern and public attention Insignificant 1 First Aid treatment with no Lost Time Incidents (LTIs) Natural recovery < 1year Net negative financial impact of <0.5 crores. No significant impact on environmental components No media coverage
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5.2.4 Risk Evaluation Based on ranking of likelihood and frequencies, each identified hazard has been evaluated based on the likelihood of occurrence and the magnitude of consequences. Significance of risks is expressed as the product of likelihood and consequence of the risk event, expressed as follows: Significance = Likelihood X Consequence The Table 5.3 below illustrates all possible product results for five likelihood and consequence categories while the Table 5.4 assigns risk significance criteria in four regions that identify the limit of risk acceptability. Depending on the position of intersection of a column with a row in the risk matrix, hazard prone activities have been classified as low, medium and high thereby qualifying a set of risk reduction / mitigation strategies.
Table 5-3: Risk Matrix
Likelihood → Not Improbabl Frequent Probable Remote Likely e
5 4 3 2 1 Catastrophi 5 25 20 15 10 5 c Major 4 20 16 12 8 4 Moderate 3 15 12 9 6 3
Consequence → Minor 2 10 8 6 4 2
Insignificant 1 5 4 3 2 1
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TABLE 5-4: RISK CRITERIA AND ACTION REQUIREMENTS
Risk Significance Criteria Definition & Action Requirements
“Risk requires attention” – Project HSE Management need to ensure High (16 - 25) that necessary mitigation are adopted to ensure that possible risk remains within acceptable limits
“Risk is tolerable” – Project HSE Management needs to adopt Medium (10 – 15) necessary measures to prevent any change/modification of existing risk controls and ensure implementation of all practicable controls.
“Risk is acceptable” – Project related risks are managed by well- Low (5 – 9) established controls and routine processes/procedures. Implementation of additional controls can be considered.
“Risk is acceptable” – All risks are managed by well-established Very Low (1 – 4) controls and routine processes/procedures. Additional risk controls need not to be considered
5.3 RISK ASSESSMENT OF IDENTIFIED PROJECT HAZARDS
As already discussed in the previous section, three major categories risk have identified in relation to proposed exploratory drilling activities. A comprehensive risk assessment study has been undertaken to assess and evaluate significance of identified risks in terms of severity of consequences and likelihood of occurrence. Risk assessment study details have been summarized in the subsequent sections below:
5.3.1 Blow Outs/Loss of Well Control Blow out is an uncontrolled release of well fluid (primarily hydrocarbons viz. oil and/or gas and may also include drilling mud, completion fluid, water etc) from an exploratory or development well. Blow outs are the result of failure to control a kick and regain pressure control and are typically caused by equipment failure or human error. The possible blow out cause events occurring in isolation or in combination have been listed below:
Formation fluid entry into well bore
Loss of containment due to malfunction (viz. wire lining) Well head damage (e.g. by fires, storms, dropped object etc) Rig forced off station (e.g. by anchor failure) damaging Blow Out Preventor (BOP) or wellhead The most common cause of blow out can be associated with the sudden/unexpected entry/release of formation fluid into well bore that may arise as a result of the following events as discussed in the Box 5.1 below.
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BOX 5.1: PRIMARY CAUSES OF BLOW OUTS
Shallow gas
In shallow formations there may be pockets of shallow gas. In these instances there is often insufficient mud density in the well and no BOP is in place. If the hole strikes shallow gas the gas may be released on the drilling rig very rapidly. Typical geological features which suggest the presence of shallow gas can then be detected. Historically, striking of shallow gas has been one of the most frequent causes of blowouts in drilling.
Swabbing
As the drill pipe is pulled upwards during trips out of the hole or upward movement of the drill string, the pressure in the hole beneath the drill bit is reduced, creating a suction effect. Sufficient drilling mud must be pumped down-hole to compensate for this effect or well fluids may enter the bore. Swabbing is also a frequent cause of drilling blowouts.
High formation pressure
Drilling into an unexpected zone of high pressure may allow formation fluids to enter the well before mud weight can be increased to prevent it.
Insufficient mud weight
The primary method of well control is the use of drilling mud; in correct operation, the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the mud prevents well fluids from entering the well bore. A high mud weight provides safety against well fluids in-flows. However, a high mud weight reduces drilling speed, therefore, mud weight is calculated to establish weight most suitable to safely control anticipated formation pressures and allows optimum rates of penetration. If the required mud weight is incorrectly calculated then well fluid may be able to enter the bore.
Lost Circulation
Drilling mud circulation can be lost if mud enters a permeable formation instead of returning to the rig. This reduces the hydrostatic pressures exerted by the mud throughout the well bore, and may allow well fluids from another formation to enter the bore.
Gas cut mud
Drilling fluids are denser than well fluids; this density is required to provide the hydrostatic pressure which prevents well fluids from entering the bore. If well fluids mix with the mud then its density will be reduced. As mud is circulated back to surface, hydrostatic pressure exerted by the mud column is reduced. Once gas reaches surface it is released into the atmosphere.
Source: A Guide to Quantitative Risk Assessment; John Spouge – DNVTechnica Publication 99/100a
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For better understanding, causes of blow outs have been systematically defined in terms of loss of pressure control (failure of primary barrier), uncontrolled flow of fluid or failure of secondary barrier (BOP). The blow out incidents resulting from primary and secondary failures for proposed operations as obtained through comprehensive root cause analysis of the Gulf Coast (Texas, OCS and US Gulf of Mexico) Blow Outs 5 during 1960-1996 have been presented in the Table 5.5 below.
TABLE 5-5: BLOW OUT CAUSE DISTRIBUTION FOR FAILURES DURING DRILLING OPERATIONS
Sl.No Causal Factors Blow Out Incidents (nos.)
A Primary Barrier 1 Swabbing 77 2 Drilling Break 52 3 Formation breakdown 38 4 Trapped/expanding gas 09 5 Gas cut mud 26 6 Low mud weight 17 7 Wellhead failure 05 8 Cement setting 05 B Secondary Barrier 1 Failure to close BOP 07 2 Failure of BOP after closure 13 3 BOP not in place 10 4 Fracture at casing shoe 03 5 Failure to stab string valve 09 6 Casing leakage 06
Thus, underlying blowout causes as discussed in the above table can be primarily attributed to swabbing as the primary barrier failure which is indicative of insufficient attention given to trip margin and controlling pipe movement speed. Also, it is evident from the above table that lack of proper maintenance, operational failures and absence of BOPs as secondary barrier contributed to majority of blowout incidents (approx 30 nos.) is recorded.
Blowout Frequency Analysis Blow out frequency estimates is obtained from a combination of incident experience and associated exposure in a given area over a given period. For the purpose of calculation of blow out frequency analysis in context of the present study involving drilling operations, blow out frequencies per well drilled have been considered.
5 “Trends extracted from 1200 Gulf Coast blowouts during 1960-1996” – Pal Skalle and A.L.Podio
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For onshore blowouts, the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) maintain a database of onshore drilling incidents. The database includes drilling occurrence data for Alberta from 1975 till 1990 with a total of 87994 wells drilled. Taking the full number of blowouts gives a frequency of 4.9 X 10-4 blowouts per well drilled.
Based on the given frequency and information provided by ONGC on the proposed exploratory drilling project the blow out frequency is calculated as follows:
No of exploratory wells to be drilled = 22 (A)
Blow out frequency for onshore drilling = 4.9 X 10-4 per well drilled (B)
Frequency of blow out occurrence for the proposed project = (A X B) = 22 X 4.9 X 10 -4
= 1.07 X 10-2 per well drilled
Thus, the blow out frequency for the proposed project is calculated at 1.07 X 10-2 per well drilled i.e. the likelihood of its occurrence is “Occasional/Rare”
Blowout Ignition Probability Review of SINTEF database indicates that a rounded ignition probability of 0.3 has been widely used for the purpose of quantitative risk analysis arising from blow outs. As per this database generally ignition occurred within first 5 minutes in approximately 40% of the blowouts leading to either pool and/or jet fire. Blow out leading to flammable gas release has a greater probability of ignition compared to liquid releases6 (Figure 5.2).
6 Fire and Explosion – Fire Risk Analysis by Daejun Change, Division of Ocean System and Engineering
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FIGURE 5-2: IGNITION PROBABILITY VS RELEASE RATE
An alternative to the blowout ignition probabilities given by the UKOOA look-up correlations can be obtained from Scandpowers’s interpretation of the blowout data provided by SINTEF 2. The most significant category is that for deep blowouts which indicates an early ignition probability of 0.09. For the purpose of the QRA study this can be taken as occurring immediately on release and calculation provided below:
No of exploratory wells to be drilled = 22 (A)
Blow out frequency for onshore drilling = 4.9 X 10-4 per well drilled (B)
Blow out ignition probability = 0.09 (C)
Probability of Blow out ignition for the proposed project = (A X B X C) = 22 X 4.9 X 10 -4 X 0.09
= 0.97 X 10-3
Hence based on the aforesaid calculation the probability of ignition of blow out releases of hydrocarbons for the proposed drilling project will be about 0.97 X 10-3 and can be considered to be as negligible.
Blowout Consequence Analysis Blow out from a hydrocarbon exploratory and/or development well may lead to the following possible risk consequences:
a. Pool fires and smoke plumes resulting from ignited oil blow outs b. Jet fires resulting from ignited gas blow outs c. Oil slicks resulting from un-ignited oil pools. However for the proposed project involving exploration of gas wells for natural gas releases leading to jet fire, modeling has been based considering methane which has been identified as the principal constituent (~ 95%) of natural gas.
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Ignition of Flammable Gas Release leading to Jet Fire
Jet fires are burning jet of gas or sprays of atomized liquids resulting from gas and condensate release from high pressure equipment and blow outs. Jet fires may also result in the release of high pressure liquid containing dissolved gas due to gas flashing off and turning the liquid into a spray of small droplets. In context of the present study, formation of jet fires can be attributed by the high pressure release and ignition of natural gas if encountered during exploration of block hydrocarbon reserves.
Natural gas as recovered from underground deposits primarily contains methane (CH4) as a flammable component, but it also contains heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). Other gases such as CO2, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are also often present. Methane is typically 70-90 percent, ethane 5-15 percent, propane and butane, up to 5 percent. Thus, considering higher percentage of methane in natural gas, the thermo-chemical properties of the same has been utilized in the jet fire blow out consequence modeling. The following risk scenarios (Table 5.6) have been considered for nature gas release consequence modeling:
TABLE 5-6: NATURAL GAS RELEASE MODELING SCENARIOS
Scenario Release Rate (kg/s) Release Type Scenario - I 0.5 Small Scenario - II 1 Medium Scenario – III (Worst Case) 2 Large As in the case of pool fire, modeling of nature gas releases has also been carried out using ALOHA. A Flammable Level of Concern approach has been utilized for assessing safety risk associated with the release of flammable gases (here methane) from well blow outs. In ALOHA, a flammable Level of Concern (LOC) is a threshold concentration of fuel in the air above which a flammability hazard may exist. While modeling the release of a flammable gas that may catch on fire—but which is not currently burning—ALOHA can predict the flammable area of the vapor cloud so that flammability hazard can be established.
The flammable area is the part of a flammable vapor cloud where the concentration is in the flammable range, between the Lower and Upper Explosive Limits (LEL and UEL). These limits are percentages that represent the concentration of the fuel (that is, the chemical vapor) in the air. If the chemical vapor comes into contact with an ignition source (such as a spark), it will burn only if its fuel-air concentration is between the LEL and the UEL—because that portion of the cloud is already pre-mixed to the right mixture of fuel and air for burning to occur. If the fuel-air concentration is below the LEL, there is not enough fuel in the air to sustain a fire or an explosion—it is too lean. If the fuel-air concentration is above the UEL, there is not enough oxygen to sustain a fire or an explosion because there is too much fuel—it is too rich.
When a flammable vapor cloud is dispersing, the concentration of fuel in the air is not uniform; there will be areas where the concentration is higher than the average and areas where the concentration is lower than the average. This is called concentration patchiness. Because of
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concentration patchiness, there will be areas (called pockets) where the chemical is in the flammable range even though the average concentration has fallen below the LEL. Because of this, ALOHA's default flammable LOCs are each a fraction of the LEL, rather than the LEL itself. ALOHA uses 60% of the LEL as the default LOC for the red threat zone, because some experiments have shown that flame pockets can occur in places where the average concentration is above that level. Another common threat level used by responders is 10% of the LEL, which is ALOHA's default LOC for the yellow threat zone. The flammable LOC threat zones for methane release are as follows:
Red : 26,400 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets
Yellow: 4,400 ppm = 10% LEL
Well site risk contour maps for worst case scenario prepared based on ALOHA modeling of natural gas releases for flammable vapour cloud has been presented in Figure 5.3-5.5 below
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FIGURE 5-3: SCENARIO I - RISK CONTOUR MAP
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : 45 meters --- (26,400 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: 114 meters --- (4,400 ppm = 10% LEL)
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FIGURE 5-4: SCENARIO II - RISK CONTOUR MAP
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud Model Run: Gaussian Red : 65 meters --- (26,400 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow: 163 meters --- (4,400 ppm = 10% LEL)
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FIGURE 5-5: SCENARIO III - RISK CONTOUR MAP
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud Model Run: Gaussian Red : 92 meters --- (26,400 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow: 228 meters --- (4,400 ppm = 10% LEL)
The zone of flammable vapour cloud calculated for hypothetical natural gas release under risk scenarios discussed in the earlier sections have been presented in the Table 5.7 below.
TABLE 5-7: ZONE OF FLAMMABLE VAPOUR CLOUD – NATURAL GAS RELEASE SCENARIOS
Release Release Rate Red – 60% Yellow -10% Type (kg/s) LEL (m) LEL (m) Small 0.5 45 114 Medium 1 65 163 Large 2 92 228
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Hence for a worst case scenario (2kg/s) the flammable vapor cloud zone/flame pockets’ resulting from accidental release of natural gas will be covering a radial zone of 92 m from source with the flammable gas concentration within this zone being 26,400 ppm.
Based on the flammable vapour cloud concentration modeled for the worst case scenario (10 kg/s) an effort was made to establish the overpressure (blast force zone) that may result from delayed ignition of vapour cloud generated from any such accidental release. For overpressure risk modeling using ALOHA a delayed ignition time of 5 minutes was considered of the vapour cloud mass. However the threat modeled revealed that Level of Concern (LOC) was never exceeded that may possibly lead to damage to property or life within the blast radius. The results have been provided in Figure 5.6 below
FIGURE 5-6: SCENARIO III (WORST CASE) – OVERPRESSURE RISK MODELING RESULTS
Risk Ranking – Blowout Natural Gas Release (Worst Case Scenario)
Likelihood ranking 3 Consequence ranking 4
Risk Ranking & Significance = 9 i.e. “Medium”
Preventive and Mitigation Measures
Blowouts being events which may be catastrophic to any well operation, it is essential to take up as much a preventive measures as feasible. This includes:
Necessary active barriers (eg. Well-designed Blowout Preventor) be installed to control or contain a potential blowout. Weekly blow out drills be carried out to test reliability of BOP and preparedness of drilling team. Close monitoring of drilling activity be done to check for signs of increasing pressure, like from shallow gas formations. Installation of hydrocarbon detectors. Periodic monitoring and preventive maintenance be undertaken for primary and secondary barriers installed for blow out prevention, including third party inspection & testing An appropriate Emergency Response Plan be finalized and implemented by ONGC.
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Marking of hazardous zone (500 meters) around the well site and monitoring of human movements in the zone. Training and capacity building exercises/programs be carried out for onsite drilling crew on potential risks associated with exploration drilling and their possible mitigation measures. Installation of mass communication and public address equipment. Good layout of well site and escape routes.
Additionally, ONGC will be adopting and implementing the following Safe Operating Procedures (SOPs) developed as part of its Onsite Emergency Response Plan to prevent and address any blow out risks that may result during drilling and work over activities:
Blow Out Control Equipment Choke lines and Choke Manifold Installation with Surface BOP Kill Lines and Kill Manifold Installation with Surface BOP Control System for Surface BOP stacks Testing of Blow Out Prevention Equipment BOP Drills
5.3.2 Non-process fires/explosions Non-process fires are any fires and explosions that involve material other than hydrocarbons (e.g. electrical fires, diesel fires, accommodation fires, DG set fires, miscellaneous sources etc.). Most non-process fires are small incidents which can be managed within the facility using existing firefighting equipment’s. Such fires have however a higher frequency of occurrence compared to process fires and explosions as recorded by HSE database. Due to the absence of veritable data source recording non-process fire/explosion incidents for onshore installations the aforesaid databases for upstream oil and gas sector have been referred in an effort to analyze non-process fire/explosion risks with respect to the proposed onshore exploratory project.
Historically few fatalities have been reported from non-process fires and most of them have been successfully managed at the installation level. Based on the WOAD 1996 statistical report, the average fatality rate for non-process fires is estimated at 10-3 platform year. Again, these fatalities have already been addressed under risks covered under personal accidents and need not be considered for fatalities due to non-process fires. However, as they have a higher probability to occur such incidents may cause inconveniences and come in the way of smooth operation of the drilling activities. The frequency of occurrence of fires due to possible non- process accident has listed in the Table 5.8 below:
TABLE 5-8: FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE - NON-PROCESS FIRES
Non-Process Accidents Frequency (per year)
Electrical fires 7.0 X 10-2
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Diesel fires 9.2 X 10-3
Machinery fires 2.2 X 10-3
Miscellaneous fires 2.1 X 10-3
Source: WOAD
As a result, though the damage potential is low, it is important to take appropriate safeguard measures to minimize their occurrence. Many of these measures can be implemented through the stipulation of simple work instructions and procedures.
Risk Ranking for Non-Process Fires
Likelihood ranking 3 Consequence ranking 1
Risk Ranking & Significance = 3 i.e. “Low”
Preventive and Mitigation Measures
The preventive and mitigation measures for small non-process fires would be implemented by delineating appropriate operational procedures through the existing safety management system.
5.3.3 Pipeline Failure In addition to risk assessed with respect to the proposed project in the form of “Blow Outs” efforts has also been made to understand the potential risks/hazards associated with respect to existing industrial operations in the near vicinity. Based on the information made available by ONGC and site visits undertaken it is understood that nearly 22 nos. Gas Collection Stations (GCS) of ONGC along with integrated pipeline network (4” dia) is operational in the Ramanad area. Hence potential risks have been identified in the form of loss of containment events for each section of the pipeline, corresponding to the relevant process conditions, as listed in Table 5.9.
TABLE 5-9: SCENARIOS FOR QRA STUDY Sl. Initiating Potential Outcome Plant Section Risk Scenario No Event Scenario 1 Pipeline Rupture 4” pipeline rupture Jet fire, flash fire
Pipeline Failure Frequency Analysis An effort has also been made to understand the primary failure frequencies of gas pipeline which is the result of the number of incidents within a period divided by the corresponding total system exposure. Based on the European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group (EGIG)
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database the evolution of the primary failure frequencies over the entire period and for the last five years has been provided in Table 5.10below.
TABLE 5-10: PRIMARY GAS PIPELINE FAILURE FREQUENCY Primary failure Total System Period No. of Incidents frequency Exposure (km.yr) (1000 km.yr) 1970-2007 1173 3.15.106 0.372 1970-2010 1249 3.55.106 0.351 1971-2010 1222 3.52.106 0.347 1981-2010 860 3.01.106 0.286 1991-2010 460 2.25.106 0.204 2001-2010 207 1.24.106 0.167 2006-2010 106 0.654.106 0.162 Source: 8h EGIG Report As referred in the above table the overall failure frequency (0.35) of the entire period (1970- 2010) is slightly lower than the failure frequency of 0.37 reported in the 7th EGIG report (1970- 2007). The failure frequency of the last 5 years was found to be half the primary failure frequency over the entire period showing the improved performance over the recent years.
Incident Causes Natural gas pipeline failure incidents can be attributed to the following major causes viz. external interference, construction defects, corrosion (internal & external), ground movement and hot tap. The distribution of incidents with cause has been presented in the Figure 5.6 below.
FIGURE 5.6: NATURAL GAS PIPELINE FAILURE – DISTRIBUTION OF INCIDENT & CAUSES
Source: 8th EGIG Report
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The interpretation of the aforesaid figure indicated external interference as the major cause of pipeline failure contributing to about 48.4% of the total failure incidents followed by construction defects (16.7%) and corrosion related problems (16.1%). Ground movement resulting from seismic disturbance, landslides, flood etc contributed to only 7.4% of pipeline failure incident causes. The pipeline failure frequency viz. leaks or rupture from natural gas transportation pipeline with respect to the proposed project has been established based on the interpretation of the database of European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group (EGIG) representing almost 2 million kilometer year of pipeline operations. The failure rate reported by EGIG for on-shore gas pipeline with design pressure greater than 15 bar is 4.76 x 10-4 km/year. Full Bore Rupture (FBR) represents 13% of the cases (6.188 x 10-5 failure /km/yr) and 87% of the cases represents Leaks (4.14 x 10-4 failure /km/yr). The frequency of pipeline failure computed for the proposed project based on EGIG failure frequency is presented in the Table 5.11 below.
TABLE 5-11: NATURAL GAS PIPELINE FAILURE FREQUENCY
EGIG Failure Longest Project Pipeline Sl. No Pipeline Failure Case Frequency Pipeline Failure Frequency (per km.year) Length (km) (per year) 1 Gas Pipeline Rupture 6.188 x 10-5 9.39 5.81 x 10-4
2 Gas Pipeline Leak 4.14 x 10-4 9.39 3.88 x 10-3
Pipeline Failure – Ignition Probability In the period 1970-2010, only 4.4% of the gas releases recorded as incidents in the EGIG database ignited. Ignition depends on the existence of random ignition sources. The EGIG database gives the opportunity to evaluate the link between ignition and leak size. The ignition probability of pipeline failure (rupture & leaks) with respect to the proposed project is derived based on the following equations as provided in the IGEM/TD/2 standard
2 P ign = 0.0555 + 0.0137pd2; for 0≤pd ≤57 (Ignition Probability for pipeline ruptures) 2 P ign = 0.81; for pd >57
P ign = 0.0555 + 0.0137(0.5pd2); for 0≤0.5pd2≤57 (Ignition Probability for pipeline leaks) 2 P ign = 0.81; for 0.5pd >57
Where: P ign = Probability of ignition p = Pipeline operating pressure (bar)
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d = Pipeline diameter (m) The ignition probability of natural gas release from 4” pipeline leak or rupture is calculated based on the above equations utilizing the following input parameters as discussed below.
Pipeline Inlet Pressure (bar) = p= 70 kg/cm2 or ~68 bar
Pipeline diameter = d = 4 inches or 0.101 m
For 4” pipeline rupture pd2 = (68) X (0.101)2 = 0.693
For 4” pipeline leak 0.5 pd2 = 0.5 X (68) X (0. 101)2 = 0.346
Since 0≤pd2≤57 and 0≤0.5pd2≤57, the following equation has been utilized for deriving the ignition probability for pipeline failure.
2 P ign for 4’ pipeline rupture = 0.0555 + 0.0137pd = 0.0555 + 0.0137 (0.693) = 0.065
2 P ign for 4” pipeline leak = 0.0555 + 0.0137(0.5pd ) = 0.0555 + 0.0137 (0.346) = 0.060
Based on the aforesaid calculation the probability of jet fire occurring from accidental gas release from pipeline leak or rupture and subsequent ignition has been presented in Table 5.12 below:
TABLE 5-12: NATURAL GAS CONNECTIVITY - PROBABILITY OF JET FIRE Sl. Project Pipeline Failure Ignition Jet fire Pipeline Failure Case No Frequency (per year) Probability Probability
1 4” Gas Pipeline Rupture 5.81 x 10-4 0.06 3.48 x 10-5
2 4” Gas Pipeline Leak 3.88 x 10-3 0.06 2.32 x 10-4
Pipeline Failure - Consequence Analysis Pipeline generally contains large inventories of oil or gas under high pressure; although accidental releases from them are remote they have the potential of catastrophic or major consequences if related risks are not adequately analyzed or controlled. The consequences of possible pipeline failure is generally predicted based on the hypothetical failure scenario considered and defining parameters such as meteorological conditions (stability class), leak hole & rupture size and orientation, pipeline pressure & temperature, physicochemical properties of chemicals released etc. As discussed earlier, jet fire have been identified as the possible consequences resulting from release and is dependent on the ignition time. Taking into account the gas gathering and
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processing facilities and pipeline the hypothetical risk scenarios as provided in Table 5.7 have been considered for failure consequence modeling with respect to proposed project. In addition to the above the following design specifications as presented in Table 5.13 have been considered for consequence modeling
TABLE 5-13: PIPELINE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Sl. Parameters Values No. 1 Pipeline diameter (inch) 4 inch 2 Longest Pipeline length (km) ~9.4 km
4 Design pressure (bar)* 68 5 Design temperature (in °C) 50 In the present study, we have estimated the consequence of each reference scenarios (as mentioned in Table 5.7) in terms of fatality only. For each effect type (i.e. radiation, overpressure and toxic release), a set of threshold values were considered having 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50% fatality. These threshold values were derived from Probit functions using the following equations:
[1] 4/3 Thermal Radiation : Pr = -14.9 + 2.56 x In (Q x t)...... Eq.
[2] Overpressure : Pr = 1.47 + 1.37 ln (p) ...... Eq.
[3] n Toxic release : Pr = a +b x In (C x t) ...... Eq. where, Pr = Probit Q = heat radiation (W/m2) t = exposure time (s) p = peak overpressure (psig) a, b, n = constants describing the toxicity of a substance C = concentration (mg/m3) t = exposure time (minutes)
TABLE 5-14: THRESHOLD VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT LEVEL
Fatality (%) Radiation (kW/m2) Overpressure (psi)
50 26.50 13.10
20 20.78 7.15 10 18.25 5.20
5 16.42 3.95 1 13.42 2.40 [N. B. The values were derived using the above mentioned Probit equations]
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Based on these threshold values, effect distances were calculated to delineate different threat- zones for each reference scenario. The analysis made use of the ALOHA model, one of the most commonly used effect models to generate the consequence effects showing the estimated distances for each scenario considered to a specified hazard end-point. These zones are displayed on a single Threat Zone plot displayed as red, orange and yellow with red representing the worst hazard. The threat zone displayed by ALOHA represent thermal radiation levels and also indicates the effects on people who are exposed to those thermal radiation levels but are able to seek shelter within one minute. Predominant local meteorological conditions and composition of the natural gas as provided by ONGC was also considered for this study. Nearly about 91.5% of the natural gas is constituted by methane with ethane representing the remaining 4%.
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Case I: Release of natural gas from valves/flanges of GCS – hole size (1”dia)
The jet fire threat zone plot for release and ignition of flammable natural gas from GCS facility valves/flanges leak of size - diameter 1 inch is represented in Figure 5.7 below.
FIGURE 5.7: THREAT ZONE PLOT FOR JET FIRE – 1” DIA LEAK
THREAT ZONE: Threat Modeled: Thermal radiation from jet fire Yellow: 11 meters --- (13.42 kW/ (sq m) = 1% fatality The worst hazard for release and ignition of natural gas from complete rupture of 1” dia pipeline will be experienced to a maximum radial distance of 11m from the source with 1% fatality.
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Case II: Ignition of natural gas from complete rupture of 4” pipeline The complete rupture of 4” pipeline will result in the release of natural gas (in gaseous phase) the ignition of which is likely to result in jet fire. The threat zone plot of jet fire resulting from pipeline rupture is derived using ALOHA and represented in Figure 5.8.
FIGURE 5.8: THREAT ZONE PLOT FOR JET FIRE - 4” PIPELINE RUPTURE
THREAT ZONE Threat Modeled: Thermal radiation from jet fire resulting from full bore rupture Red : 11 meters --- (26.50 kW/ (sq m) = 50% fatality Orange: 14 meters --- (18.25 kW/ (sq m) = 10% fatality Yellow: 17 meters --- (13.42 kW/ (sq m) = 1% fatality The worst hazard for release and ignition of natural gas from complete rupture of 4” dia pipeline will be experienced to a maximum radial distance of 11m from the source with 50% fatality.
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For various hypothetical scenarios considered with respect to proposed production project, the threat zones calculated using ALOHA for defined thermal radiation intensities have been presented in the Table 5.15 below.
TABLE 5-15: THREAT ZONE DISTANCE FOR HYPOTHETICAL RISK SCENARIOS
Distance to Distance to Distance to Case Hole Size 26.50 kW/m2 16.42 kW/m2 13.42 kW/m2 Pipeline Failure Case No (inch) (m) – 50% (m) – 10% (m) – 1% fatality fatality fatality
I Valves/flanges leak 1.00 <10 <10 11
II 4” pipeline rupture 4.00 11 14 17
Modeling Risk of Overpressure from Vapour Cloud Explosion A flash fire is the most likely outcome upon ignition of a dispersing vapour cloud from a natural gas release. If ignited in open (unconfined) areas, pure methane is not known to generate damaging overpressures (explode). However, if the gas is ignited in areas where there is significant degree of confinement and congestion an explosion may result. Although an unconfined explosion is considered to be unlikely for the proposed project an effort has been made to establish the overpressure (blast force zone) that may result from delayed ignition of vapour cloud generated from any such accidental release from ruptures. For overpressure risk modeling using ALOHA a delayed ignition time of 15 minutes was considered of the vapour cloud mass. However the threat modeled revealed that Level of Concern (LOC) was never exceeded that may possibly lead to loss of life within the blast radius. This is in agreement with the earlier assessment that no damaging overpressure is likely to be generated from unconfined ignition of natural gas vapour cloud. The results have been provided below
VCE MODELING RESULTS FOR OVERPRESSURE
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Individual Risk Individual risk is the probability at which an individual may be expected to sustain a given level of harm from the realization of specified hazards. In simple terms it is a measure to assess the overall risk of the area concerned thus to protect each individual against hazards involving hazardous chemicals, irrespective of the size of the accident that may occur. Graphically it represents as iso-risk contour which connects all of the geographical locations around a hazardous activity with the same probability of fatality. In order to generate different level of iso-risk curves for the area concerned, it is required to estimate the respective contribution of each reference scenario. Accordingly, individual risk of each scenario was estimated by combining the frequency of the initiating event, the conditional probability of that scenario sequence and the Probit value of the effect footprints. In particular following expression was used to estimate the Individual Risk (IR) at a given geographical location for each reference scenario:
IR(x, y,i) = fi. PFi ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (Eq. iv) where: -1 - fi is the frequency of the accident scenario i (year ); calculated as multiplicative factor of the frequency of the initiating event and the probability that the sequence of events leading to the
accident scenario i will occur: fi = fincident i . Psequence i
- PFi is the probability of fatality that the accident scenario i will result at location (i.e. Probit).
The individual risk so obtained is then compared with the Tolerance Criteria of Individual Risk as provided in the Figure 5.9below.
FIGURE 5.9: TOLERANCE CRITERIA FOR INDIVIDUAL RISKS
Hence for the proposed project the individual risk has been considered only for pipeline rupture as no predicted fatality has been established for the consequence modeling undertaken for
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natural gas release ignition from blow outs and/or valves/flanges of the GGS facility. Based on the above equation the individual risk as calculated including the tolerance criteria has been presented in the Table 5.16 below.
TABLE 5-16: INDIVIDUAL RISK – PIPELINE RUPTURE
Accident Scenario Individual Risk Fatality Probability Individual Risk Frequency Criterion
A. 4 inch Pipeline Rupture 3.48 x 10-5 0.50 1.7 x 10-5 ALARP
3.48 x 10-5 0.10 3.5 x 10-6 Tolerable 3.48 x 10-5 0.01 3.5 x 10-7 Tolerable B. GCS Leak 2.30 x 10-4 0.01 2.3 x 10-6 Tolerable
The individual risk resulting from proposed project particularly from nearby GCS and pipeline operations in most cases is assessed to be within tolerable limits. The maximum off-site risk is computed to be 1.7 x 10-5 which falls in the ALARP region of the individual risk criterion.
Likelihood ranking 3 Consequence ranking 3
Risk Ranking & Significance = 9 i.e. “Low”
5.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 5.4.1 Objective The primary objective of the DMP is to provide a safe, timely, effective and coordinated response by the onsite Emergency Response Team (ERT), along with the other local and government agencies/departments to prevent or minimize any major emergencies that may arise from possible failures/risks viz. blow outs, oil spill, fire & explosion etc. associated with drilling.
The main objectives of this plan are:
To minimize the risk for human life, environment and common property resources, by means of an effective and efficient intervention; Protection of the environment; Protection of public safety; To initiate the early and efficient response throughout the utilization of all available resources.
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5.4.2 Purpose The purpose of the DMP is to effectively manage and control the emergencies occurring during project operations. This DMP ensures,
Emergency response group is effective & adequate; Clear roles and responsibilities of key personnel & support groups; Availability and adequacy of emergency infrastructure & resources; and Efficient emergency communication 5.4.3 Emergency Classification Due consideration is given to the severity of potential emergency situation that may arise as a result of storage tank as discussed in the Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) study. Not all emergency situations call for mobilization of same resources or emergency actions and therefore, the emergencies are classified into three levels depending on their severity and potential impact, so that appropriate emergency response procedures can be effectively implemented by the Emergency/Crisis Management Team. The emergency levels/tiers defined with respect to this project based on their severity have been discussed in the subsequent sections with 'decision tree' for emergency classification being depicted in Figure 5-3.
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FIGURE 5-2: EMERGENCY CLASSIFICATION “DECISION TREE”
EMERGENCY
Activate Disaster Management Plan
Mobilization of equipment/human resources YES LEVEL 1 available onsite is sufficient to contain the EMERGENCY emergency
NO
Containment of emergency requires involvement of additional resources and local YES LEVEL 2 emergency responder group’s viz. local police, EMERGENCY fire brigade etc
NO
Management of emergency requires the YES LEVEL 3 involvement of District/State Disaster EMERGENCY Management Team
5.4.4 Level 1 - Emergency An event that can be dealt with by on-site/location personnel and resources; the event does not have any effect outside the site and external agencies are unlikely to be involved. There is unlikely to be danger to life, to the environment, or to Company assets or reputation. The Disaster Management Plan and relevant procedures are activated; the Site Head is notified.
5.4.5 Level 2 - Emergency It is an event which may be dealt by the ONGC Emergency/Crisis Management Team but requires involvement of wider Company support and external services. The initial event may be “on-site”, having some effects outside the site or be “off-site”, and external emergency services will be involved. There is likely to be a danger to life, the environment, or company assets or reputation. The Disaster Management Plan and relevant procedures are activated;
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local administrative bodies and Emergency Response Groups including ONGC India Corporate are notified.
5.4.6 Level 3 - Emergency It is a major event which requires the involvement of District or State Crisis Management Group. For Company this may result from insufficient local resources and/or because the incident has broader implications such as reputation, legal prosecution, financial loss etc. Under such circumstances, the Disaster Management Plan is activated; ONGC India Corporate, District/State Administrative Authorities and other Emergency Response Groups are notified.
The criterion for classification of various levels of emergencies and associated response has been presented in the Figure 5-4 below.
FIGURE 5-3: EMERGENCY RESPONSE LEVELS
Level Type Criteria for Classification Level 1 Small Minor medical or injury case requiring no external support Equipment damage without any significant impact on operation Minor fire without any personnel injury or plant damage Net negative financial impact of <1 crores. Small operational spills No potential impact on flora and fauna of identified eco-sensitive areas. Local stakeholder concern and public attention
Level 2 Medium Fire and explosion which requires external assistance Requires evacuation of injured personnel and locals through assistance from local emergency groups. Loss of corporate image and reputation Adverse impact on environmental sensitivities (if any) within a radius of 1km. Medium sized spills Net negative financial impact of 1 - 5crore Incident leading to multiples injuries or fatalities Level 3 Large Requires assistance from District/State emergency responding groups. Adverse impact on environmental sensitivities (if any) within a radius of >1km. Major oil spills State/nationwide media coverage Net negative financial loss of >5crore 5.4.7 ONGC Emergency Response/Crisis Management Team ONGC has in place an Emergency Response/Crisis Management Team to respond to fire, blow-out, spills, accidents and technical emergencies. These teams will be made up from operations personnel, who can be called upon 24 hours a day, supported by senior management
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field personnel as and when required. The emergency response teams will receive specific training for their roles and exercise on a regular basis.
5.4.8 Action Plan for Fire Fighting General
As soon as fire is noticed, shout “FIRE” “FIRE” “FIRE” or “AAG” “AAG” “AAG”. Try to eliminate the fire by using proper portable fire extinguishers.
Installation Manager
He should ensure regularly the working status of fire equipment / its maintenance through fire section and see that they are kept in their respective places as per the need. As soon as, the fire accident is reported, rush to site and take charge of the situation. Inform Mines Manger besides Area Manager as well Fire Manager.
Shift In-charge
If situation demands sound “Hooter”; call on the nearest Fire Services and Hospital attending doctor. Inform Installation Manager / Field Manager / Surface Area Manager. Give instructions to the assembled staff and get the best out of them.
Drilling Officials
Remove other inflammable materials to the safer distance. Remove important documents to a safer place. The first aid trained persons should be ready to give first aid to the injured persons and move them to the hospital if required. Get well acquainted with the location of the wells.
Electrical Officials
No naked flame should be allowed. Generator should be stopped. Electrical lines are required to be de-energized. See that uninterrupted supply of water from tube well to the fire services.
Mechanical Officials
Get the instruction from the Shift In-charge to act accordingly to stop the equipment and ready to carry out repair jobs if required like pump problems of fire services etc. Help production officials in removing inflammable materials.
Transport Officials
Get vehicles parked at a safer distance. See that approach road is clear for fire services vehicle to the approach the accident site.
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Security at Gate
To prevent unauthorized entry of persons / vehicles inside the area of responsibility and also to ensure no abnormal activity by unauthorized persons is allowed.
Fire Officials
On arrival they fight fire with the assistance of site staff in extinguishing the fire. If the situation still proves to be beyond control, then the help from the nearest agencies could be taken.
Fire Control Room
A fire control room will be set up for smooth functioning of firefighting/ rescue operations at the site of incident. Manager (F.S)/ one fire officer or senior most person of fire section will be I/C of that control room. Meanwhile one Fire officer will take charge of Control Room of Central Fire Station to assist/ back support for required fire equipment / man power. In charge control room of Central fire Station will be responsible for arranging of man power and equipment if required at site.
Area Manager: (In Case of Major Fire)
Pre-identified source of additional water to be used for uninterrupted supply of water. If situation demands, pits be dug to store sufficient water, pipeline be laid to carry water from the sources to water pits. Maintenance party to remain to attend any problem. Besides special maintenance team is immediately sought from the workshop. Arrangements to provide flameproof lights at a safer distance.
Arrangements to provide mud and chemicals necessary to control situation. Arrangements for food, water, temporary rest rooms or tents for the officials on the round the clock duty at site. To keep ready fleet of jeeps, tractors, crane to meet demand
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6 Environmental Management Plan & Monitoring Framework This Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring Framework is a site specific document for the exploratory, development and testing of hydrocarbons that has been developed to ensure that ONGC can implement the project in an environmentally conscious manner and where all contractors, understand the potential environmental risks arising out of the proposed project and take appropriate actions to properly manage such risk.
This EMP will be an overview document that will guide environment management of all aspects of ONGC’s activities within the block. This EMP will be backed up by more specific Environmental Action Plans, Procedures and Bridging Documents with the progress of the well site preparation, exploratory and development drilling, well testing and site decommissioning activities.
The EMP describes the actions to be adopted in terms of:
National Policies and Regulations Best Practices and guides Local Environmental and Social Sensitivities
The Environment Policy of ONGC is presented at Box 6.1.
Box: 6.1: ONGC Corporate Environment Policy
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6.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLANS The Environment Management Plan details out the mitigation measures to be implemented by both ONGC and the Contractors during various stages of the exploratory and testing of hydrocarbons within the PML block. The following environmental management plans have been formulated in line with the proposed project activities viz. site preparation, exploratory and development drilling, well testing and decommissioning
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Plan Waste Management Plan Storm Water Management Plan Wildlife Management Plan Road Safety and Traffic Management Plan Occupational Health & Safety Management Plan
ONGC will ensure communication and implementation of the aforesaid management plans prior to the commencement of site preparation and exploratory and development well drilling operations in the field. In addition, the mitigation measures for social issues and concerns are also separately presented in this report. An Emergency Response Plan to address technological emergency situations viz. blow outs, fires, oil spill etc. etc. that may arise out of drilling operations has already been discussed in previous chapter. In cases, where there are possible overlaps, the plans have been cross-referenced to avoid repetition. Additional mitigation measures to ensure effective management of identified environmental aspects during various phases of the proposed project have been discussed under the aforesaid plans in the subsequent sections.
6.1.1 Pollution Prevention and Abatement Plan (PPAP) Scope The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Plan (PPAP) is applicable for and encompasses both construction and operational phase activities for the proposed project which has the potential to adversely impact ambient air and noise quality, surface and ground water quality and soil quality of the Field.
Purpose The PPAP establishes specific measures and guidelines aimed at effectively addressing and mitigating the air, noise, water and soil quality impacts that may arise as result of well site preparation and access road construction/strengthening, drilling operations, well testing and decommissioning/site closure. The plan also details out roles and responsibilities of ONGC and the contractors to ensure effective implementation of the plan.
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Mitigation Measures & Strategies The following mitigation measures need to be adopted and implemented by ONGC and its contractors during various phases of the proposed project to prevent and control air emissions (both point and fugitive), high noise generation, soil contamination and fertility loss, contamination and depletion of ground water resources and storm water discharge.
A. Control of fugitive and point source emissions
Project Phase Mitigation measures
Construction Siting of exploratory well and borrow areas away from human settlement/habitation and sensitive receptors. Special care will be taken for Wells 3,10, 13 as they were located very close ( around 200 m) to human settlement. Vehicles delivering raw materials like soil and fine aggregates will be covered to prevent fugitive emissions. Storage and handling of raw material and debris will be carefully managed to prevent generation of fugitive dust. Sprinkling of water on earthworks, material haulage and transportation routes on a regular basis during dry season. All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction will be subjected to preventive maintenance as per manufacturer norms. All vehicles utilized in transportation of raw material and personnel will have valid Pollution under Control Certificate (PUC). Vehicular exhaust will be complying with the CPCB specified emission norms for heavy diesel vehicles. The top soil generated from site clearance activities will be stored in designated area and stabilized to prevent fugitive dust emissions. Drilling and well testing Locations of flare stack will be governed by the presence of habitation and sensitive receptors. Special care will be taken for Wells 3,10, 13 as they were located very close ( around 200 m) to human settlement . Duration of flaring will be minimized by careful planning; Exhausts of engines on the drilling rig diesel generators will be positioned at a sufficient height to ensure dispersal of exhaust emissions; engines will not be left running unnecessarily. Preventive maintenance of DG sets will be undertaken as per manufacturers schedule to ensure compliance with CPCB specified generator exhaust. Decommissioning/Site Mitigation measures to address the air quality impacts resulting from Closure vehicular movement, operation of heavy construction machinery and material handling are similar to those discussed above
B. Control of Noise and Vibration
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Project Phase Mitigation measures
Construction Selection and use of low noise generating equipment equipped with engineering controls viz. mufflers, silencers etc All vehicles utilized in transportation of raw material and personnel will have valid Pollution under Control Certificate (PUC) Periodic preventive maintenance of vehicles as per manufacturer’s schedule to ensure compliance with the vehicular noise limits specified by CPCB All high noise generating equipments will be identified and subjected to periodic preventive maintenance. No night time operation of vehicles and construction activities will be undertaken. Engines of vehicles and construction equipment will be turned off when not in use for long periods. Drilling Siting of drilling rig and facilities away from sensitive receptors viz. schools, settlements etc. with all reasonable screening being utilized where necessary. Special care will be taken for Wells 3,10, 13 as they were located very close ( around 200 m) to human settlement . Installing acoustic enclosures and muffler on engine exhaust of DG sets to ensure compliance with generator noise limits specified by CPCB. Restrict all noise generating operations ,except drilling, to daytime; Periodic monitoring of noise levels on site and nearby receptors to ensure compliance with Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules 2000. Decommissioning/Site Management measures to address noise impacts with respect to Closure operation of heavy equipments/machinery and movement of vehicles during decommissioning/site closure phase are similar to those discussed in the “Construction Phase” of this section
C. Prevention and Control of Soil Quality Impacts
Project Phase Mitigation measures
Construction Site preparation and road strengthening/widening activities will be restricted within defined boundaries. Avoid construction activities during monsoon season as moist soil is most susceptible to compaction. Use appropriate machinery and/or protective boarding during top soil stripping to ensure minimum compaction. Debris and excavated material generated during construction activities will be stockpiled in designated areas onsite. No material will be disposed in adjacent land surrounding the site boundary.
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Project Phase Mitigation measures For cleared areas, retain top soil in stockpile where possible on perimeter of site for subsequent re-spreading onsite during restoration. Install and maintain effective run-off controls, including silt traps, straw barriers etc. so as to minimize erosion. Drip trays to be used during vehicular/equipment maintenance and during refueling operations. In case of a spill, the spilled soil is to be removed and stored in hazardous waste storage area Drilling All chemical and fuel storage areas will be designed considering site slope. Fuel and chemical storage areas will be paved and properly bunded. Bunded areas will be designed to accommodate 110% of the volume of spilled material. Spill kits will be made available at all fuel and chemical storage areas. All spills/leaks contained, reported and cleaned up immediately. Drip pans/trays will be used in areas identified having spillage potential but not limited to drill rig engine; electric generator engine; pumps or other motors; maintenance areas; fuel transfer areas. In case of a spill, the spilled soil is to be removed and stored in hazardous waste storage area Management of drill cuttings, waste drilling mud, waste oil and domestic waste will be made in accordance with “Waste Management Plan” Decommissioning/Site Decommissioning at the end of project life/drilling will have some Closure adverse impacts in terms of increase in soil erosion and would require adequate mitigation measures to minimize any adverse impacts. The mitigation measures will be similar to those outlined for construction phase activities as discussed earlier.
D. Prevention and Control of Surface Water Quality Impacts
Project Phase Mitigation measures
Construction Minimize clearing and construction activities during monsoon season (as far as practicable). Construction work close to the creek or water bodies or coast to be avoided during monsoon During site preparation and construction, surface water run-off will be managed through implementation of proper drainage system and silt trap and sedimentation tank onsite.
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Project Phase Mitigation measures Run-off discharges to natural drainage channels/water bodies to conform to CPCB Inland Water Discharge Standards. Regular inspection of surface water drainage/diversion system and sediment controls will be undertaken. Drilling Run-off from vehicular wash and chemical storage areas will be channeled through closed drainage system provided with an oil- water separator prior to silt trap and sedimentation tank to disposal to nearby drainage channels/surface water bodies. Spill kits will be made available in these areas. Drip trays will be used during preventive maintenance of vehicles and machinery. Hazardous chemicals and fuel drum will be stored in bunded area equipped with proper spill control equipment. Management of drill cuttings, waste drilling mud, waste oil and domestic waste will be made in accordance with “Waste Management Plan” Decommissioning/Site No significant impacts to surface water quality can be associated with Closure activities during decommissioning/site closure phase. Any possible impacts that may arise due to surface run-off will be mitigated in manner similar to that discussed during construction phase activities.
E. Prevention and Control of Ground Water Quality Impacts
Project Phase Mitigation measures
Construction No significant impact on the ground water quality can be associated with the construction phase activities Drilling The exploratory wells will be sited at a sufficient distance away from an existing tube well or open well. Proper casing and cementing of exploratory well will be done to prevent contamination of sub-surface aquifers. Water based mud to be used as a drilling fluid for the proposed project Selection of low toxicity chemicals/additives in the preparation of water based mud. Periodic monitoring of ground water quality will be carried out for village wells located outside the project boundary to assess the level of ground water contamination, if any. Storage and disposal of drill cutting and waste mud to be made in accordance with “Solid & Hazardous Waste Management Plan” Decommissioning/Site No significant impacts to ground water quality can be associated with Closure activities during decommissioning/site closure phase
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6.1.2 Waste Management Plan Scope The Waste Management Plan (WMP) is applicable for all process and non-process waste streams which are generated during various phases of ONGC’s proposed exploratory, development and testing of hydrocarbons in Field. The major waste streams covered under this plan includes drill cuttings, waste drilling mud cuttings, wash water, kitchen waste and sewage. In addition, waste oil and lead acid batteries generated from the proposed project operations have also been dealt in this plan.
Purpose The WMP establishes specific measures to ensure proper collection, storage, treatment and disposal of the identified process and non-process waste streams in accordance with the applicable national regulations and guidelines7 and also to ensure compliance with ONGC’s corporate HSE Policy. The plan also outlines roles and responsibilities of both ONGC and the contractors involved in the implementation of the plan.
Mitigation Measures The following mitigation measures need to be adopted and implemented by ONGC and its contractors for the major waste streams identified in the plan.
7 “Guidelines for Disposal of Waste – CPCB Oil & Gas Extraction Industry Standard” – EPA Notification [GSR 176(E), April 1996] “Guidelines for disposal of Solid Waste, Drill Cuttings and Drilling Fluids for Offshore & Onshore Drilling Operation” –MoEF Notification, 30th August 2005
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Waste Quantity Mitigation Measure Drill Cuttings 400 m3/well Drill cuttings separated from drilling fluid will be adequately washed and temporarily stored and disposed in an impervious pit lined by HDPE. Design aspects of the impervious waste disposal pit will be communicated/shared by ONGC with Tamilnadu State Pollution Control Board (TNPCB). The drill cuttings pit will be bunded. Periodic monitoring and analysis of drill cuttings will be undertaken to establish its nature and characteristics. The waste pit after it is filled up over which a thick layer of native top soil with proper top slope will be provided. Feasibility study for use of drill cuttings as a road construction material in consultation with nodal authorities
Drilling Mud and 12m3/day Use of water based mud as the drilling fluid. wash water Use of low toxicity chemicals for the preparation of drilling fluid. Barite used in the preparation of drilling fluid shall not contain Hg>1mg/kg and Cd>3mg/kg Recycling of drilling mud will be ensured to the maximum extent possible. Temporary storage of drilling fluid and wash waste water will be done in an impervious pit lined with HDPE. The waste pit will be bunded to prevent water overflow during heavy monsoon. Disposal of drilling wash water will be achieved through necessary treatment through onsite Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) to comply with the CPCB onshore effluent discharge standard for oil and gas industry. Kitchen Waste 10-20 kg/day The waste will be segregated and stored in designated waste bins. All such waste bins will be properly labeled and covered. The kitchen waste will be disposed in nearest municipal dumping site on a daily basis through approved waste handling contractors
Waste oil As generated The hazardous waste (waste and used oil) will be managed in accordance with Hazardous Waste
(Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Used oil Rules, 2008.
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Waste Quantity Mitigation Measure The hazardous waste will be stored in properly labeled and covered bins located in paved and bunded area. Necessary spill prevention measures will be made available at the hazardous material storage area Storage details of onsite hazardous waste generated will be maintained and periodically updated. Adequate care will be taken during storage and handling of such waste viz. use of proper PPEs by personnel The hazardous waste so stored (not more than 3 months) to be periodically sent to TNPCB registered used and/or waste oil recyclers/ facilities. Proper manifest as per HWMH rules to be maintained during storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous waste. Sewage 2 m3/day per The sewage generated will be treated in a combination well of septic tank and soak pit. Regular supervision will be undertaken for the domestic waste treatment system to report any overflows, leakage, foul odour etc. Lead Acid Batteries 2-3 batteries Will be recycled through the vendors supplying lead acid per well batteries as required under the Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001. Proper manifest will be maintained as per Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001. Recyclables viz. Depending Proper segregation and storage of recyclable waste in paper, plastic, on usage designated bins onsite. packaging waste etc. Recyclables will be periodically sold to local waste recyclers.
In addition to the management measures specified for the major waste stream, ONGC will prepare and update periodically a waste management inventory of all waste streams identified for the proposed project. Necessary measure will also be taken by ONGC to incorporate appropriate waste management and handling procedures in the contractor work document and conduct periodic training of personnel involved in waste handling onsite to ensure proper implementation of the WMP. In this regard, necessary inspection, record keeping, training program and monitoring procedures will be established by ONGC and made operational to achieve proper management of all wastes generated on site.
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6.1.3 Storm Water Management Plan Scope The Storm Water Management Plan (SWMP) refers to the proper management of surface run- off generated during monsoons for various phases of activities involved in the project.
Purpose The purpose of Storm Water Management Plan (SWMP) is to ensure prevent and control any adverse impact of discharge of storm water from the well site and road widening/strengthening areas to nearby natural drainage channels and community water bodies. Proper management of storm water runoff will minimize damage to public and private property, reduce effects of development on land, control stream channel erosion, pollution and sediment deposition and also reduce local flooding.
Mitigation Measures Pipe drainages will be provided for diversion roads constructed for the construction of new bridges and culverts. Storm water from all longitudinal and cross drainage works will be connected to the natural drainage courses. Necessary measures will be undertaken during construction phase to prevent earth and stone material from blocking cross drainage structures. Periodic cleaning will be undertaken to cross drainage structures and road drainage system to maintain uninterrupted storm water flow. Obstructions that may cause temporary flooding of local drainage channels, during construction phase will be removed. Oil traps will be used to separate oil from runoff water Sediment control measures in the form of silt traps and sedimentation tank will be provided to treat surface run-off before disposal
6.1.4 Wildlife Management Plan Scope The proposed exploratory, testing of hydrocarbons in Ramanathpuram PML area may impart potential impact on birds, as twelve wells Sakkarkottai bird sanctuaries within the Block area.
As the 6 exploratory wells out of 22 wells is located within the Eco-sensitive Zone of Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, 9 wells located within the ESZ of Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary and one well located in ESZ of Therthangal Bird Sanctuary, Wildlife Management Plan has been prepared to ensure minimum effects of oil & gas activities of Ramanathapurma PML on wildlife and issue of No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Standing Committee of National Board of Wildlife.
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The likely impacts of the project activities on the ecological habitat have been addressed in impact assessment chapter of this report and a Wildlife Management Plan is prepared to safeguard sanctuary areas and their characteristic floral and faunal component.
Purpose The purpose of Wildlife Management Plan is to minimize the impact on natural habitat (lakes ecosystem) and control any adverse impact due to air and noise pollution from drilling and well testing activities, discharge of untreated waste water from drilling operation, storm water runoff from the well site and road widening/strengthening activities. The Management Plan details out the mitigation measures and strategies to be adopted by ONGC and the Contractors during each phase of the project, at the same time establishing a monitoring network to investigate the effective implementation of the Management Plan.
Mitigation measures
Care should be taken during finalization of drilling sites and location should avoid the ecologically sensitive areas like bird sanctuaries, coastal zone, Gulf of Mannar National Park buffer zone. Permission from the State Wildlife Authority to be taken for proposed drill sites as it is located within 10 km of Therthangal Bird Sanctuary and 10 km from Sakkarkottai Bird Sanctuary. Permission also to be taken for well sites as they are located within 10 km of the Gulf of Mannar National Park The drill site will be properly fenced (chain-linked) to avoid straying of any outsider as well as wildlife; No temporary electric supply connection line from the grid will be laid for the proposed project activity. All electric requirements will be supplied from the internal DG sets. Noise Levels at the drill site will be controlled through selection of low noise generating equipment and installation of sufficient engineering controls viz. mufflers, silencers etc. Movement of heavy vehicles will be restricted at night time. The borrow areas and quarries will be located away from ecologically sensitive areas. Care would be taken while disposal drill cutting & other drilling waste and discharge of waste water from the drilling site.
The following measures and strategies needs to be adopted to safeguard the natural habitat from the possible impacts resulting from the project and its related activities. An Environment Management Cell (EMC) will be developed for implementation of environmental mitigation & management plan. The environment cell would look after the following measures: Any wild animal species if trapped during site development or operation of drilling would be released into the suitable habitat; Proper monitoring of indicator species will be carried out and compared to baseline to understand any negative impacts; The committee will review the mitigation measures and management plan implementation.
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All sightings of sensitive species in and around the project site will be reported and adequate steps will be taken with the help of forest personnel to reduce conflict between such animals and project activities or people working at site.
6.1.5 Road Safety & Traffic Management Plan Scope The Road Safety & Traffic Management Plan is applicable to all operation pertaining to ONGC and contractor vehicular movement viz. vehicle involved in the transportation of raw materials, project and contractor personnel, drilling rig and heavy equipment transportation to well site and decommissioning.
Purpose The Road Safety & Traffic Management Plan outlines specific measures to be adopted and implemented by ONGC to mitigate any potential impact on community health and safety that may arise out of movement of vehicles and transportation of drilling rig and heavy equipments during site preparation, drilling and decommissioning activities.
Mitigation Measures Project vehicular movement involved in sourcing and transportation of borrow material will be restricted to defined access routes to be identified in consultation with locals and concerned authorities. Proper signage will be displayed at important traffic junctions along the predefined access routes to be used by construction and operational phase traffic. The signage will serve to prevent any diversion from designated routes and ensure proper speed limits are maintained near village residential areas. The condition of roads and bridges identified for movement of vehicles and drilling rig will be assessed by ONGC to ensure their safe movement. Precautions will be taken to avoid damage to the public access routes including highways during vehicular movement. Safe and convenient passage for vehicles, pedestrians and livestock to and from side roads and property accesses connecting the project road will be provided. Work that affects the use of side roads and existing accesses will not be undertaken without providing adequate provisions. Parking of project vehicles along village access roads prohibited. Signposted parking facilities will be utilized for such purpose. Any road diversions and closure will be informed in advance to the villagers who are accessing the defined routes Traffic flows will be scheduled wherever practicable during period of increased commuter movement. Personnel will be deployed at major traffic intersection for control of traffic
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Clear signs, flagmen & signal will be set up at major traffic junctions and near sensitive receptors viz. primary schools in discussion with Gram Panchayat and local villagers. Movement of vehicles during night time will be restricted. Speed limits will be maintained by vehicles involved in transportation of raw material and drilling rig. Regular supervision will be done by contractor to control vehicular traffic movement along defined traffic routes particularly near identified sensitive receptors A Journey Management Plan will be formulated and implemented by the contractor to control construction and operational phase traffic. Routine maintenance of project vehicles will be ensured to prevent any abnormal emissions and high noise generation. Adequate training on traffic and road safety operations will be imparted to the drivers of project vehicles. Road safety awareness programs will be organized in coordination with concerned authorities to sensitize target groups viz. school children, commuters on traffic safety rules and signage.
In addition, ONGC will ensure that all vehicles transporting hazardous substances (fuel oil, chemicals, etc.) will be properly labeled in accordance with the specifications of the Motor Vehicles Rules. The implementation of the Road Safety & Traffic Management Plan will be monitored which will include keeping track of vehicular densities on the NH 49, NH 210, Madurai-Rameshwaram Road and East Coast Road etc.
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6.1.6 Occupational Health & Safety Management Plan Scope The Occupation Health & Safety Management Plan (OHSMP) is applicable for all project operations which have the potential to adversely affect the health and safety of contractors’ workers and onsite ONGC personnel.
Purpose The Occupation Health & Safety Management Plan (OHSMP) has been formulated to address the occupational health and safety related impacts that may arise from proposed project activities viz. exploratory/development drilling and testing operation of construction machinery/equipments, storage and handling of fuel and chemicals, operation of drilling rig and associated equipment, during drilling and decommissioning/site closure.
Mitigation Measures Contractor workers involved in the handling of construction materials viz. borrow material, cement etc. will be provided with proper PPEs viz. safety boots, nose masks etc. No employee will be exposed to a noise level greater than 85 dB(A) for a duration of more than 8 hours per day. Provision of ear plugs, ear muffs etc. and rotation of workers operating near high noise generating areas. Hazardous and risky areas, installations, materials, safety measures, emergency exits, etc. shall be appropriately marked. All chemicals and hazardous materials storage container will be properly labeled and marked according to national and internationally recognized requirements and standards. Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) or equivalent data/information in an easily understood language must be readily available to exposed workers and first-aid personnel. The workplace must be equipped with fire detectors, alarm systems and fire-fighting equipments. Equipments shall be periodically inspected and maintained to keep good working condition. The sewage system for the camp must be properly designed, built and operated so that no health hazard occurs. Adequate sanitation facilities will be provided onsite for the operational workforce both during construction and operational phase of the project. Garbage bins will be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and the garbage disposed off in a hygienic manner. Training programs will be organized for the operational workforce regarding proper usage of PPEs, handling and storage of fuels and chemicals etc.
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6.1.7 Management of Social Issues and Concerns
Mitigation measure have been outlined to address project related social issues and concerns in order for ONGC to take proactive steps and adopt best practices, which are sensitive to the socio-cultural setting of the region.
Providing Job Opportunities
During site construction non technical jobs will be generated. Most of the people employed during this stage would be semi-skilled. People from adjoining areas especially given preference through local contractors according to the skill sets possessed.
Ensuring Public Safety
Since the project involves the movement of heavy vehicles and machinery in the area, the issue of public safety of the villagers, especially children, is an important concern. During the drilling phase and for the rest of the project activities proper safety measures will be undertaken both for transportation as well as the other operations. The drill site would be fenced and gates would be constructed so that the children are refrained from straying into the site.
The movement of traffic is also likely to disrupt access conditions of the inhabitants residing close to the approach road. The increase in traffic will have implications on their safety too, as well as create congestion, potential delays and inconvenience for pedestrians. The mitigative measures in this regard have been discussed in detail under the Road Safety & Traffic Management Plan.
Common Property Resources
During the project tenure there might be some sharing of resources viz. land, water, access routes etc. by the villagers and the contractor workforce. Prior to the commencement of the proposed activity, a consultation program will be conducted by ONGC with the target groups and local authorities. The primary objective of such consultation will be to share with the concerned villagers/stakeholders the objective of the proposed project associated impacts and their mitigation. The movement of heavy vehicles and machinery might lead to conditions like disruption of electric wires and telephone wires in the site area and along transportation routes. These public utilities will be restored back to normal conditions, at the earliest.
Corporate Social Responsibility
ONGC has taken up various CSR initiatives in Ramanathapuram District. ONGC's operational areas for the benefit of the educational institutes, village panchayats for various development activities, hospitals, government departments like police, forest. Yearly expenditure done for various CSR activities is mentioned below:
S.No. Year Expenditure (Rs.) 1 2014-2015 80,75,742 2 2013-2014 34,70,810
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3 2012-2013 66,55,149 4 2011-2012 49,25,100
Following are the activites taken up in village Valantahravai. Yearwise expenditure is shown in the following table:
S.No. Expenditure (Rs.) 1 Govt.High School 2.25 lakhs 2 President, Pannaikulam 1.00 lakhs Grama Panchayat, Valantharavai, 3 Panchayat President, 4.00 lakhs Valantharavai Panchayat, Valantharavai 4 Valantharavai, 1.60 lakhs Panchayat President
6.2 EMP BUDGET The tentative budget for implementation of the environmental management plans has been provided below:
TABLE 6-1: TENTATIVE BUDGET FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION
Sl. No Project head Name of the Estimated Expenditure work /Budget 1 Environment Protection Waste pit Rs 6 lakhs per well preparation and HDPE lining 2 Environment Protection Restoration Rs 40 lakhs Per well (Budgeted) 3 Environment protection Acoustic Rs 5 Lakhs per year enclosure(Noise control for Gen Set) 4 Environment Protection Garland Canal for Rs 20 Lakhs per year drill sites 5 Environment AAQM,SM,NM Rs6 lakhs per year Monitoring
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Table 6-2: Environmental Management Matrix
Sl. No Activity Potential Impact Mitigation
A. Pre-drilling Activities B1 Siting of well site facility Potential adverse impact on environment in the vicinity of the drill Selection of drill site taken into account of local environmental site vulnerability Potential safety issues to local people related to drill site Sufficient distance maintained in between site and nearest habitation preparation and drilling operation B2 Procurement of land for well sites and Loss of agricultural land and crop productivity Providence of compensation for standing crops related facilities Loss of livelihood for affected communities Finalization of compensation package in consultation with revenue authorities/collector B3 Site preparation and road Loss of top soil and increase in soil erosion potential Minimal felling of trees and removal of vegetation through proper strengthening/widening Alternation in onsite drainage pattern and careful selection of site. Site preparation and road strengthening/widening activities to be restricted within defined boundaries. Avoidance of construction activities during monsoon season. Top soil stockpiles to be stabilized and stored in designated areas Provision of onsite drainage onsite. B4 Sourcing and transportation of raw Generation of fugitive emission Contractor to source raw materials from approved/licensed quarries. materials Community health and safety concerns Proper covering of raw material during transportation to be ensured Periodic water sprinkling along haulage routes near sensitive receptors Project vehicular movement be restricted to defined access routes to be identified in consultation with locals and concerned authorities. Proper signage be displayed at important traffic junctions along the predefined access routes. Night time movement of vehicles to be restricted B5 Operation of construction Fugitive emissions and high noise generation Selection of low noise generating equipment machinery/equipments Occupational health and safety concerns Installation of engineering controls viz. silencers, mufflers Rotation of workers operating in high noise generating areas Use of proper PPEs viz. ear plugs, ear muffs. Periodic preventive maintenance of machinery/equipments B6 Transportation of drilling rig and Disruption of public utilities The public utilities viz. telephone and electrical wire to be restored ancillaries Community health and safety concerns to its original condition at the earliest. Movement of rig and heavy equipments to be carried out in accordance with the Road Safety & Traffic Management Plan formulated.
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Sl. No Activity Potential Impact Mitigation
B7 Discharge of surface run-off Increase in sediment load contributing to turbidity of receiving Provision of onsite sediment control measures viz. silt traps, water bodies sedimentation tank Construction work close to the streams or water bodies be avoided during monsoon Run-off discharges to natural drainage channels/water bodies made to conform to CPCB Inland Water Discharge Standards. B. Drilling and Testing C1 Physical presence of drilling rig and Temporary change in visual characteristics of the area Restoration of site to its original condition following ancillaries decommissioning/site closure C2 Operation of DG sets and machinery Air emissions and high noise generation Siting of drilling rig and facilities away from sensitive receptors and exploratory drilling Occupational health and safety concerns Installing acoustic enclosures and muffler on engine exhaust of DG Community discomfort sets Setting up effective noise barrier at the fence-line of the site; Exhausts of engines on the drilling rig diesel generators be positioned at a sufficient height Preventive maintenance of DG sets to be undertaken as per manufacturer’s schedule. C3 Casing & cementing of exploratory Damage to subsurface aquifer Use of low toxicity chemicals well Periodic monitoring of ground water quality be carried out for village wells located outside the project boundary to assess the level of ground water contamination, if any C4 Storage and disposal of drill cuttings, Soil and ground /surface water contamination Use of water based mud as the drilling fluid. mud and process wastewater Use of low toxicity chemicals for the preparation of drilling fluid. Recycling of drilling mud to be ensured to the maximum extent possible. Use of HDPE lined pit for disposal of drill cuttings, process wastewater Disposal of drill cuttings in accordance with CPCB and MoEF guidelines on management of drilling wastes C5 Discharge of surface run-off Soil and surface water contamination Run-off from vehicular wash and chemical storage areas be channeled through closed drainage system provided with an oil- water separator. Drip trays be used during preventive maintenance of vehicles and machinery. Hazardous chemicals and fuel drum be stored with bund and lined area equipped with proper spill control equipment.
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Sl. No Activity Potential Impact Mitigation
C6 Sewage treatment Occupational health problems of operational workforce Sewage be treated using a combination of septic and soak pits The sewage treatment system (septic tank & soak pit) to be regularly monitored for any possible overflows, leakages etc. C7 Flaring during production testing and Air emission leading to discomfort to nearby communities Siting of flare stack considering nearest habitation and sensitive process upset receptor. Elevated flaring to be undertaken as per guidelines issued by CPCB for Oil & Gas Extraction Industry. Duration of flaring to be minimized by careful planning; C. Decommissioning/Site Closure D1 Dismantling of rig and associated High noise generation and fugitive emissions causing discomfort to Rotation of workers operating in high noise generating areas facilities locals Use of proper PPEs viz. ear plugs, ear muffs.
D2 Transportation of drilling rig and Same as in B6 Same as in B6 ancillaries
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6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
Monitoring is one of the most important components of a management system. Continuous monitoring needs to be carried out for regulatory requirements, to monitor the environmental quality and to determine performance of proposed mitigation measures. Monitoring indicators have been developed for each of the activity considering the mitigation measures proposed. Indicators have been developed for ascertaining the environmental quality and performance of the EMP implementation through Environmental Quality Indicators (EQI’s) and Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI’s) respectively which focus not only on quantifying or indexing activity-environment interactions that may potentially impact the environment but at the same time also help in comparing different components of environmental quality against previously established baseline values. Monitoring results will be to be documented, analyzed and reported internally to Head - HSE. Monitoring requirements have been described in the following Table 6.3. Frequency of monitoring and responsibility of carrying out the monitoring have also been presented in the table below.
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TABLE 6-3: PROPOSED MONITORING REQUIREMENTS OF THE PROJECT
A) Environmental Performance Monitoring Environmental EPI Period & Performance Indicator Monitoring Parameter Location Responsibility No. Frequency (EPI) A. Design & Planning A.1 Proximity of sensitive Distance between the drill Site Once in project Civil supervisor environmental habitat site and sensitive lifecycle environmental habitat A.2 Proximity of nearest Distance between the drill Site Once in project Civil supervisor habitation site and nearest habitation lifecycle A.3 Location and Size of Number of land owners Site Once in project Civil Supervisor Land Leased affected lifecycle Total area leased for drill site (Ha) A.4 Approval / Validity of the Approval / Quarry Once in project Civil Supervisor Authorization of Authorization lifecycle quarries A.5 Land use Land use Type Quarry/ Once in project Civil Supervisor Borrow lifecycle Area A.6 Haul Routes Distance of quarry / borrow Quarry / Once in project Civil Supervisor area from project site Borrow lifecycle Condition of haul road Area
A.7 Undisrupted flow of Number of cross drainage Site & Road Once in project Civil Supervisor water in drainage structures planned to number lifecycle channels of actual stream crossings B Approach Road & Site Development B.1 Local drainage pattern Number of Cross Drainage Site & road Once in project Civil Supervisor structures constructed to lifecycle actual number of cross drainage structures designed B.2 Accident reporting Number of casualties / Site & Haul During life HSE Supervisor Number of fatalities Routes cycle of project
B.3 Fugitive emission of Visual observation of dust in Near Daily during the HSE Supervisor dust during material air by haziness stockpiles entire project handling and storage and storages life-cycle C Drilling & Testing C.1 Gaseous pollutant Pollutant concentrations in DG Stack Once during HSE Supervisor emissions from DG Set gaseous emissions and drilling through Drilling maintenance parameters (air, operations contractor fuel filters & air-fuel ratio) of DG sets influencing air emissions Visual observation of exhaust smoke characteristics C.2 Noise emission from Noise pressure level in dB(A) Near noise Once during HSE Supervisor DG Sets sources (5m) drilling through Drilling operations contractor C.3 Noise emission from rig Noise pressure level in dB(A) On the rig Once during HSE Supervisor floor Near drilling through Drilling Number of cases of workers noise operations contractor not using PPE sources (5m)
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Environmental EPI Period & Performance Indicator Monitoring Parameter Location Responsibility No. Frequency (EPI)
Site C.4 Accident reporting Number of casualties / Site As and when HSE Supervisor Number of fatalities accident occurs through Drilling contractor C.5 Spilled Chemicals/Oil Area of Spill / Quantity Site As and when HSE Supervisor Spilled / Severity of Spill / spills occur through Drilling Characterization of Spilled contractor Substances for Contaminants (Heavy Metals, Toxics, etc.) C.6 Runoff from temporary Supervision of functioning of Site As & When HSE Supervisor storage areas conduits / drains, channels required during drilling phase C.7 Waste water quantity & Volume estimate At discharge Once during HSE Supervisor quality (Process water point drilling through Drilling viz. rig wash, formation CPCB General discharge contractor water etc) parameters and Oil & Gas Extraction Industry Standards C.8 Storm water/wash down CPCB General discharge At discharge Depending on HSE Supervisor water discharge parameters and Oil & Gas point generation through Drilling Extraction Industry Standards particularly contractor during monsoon C.9 Drill cutting storage and Total volume generated At storage Once during HSE Supervisor disposal location drilling period through Drilling Concentration of hazardous contractor constituents as per Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules
CPCB Onshore discharge standards for Oil & Gas Extraction Industry
B) Environmental Quality Monitoring
Environmental EQI Period & Quality Indicator Monitoring Parameter Location Responsibility No Frequency (EQI)
A Approach Road & Site Development
A1 Quality of water Analysis of Parameters as Natural Monthly during HSE per CPCB Use-class drainage site and road Supervisor channel works receiving run- off discharges
A2 Ambient Air Quality Measurement of PM10, At Surrounding Monthly during HSE PM 2.5, NOx, SO2, CO, HC receptor points site and road Supervisor using ambient air sampler works
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Environmental EQI Period & Quality Indicator Monitoring Parameter Location Responsibility No Frequency (EQI)
A3 Ambient noise quality Hearing / perception At surrounding Monthly once in HSE receptor points site and road Supervisor Measurement of Noise works Pressure Level in dB(A) Monthly site and road works
B Drilling & Testing
B1 Ambient Air Quality Measurement of PM10, At Surrounding Once during HSE PM 2.5, NOx, SO2, CO, HC , receptor points drilling Supervisor using ambient air sampler
B2 Ambient noise quality Hearing / perception At surrounding Once during HSE receptor points drilling Supervisor Measurement of Noise Pressure Level in dB(A)
B3 Groundwater Quality Analysis of Parameters as Nearby wells Once during HSE per IS:10500 drilling Supervisor
B4 Soil Contamination Analysis for suite of Site, adjacent Once during HSE contaminants (heavy metals, areas and Waste drilling Supervisor TPH, organics, pesticides). disposal site
B5 Quality of water Analysis of Parameters as Natural Once during HSE per CPCB Use-class drainage drilling Supervisor channel receiving run- off discharges
C Decommissioning / Closure
C1 Ambient noise quality Hearing / perception At surrounding Bi-Monthly HSE receptor points during Supervisor Measurement of Noise decommissioning Pressure Level in dB(A) Monthly during decommissioning
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7 Public Consultation
“Public Consultation” refers to the process by which the concerns of local affected persons and others who have plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the project or activity are ascertained with a view to taking into account all the material concerns in the project or activity design as appropriate. All Category ‘A’ projects are required to undertake Public Consultation as per the EIA notification dated September 14, 2006.
The present project is a designated project under Schedule and falls under category A (Activity 1(b)-Any oil and gas exploration, development & production)).
The Public Consultation normally has two components comprising of:
a public hearing at the site or in its close proximity- district wise, to be carried out in the manner prescribed in Appendix IV of EIA Notification, 2006, for ascertaining concerns of local affected persons; (Reproduced in Appendix VI of EIA Report) Obtain responses in writing from other concerned persons having a plausible stake in the environmental aspects of the project or activity. The public hearing at, or in close proximity to, the site(s) in all cases is conducted by the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or the Union territory Pollution Control Committee (UTPCC) concerned in the specified manner and forward the proceedings to the regulatory authority concerned within 45(forty five ) of a request to the effect from the applicant.
In case the State Pollution Control Board or the Union territory Pollution Control Committee concerned does not undertake and complete the public hearing within the specified period, and/or does not convey the proceedings of the public hearing within the prescribed period directly to the regulatory authority concerned as above, the regulatory authority will engage another public agency or authority which is not subordinate to the regulatory authority, to complete the process within a further period of forty five days.
If the public agency or authority nominated under the notification reports to the regulatory authority concerned that owing to the local situation, it is not possible to conduct the public hearing in a manner which will enable the views of the concerned local persons to be freely expressed, it will report the facts in detail to the concerned regulatory authority, which may, after due consideration of the report and other reliable information that it may have, decide that the public consultation in the case need not include the public hearing.
For obtaining responses in writing from other concerned persons having a plausible stake in the environmental aspects of the project or activity, the concerned regulatory authority and the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or the Union Territory Pollution Control Committee (UTPCC) shall invite responses from such concerned persons by placing on their website the Summary EIA report prepared in the specified format, as given in Appendix IIIA of EIA Notification, 2006 (Reproduced in Appendix VI of EIA Report), by the applicant along with a copy of the application in the prescribed form , within seven days of the receipt of a written request for arranging the public hearing . Confidential information includ ing non-disclosable or legally privileged information involving Intellectual Property Right, source specified in the
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application shall not be placed on the web site. The regulatory authority concerned may also use other appropriate media for ensuring wide publicity about the project or activity. The regulatory authority shall, however, make available on a written request from any concerned person the Draft EIA report for inspection at a notified place during normal office hours till the date of the public hearing. All the responses received as part of this public consultation process shall be forwarded to the applicant through the quickest available means.
After completion of the public consultation, the applicant will address all the material environmental concerns expressed during this process, and make appropriate changes in the draft EIA and EMP. The final EIA report, so prepared, shall be submitted by the applicant to the concerned regulatory authority for appraisal. The applicant may alternatively submit a supplementary report to draft EIA and EMP addressing all the concerns expressed during the public consultation.
Public hearing was conducted by Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board at Audotorium, District Collectorate, Ramanathapuram District 14th May, 2015. The queries rose by the public and responses given by management of ONGC are given in the minutes of meeting. The minutes of meeting and compliance report are given Annexure 6.
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8 Disclosure of Consultants
SENES Consultants India Private Limited
SENES Consultants India Private Limited (SENES India) is a professionally managed, fast growing, wholly owned subsidiary of SENES Consultants Limited (SENES),Canada.
SENES specializes in the fields of energy, nuclear, environmental and social sciences with offices spread across in Canada, United States, South America and India. SENES has been operational in India for more than seven years having its head office in New Delhi with branch offices in Kolkata, Hyderabad and Mumbai with all supporting infrastructure necessary for project implementation.
SENES India was responsible for carrying out the EIA study of Ramanathapuram PML block of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).
SENES has already obtained QCI Accreditation under the QCI-NABET Scheme for Accreditation of EIA Consultant Organizations vide certificate no: NABET/EIA/RA016/040. The QCI/NABET accreditation certification is provided in Annexure 8.
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ANNEXURES
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ANNEXURE 1.1
Approved TOR by MOEF
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Annexure-3.1
Ambient Air Quality Results – Premonsoon
AAQ1 Devipattnam HC as HC as CH4 Non- in Methane CO (mg/m3) ppm in ppm VOC (µg/m3) 3 3 3 3 S.No Date PM 10 ( µg/m ) PM 2.5 ( µg/m ) SO2 ( µg/m ) NO2 ( µg/m ) I II III BDL 8 14 1.9 0.7 1 30-07-2014 51 24 1.2 1.2 1.1 BDL 9 15 2.0 0.2 2 31-07-2014 50 25 1.2 1.1 1.2 27 BDL 11 16 1.6 0.5 3 05-08-2014 54 1.1 1.0 1.2 23 BDL 12 14 1.4 0.4 4 06-08-2014 47 1.0 1.1 1.1 24 BDL 7 13 1.2 0.3 5 11-08-2014 49 1.1 1.2 1.1 24 BDL 10 14 1.6 0.6 6 12-08-2014 51 1.2 1.2 1.2 26 BDL 8 15 1.6 0.5 7 17-08-2014 55 1.2 1.0 1.1 24 BDL 9 13 1.8 0.8 8 18-08-2014 49 1.2 1.1 1.2 26 BDL 10 14 9 23-08-2014 53 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.6 0.5 27 BDL 11 16 10 24-08-2014 57 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.9 0.6 Maximum 57.0 27.0 12.0 16.0 1.2 2.0 0.8 Minimum 47.0 23.0 7.0 13.0 1.0 1.2 0.2 Average 51.6 25.0 9.5 14.4 1.1 1.66 0.51 98 th Percentile 56.6 27.0 11.8 16.0 1.2 1.2 0.2
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AAQ2 Panaikulam
CO (mg/m3)
S.No Date PM 10 ( µg/m3) PM 2.5 ( µg/m3) SO2 ( µg/m3) NO2 ( µg/m3) I II III HC as CH4 in ppm HC as Non-Methane in ppm VOC ( µg/m3) 1 02-08-2014 44 25 8 13 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.7 0.6 BDL 6 14 2.0 0.5 2 03-08-2014 49 25 1.1 1.2 1.1 26 BDL 7 13 2.1 0.3 3 08-08-2014 51 1.1 1.0 1.2 21 BDL 10 15 1.4 0.4 4 09-08-2014 42 1.0 1.0 1.2 22 BDL 11 13 1.3 0.3 5 14-08-2014 46 1.2 1.2 1.1 20 BDL 9 14 1.7 0.6 6 15-08-2014 39 1.2 1.0 1.1 25 BDL 8 14 1.8 0.5 7 20-08-2014 52 1.2 1.2 1.1 21 BDL 6 13 1.9 0.7 8 21-08-2014 44 1.0 1.1 1.2 26 BDL 7 14 9 26-08-2014 53 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.5 0.5 23 BDL 9 13 10 27-08-2014 48 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.5 0.6
Maximum 53.0 26.0 11.0 15.0 1.2 2.1 0.7 Minimum 39.0 20.0 6.0 13.0 1.0 1.3 0.3 Average 46.8 23.4 8.1 13.6 1.1 1.69 0.5 98 th Percentile 52.8 26.0 10.8 14.8 1.2 1.3 0.3
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AAQ3 Enmanamkondam CO (mg/m3) HC as Non-Methane in VOC S.No Date PM 10 ( µg/m3) PM 2.5 ( µg/m3) SO2 ( µg/m3) NO2 ( µg/m3) I II III HC as CH4 in ppm ppm ( µg/m3) 1.0 1.0 1.2 BDL 6 10 2.2 0.5 1 30-07-2014 55 27 1.2 1.1 1.2 BDL 7 12 1.4 0.4 2 31-07-2014 51 25 23 1.0 1.0 1.2 BDL 9 13 1.3 0.3 3 05-08-2014 48 27 1.0 1.2 1.2 BDL 10 14 1.6 0.6 4 06-08-2014 56 22 1.0 1.2 1.0 BDL 8 11 1.7 0.7 5 11-08-2014 45 24 1.0 1.2 1.2 BDL 6 14 1.8 0.7 6 12-08-2014 48 26 1.2 1.1 1.0 BDL 8 12 7 17-08-2014 53 1.6 0.5 23 1.1 1.2 1.2 BDL 9 13 8 18-08-2014 47 1.5 0.6 25 1.0 1.0 1.1 BDL 10 13 1.2 0.1 9 23-08-2014 49 10 24-08-2014 51 24 8 12 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.2 Maximum 56.0 27.0 10.0 14.0 1.2 2.2 0.7 Minimum 45.0 22.0 6.0 10.0 1.0 1.2 0.1 Average 50.3 24.6 8.1 12.4 1.1 1.56 0.46 98 th Percentile 55.8 27.0 10.0 14.0 1.2 1.2 0.1
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AAQ4 Sattakonvalasai CO (mg/m3) HC as Non- HC as CH4 in Methane in VOC S.No Date PM 10 ( µg/m3) PM 2.5 ( µg/m3) SO2 ( µg/m3) NO2 ( µg/m3) I II III ppm ppm ( µg/m3) 45 23 6 9 1.1 1.1 1.1 BDL 1.4 0.4 1 02-08-2014 48 23 7 11 1.2 1.0 1.2 BDL 1.3 0.3 2 03-08-2014 38 20 8 12 1.0 1.0 1.2 BDL 1.7 0.6 3 08-08-2014 40 21 9 13 1.1 1.2 1.1 BDL 1.8 0.5 4 09-08-2014 47 23 8 11 1.1 1.0 1.2 BDL 1.9 0.7 5 14-08-2014 39 19 7 10 1.2 1.2 1.1 BDL 1.7 0.7 6 15-08-2014 38 20 6 10 1.2 1.1 1.0 BDL 1.8 0.7 7 20-08-2014 45 22 9 11 1.0 1.1 1.2 BDL 8 21-08-2014 1.6 0.5 49 24 10 12 1.2 1.2 1.1 BDL 9 26-08-2014 1.2 0.1 10 27-08-2014 49 23 8 10 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.9 0.7 Maximum 49.0 24.0 10.0 13.0 1.2 1.9 0.7 Minimum 38.0 19.0 6.0 9.0 1.0 1.2 0.1 Average 43.8 21.8 7.8 10.9 1.1 1.63 0.52 98 th Percentile 49.0 23.8 9.8 12.8 1.2 1.2 0.1
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AAQ5 Regunathpuram HC as Non- Methane CO (mg/m3) HC as CH4 in ppm in ppm VOC ( µg/m3)
S.No Date PM 10 ( µg/m3) PM 2.5 ( µg/m3) SO2 ( µg/m3) NO2 ( µg/m3) I II III 53 26 10 13 1.2 1.2 1.2 BDL 1.1 0.5 1 04-08-2014 55 27 8 12 1.0 1.1 1.0 BDL 1.4 0.6 2 05-08-2014 49 24 9 12 1.2 1.1 1.1 BDL 1.7 0.7 3 10-08-2014 45 22 7 10 1.2 1.1 1.0 BDL 1.9 0.8 4 11-08-2014 50 24 11 13 1.2 1.2 1.1 BDL 1.6 0.7 5 16-08-2014 47 23 10 12 1.0 1.1 1.1 BDL 1.7 0.8 6 17-08-2014 52 26 9 12 1.1 1.1 1.1 BDL 1.9 0.4 7 22-08-2014 46 23 8 11 1.0 1.2 1.2 BDL 8 23-08-2014 1.5 0.6 52 25 7 14 1.0 1.2 1.1 BDL 9 28-08-2014 1.4 0.1 48 23 10 13 1.1 1.0 1.2 BDL 1.8 0.6 10 29-08-2014 Maximum 55.0 27.0 11.0 14.0 1.2 1.9 0.8 Minimum 45.0 22.0 7.0 10.0 1.0 1.1 0.1 Average 49.7 24.3 8.9 12.2 1.1 1.6 0.58 98 th Percentile 54.6 26.8 10.8 13.8 1.2 1.1 0.1
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AAQ6 Periyapattinam CO (mg/m3) S.N PM 10 ( PM 2.5 ( SO2 ( NO2 ( HC as CH4 in HC as Non-Methane in VOC ( o Date µg/m3) µg/m3) µg/m3) µg/m3) I II III ppm ppm µg/m3) 01-08- 44 22 6 9 1.0 1.1 1.0 BDL 1.8 0.5 1 2014 02-08- 48 23 7 10 1.2 1.0 1.2 BDL 1.9 0.7 2 2014 07-08- 51 25 8 11 1.2 1.0 1.2 BDL 1.7 0.7 3 2014 08-08- 49 24 9 12 1.1 1.1 1.0 BDL 4 2014 2.1 0.8 13-08- 53 27 10 13 1.1 1.2 1.2 BDL 5 2014 1.2 0.1 14-08- 42 22 11 14 1.1 1.2 1.1 BDL 6 2014 1.6 0.4 19-08- 47 24 8 12 1.0 1.1 1.1 BDL 1.6 0.3 7 2014 20-08- 47 25 9 14 1.2 1.1 1.0 BDL 1.5 0.6 8 2014 25-08- 41 20 10 13 1.0 1.1 1.2 BDL 1.8 0.9 9 2014 26-08- 50 24 11 15 1.0 1.2 1.1 BDL 0.1 10 2014 2.0
Maximum 53.0 27.0 11.0 15.0 1.2 2.1 0.9 Minimum 41.0 20.0 6.0 9.0 1.0 1.2 0.1 Average 47.2 23.6 8.9 12.3 1.1 1.72 0.51 98 th Percentile 52.6 26.6 11.0 14.8 1.2 1.2 0.1
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AAQ7 Tirupalani CO (mg/m3) S.N PM 10 ( PM 2.5 ( SO2 ( NO2 ( HC as Non-Methane VOC ( o Date µg/m3) µg/m3) µg/m3) µg/m3) I II III HC as CH4 in ppm in ppm µg/m3) 04-08- 41 20 9 13 1.0 1.0 1.1 BDL 1.7 0.7 1 2014 05-08- 38 19 10 12 1.2 1.0 1.1 BDL 1.9 0.8 2 2014 10-08- 36 18 11 13 1.1 1.0 1.0 BDL 1.6 0.7 3 2014 11-08- 40 20 12 14 1.0 1.1 1.0 BDL 1.7 0.8 4 2014 16-08- 37 19 8 13 1.1 1.1 1.0 BDL 1.1 0.7 5 2014 17-08- 43 22 11 16 1.2 1.0 1.1 BDL 1.5 0.2 6 2014 22-08- 35 18 10 13 1.1 1.0 1.0 BDL 1.2 0.1 7 2014 23-08- 38 19 12 13 1.0 1.1 1.0 BDL 1.6 0.2 8 2014 28-08- 42 21 13 16 1.0 1.0 1.1 BDL 1.7 0.3 9 2014 29-08- 37 18 11 13 1.0 1.1 1.1 BDL 10 2014 1.1 0.1 Maximum 43.0 22.0 13.0 16.0 1.2 1.9 0.8 Minimum 35.0 18.0 8.0 12.0 1.0 1.1 0.1 Average 38.7 19.4 10.7 13.6 1.1 1.51 0.46 98 th Percentile 42.8 21.8 12.8 16.0 1.2 1.1 0.1
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AAQ8 Ervadi
CO (mg/m3) VOC ( S.N PM 10 ( PM 2.5 ( SO2 ( NO2 ( HC as CH4 in HC as Non-Methane in µg/m3) o Date µg/m3) µg/m3) µg/m3) µg/m3) I II III ppm ppm 01-08- 43 22 9 13 1. 1. 1. BDL 1.1 0.2 1 2014 1 2 1 02-08- 48 24 10 14 1. 1. 1. BDL 2.2 0.2 2 2014 1 0 0 07-08- 50 25 11 13 1. 1. 1. BDL 1.1 0.3 3 2014 2 0 1 08-08- 39 19 10 14 1. 1. 1. BDL 1.2 0.4 4 2014 2 0 1 13-08- 44 21 12 14 1. 1. 1. BDL 1.2 0.6 5 2014 0 1 1 14-08- 49 24 10 14 1. 1. 1. BDL 1.9 0.9 6 2014 0 0 2 19-08- 41 21 9 13 1. 1. 1. BDL 2.0 0.5 7 2014 2 1 0 20-08- 52 25 8 15 1. 1. 1. BDL 1.8 0.1 8 2014 0 0 2 25-08- 47 23 10 13 1. 1. 1. BDL 9 2014 2 1 2 1.6 0.5 26-08- 49 25 11 14 1. 1. 1. BDL 10 2014 0 2 0 1.2 0.6 Maximum 52.0 25.0 12.0 15.0 1.2 2.2 0.9 Minimum 39.0 19.0 8.0 13.0 1.0 1.1 0.1 Average 46.2 22.9 10.0 13.7 1.1 1.53 0.43 98 th Percentile 51.6 25.0 11.8 14.8 1.2 1.1 0.1
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Annexure-3.1 (A)
Ambient Air Quality Results – Postmonsoon
Location : Devipattanam Parameters Sr. Sample Date of Monitoring Week CO (mg/m 3) HC (ppm) No. PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX VOC Referance (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) 0600 - 1400 - 2200 - Non- (μg/m 3) 1400 2200 0600 Methane Methane 1 1/13/2016 I 43.8 13.9 7.6 13.9 1.71 1.45 1.71 3.80 <0.5 1.48 NIL/ABA/01/16/221 2 1/18/2016 35.5 9.1 4.2 9.5 1.40 1.75 1.28 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/229 II 3 1/22/2016 33.7 8.7 5.0 7.0 1.56 1.42 2.09 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/237 4 1/25/2016 49.9 16.1 9.5 17.8 1.97 1.61 1.97 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/245 III 5 1/28/2016 39.9 11.7 7.2 8.9 2.05 1.57 1.54 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/005 6 2/3/2016 49.5 16.1 10.3 15.0 2.09 1.81 1.92 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/108 IV 7 2/4/2016 48.6 12.2 5.5 13.5 1.85 1.61 2.10 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/110 8 2/10/2016 51.2 13.0 6.3 12.8 1.28 1.75 1.30 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/209 V 9 2/13/2016 47.7 9.5 6.0 8.0 2.14 1.71 2.14 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/252 10 2/17/2016 VI 39.4 9.5 5.8 9.2 1.95 1.26 1.57 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/261 CPCB Limits 100 60 80 80 2 -- -- Minimum 33.7 8.7 4.2 7.0 1.26 -- -- Maximum 51.2 16.1 10.3 17.8 2.14 -- -- Average 43.92 11.98 6.74 11.56 1.72 -- -- 98th Percentile 50.97 16.10 10.16 17.30 2.14 -- --
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Location : Panaikkulam Parameters Sr. Sample Date of Monitoring Week CO (mg/m 3) HC (ppm) No. PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX VOC Referance 3 3 3 3 0600 - 1400 - 2200 - Non- 3 (μg/m ) (μg/m ) (μg/m ) (μg/m ) Methane (μg/m ) 1400 2200 0600 Methane 1 1/13/2016 I 40.4 8.2 4.7 8.9 1.67 1.62 1.66 6.97 <0.5 0.639 NIL/ABA/01/16/222 2 1/18/2016 43.2 9.1 4.6 7.1 1.32 1.93 1.98 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/230 II 3 1/22/2016 48.9 14.3 6.6 13.9 1.30 1.41 1.56 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/238 4 1/25/2016 44.8 14.8 8.5 12.3 1.55 1.72 1.39 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/246 III 5 1/29/2016 47.3 11.7 5.6 11.5 1.29 1.57 1.28 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/006 6 2/1/2016 44.8 13.0 6.3 11.4 1.59 1.25 1.29 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/109 IV 7 2/5/2016 50.5 13.0 7.3 12.4 2.02 1.56 1.76 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/111 8 2/8/2016 43.2 10.9 7.1 10.2 1.50 1.65 1.36 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/208 V 9 2/12/2016 32.3 9.1 4.2 8.0 2.00 1.99 1.31 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/253 10 2/15/2016 VI 39.2 12.6 6.9 9.5 1.37 1.64 1.49 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/260 CPCB Limits 100 60 80 80 2 -- -- Minimum 32.3 8.2 4.2 7.1 1.25 -- -- Maximum 50.5 14.8 8.5 13.9 2.02 -- -- Average 43.46 11.67 6.18 10.52 1.57 -- -- 98th Percentile 50.21 14.71 8.28 13.63 2.01 -- --
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 234 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location : Enmanamkondan Parameters Sr. Sample Date of Monitoring Week CO (mg/m 3) HC (ppm) No. PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX VOC Referance (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) 0600 - 1400 - 2200 - Methane Non- 1400 2200 0600 Methane 1 1/13/2016 I 42.6 12.2 6.4 10.6 1.84 1.84 1.85 3.72 <0.5 <0.5 NIL/ABA/01/16/223 2 1/18/2016 36.6 11.3 6.3 11.1 2.02 1.58 1.67 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/231 II 3 1/22/2016 34.5 7.4 4.5 7.1 1.64 1.97 1.89 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/239 4 1/25/2016 32.4 7.4 4.0 7.3 1.44 1.64 2.15 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/247 III 5 1/28/2016 38.8 10.9 6.4 10.5 1.64 2.30 2.29 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/007 6 2/4/2016 32.8 7.4 4.2 7.9 2.10 1.49 1.50 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/112 IV 7 2/6/2016 32.8 8.7 5.0 9.4 2.06 2.28 1.78 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/116 8 2/9/2016 53.3 10.9 5.6 9.3 1.84 2.23 1.68 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/206 V 9 2/12/2016 32.8 8.7 4.6 9.9 2.28 1.40 1.92 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/213 10 2/16/2016 VI 43.9 15.2 9.4 12.4 2.04 1.90 1.39 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/258 CPCB Limits 100 60 80 80 2 -- -- Minimum 32.4 7.4 4.0 7.1 1.39 -- -- Maximum 53.3 15.2 9.4 12.4 2.30 -- -- Average 38.05 10.01 5.64 9.55 1.86 -- -- 98th Percentile 51.61 14.66 8.86 12.17 2.29 -- --
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 235 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location : Sattakonvalasai Parameters Sr. Sample Date of Monitoring Week CO (mg/m 3) HC (ppm) No. PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX VOC Referance 3 3 3 3 3 (μg/m ) (μg/m ) (μg/m ) (μg/m ) 0600 - 1400 - 2200 - Methane Non- (μg/m ) 1400 2200 0600 Methane 1 1/16/2016 I 37.6 7.8 3.9 6.0 1.65 1.45 1.50 2.83 <0.5 <0.5 NIL/ABA/01/16/227 2 1/20/2016 32.7 7.4 4.6 5.6 2.01 1.55 1.28 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/235 II 3 1/24/2016 30.1 8.2 5.3 6.5 1.29 1.52 1.14 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/243 4 1/27/2016 42.5 10.0 4.5 10.8 2.06 1.46 1.52 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/251 III 5 1/31/2016 28.6 8.2 4.5 7.7 1.67 1.38 1.86 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/011 6 2/3/2016 42.5 11.3 7.3 10.0 1.40 1.46 1.29 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/014 IV 7 2/7/2016 44.4 13.0 7.9 10.4 1.83 1.77 1.25 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/207 8 2/10/2016 34.6 7.8 4.9 8.3 1.96 1.77 1.29 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/214 V 9 2/14/2016 31.2 6.9 3.3 7.2 1.95 1.38 1.55 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/259 10 2/17/2016 VI 46.6 13.5 7.2 14.5 1.55 1.26 1.46 ------CPCB Limits 100 60 80 80 2 -- -- Minimum 28.6 6.9 3.3 5.6 1.14 -- -- Maximum 46.6 13.5 7.9 14.5 2.06 -- -- Average 37.08 9.41 5.34 8.70 1.55 -- -- 98th Percentile 46.20 13.41 7.79 13.83 2.03 -- --
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 236 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location : Periyapattanam Parameters Sr. Sample Date of Monitoring Week CO (mg/m 3) HC (ppm) No. PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX VOC Referance (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) 0600 - 1400 - 2200 - Non- (μg/m 3) 1400 2200 0600 Methane Methane 1 1/16/2016 I 43.2 14.3 8.8 13.1 1.16 1.07 1.10 4.32 <0.5 1.26 NIL/ABA/01/16/228 2 1/29/2016 46.7 12.2 5.5 12.5 1.40 0.93 1.11 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/233 II 3 2/2/2016 43.6 11.7 6.0 10.4 1.11 1.13 0.85 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/241 4 2/5/2016 35.4 7.4 4.0 7.0 1.14 1.27 1.06 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/249 III 5 2/8/2016 51.0 13.0 6.2 12.9 0.95 0.91 1.30 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/009 6 2/11/2016 47.1 16.1 10.0 18.2 1.22 1.06 1.02 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/106 IV 7 2/15/2016 38.0 8.2 5.1 8.2 1.45 0.98 1.07 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/114 8 2/18/2016 45.4 13.0 7.0 13.3 0.90 1.20 1.03 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/203 V 9 1/19/2016 44.1 14.3 8.3 11.2 1.32 1.02 1.19 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/211 10 1/23/2016 34.1 10.9 5.8 10.4 1.04 1.21 1.30 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/255 VI 11 1/26/2016 48.6 12.2 6.8 13.8 1.39 1.71 0.68 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/264 CPCB Limits 100 60 80 80 2 -- -- Minimum 34.1 7.4 4.0 7.0 0.68 -- -- Maximum 51.0 16.1 10.0 18.2 1.71 -- -- Average 43.38 12.12 6.68 11.91 1.13 -- -- 98th Percentile 50.52 15.74 9.76 17.32 1.54 -- --
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 237 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location : Tirupalani Parameters Sr. Sample Date of Monitoring Week CO (mg/m 3) HC (ppm) No. PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX VOC Referance (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) 0600 - 1400 - 2200 - Non- (μg/m 3) 1400 2200 0600 Methane Methane 1 1/14/2016 I 44.8 12.2 6.6 12.6 1.24 1.30 0.96 5.82 <0.5 2.70 NIL/ABA/01/16/225 2 1/19/2016 44.4 15.2 9.6 14.0 1.34 1.48 0.97 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/234 II 3 1/23/2016 54.7 16.1 8.1 15.2 1.33 0.98 1.13 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/242 4 1/26/2016 45.2 13.9 6.4 14.9 1.00 1.31 0.81 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/250 III 5 1/30/2016 47.9 13.0 7.7 9.8 1.33 1.43 0.85 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/012 6 2/1/2016 49.7 12.6 6.0 10.0 1.54 1.00 0.86 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/014 IV 7 2/6/2016 49.3 12.6 5.9 12.4 1.41 1.35 0.73 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/116 8 2/9/2016 36.7 8.7 4.2 8.7 0.98 1.21 0.91 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/205 V 9 2/12/2016 36.7 9.1 4.2 7.4 1.08 1.30 1.00 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/215 10 2/16/2016 49.7 16.1 7.7 14.9 1.51 1.05 0.98 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/257 VI 11 2/19/2016 53.4 11.7 7.2 16.3 1.80 1.11 1.27 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/265 CPCB Limits 100 60 80 80 2 -- -- Minimum 36.7 8.7 4.2 7.4 0.73 -- -- Maximum 54.7 16.1 9.6 16.3 1.80 -- -- Average 46.59 12.84 6.69 12.38 1.17 -- -- 98th Percentile 54.44 16.10 9.30 16.08 1.63 -- --
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 238 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location : Raghunathapuram Parameters Sr. Sample Date of Monitoring Week CO (mg/m 3) HC (ppm) No. PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX VOC Referance (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) 0600 - 1400 - 2200 - Non- (μg/m 3) 1400 2200 0600 Methane Methane 1 1/14/2016 I 48.1 16.5 10.0 16.6 2.10 2.63 1.23 3.11 <0.5 <0.5 NIL/ABA/01/16/224 2 1/19/2016 55.8 14.8 8.2 13.0 1.66 2.10 1.09 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/232 II 3 1/23/2016 51.0 10.4 5.3 10.5 2.18 2.24 1.27 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/240 4 1/26/2016 41.8 12.2 6.9 10.4 1.85 2.08 1.23 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/248 III 5 1/29/2016 42.3 11.7 5.9 12.5 2.04 2.03 1.27 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/008 6 2/2/2016 45.2 13.9 7.8 14.6 2.25 2.45 0.98 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/105 IV 7 2/5/2016 45.2 14.8 7.6 16.5 2.35 2.05 1.50 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/113 8 2/8/2016 47.6 9.5 5.0 8.9 1.68 2.29 1.12 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/202 V 9 2/11/2016 36.1 8.7 5.5 9.8 1.74 2.13 1.25 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/210 10 2/15/2016 43.8 12.2 6.4 10.9 2.25 3.10 1.48 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/256 VI 11 2/18/2016 51.9 14.8 8.4 14.1 2.60 3.05 0.95 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/263 CPCB Limits 100 60 80 80 2 -- -- Minimum 36.1 8.7 5.0 8.9 0.95 -- -- Maximum 55.8 16.5 10.0 16.6 3.10 -- -- Average 46.25 12.68 7.00 12.53 1.89 -- -- 98th Percentile 55.02 16.16 9.68 16.58 3.07 -- --
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 239 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location : Ervadi Parameters Sr. Sample Date of Monitoring Week CO (mg/m 3) HC (ppm) No. PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX VOC Referance (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) (μg/m 3) 0600 - 1400 - 2200 - Non- (μg/m 3) 1400 2200 0600 Methane Methane 1 1/14/2016 I 45.3 10.9 5.4 10.3 2.30 2.19 1.62 4.93 <0.5 <0.5 NIL/ABA/01/16/226 2 1/20/2016 38.1 9.1 4.6 7.7 2.35 1.71 1.75 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/236 II 3 1/24/2016 56.6 18.7 9.8 16.9 2.05 1.99 1.49 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/244 4 1/27/2016 35.8 7.4 4.7 5.7 2.14 1.69 1.56 ------NIL/ABA/01/16/252 III 5 1/29/2016 48.5 13.0 7.9 9.9 2.32 2.43 1.25 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/010 6 2/2/2016 53.0 16.5 8.7 18.8 1.91 2.56 1.90 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/107 IV 7 2/5/2016 35.3 10.4 6.5 9.4 2.53 2.41 1.90 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/115 8 2/8/2016 47.6 10.0 4.7 10.3 1.75 2.39 1.39 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/204 V 9 2/11/2016 48.5 10.9 6.6 12.0 2.83 2.74 1.28 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/212 10 2/15/2016 52.1 13.0 8.0 10.8 2.42 2.61 1.28 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/254 VI 11 2/18/2016 54.4 11.3 6.9 12.2 1.58 1.96 1.48 ------NIL/ABA/02/16/262 CPCB Limits 100 60 80 80 2 -- -- Minimum 35.3 7.4 4.6 5.7 1.25 -- -- Maximum 56.6 18.7 9.8 18.8 2.83 -- -- Average 46.84 11.93 6.71 11.27 1.99 -- -- 98th Percentile 56.16 18.26 9.58 18.42 2.77 -- --
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 240 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Annexure-3.2
Ambient Noise Quality Results
Location Name & Code: PANAIKULAM & N1
S.No. Date of Time of I II III IV monitoring monitoring 1 02-08-2014 06:00AM 50 48 47 45 2 02-08-2014 07:00AM 48 46 44 42 3 02-08-2014 08:00AM 45 42 43 48 4 01-08-2014 09:00AM 49 48 46 50 5 01-08-2014 10:00AM 48 46 49 52 6 01-08-2014 11:00AM 46 45 48 51 7 01-08-2014 12:00PM 51 48 49 53 8 01-08-2014 01:00PM 49 48 46 50 9 01-08-2014 02:00PM 48 46 49 52 10 01-08-2014 03:00PM 46 45 48 51 11 01-08-2014 04:00PM 46 45 48 51 12 01-08-2014 05:00PM 45 42 43 48 13 01-08-2014 06:00PM 49 48 46 50 14 01-08-2014 07:00PM 48 46 49 52 15 01-08-2014 08:00PM 46 45 48 51 16 01-08-2014 09:00PM 45 44 43 46 17 01-08-2014 10:00PM 45 42 43 48 18 01-08-2014 11:00PM 49 48 46 50 19 02-08-2014 12:00AM 48 46 49 52 20 02-08-2014 01:00AM 46 45 48 51 21 02-08-2014 02:00AM 49 48 46 50 22 02-08-2014 03:00AM 48 46 49 52 23 02-08-2014 04:00AM 46 45 48 51 24 02-08-2014 05:00AM 46 45 48 51
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 241 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location Name & Code: ENMANAMKONDAM & N2
S.No. Date of Time of I II III IV monitoring monitoring
1 03-08-2014 06:00AM 51 48 49 53 2 03-08-2014 07:00AM 49 48 46 50 3 03-08-2014 08:00AM 48 46 49 52 4 02-08-2014 09:00AM 46 45 48 51 5 02-08-2014 10:00AM 46 45 48 51 6 02-08-2014 11:00AM 45 42 43 48 7 02-08-2014 12:00PM 49 48 46 50 8 02-08-2014 01:00PM 48 46 44 42 9 02-08-2014 02:00PM 45 42 43 48 10 02-08-2014 03:00PM 45 48 46 49 11 02-08-2014 04:00PM 48 46 49 52 12 02-08-2014 05:00PM 46 45 48 51 13 02-08-2014 06:00PM 49 48 46 50 14 02-08-2014 07:00PM 48 46 49 52 15 02-08-2014 08:00PM 46 45 48 51 16 02-08-2014 09:00PM 45 44 43 46 17 02-08-2014 10:00PM 48 46 49 52 18 02-08-2014 11:00PM 46 45 48 51 19 03-08-2014 12:00AM 49 48 46 50 20 03-08-2014 01:00AM 48 46 49 52 21 03-08-2014 02:00AM 46 45 48 51 22 03-08-2014 03:00AM 44 43 42 45 23 03-08-2014 04:00AM 42 44 46 48 24 03-08-2014 05:00AM 40 42 44 46
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 242 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location Name & Code: SATTAKONVALASAI & N3
S.No. Date of Time of I II III IV monitoring monitoring
1 05-08-2014 06:00AM 45 42 43 48 2 05-08-2014 07:00AM 49 48 46 50 3 05-08-2014 08:00AM 48 46 44 42 4 04-08-2014 09:00AM 45 42 43 48 5 04-08-2014 10:00AM 45 48 46 49 6 04-08-2014 11:00AM 48 46 49 52 7 04-08-2014 12:00PM 48 46 44 42 8 04-08-2014 01:00PM 45 42 43 48 9 04-08-2014 02:00PM 49 48 46 50 10 04-08-2014 03:00PM 48 46 49 52 11 04-08-2014 04:00PM 46 45 48 51 12 04-08-2014 05:00PM 46 45 48 51 13 04-08-2014 06:00PM 44 45 46 47 14 04-08-2014 07:00PM 49 48 46 50 15 04-08-2014 08:00PM 48 46 49 52 16 04-08-2014 09:00PM 46 45 48 51 17 04-08-2014 10:00PM 44 43 42 45 18 04-08-2014 11:00PM 42 40 45 43 19 05-08-2014 12:00AM 40 41 42 44 20 05-08-2014 01:00AM 46 45 48 51 21 05-08-2014 02:00AM 44 43 42 45 22 05-08-2014 03:00AM 42 44 46 48 23 05-08-2014 04:00AM 46 48 47 49 24 05-08-2014 05:00AM 42 45 48 50
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 243 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location Name & Code: REGUNATHAPURAM & N4
S.No. Date of Time of I II III IV monitoring monitoring
1 07-08-2014 06:00AM 55 57 59 60 2 07-08-2014 07:00AM 51 52 55 58 3 07-08-2014 08:00AM 57 56 54 59 4 06-08-2014 09:00AM 60 61 55 59 5 06-08-2014 10:00AM 54 55 58 60 6 06-08-2014 11:00AM 55 58 60 61 7 06-08-2014 12:00PM 49 48 46 50 8 06-08-2014 01:00PM 48 46 49 52 9 06-08-2014 02:00PM 46 45 48 51 10 06-08-2014 03:00PM 46 45 48 51 11 06-08-2014 04:00PM 44 45 46 47 12 06-08-2014 05:00PM 58 56 59 60 13 06-08-2014 06:00PM 55 52 49 58 14 06-08-2014 07:00PM 52 54 55 54 15 06-08-2014 08:00PM 48 46 49 52 16 06-08-2014 09:00PM 46 45 48 51 17 06-08-2014 10:00PM 44 43 42 45 18 06-08-2014 11:00PM 42 40 45 43 19 07-08-2014 12:00AM 40 41 42 44 20 07-08-2014 01:00AM 46 45 48 51 21 07-08-2014 02:00AM 44 43 42 45 22 07-08-2014 03:00AM 42 40 45 43 23 07-08-2014 04:00AM 40 41 42 44 24 07-08-2014 05:00AM 43 44 47 48
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 244 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location Name & Code: PERIYAPATTINAM & N5
S.No. Date of Time of I II III IV monitoring monitoring
1 08-08-2014 06:00AM 48 46 49 52 2 08-08-2014 07:00AM 46 45 48 51 3 08-08-2014 08:00AM 46 45 48 51 4 07-08-2014 09:00AM 45 42 43 48 5 07-08-2014 10:00AM 49 48 46 50 6 07-08-2014 11:00AM 51 48 49 53 7 07-08-2014 12:00PM 49 48 46 50 8 07-08-2014 01:00PM 48 46 49 52 9 07-08-2014 02:00PM 46 45 48 51 10 07-08-2014 03:00PM 46 45 48 51 11 07-08-2014 04:00PM 45 42 43 48 12 07-08-2014 05:00PM 49 48 46 50 13 07-08-2014 06:00PM 48 46 49 52 14 07-08-2014 07:00PM 46 45 48 51 15 07-08-2014 08:00PM 46 45 48 51 16 07-08-2014 09:00PM 44 45 46 47 17 07-08-2014 10:00PM 49 48 46 50 18 07-08-2014 11:00PM 48 46 49 52 19 08-08-2014 12:00AM 46 45 48 51 20 08-08-2014 01:00AM 44 43 42 45 21 08-08-2014 02:00AM 42 40 45 43 22 08-08-2014 03:00AM 48 46 49 52 23 08-08-2014 04:00AM 46 45 48 51 24 08-08-2014 05:00AM 46 45 48 51
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 245 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location Name & Code: TIRUPALANI & N6
S.No. Date of Time of I II III IV monitoring monitoring
1 09-08-2014 06:00AM 60 61 55 59 2 09-08-2014 07:00AM 54 55 58 59 3 09-08-2014 08:00AM 55 56 62 58 4 08-08-2014 09:00AM 54 60 56 58 5 08-08-2014 10:00AM 58 61 61 59 6 08-08-2014 11:00AM 52 59 58 55 7 08-08-2014 12:00PM 58 58 59 57 8 08-08-2014 01:00PM 54 54 55 57 9 08-08-2014 02:00PM 53 56 52 53 10 08-08-2014 03:00PM 56 57 53 56 11 08-08-2014 04:00PM 55 53 59 53 12 08-08-2014 05:00PM 52 53 50 52 13 08-08-2014 06:00PM 55 52 52.6 52.9 14 08-08-2014 07:00PM 53 56 58 56 15 08-08-2014 08:00PM 56 53 57 57 16 08-08-2014 09:00PM 58 59 58 57 17 08-08-2014 10:00PM 59 54 59 57 18 08-08-2014 11:00PM 54 56 58 53 19 09-08-2014 12:00AM 58 60 54 56 20 09-08-2014 01:00AM 56 53 59 53 21 09-08-2014 02:00AM 53 52 59 52 22 09-08-2014 03:00AM 56 57 52 52 23 09-08-2014 04:00AM 54 56 58 56 24 09-08-2014 05:00AM 56 53 57 57
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 246 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location Name & Code: ERVADI & N7
S.No. Date of Time of I II III IV monitoring monitoring
1 12-08-2014 06:00AM 57 59 58 56 2 12-08-2014 07:00AM 59 60 58 59 3 12-08-2014 08:00AM 57 56 54 56 4 11-08-2014 09:00AM 59 58 55 58 5 11-08-2014 10:00AM 59 57 56 54 6 11-08-2014 11:00AM 54 54 55 57 7 11-08-2014 12:00PM 53 56 52 53 8 11-08-2014 01:00PM 56 57 53 56 9 11-08-2014 02:00PM 55 53 59 53 10 11-08-2014 03:00PM 52 53 50 52 11 11-08-2014 04:00PM 55 52 50 52 12 11-08-2014 05:00PM 52 55 56 50 13 11-08-2014 06:00PM 51 54 52 56 14 11-08-2014 07:00PM 55 59 57 54 15 11-08-2014 08:00PM 58 56 54 57 16 11-08-2014 09:00PM 52 54 52 57 17 11-08-2014 10:00PM 59 62 62 58 18 11-08-2014 11:00PM 58 61 58 56 19 12-08-2014 12:00AM 59 54 59 57 20 12-08-2014 01:00AM 54 56 58 53 21 12-08-2014 02:00AM 58 60 54 56 22 12-08-2014 03:00AM 56 53 59 53 23 12-08-2014 04:00AM 53 52 59 52 24 12-08-2014 05:00AM 52 54 52 57
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 247 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location Name & Code: TANICHATTANMADAL & N8
S.No. Date of Time of I II III IV monitoring monitoring
1 10-08-2014 06:00AM 45 42 43 48 2 10-08-2014 07:00AM 49 48 46 50 3 10-08-2014 08:00AM 48 46 49 52 4 09-08-2014 09:00AM 46 45 48 51 5 09-08-2014 10:00AM 51 48 49 53 6 09-08-2014 11:00AM 48 46 49 52 7 09-08-2014 12:00PM 46 45 48 51 8 09-08-2014 01:00PM 49 48 46 50 9 09-08-2014 02:00PM 48 46 49 52 10 09-08-2014 03:00PM 46 45 48 51 11 09-08-2014 04:00PM 45 44 43 46 12 09-08-2014 05:00PM 48 46 49 52 13 09-08-2014 06:00PM 46 45 48 51 14 09-08-2014 07:00PM 46 45 48 51 15 09-08-2014 08:00PM 44 45 46 47 16 09-08-2014 09:00PM 49 48 46 50 17 09-08-2014 10:00PM 48 46 49 52 18 09-08-2014 11:00PM 46 45 48 51 19 10-08-2014 12:00AM 44 43 42 45 20 10-08-2014 01:00AM 42 40 45 43 21 10-08-2014 02:00AM 44 43 42 45 22 10-08-2014 03:00AM 42 40 45 43 23 10-08-2014 04:00AM 46 45 48 51 24 10-08-2014 05:00AM 46 45 48 51
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 248 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location Name & Code: Kodikulam & N9
S.No. Date of monitoring Time of I II III IV monitoring
1 14-08-2014 06:00AM 46 45 48 51 2 14-08-2014 07:00AM 45 42 43 48 3 14-08-2014 08:00AM 49 48 46 50 4 13-08-2014 09:00AM 48 46 44 42 5 13-08-2014 10:00AM 45 42 43 48 6 13-08-2014 11:00AM 45 48 46 49 7 13-08-2014 12:00PM 48 46 49 52 8 13-08-2014 01:00PM 46 45 48 51 9 13-08-2014 02:00PM 49 48 46 50 10 13-08-2014 03:00PM 45 48 46 49 11 13-08-2014 04:00PM 48 46 49 52 12 13-08-2014 05:00PM 48 46 44 42 13 13-08-2014 06:00PM 45 42 43 48 14 13-08-2014 07:00PM 49 48 46 50 15 13-08-2014 08:00PM 46 45 48 51 16 13-08-2014 09:00PM 44 45 46 47 17 13-08-2014 10:00PM 49 48 46 50 18 13-08-2014 11:00PM 48 46 49 52 19 14-08-2014 12:00AM 46 45 48 51 20 14-08-2014 01:00AM 44 43 42 45 21 14-08-2014 02:00AM 42 40 45 43 22 14-08-2014 03:00AM 48 46 49 52 23 14-08-2014 04:00AM 46 45 48 51 24 14-08-2014 05:00AM 46 45 48 51
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 249 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Location Name & Code: KILAKKARAI & N10
S.No. Date of monitoring Time of I II III IV monitoring
1 17-08-2014 06:00AM 59 58 55 58 2 17-08-2014 07:00AM 59 60 56 54 3 17-08-2014 08:00AM 54 54 55 57 4 16-08-2014 09:00AM 53 56 52 53 5 16-08-2014 10:00AM 56 57 53 56 6 16-08-2014 11:00AM 55 53 59 53 7 16-08-2014 12:00PM 52 53 50 52 8 16-08-2014 01:00PM 55 52 52.6 52.9 9 16-08-2014 02:00PM 52 55 56 50 10 16-08-2014 03:00PM 51 54 52 56 11 16-08-2014 04:00PM 55 59 57 54 12 16-08-2014 05:00PM 58 56 54 57 13 16-08-2014 06:00PM 60 62 63 67 14 16-08-2014 07:00PM 63 62 64 61 15 16-08-2014 08:00PM 64 58 59 62 16 16-08-2014 09:00PM 68 63 57 58 17 16-08-2014 10:00PM 63 61 56 62 18 16-08-2014 11:00PM 54 58 57 58 19 17-08-2014 12:00AM 53 53 52 52 20 17-08-2014 01:00AM 60 57 54 52 21 17-08-2014 02:00AM 57 58 54 53 22 17-08-2014 03:00AM 56 55 56 55 23 17-08-2014 04:00AM 53 54 59 55 24 17-08-2014 05:00AM 57 53 57 56
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 250 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
Annexure-3.3
Metrological Data Monsoon-2014 ( July 30 th to September 3rd 2014)
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 216 9.6 2014 7 30 1 301 198 10.2 2014 7 30 2 301 268 9.5 2014 7 30 3 302 234 12.4 2014 7 30 4 302 221 13.3 2014 7 30 5 302 185 15.5 2014 7 30 6 303 261 17.6 2014 7 30 7 303 255 19.4 2014 7 30 8 303 253 20 2014 7 30 9 304 264 20.2 2014 7 30 10 304 239 21.5 2014 7 30 11 304 199 21 2014 7 30 12 305 240 21.8 2014 7 30 13 305 267 23.2 2014 7 30 14 306 208 22.7 2014 7 30 15 306 231 23.8 2014 7 30 16 305 185 24.2 2014 7 30 17 304 237 23 2014 7 30 18 304 206 22.8 2014 7 30 19 303 246 24.4 2014 7 30 20 303 194 25.2 2014 7 30 21 303 269 21.7 2014 7 30 22 303 266 15.6 2014 7 30 23 302 247 7.8 2014 7 30 24 301
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 251 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 234 17.4 2014 7 31 1 301 228 23.8 2014 7 31 2 301 259 19.6 2014 7 31 3 302 267 18 2014 7 31 4 302 197 13.5 2014 7 31 5 302 204 11.7 2014 7 31 6 303 213 9.8 2014 7 31 7 303 269 5.2 2014 7 31 8 303 248 3.6 2014 7 31 9 304 255 4.5 2014 7 31 10 304 237 7.8 2014 7 31 11 304 251 9.7 2014 7 31 12 305 228 10 2014 7 31 13 305 236 12.6 2014 7 31 14 305 187 15.7 2014 7 31 15 306 192 17.5 2014 7 31 16 305 249 14.9 2014 7 31 17 305 273 9.5 2014 7 31 18 304 185 13.6 2014 7 31 19 303 241 19.3 2014 7 31 20 303 265 15 2014 7 31 21 303 220 11.3 2014 7 31 22 303 253 8.8 2014 7 31 23 302 277 12.6 2014 7 31 24 301 276 0.8 2014 8 1 1 301 195 3.7 2014 8 1 2 301 203 1.9 2014 8 1 3 301
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 252 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 209 2.7 2014 8 1 4 301 258 4.8 2014 8 1 5 302 269 7.5 2014 8 1 6 302 174 8.3 2014 8 1 7 302 244 10.1 2014 8 1 8 303 180 10.5 2014 8 1 9 303 212 11.8 2014 8 1 10 303 269 12.7 2014 8 1 11 303 217 13 2014 8 1 12 304 226 15.2 2014 8 1 13 304 275 17.2 2014 8 1 14 304 189 19.6 2014 8 1 15 304 270 19 2014 8 1 16 303 261 17.9 2014 8 1 17 303 209 20.4 2014 8 1 18 303 245 18.6 2014 8 1 19 302 266 16.7 2014 8 1 20 302 213 21.8 2014 8 1 21 302 193 17.1 2014 8 1 22 302 252 11.7 2014 8 1 23 301 224 2.4 2014 8 1 24 301 248 1.8 2014 8 2 1 301 183 0.2 2014 8 2 2 301 240 2.9 2014 8 2 3 302 266 3.3 2014 8 2 4 302 217 3.8 2014 8 2 5 302 172 4.4 2014 8 2 6 303
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 253 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 254 5 2014 8 2 7 303 285 6.7 2014 8 2 8 303 249 7.2 2014 8 2 9 304 210 8.1 2014 8 2 10 304 267 10.3 2014 8 2 11 304 197 7.5 2014 8 2 12 305 190 7.8 2014 8 2 13 305 238 9.5 2014 8 2 14 306 224 8.6 2014 8 2 15 306 201 11.7 2014 8 2 16 305 267 10.2 2014 8 2 17 304 239 7.5 2014 8 2 18 304 247 8.5 2014 8 2 19 303 205 11 2014 8 2 20 303 250 9.8 2014 8 2 21 303 187 7.9 2014 8 2 22 303 288 7.3 2014 8 2 23 302 279 3.6 2014 8 2 24 301 266 2.8 2014 8 3 1 301 247 5.9 2014 8 3 2 301 184 3.6 2014 8 3 3 302 206 2.7 2014 8 3 4 302 249 2.3 2014 8 3 5 302 280 1.5 2014 8 3 6 303 191 0.8 2014 8 3 7 303 257 0 2014 8 3 8 303 234 2.5 2014 8 3 9 304
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 254 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 221 4.6 2014 8 3 10 304 196 7.9 2014 8 3 11 304 175 8.4 2014 8 3 12 305 255 9.6 2014 8 3 13 305 208 10.5 2014 8 3 14 305 230 10.9 2014 8 3 15 306 268 12.2 2014 8 3 16 305 182 12.6 2014 8 3 17 305 244 10.6 2014 8 3 18 304 279 13.1 2014 8 3 19 303 233 11 2014 8 3 20 303 208 10.3 2014 8 3 21 303 185 9.7 2014 8 3 22 303 164 10.8 2014 8 3 23 302 218 7.4 2014 8 3 24 301 201 2.8 2014 8 4 1 301 250 3.3 2014 8 4 2 301 184 4.1 2014 8 4 3 301 226 3.9 2014 8 4 4 301 271 4.4 2014 8 4 5 302 203 4 2014 8 4 6 302 185 5.5 2014 8 4 7 302 166 5.3 2014 8 4 8 303 287 6.7 2014 8 4 9 303 269 4.2 2014 8 4 10 303 231 3.6 2014 8 4 11 303 260 5.4 2014 8 4 12 304
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 255 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 248 3 2014 8 4 13 304 277 8.8 2014 8 4 14 304 213 7.6 2014 8 4 15 304 226 9.7 2014 8 4 16 303 215 11 2014 8 4 17 303 279 12.8 2014 8 4 18 303 178 15.9 2014 8 4 19 302 218 18.1 2014 8 4 20 302 263 20.4 2014 8 4 21 302 279 19 2014 8 4 22 302 210 13.5 2014 8 4 23 301 239 3.2 2014 8 4 24 301 287 7.8 2014 8 5 1 301 226 10.7 2014 8 5 2 301 259 16.5 2014 8 5 3 302 230 18.9 2014 8 5 4 302 182 13.4 2014 8 5 5 302 219 10.8 2014 8 5 6 303 187 13.1 2014 8 5 7 303 269 5.5 2014 8 5 8 303 243 6.4 2014 8 5 9 304 255 8.2 2014 8 5 10 304 213 5 2014 8 5 11 304 275 7.3 2014 8 5 12 305 209 8.6 2014 8 5 13 305 173 9.6 2014 8 5 14 306 211 11.5 2014 8 5 15 306
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 256 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 197 5.4 2014 8 5 16 305 215 4.7 2014 8 5 17 304 285 1.8 2014 8 5 18 304 244 0.9 2014 8 5 19 303 261 0 2014 8 5 20 303 278 2.5 2014 8 5 21 303 209 2.1 2014 8 5 22 303 215 3.8 2014 8 5 23 302 211 11.1 2014 8 5 24 301 208 6.4 2014 8 6 1 301 276 6 2014 8 6 2 301 250 4.6 2014 8 6 3 302 248 5.1 2014 8 6 4 302 219 3.5 2014 8 6 5 302 211 1.9 2014 8 6 6 303 267 0.7 2014 8 6 7 303 195 0.3 2014 8 6 8 303 247 1.2 2014 8 6 9 304 206 1.8 2014 8 6 10 304 257 2.6 2014 8 6 11 304 249 4 2014 8 6 12 305 218 4.7 2014 8 6 13 305 237 5.5 2014 8 6 14 305 261 5.8 2014 8 6 15 306 201 6.4 2014 8 6 16 305 197 7.6 2014 8 6 17 305 213 9.7 2014 8 6 18 304
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 257 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 250 8.9 2014 8 6 19 303 284 11.2 2014 8 6 20 303 204 12.1 2014 8 6 21 303 175 10.5 2014 8 6 22 303 244 7 2014 8 6 23 302 233 8.8 2014 8 6 24 301 249 3.6 2014 8 7 1 301 217 3.1 2014 8 7 2 301 230 5.7 2014 8 7 3 301 201 1.5 2014 8 7 4 301 285 1.8 2014 8 7 5 302 277 2.7 2014 8 7 6 302 245 0.6 2014 8 7 7 302 218 2.1 2014 8 7 8 303 184 4.9 2014 8 7 9 303 215 1 2014 8 7 10 303 190 3.2 2014 8 7 11 303 277 4.3 2014 8 7 12 304 236 5.5 2014 8 7 13 304 248 4.6 2014 8 7 14 304 219 7.6 2014 8 7 15 304 197 7.8 2014 8 7 16 303 166 9.4 2014 8 7 17 303 228 8 2014 8 7 18 303 244 9.1 2014 8 7 19 302 260 7.3 2014 8 7 20 302 210 7.7 2014 8 7 21 302
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 258 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 237 8.2 2014 8 7 22 302 269 5.8 2014 8 7 23 301 186 2.9 2014 8 7 24 301 224 3.7 2014 8 8 1 301 273 1.4 2014 8 8 2 301 212 2.6 2014 8 8 3 302 254 7.8 2014 8 8 4 302 198 6.5 2014 8 8 5 302 191 6.1 2014 8 8 6 303 248 5.2 2014 8 8 7 303 263 3.6 2014 8 8 8 303 237 2.4 2014 8 8 9 304 208 4.7 2014 8 8 10 304 217 7.3 2014 8 8 11 304 195 5.2 2014 8 8 12 305 241 5.8 2014 8 8 13 305 281 4.1 2014 8 8 14 306 204 8.4 2014 8 8 15 306 213 6.4 2014 8 8 16 305 176 6 2014 8 8 17 304 229 5.6 2014 8 8 18 304 288 4.5 2014 8 8 19 303 238 2.6 2014 8 8 20 303 198 5.6 2014 8 8 21 303 277 4.8 2014 8 8 22 303 242 3 2014 8 8 23 302 180 8.4 2014 8 8 24 301
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 259 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 249 2.5 2014 8 9 1 301 207 2.1 2014 8 9 2 301 268 1.8 2014 8 9 3 302 271 3.9 2014 8 9 4 302 213 2.6 2014 8 9 5 302 228 4.7 2014 8 9 6 303 164 3.3 2014 8 9 7 303 208 1.9 2014 8 9 8 303 220 5.2 2014 8 9 9 304 276 4.4 2014 8 9 10 304 264 3.4 2014 8 9 11 304 183 3.7 2014 8 9 12 305 250 2.8 2014 8 9 13 305 282 4.1 2014 8 9 14 305 189 5.3 2014 8 9 15 306 201 4.5 2014 8 9 16 305 257 1.6 2014 8 9 17 305 294 1.8 2014 8 9 18 304 212 2.7 2014 8 9 19 303 239 2.3 2014 8 9 20 303 214 2 2014 8 9 21 303 233 3.6 2014 8 9 22 303 199 3.9 2014 8 9 23 302 233 0.7 2014 8 9 24 301 280 3.2 2014 8 10 1 301 227 1.8 2014 8 10 2 301 208 0.3 2014 8 10 3 301
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 260 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 238 1.7 2014 8 10 4 301 246 2.1 2014 8 10 5 302 267 5.2 2014 8 10 6 302 211 4.5 2014 8 10 7 302 179 3.7 2014 8 10 8 303 283 0.9 2014 8 10 9 303 277 2.4 2014 8 10 10 303 236 3.6 2014 8 10 11 303 221 1.6 2014 8 10 12 304 194 1.9 2014 8 10 13 304 183 2.8 2014 8 10 14 304 273 3.8 2014 8 10 15 304 243 4.3 2014 8 10 16 303 288 4 2014 8 10 17 303 218 3.4 2014 8 10 18 303 248 3.1 2014 8 10 19 302 206 4.6 2014 8 10 20 302 264 3 2014 8 10 21 302 197 1.3 2014 8 10 22 302 255 5.8 2014 8 10 23 301 261 2 2014 8 10 24 301 237 3.4 2014 8 11 1 301 205 3.1 2014 8 11 2 301 267 4.5 2014 8 11 3 302 261 4.2 2014 8 11 4 302 228 5.6 2014 8 11 5 302 219 2.5 2014 8 11 6 303
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 261 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 208 4 2014 8 11 7 303 273 7.6 2014 8 11 8 303 260 7.8 2014 8 11 9 304 169 9.3 2014 8 11 10 304 274 6.7 2014 8 11 11 304 191 5.5 2014 8 11 12 305 228 4.3 2014 8 11 13 305 237 5 2014 8 11 14 306 261 2.6 2014 8 11 15 306 283 3.5 2014 8 11 16 305 274 3.9 2014 8 11 17 304 269 5.1 2014 8 11 18 304 249 5.7 2014 8 11 19 303 196 6.2 2014 8 11 20 303 187 7 2014 8 11 21 303 284 8.5 2014 8 11 22 303 267 7.6 2014 8 11 23 302 249 5.8 2014 8 11 24 301 208 7.7 2014 8 12 1 301 237 8.8 2014 8 12 2 301 190 2.6 2014 8 12 3 302 274 3.8 2014 8 12 4 302 260 4.7 2014 8 12 5 302 229 2.9 2014 8 12 6 303 207 2.2 2014 8 12 7 303 238 5.4 2014 8 12 8 303 269 3 2014 8 12 9 304
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 262 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 204 3.8 2014 8 12 10 304 185 4.8 2014 8 12 11 304 234 5.3 2014 8 12 12 305 263 6.2 2014 8 12 13 305 213 6 2014 8 12 14 305 288 7.5 2014 8 12 15 306 193 7.9 2014 8 12 16 305 270 8.5 2014 8 12 17 305 246 9.6 2014 8 12 18 304 249 8 2014 8 12 19 303 212 9.4 2014 8 12 20 303 177 10.1 2014 8 12 21 303 283 7.8 2014 8 12 22 303 244 6.7 2014 8 12 23 302 267 2.9 2014 8 12 24 301 234 11.2 2014 8 13 1 301 260 10.8 2014 8 13 2 301 175 12.7 2014 8 13 3 301 266 10.4 2014 8 13 4 301 218 9 2014 8 13 5 302 202 9.5 2014 8 13 6 302 258 8.2 2014 8 13 7 302 245 9.9 2014 8 13 8 303 235 7.6 2014 8 13 9 303 196 7.1 2014 8 13 10 303 281 8.7 2014 8 13 11 303 174 9.6 2014 8 13 12 304
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 263 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 182 7 2014 8 13 13 304 273 6.8 2014 8 13 14 304 239 6.1 2014 8 13 15 304 210 7.3 2014 8 13 16 303 227 8.3 2014 8 13 17 303 177 6.5 2014 8 13 18 303 165 7.9 2014 8 13 19 302 268 6.2 2014 8 13 20 302 189 7.7 2014 8 13 21 302 249 5.8 2014 8 13 22 302 220 6.7 2014 8 13 23 301 251 13.5 2014 8 13 24 301 230 3.7 2014 8 14 1 301 274 0.5 2014 8 14 2 301 245 2.6 2014 8 14 3 302 216 2.9 2014 8 14 4 302 193 0.7 2014 8 14 5 302 164 7.3 2014 8 14 6 303 257 5.8 2014 8 14 7 303 239 1.9 2014 8 14 8 303 260 8.1 2014 8 14 9 304 207 4.6 2014 8 14 10 304 219 10.3 2014 8 14 11 304 197 7.3 2014 8 14 12 305 182 9.5 2014 8 14 13 305 268 7.4 2014 8 14 14 306 257 8.7 2014 8 14 15 306
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 264 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 231 10.2 2014 8 14 16 305 281 7.2 2014 8 14 17 304 188 15.9 2014 8 14 18 304 219 10 2014 8 14 19 303 210 12.3 2014 8 14 20 303 264 8.4 2014 8 14 21 303 206 13.8 2014 8 14 22 303 229 10.8 2014 8 14 23 302 188 -0.6 2014 8 14 24 301 174 1.5 2014 8 15 1 301 199 2.3 2014 8 15 2 301 258 4.1 2014 8 15 3 302 237 3.6 2014 8 15 4 302 249 4.4 2014 8 15 5 302 274 6.9 2014 8 15 6 303 207 7.7 2014 8 15 7 303 176 5.2 2014 8 15 8 303 235 5 2014 8 15 9 304 275 6.3 2014 8 15 10 304 208 7.5 2014 8 15 11 304 219 8.6 2014 8 15 12 305 277 7.4 2014 8 15 13 305 178 10.3 2014 8 15 14 305 182 6.8 2014 8 15 15 306 237 5.9 2014 8 15 16 305 244 5 2014 8 15 17 305 211 4.6 2014 8 15 18 304
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 265 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 257 4.3 2014 8 15 19 303 260 3.7 2014 8 15 20 303 207 3.1 2014 8 15 21 303 230 2.5 2014 8 15 22 303 241 2.8 2014 8 15 23 302 233 1.5 2014 8 15 24 301 249 7.5 2014 8 16 1 301 266 6.8 2014 8 16 2 301 237 7.6 2014 8 16 3 301 189 8.8 2014 8 16 4 301 284 6.4 2014 8 16 5 302 181 6 2014 8 16 6 302 241 5.3 2014 8 16 7 302 129 5.7 2014 8 16 8 303 90 1.4 2014 8 16 9 303 169 2.9 2014 8 16 10 303 202 3.2 2014 8 16 11 303 229 2.5 2014 8 16 12 304 146 3.7 2014 8 16 13 304 197 5.8 2014 8 16 14 304 173 6.1 2014 8 16 15 304 221 5.6 2014 8 16 16 303 253 8.1 2014 8 16 17 303 195 8.8 2014 8 16 18 303 147 10.4 2014 8 16 19 302 208 9.6 2014 8 16 20 302 267 9.2 2014 8 16 21 302
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 266 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 123 10.2 2014 8 16 22 302 181 7.7 2014 8 16 23 301 126 8 2014 8 16 24 301 276 10.5 2014 8 17 1 301 209 11.8 2014 8 17 2 301 194 7.9 2014 8 17 3 302 227 3.8 2014 8 17 4 302 254 6.2 2014 8 17 5 302 213 8.4 2014 8 17 6 303 185 7.7 2014 8 17 7 303 286 4.3 2014 8 17 8 303 217 4.6 2014 8 17 9 304 230 6.8 2014 8 17 10 304 241 9.1 2014 8 17 11 304 179 5.8 2014 8 17 12 305 193 7.2 2014 8 17 13 305 257 4.5 2014 8 17 14 306 219 4.3 2014 8 17 15 306 207 3.8 2014 8 17 16 305 168 3.2 2014 8 17 17 304 182 4.1 2014 8 17 18 304 274 3 2014 8 17 19 303 294 2.6 2014 8 17 20 303 227 2.2 2014 8 17 21 303 260 3.7 2014 8 17 22 303 285 5.8 2014 8 17 23 302 233 11.6 2014 8 17 24 301
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 267 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 158 3.7 2014 8 18 1 301 241 7.4 2014 8 18 2 301 199 2.4 2014 8 18 3 302 175 2.9 2014 8 18 4 302 238 4.8 2014 8 18 5 302 207 3.5 2014 8 18 6 303 226 4.2 2014 8 18 7 303 285 6.3 2014 8 18 8 303 246 6 2014 8 18 9 304 218 3.4 2014 8 18 10 304 267 7.6 2014 8 18 11 304 249 1.7 2014 8 18 12 305 234 2 2014 8 18 13 305 216 5.8 2014 8 18 14 305 168 3.1 2014 8 18 15 306 239 3.4 2014 8 18 16 305 197 4.9 2014 8 18 17 305 240 4.2 2014 8 18 18 304 260 9.4 2014 8 18 19 303 180 10.8 2014 8 18 20 303 273 8 2014 8 18 21 303 243 8.9 2014 8 18 22 303 219 7.5 2014 8 18 23 302 287 0.9 2014 8 18 24 301 178 3.5 2014 8 19 1 301 166 1.5 2014 8 19 2 301 218 1.9 2014 8 19 3 301
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 268 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 268 2.8 2014 8 19 4 301 249 1 2014 8 19 5 302 206 4.7 2014 8 19 6 302 230 3.9 2014 8 19 7 302 261 5 2014 8 19 8 303 241 5.2 2014 8 19 9 303 194 6.3 2014 8 19 10 303 267 7.2 2014 8 19 11 303 237 7.8 2014 8 19 12 304 264 6.7 2014 8 19 13 304 169 6.2 2014 8 19 14 304 291 7.1 2014 8 19 15 304 273 9 2014 8 19 16 303 219 8.6 2014 8 19 17 303 234 6.8 2014 8 19 18 303 227 7.6 2014 8 19 19 302 267 5.5 2014 8 19 20 302 201 13.4 2014 8 19 21 302 237 9.3 2014 8 19 22 302 183 6.8 2014 8 19 23 301 244 0.7 2014 8 19 24 301 190 11.8 2014 8 20 1 301 238 10.7 2014 8 20 2 301 210 9.5 2014 8 20 3 302 182 8.9 2014 8 20 4 302 246 11.3 2014 8 20 5 302 154 9.6 2014 8 20 6 303
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 269 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 238 11.7 2014 8 20 7 303 267 7.8 2014 8 20 8 303 207 10.5 2014 8 20 9 304 260 11.2 2014 8 20 10 304 193 11.9 2014 8 20 11 304 155 11.6 2014 8 20 12 305 259 11 2014 8 20 13 305 281 10.7 2014 8 20 14 306 224 9.8 2014 8 20 15 306 264 10.5 2014 8 20 16 305 200 11.1 2014 8 20 17 304 240 10.6 2014 8 20 18 304 188 9.2 2014 8 20 19 303 246 11.8 2014 8 20 20 303 283 9.4 2014 8 20 21 303 249 7.3 2014 8 20 22 303 227 12.5 2014 8 20 23 302 199 10.8 2014 8 20 24 301 215 3.5 2014 8 21 1 301 231 2.9 2014 8 21 2 301 274 0.5 2014 8 21 3 302 206 1.9 2014 8 21 4 302 219 1.4 2014 8 21 5 302 185 3.1 2014 8 21 6 303 269 0.8 2014 8 21 7 303 213 3.6 2014 8 21 8 303 228 2.9 2014 8 21 9 304
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 270 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 270 1.1 2014 8 21 10 304 192 2.7 2014 8 21 11 304 177 4.9 2014 8 21 12 305 269 5 2014 8 21 13 305 281 6.4 2014 8 21 14 305 237 9.5 2014 8 21 15 306 249 13.7 2014 8 21 16 305 260 10.9 2014 8 21 17 305 210 8.5 2014 8 21 18 304 276 10.1 2014 8 21 19 303 243 12 2014 8 21 20 303 288 10.3 2014 8 21 21 303 216 8.3 2014 8 21 22 303 224 7.8 2014 8 21 23 302 261 0.7 2014 8 21 24 301 189 0.9 2014 8 22 1 301 249 2.1 2014 8 22 2 301 203 -0.2 2014 8 22 3 301 173 0.6 2014 8 22 4 301 180 1.4 2014 8 22 5 302 241 1.9 2014 8 22 6 302 267 0.1 2014 8 22 7 302 294 0 2014 8 22 8 303 234 1.6 2014 8 22 9 303 217 2.7 2014 8 22 10 303 237 1.9 2014 8 22 11 303 247 3.2 2014 8 22 12 304
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 271 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 233 1.2 2014 8 22 13 304 186 2.8 2014 8 22 14 304 276 8.2 2014 8 22 15 304 249 10.7 2014 8 22 16 303 277 9.9 2014 8 22 17 303 211 16.8 2014 8 22 18 303 238 23.4 2014 8 22 19 302 268 24 2014 8 22 20 302 185 25.4 2014 8 22 21 302 241 18.6 2014 8 22 22 302 261 19.9 2014 8 22 23 301 218 0.3 2014 8 22 24 301 234 27.4 2014 8 23 1 301 215 23.5 2014 8 23 2 301 228 25.7 2014 8 23 3 302 198 22 2014 8 23 4 302 264 24.2 2014 8 23 5 302 256 19.5 2014 8 23 6 303 223 15.1 2014 8 23 7 303 207 10.8 2014 8 23 8 303 183 10.2 2014 8 23 9 304 247 14.9 2014 8 23 10 304 268 16.6 2014 8 23 11 304 219 20.3 2014 8 23 12 305 230 23 2014 8 23 13 305 281 24.3 2014 8 23 14 306 183 23.6 2014 8 23 15 306
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 272 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 276 20.8 2014 8 23 16 305 262 27.5 2014 8 23 17 304 228 28.6 2014 8 23 18 304 197 31.2 2014 8 23 19 303 168 25.7 2014 8 23 20 303 233 23.9 2014 8 23 21 303 259 26.9 2014 8 23 22 303 216 27.2 2014 8 23 23 302 296 29.6 2014 8 23 24 301 234 26.6 2014 8 24 1 301 216 29.7 2014 8 24 2 301 208 27.3 2014 8 24 3 302 174 28.9 2014 8 24 4 302 233 21.7 2014 8 24 5 302 192 25.6 2014 8 24 6 303 269 21.5 2014 8 24 7 303 244 29.8 2014 8 24 8 303 219 19.6 2014 8 24 9 304 250 15.5 2014 8 24 10 304 194 10.1 2014 8 24 11 304 166 9.7 2014 8 24 12 305 273 5.2 2014 8 24 13 305 248 1.7 2014 8 24 14 305 231 2.8 2014 8 24 15 306 281 5 2014 8 24 16 305 209 10.3 2014 8 24 17 305 237 13.5 2014 8 24 18 304
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 273 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 241 18.9 2014 8 24 19 303 268 21.7 2014 8 24 20 303 259 25.4 2014 8 24 21 303 213 27.1 2014 8 24 22 303 262 23.6 2014 8 24 23 302 277 22.1 2014 8 24 24 301 247 23.4 2014 8 25 1 301 268 17.7 2014 8 25 2 301 215 13.6 2014 8 25 3 301 234 15.3 2014 8 25 4 301 208 12.7 2014 8 25 5 302 199 11.3 2014 8 25 6 302 174 10.8 2014 8 25 7 302 269 9.6 2014 8 25 8 303 233 10.5 2014 8 25 9 303 261 13.6 2014 8 25 10 303 246 15 2014 8 25 11 303 270 17.7 2014 8 25 12 304 259 19.7 2014 8 25 13 304 228 23.2 2014 8 25 14 304 183 24.6 2014 8 25 15 304 234 25.2 2014 8 25 16 303 266 30.5 2014 8 25 17 303 249 27 2014 8 25 18 303 281 25.7 2014 8 25 19 302 200 31.9 2014 8 25 20 302 237 30.1 2014 8 25 21 302
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 274 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 219 27.4 2014 8 25 22 302 294 22.7 2014 8 25 23 301 194 19.2 2014 8 25 24 301 217 22.4 2014 8 26 1 301 168 28.6 2014 8 26 2 301 287 21.9 2014 8 26 3 302 269 19.7 2014 8 26 4 302 238 17.3 2014 8 26 5 302 271 23.9 2014 8 26 6 303 207 15.4 2014 8 26 7 303 239 14.3 2014 8 26 8 303 243 13.6 2014 8 26 9 304 282 12 2014 8 26 10 304 262 12.6 2014 8 26 11 304 215 10.7 2014 8 26 12 305 240 9.9 2014 8 26 13 305 196 6.5 2014 8 26 14 306 181 9.6 2014 8 26 15 306 271 13 2014 8 26 16 305 237 19.3 2014 8 26 17 304 264 22.1 2014 8 26 18 304 298 29 2014 8 26 19 303 194 31.5 2014 8 26 20 303 268 34.8 2014 8 26 21 303 233 36.2 2014 8 26 22 303 274 30.6 2014 8 26 23 302 244 18.9 2014 8 26 24 301
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 275 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 277 39.6 2014 8 27 1 301 198 35.3 2014 8 27 2 301 237 32.1 2014 8 27 3 302 246 30.8 2014 8 27 4 302 281 29 2014 8 27 5 302 273 32.4 2014 8 27 6 303 225 29.8 2014 8 27 7 303 210 19.6 2014 8 27 8 303 182 28.9 2014 8 27 9 304 246 21.7 2014 8 27 10 304 239 25 2014 8 27 11 304 297 29 2014 8 27 12 305 280 30.4 2014 8 27 13 305 191 32.8 2014 8 27 14 305 251 30.9 2014 8 27 15 306 237 27.1 2014 8 27 16 305 207 25.4 2014 8 27 17 305 266 23.6 2014 8 27 18 304 217 22.1 2014 8 27 19 303 284 19.8 2014 8 27 20 303 279 17.9 2014 8 27 21 303 229 13.5 2014 8 27 22 303 249 16.8 2014 8 27 23 302 217 41 2014 8 27 24 301 256 11.5 2014 8 28 1 301 218 9.6 2014 8 28 2 301 274 7.9 2014 8 28 3 301
SENES/H-20084/ July 2016 276 ONGC. EIA for exploration of hydrocarbons at Ramanathapuram PML Block
temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 194 11.1 2014 8 28 4 301 237 8.8 2014 8 28 5 302 266 9.1 2014 8 28 6 302 281 13.7 2014 8 28 7 302 234 6.2 2014 8 28 8 303 209 13 2014 8 28 9 303 193 15.4 2014 8 28 10 303 169 15.9 2014 8 28 11 303 267 19.3 2014 8 28 12 304 249 21 2014 8 28 13 304 218 21.6 2014 8 28 14 304 237 27.3 2014 8 28 15 304 264 29.1 2014 8 28 16 303 280 30.4 2014 8 28 17 303 197 29.5 2014 8 28 18 303 216 31 2014 8 28 19 302 259 32.4 2014 8 28 20 302 238 30.9 2014 8 28 21 302 227 22.7 2014 8 28 22 302 213 23.3 2014 8 28 23 301 290 12.7 2014 8 28 24 301 249 17.7 2014 8 29 1 301 218 26.8 2014 8 29 2 301 277 24.3 2014 8 29 3 302 230 24 2014 8 29 4 302 269 23.7 2014 8 29 5 302 257 23 2014 8 29 6 303
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temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 194 19.4 2014 8 29 7 303 255 20.8 2014 8 29 8 303 238 25.3 2014 8 29 9 304 294 27.1 2014 8 29 10 304 206 30.2 2014 8 29 11 304 240 31.5 2014 8 29 12 305 191 33.9 2014 8 29 13 305 231 37.4 2014 8 29 14 306 262 38.7 2014 8 29 15 306 214 35.8 2014 8 29 16 305 292 37.3 2014 8 29 17 304 260 36 2014 8 29 18 304 227 34.7 2014 8 29 19 303 199 33.5 2014 8 29 20 303 273 31.6 2014 8 29 21 303 254 27.3 2014 8 29 22 303 251 22.5 2014 8 29 23 302 172 20.5 2014 8 29 24 301 267 31 2014 8 30 1 301 210 29.8 2014 8 30 2 301 238 27.1 2014 8 30 3 302 279 24.7 2014 8 30 4 302 187 23.1 2014 8 30 5 302 269 23 2014 8 30 6 303 217 19.5 2014 8 30 7 303 244 17.3 2014 8 30 8 303 273 16.7 2014 8 30 9 304
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temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 214 13.8 2014 8 30 10 304 264 15.6 2014 8 30 11 304 239 14.6 2014 8 30 12 305 210 16.9 2014 8 30 13 305 192 18.1 2014 8 30 14 305 227 19.6 2014 8 30 15 306 268 17.3 2014 8 30 16 305 249 20.7 2014 8 30 17 305 299 19.9 2014 8 30 18 304 237 21.5 2014 8 30 19 303 281 20.6 2014 8 30 20 303 267 16.8 2014 8 30 21 303 284 19.1 2014 8 30 22 303 219 21.3 2014 8 30 23 302 222 22.7 2014 8 30 24 301 214 3.7 2014 8 31 1 301 284 5.8 2014 8 31 2 301 217 1.5 2014 8 31 3 301 197 3.6 2014 8 31 4 301 238 5 2014 8 31 5 302 267 11.6 2014 8 31 6 302 269 21 2014 8 31 7 302 247 19.3 2014 8 31 8 303 284 21.7 2014 8 31 9 303 286 22.8 2014 8 31 10 303 217 25.9 2014 8 31 11 303 230 27.1 2014 8 31 12 304
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temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 192 29 2014 8 31 13 304 164 30.3 2014 8 31 14 304 234 31.7 2014 8 31 15 304 264 32.6 2014 8 31 16 303 279 27.7 2014 8 31 17 303 257 25.7 2014 8 31 18 303 248 19.6 2014 8 31 19 302 293 20.1 2014 8 31 20 302 213 24 2014 8 31 21 302 245 30.5 2014 8 31 22 302 277 24.8 2014 8 31 23 301 262 0 2014 8 31 24 301 216 26.3 2014 9 1 1 301 223 30.7 2014 9 1 2 301 274 24 2014 9 1 3 302 270 22.8 2014 9 1 4 302 234 19.8 2014 9 1 5 302 265 20 2014 9 1 6 303 184 15.7 2014 9 1 7 303 204 13.6 2014 9 1 8 303 236 15.1 2014 9 1 9 304 247 18.2 2014 9 1 10 304 267 21.6 2014 9 1 11 304 218 28.2 2014 9 1 12 305 203 30.5 2014 9 1 13 305 249 34.9 2014 9 1 14 306 221 35.4 2014 9 1 15 306
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temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 193 33.2 2014 9 1 16 305 242 31 2014 9 1 17 304 266 32.3 2014 9 1 18 304 215 29.7 2014 9 1 19 303 201 27.5 2014 9 1 20 303 188 24.4 2014 9 1 21 303 165 20.6 2014 9 1 22 303 196 14.9 2014 9 1 23 302 251 23.4 2014 9 1 24 301 206 1.8 2014 9 2 1 301 184 0.6 2014 9 2 2 301 210 2.7 2014 9 2 3 302 268 3.9 2014 9 2 4 302 232 2.4 2014 9 2 5 302 199 5 2014 9 2 6 303 240 10.5 2014 9 2 7 303 246 12.3 2014 9 2 8 303 269 13 2014 9 2 9 304 187 17.1 2014 9 2 10 304 205 21.2 2014 9 2 11 304 219 24.3 2014 9 2 12 305 235 28.1 2014 9 2 13 305 190 29.5 2014 9 2 14 305 261 31 2014 9 2 15 306 231 31.5 2014 9 2 16 305 204 33.4 2014 9 2 17 305 289 27.3 2014 9 2 18 304
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temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 173 30.7 2014 9 2 19 303 198 27.9 2014 9 2 20 303 245 21.8 2014 9 2 21 303 240 13.8 2014 9 2 22 303 271 19.6 2014 9 2 23 302 226 0.4 2014 9 2 24 301 254 10.2 2014 9 3 1 301 266 12.8 2014 9 3 2 301 175 7.9 2014 9 3 3 301 208 15.7 2014 9 3 4 301 259 14 2014 9 3 5 302 237 11.5 2014 9 3 6 302 215 9.3 2014 9 3 7 302 169 7.6 2014 9 3 8 303 274 11.2 2014 9 3 9 303 251 14.4 2014 9 3 10 303 232 15.1 2014 9 3 11 303 272 19.7 2014 9 3 12 304 248 21.6 2014 9 3 13 304 210 23 2014 9 3 14 304 268 24.5 2014 9 3 15 304 197 22.3 2014 9 3 16 303 226 20.7 2014 9 3 17 303 275 17.6 2014 9 3 18 303 250 17.9 2014 9 3 19 302 184 15.4 2014 9 3 20 302 217 13.6 2014 9 3 21 302
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temp Year Month Day Hour Wd Ws (km/hr) (K) 263 12 2014 9 3 22 302
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Annexure-3.4
Demographic Details
Sl NAME No. HH TOT_P TOT_M TOT_F P_SC P_ST P_LIT P_ILL TOT_WORK_P No 1 Pandamangalam 58 229 119 110 22 0 204 25 171 2 Pamban 8522 37819 19163 18656 503 3 28304 9515 13116 3 Valinockam 1067 6221 3177 3044 10 0 4139 2082 2069 4 Andichiendal 18 80 45 35 52 0 70 10 74 5 Vennathur 544 2218 1063 1155 508 0 1471 747 1390 6 Pathanendal 161 638 275 363 33 0 334 304 310 7 Naranamangalam 296 1342 654 688 352 0 715 627 985 8 Alamalandal 450 1961 956 1005 913 0 1106 855 1218 9 Devipattinam 2097 10166 4891 5275 1830 225 6779 3387 2987 10 Peruvayal 329 1394 681 713 1075 0 700 694 803 11 Kumariyendal 63 298 154 144 28 0 145 153 207 12 Kavanur 573 2379 1145 1234 981 0 1437 942 1531 13 Karendal 232 911 426 485 360 0 589 322 618 14 Pullangudi 323 1398 703 695 727 0 892 506 742 15 Chittrakkottai 1818 8111 3701 4410 754 0 5331 2780 2735 16 Athyuthu 491 2448 1151 1297 302 0 1555 893 775 17 Alangulam 201 941 439 502 304 0 614 327 258 18 Toruvalur 647 2474 1205 1269 1407 0 1553 921 1535 19 Vannivayal 407 1625 817 808 1019 0 851 774 920 20 Surankottai 1014 4445 2253 2192 1728 3 2857 1588 1330 21 Pattinamkattan 3310 14244 7122 7122 2605 1 10246 3998 4682 22 Thiruvolhiyakalugoorani 630 2960 1437 1523 325 0 1879 1081 1076 23 Terbhogi 1037 4685 2128 2557 112 0 2927 1758 1441 24 Alagankulam 2894 13754 6262 7492 500 0 9713 4041 2797 25 Attangarai 565 2764 1319 1445 0 0 1810 954 815
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26 Perungulam 1134 5280 2616 2664 51 0 3336 1944 2514 27 Valantaravai 1689 7400 3665 3735 1354 0 4697 2703 3067 28 Kusavankudi 599 2728 1288 1440 727 0 1717 1011 1000 29 Sakkarakottai 3737 16014 7937 8077 3090 25 10667 5347 5787 30 Rajasuriamadai 844 3898 1958 1940 964 0 2069 1829 1386 31 Kooriyur 406 1831 889 942 637 0 1070 761 761 32 Achchundanvayal 329 1451 707 744 410 0 941 510 679 33 Landai 538 2136 1053 1083 1814 0 1324 812 1120 34 Panaikkulam 297 1127 543 584 538 0 565 562 631 35 Malangudi 455 1910 941 969 1276 0 997 913 1175 36 Ekkakudi 326 1370 611 759 482 0 734 636 462 37 Vellamarichchukkatti 358 1380 673 707 882 0 669 711 821 38 Achadipirambu 31 153 76 77 150 0 100 53 1 39 Kudakottai 705 3327 1588 1739 580 0 1660 1667 1216 40 Vannankundu 1515 6607 3061 3546 176 0 3717 2890 3690 41 Raghunathapuram 1529 6410 3052 3358 141 0 4159 2251 3189 42 Kumbaram 499 2027 1022 1005 0 0 1075 952 1354 43 Rettaiyurani 1521 6357 3173 3184 170 0 3881 2476 3366 44 Nagachi 723 3329 1710 1619 33 0 1955 1374 1245 45 Enmanamkondan 1418 6590 3293 3297 590 13 4630 1960 2066 46 Pirappanvalasai 1045 4687 2220 2467 198 7 3180 1507 1330 47 Sattakkonvalasai 533 2496 1226 1270 53 0 1721 775 1003 48 Mandapam 1720 8255 4166 4089 417 8 5924 2331 2359 49 Nochiyurani 554 2343 1149 1194 35 0 1642 701 886 50 Pudumadam 1751 7688 3419 4269 62 0 5375 2313 1713 51 Karan 790 3325 1637 1688 23 0 2097 1228 1851 52 Periapattinam 1799 9478 4793 4685 100 0 6442 3036 2596 53 Kalimankundu 1275 5338 2626 2712 118 0 2828 2510 2665 54 Tiruppullani 1440 6084 2895 3189 2020 0 3592 2492 2517 55 Kalari 391 1478 697 781 1187 0 799 679 846
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56 Utrakosamangai 483 2084 1051 1033 278 0 1541 543 1090 57 Mallal 259 1046 488 558 677 0 441 605 596 58 Alagankulam 278 1173 603 570 746 0 571 602 685 59 Nalirukkai 285 1070 536 534 363 0 516 554 613 60 Panaydiyendal 310 1151 566 585 1015 0 410 741 782 61 Valanur 616 2322 1131 1191 1777 0 1237 1085 1258 62 Kulapatham 351 1447 659 788 545 0 754 693 724 63 Pallamerkkulam 532 2535 1050 1485 1312 0 1556 979 952 64 Kanjirangudi 1248 5533 2646 2887 676 0 3415 2118 1924 65 Keelakarai 593 2591 1294 1297 879 0 1385 1206 936 66 Manikkaneri 150 503 221 282 27 0 239 264 373 67 Pullandai 242 1101 515 586 703 0 711 390 676 68 Mayakulam 860 5842 3423 2419 490 1 4328 1514 1519 69 Ramanathapuram (M) 12952 62050 31111 30939 4742 580 48694 13356 18738 70 Keelakarai (TP) 5863 30412 14047 16365 1014 0 23116 7296 7462 71 Mandapam (TP) 3291 16343 8254 8089 1136 6 11679 4664 4732
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Sl No NAME MAINWO MAI MAIN_A MAI MAI MARGWO MAR MAR MARG_H MAR NON_WO RK_P N_ L_P N_ N_ RK_P G_ G_ H_P G_ RK_P CL_ HH_ OT_ CL_P AL_P OT_P P P P 1 Pandaman galam 167 86 24 7 50 4 2 0 0 2 58 2 Pamban 11937 1133 209 127 264 7 1179 295 110 52 722 24703
3 Valinocka 1119 7 13 9 1090 950 11 12 5 922 4152 m 4 Andichien dal 58 42 13 0 3 16 14 1 0 1 6 5 Vennathur 1236 756 201 37 242 154 63 81 3 7 828 6 Pathanend al 309 201 13 0 95 1 1 0 0 0 328 7 Naranama ngalam 899 810 16 7 66 86 67 3 4 12 357 8 Alamaland al 828 735 13 14 66 390 39 347 0 4 743 9 Devipattin am 2508 98 106 129 2175 479 229 67 35 148 7179 10 Peruvayal 798 480 12 244 62 5 2 2 0 1 591 11 Kumariye ndal 207 204 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 91 12 Kavanur 1136 657 307 5 167 395 221 156 1 17 848 13 Karendal 378 111 187 0 80 240 19 214 0 7 293 14 Pullangudi 612 270 69 4 269 130 49 70 0 11 656 15 Chittrakko ttai 1954 179 118 40 1617 781 23 50 353 355 5376 16 Athyuthu 507 98 49 121 239 268 32 126 2 108 1673
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17 Palangula m 162 1 2 0 159 96 1 91 3 1 683 18 Toruvalur 1034 249 340 0 445 501 22 454 1 24 939 19 Vannivaya l 604 355 187 0 62 316 12 256 5 43 705 20 Surankotta i 1300 234 190 48 828 30 11 6 2 11 3115 21 Pattinamk attan 3913 178 662 51 3022 769 186 327 31 225 9562 22 Thiruvolhi yakalugoo rani 747 224 159 4 360 329 5 317 4 3 1884 23 Terbhogi 939 34 166 18 721 502 0 215 229 58 3244 24 Alagankul am 2292 85 24 41 2142 505 4 0 183 318 10957 25 Attangarai 706 34 176 9 487 109 6 56 1 46 1949 26 Perungula m 2236 97 194 651 1294 278 5 153 44 76 2766 27 Valantarav ai 2121 114 1182 183 642 946 12 634 245 55 4333 28 Kusavank udi 721 175 207 5 334 279 11 129 90 49 1728 29 Sakkarako ttai 4420 543 338 113 3426 1367 30 602 397 338 10227 30 Rajasuria madai 1029 287 56 5 681 357 55 224 1 77 2512 31 Kooriyur 737 290 139 9 299 24 18 6 0 0 1070 32 Achchund anvayal 360 157 95 1 107 319 27 244 3 45 772 33 Landai 905 681 32 4 188 215 77 84 5 49 1016 34 Panaikkul am 350 237 50 1 62 281 95 178 1 7 496 35 Malangudi 740 496 190 1 53 435 198 217 0 20 735 36 Ekkakudi 175 66 3 9 97 287 17 245 2 23 908
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37 Vellamari chchukkatt i 787 734 5 0 48 34 32 1 0 1 559 38 Achadipir ambu 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 152 39 Kudakotta i 688 82 29 186 391 528 13 176 71 268 2111 40 Vannanku ndu 3040 848 799 811 582 650 50 225 306 69 2917 41 Raghunath apuram 2645 671 746 644 584 544 159 107 152 126 3221 42 Kumbara m 304 89 109 57 49 1050 43 418 574 15 673 43 Rettaiyura ni 2352 511 711 309 821 1014 26 536 101 351 2991 44 Nagachi 986 43 76 115 752 259 3 30 213 13 2084 45 Enmanam kondan 1888 159 63 103 1563 178 3 35 81 59 4524 46 Pirappanv alasai 1191 102 196 56 837 139 9 86 4 40 3357 47 Sattakkon valasai 896 13 6 141 736 107 33 4 34 36 1493 48 Mandapa m 1817 58 13 69 1677 542 28 75 269 170 5896 49 Nochiyura ni 616 48 22 19 527 270 1 27 167 75 1457 50 Pudumada m 1318 79 133 8 1098 395 13 164 135 83 5975 51 Karan 898 64 291 51 492 953 5 217 650 81 1474 52 Periapattin am 2521 35 167 262 2057 75 5 7 21 42 6882 53 Kalimank undu 2309 85 207 584 1433 356 11 18 61 266 2673 54 Tiruppulla ni 2235 830 122 107 1176 282 17 10 130 125 3567
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55 Kalari 609 422 90 23 74 237 3 227 0 7 632 56 Utrakosam angai 842 496 33 16 297 248 1 238 0 9 994 57 Mallal 562 427 68 0 67 34 4 29 0 1 450 58 Alagankul am 653 405 131 12 105 32 6 11 1 14 488 59 Nalirukkai 604 245 285 0 74 9 2 7 0 0 457 60 Panaydiye ndal 758 711 16 1 30 24 2 18 0 4 369 61 Valanur 783 356 286 3 138 475 4 416 2 53 1064 62 Kulapatha m 582 9 496 7 70 142 2 137 1 2 723 63 Pallamerk kulam 489 112 3 34 340 463 47 356 2 58 1583 64 Kanjirang udi 1822 291 55 90 1386 102 3 61 4 34 3609 65 Keelakarai 755 135 66 26 528 181 45 73 31 32 1655 66 Manikkan eri 292 272 3 1 16 81 77 1 2 1 130 67 Pullandai 399 125 19 16 239 277 227 8 25 17 425 68 Mayakula m 1306 24 15 17 1250 213 1 8 2 202 4323 69 Ramanath apuram 1722 (M) 17603 98 45 237 3 1135 11 22 57 1045 43312 70 Keelakarai (TP) 6916 40 14 207 6655 546 7 2 70 467 22950 71 Mandapa m (TP) 4470 5 19 67 4379 262 4 12 27 219 11611
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Annexure 4-A Flora & Fauna
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Checklist of Plant Species in Ramanathapuram ML Area
Sl No. Plant Species Local Distribution A. Trees 1. Acacia eburnean Sporadic 2. Acacia nilotica Common 3. Acacia planifrons Sporadic 4. Syzygium cumuni Sporadic 5. Moginga oleifera Sporadic 6. Thespesia populnea Sporadic 7. Albizia lebbeck Common 8. Azadiracta indica Common 9. Borasus flabilifer Abundant 10. Buchannania axillaris Sporadic 11. Caesalpenia coriasia Sporadic 12. Casuarina equisetifolia Sporadic 13. Cocus nucifera* Abundant 14. Ficus benghalensis Sporadic 15. Ficus religiosa Sporadic 16. Merope angulata Sporadic 17. Pongamia glabra Common 18. Olax scandens Sporadic 19. Phoenix lourerii Common 20. Pithicellobium dulce Sporadic 21. Peltophorum pterocarpum Sporadic 22. Prosopis juliflora Abundant 23. Psidium guajava Sporadic 24. Odian wadia Sporadic 25. Tamarind sp. Common 26. Terminala catppa Sporadic 27. Siaminea saman Sporadic 28. Terminalia arjuna Sporadic 29. Ziziphus mauritiana Common 30. Ziziphus xylophyrus Common B. Shrubs 31. Azima tetracantha Common 32. Cassia auriculata Common 33. Euphorbia tirucalli Sporadic 34. Hoya parasitica Sporadic 35. Jasminum angustifolium Sporadic 36. Jatropa sp Common
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37. Lumnitzera racemosa Common 38. Manilkara hexandra Common 39. Opuntia monocanthus Sporadic 40. Tephrosia perpurea Common C. Herbs and climbers 41. Allotropis cimicina Common 42. Aloe vera Sporadic 43. Aristida adscensiones Common 44. Aspargaus racemosus Common 45. Bulbostylis densa Common 46. Canavelia virosa Common 47. Capparis divaricata Common 48. Cassis obtusa Common 49. Catharanthus roseus Common 50. Chloris barbata Common 51. Cissus quandrangularis Common 52. Citronella sp. Common 53. Cleome aspera Common 54. Coccinia grandis Common 55. Crotolaria laburnifolia Common 56. Crotolaria verucosa Common 57. Cymbophogon gibarba Common 58. Cynadaon dactylon Common 59. Cyperus arenarius Common 60. Cyperus cartaneus Common 61. Cyperus rubicundus Common 62. Emilia scabra Common 63. Eragros unioloides Common 64. Eragrostis altrovirens Common 65. Hydrophylax maritime Common 66. Leucas maritinicensis Common 67. Lophopogon tridentatus Common 68. Rottboellia exaltata Common 69. Sporobolus diander Common 70. Veronica albicans Common 71. Vigna trilobata Common [Source: SENES Primary Survey, September 2014 and Integrated Management Plan for the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park and Biosphere Reserve (2007-2016)]
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Checklist of Birds in Study Area
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[Source: Integrated Management Plan for the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park and Biosphere Reserve (2007-2016)]
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Annexure 4-B PhytoSociological Study
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A. Flora The study area (covering 22 oil wells) falls within the biogeographic province- 6E- Deccan Peninsula- Deccan South (Rodgers, Panwar & Mathur, 2002). The Biogeographic province map is presented in Figure as mentioned below:
Map showing Biogeographic Provinces of India
To analyse the Phytosociological significance of the study area, the survey was carried randomly at 9 proposed oil well sites and its surrounding areas. The primary flora survey was conducted at well nos- 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 14, 17, 18, 22. The location of these sampling sites are indicated in the Chapter 2 – Project Description. The phyto-sociological analysis was conducted for tree as well ground cover species.
The major tree species recorded from these sites were Casuarina equisetifolia, Cocus nucifera, Acacaia nilotica, Acacia eburnea, Pongamia glabra, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Pithecellobium dulce, Borasus flabellifer, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Terminalia catappa, Prosopis julflora etc.
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Methodology for Flora Study
Flora Survey
The Phytosociological analysis of the local vegetation (tree as well ground cover) was conducted randomly in 9 well blocks within the proposed project site. Six transects at each well site were laid to record the floral species. These plots were selected on the basis of similarity in vegetation component. At each site a quadrat each of 10 m radius for tree species and 1 m radius for herbaceous species were established to cover the survey. The Relative frequency, relative density, relative abundance and Important Value Index (IVI) were computed from the primary survey.
Importance Value is a measure of how dominant a species is in a given forest area. It is a standard tool used by foresters to inventory a forest/vegetation. Species diversity was also estimated as Shannon- Weiner index following Shannon and Weaver (1963).
H = - SUM [(pi) × ln (pi)]
Where, “H” is the species diversity index; “S” the total number of species; “Pi” the proportion of total sample belonging to ith species (i.e ni/N, n is the number of individuals of each species and N is the number of individuals of all species).
Well no -1
From the analysis, it is found that, Cocus nucifera has the highest IVI index with 45.7 followed by Casuarina equisetifolia 34.9 and Peltophorum pterocarpum 24.9, Borasus flabellifer 16.9 and Thespesia populnea 16.8. Being near the coast, the species such as Cosus nucifera and Casuarina equisetifolia is quite common and Peltophorum pterocarpum is considered as a most suitable fast growing ornamental social forestry species. Borasus flabellifer is considered to be a most commercial viable species of these area after Cocus nucifera and Casuarina equisetifolia.
The Shanon-Wiener Index (H) provides the status of how evenly the species are distributed as wells as it gives clear picture of the abundance of the species in a particular community. The higher “H” values states the more diverse communities. From the above analysis The Shanon-Wiener Index (H) is found 2.5. The “H” value indicates the area is not well diversified.
As far as the ground cover is concerned, the grass/sedges were found to be more abundant and dominant in comparison to other herbaceous species. Cyperus arenarius was having the highest IVI with 36.6 followed by Cynodon dactylon 29.2, Aristida adscensiones 20.5. Cassia auriculata was the most visible shrub of this study area. The “H” value was calculated 2.86 gives an impression of less diversified ground cover.
Well No- 17
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From the analysis, it is found that, Borasus flabilifer had the highest IVI value with 67.5 followed by Peltophorum pterocarpum 34.2, Casuarina equisetifolia 30 and Thespesia populnea 28.6. The “H” value was calculated as 2.42.
As far as the ground cover is concerned, the grass/sedges were also found to be more abundant and dominant in comparison to other herbaceous species. Cynodon dactylon was having the IVI value 49.6 followed by Cyperus arenarius 34.3, Sporobolus diander 29.8, Cassia auriculata 22.7. The “H” value was calculated 2.1 which gives an impression that the ground cover was less diversified.
Well Number 14
From the analysis, it is found that, Azadirachta indica had the highest IVI value with 70.5 followed by Prosopis juliflora 65, Buchanania axillaris 32.5 and Thespesia populnea 31.9. In terms of diversity the study area was found to be less diversified but the vegetation was dominated by indigenous natural plant species like Azadirachta indica. The “H” value was calculated as 1.84 which was found to be one amongst the lowest diversified areas.
As far as the ground cover is concerned, Hydrophylax maritima had the highest IVI value with 58.9 followed by Cyperus arenarius 42, Cynodon dactylon 37.4 and Chloris barbata 31.2. The “H” value was calculated 2.11 which once again gives an impression that the ground cover was less diversified.
Well Number 7
From the analysis, it is found that, Casuarina equisetifolia had the highest IVI with 52.5 followed by Borasus flabilifer 25.5. There were 24 plant species were recorded from the primary survey and the diversity was recorded to be better in comparison to other sampled area. Other than Borasus flabilifer the IVI of the rest of the plant species were recorded to be in range of 6.5 to 25.5. The “H” value was calculated as 2.71.
As far as the ground cover is concerned, about 35 herbaceous species were recorded during the primary flora survey. In terms of relative abundance, Cynodon dactylon was having the highest percentage of 9.4 followed by Chloris barbata (5%). Cassia obtuse was recorded as having highest IVI value with 21.2 followed by Cynodon dactylon 19, Chloris barbata 17.4 and Cyperus arenarius 15.3. The “H” value was calculated 3.3 which found to be very well diversified.
Well Number 18
From the primary floral analysis in and around well block number -18, a mere 9 type of plant species were recorded. Borasus flabilifer ws having the highest IVI value with 58.3 followed by Thespesia populnea 39.2, Ziziphus mauritiana 36.5 and Azadirachta indica 35.6. The “H” value was calculated as 2.07.
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About 15 species of herbs and shrubs were recorded during the primary floral survey. The Relative frequency of Cissus quadrrangularis was recorded as 13.89 % followed by Emilia scabra, Chloris barbata and Tephrosia purpurea with 11.11% each. Chloris barbata had the highest IVI value with 45.6 followed by Tephrosia purpurea 34.1, Cissus quadrangularis 33.3. The “H” value was calculated 2.4.
Well Number 3
A meagre 6 species were recorded during the primary survey and the vegetative cover of the study area was found to be highly degraded. Species such as Casuarina equisetifolia was the most dominant species recorded from the survey followed by Borasus flabilifer. The rest of the species were found scattered. The IVI of Casuarina equisetifolia was recorded as highest followed by Borasus flabelifer 56.3, Terminalia catappa 37.8. The “H” value was calculated a poor 1.45.
About 7 species of herbs and shrubs were recorded during the primary floral survey. Cassia obtuse was the most visible shrub of the area with IVI of 64, followed by Chloris barbata 53.9 and Cissus quadrangularis 40.1. The “H” value was calculated 1.9.
Well Number 11
This oil well block and its surrounding areas was found to be most degraded site in comparison to other sites. The tree species were found scattered and hence efforts were limited to analyse the herbaceous ground cover to draw a conclusion on the vegetative cover of the site.
About 14 species were recorded during the primary survey. Cassia obtusa was the most dominating species recorded from the floral survey. The other associated species were Cynodon dactylon, Chloris barbata, Cyperus arenarius and Aristida adscensiones etc. Cassia obtusa was having the highest IVI with 43 followed by Cynodon dactylon 37.8, Chloris barbata 35.1. The “H” value was calculated 2.4.
Well no -22
Being located near the coast, Casuarina equisetifolia was the most dominant species recorded from the flora survey. Borasus flabelifer was recorded the second highest dominant species and mostly found towards inland. Casuarina equisetifolia was having the highest IVI with 84.7, followed by Borasus flabelifer 41.9, Thespesia populnea 28.8 and Cocus nucifera 25.5. The Shanon-Wiener Index (H) was calculated 1.95.
As far as the ground cover is concerned, the grass/sedges were found to be more abundant and dominant in comparison to other herbaceous species. Cyperus arenarius was having the highest IVI with 42.5 followed by Aristida adscensiones 36.3, Emilia scabra 26.1 and Eragrostis altrovirens 25.4. The “H” value was calculated 2.5.
Well no -6
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From the analysis, it is found that, Casuarina equisetiafolia was the most dominant species in and around the proposed oil well block. It has the highest IVI value also. The IVI of Casuarina equisetifolia was recorded 80.1, followed by Terminalia catappa 26.1 and Azadirachta indica 23.3. The Shanon-Wiener Index (H) was recorded as 2.18.
About 23 species of shrubs/herbs and grasses were recorded during the primary floral survey. Cynodon dactylon was having the highest IVI with 32, followed by Cyperus arenarius 26.5, Tephrosia purpurea 22.9, Aristida adscensiones 22.5. The “H” value was calculated 2.8.
From the above analysis, the diversity of species ws not impressive. A few dominant tree species were almost exist in all theproposed oil well blocks. The most dominant as well as important tree species were Casuarina equsetifolia, Borasus flabelifer, Azadirachta indica, and Cocus nucifera. Among the herbaceous species Cassia obtusa, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus arenarius, Chloris barbata were the most dominant and frequently observed species.
Among the tree species, the Shanon-Wiener Index ranged between 1.45 to 2.71 and in case of herbaceous species the “H” value ranged between 2.1 and 3.3.
TABLE 1 (A) Phytosociological Analysis of Tree species at Well Number 1
Name of the tree spp. RF RA RD IVI Acacia eburnea 3.17 5.1 2.7 11.0 Acacia nilotica 6.35 3.2 3.4 12.9 Syzygium cumuni 3.17 2.6 1.3 7.1 Thespesia populnea 6.35 5.1 5.4 16.8 Azadiracta indica 4.76 5.1 4.0 13.9 Borasus flabilifer 3.17 7.7 6.0 16.9 Casuarina equisetifolia 4.76 14.7 15.4 34.9 Cocus nucifera 9.52 14.1 22.1 45.7 Ficus benghalensis 1.59 2.6 0.7 4.8 Ficus religiosa 4.76 2.6 2.0 9.3 Merope angulata 3.17 2.6 1.3 7.1 Pongamia glabra 6.35 3.2 3.4 12.9 Pithecellobium dulce 6.35 5.8 6.0 18.1 Peltophorum pterocarpum 9.52 6.0 9.4 24.9 Prosopis juliflora 4.76 5.1 4.0 13.9 Tamarindus indica. 3.17 5.1 2.7 11.0 Terminalia catappa 6.35 3.2 3.4 12.9
Samanea saman 6.35 2.6 2.7 11.6 Terminalia arjuna 6.35 3.8 4.0 14.2 H= 2.5
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TABLE 1 (B) Phytosociological Analysis of the ground cover at Well Number 1
Name of Ephemeral spp RF RA RD IVI Azima tetracantha 1.83 1.1 0.5 3.4 Cassia auriculata 5.50 3.3 4.3 13.1 Euphorbia tirucalli 1.83 2.6 1.1 5.5 Jatropa sp 3.67 4.5 3.8 11.9 Opuntia monocanthus 0.92 3.0 0.6 4.5 Tephrosia perpurea 4.59 4.9 5.2 14.7 Allotropis cimicina 1.83 4.8 2.1 8.7 Aristida adscensiones 4.59 7.7 8.2 20.5 Asparagus racemosus 2.75 3.0 1.9 7.6 Bulbostylis densa 2.75 2.5 1.6 6.8 Cassia obtusa 2.75 2.0 1.3 6.0 Catharanthus roseus 2.75 1.0 0.6 4.4 Chloris barbata 5.50 3.5 4.4 13.4 Cissus quandrangularis 3.67 1.9 1.6 7.1 Cleome aspera 3.67 2.0 1.7 7.5 Crotalaria laburnifolia 3.67 0.9 0.8 5.4 Cymbophogon gibarba 5.50 4.5 5.7 15.7 Cynodon dactylon 5.50 10.4 13.3 29.2 Cyperus arenarius 5.50 13.6 17.4 36.5 Emilia scabra 5.50 2.4 3.0 10.9 Eragrostis altrovirens 5.50 5.6 7.1 18.2
Leucas martinicensis 3.67 3.2 2.7 9.5 Lophopogon tridentatus 3.67 4.3 3.6 11.6 Rottboellia exaltata 5.50 2.7 3.5 11.7 Sporobolus diander 4.59 2.2 2.4 9.2 Veronica albicans 2.75 2.5 1.6 6.8 H= 2.86
Table 2 (A) Phytosociological Analysis of Tree species at Well Number 17
Name of the tree spp. RF RA RD IVI Thespesia populnea 5.13 15.6 7.8 28.6 Albizia lebbeck 7.69 8.1 6.1 21.9 Borasus flabilifer 15.38 20.8 31.3 67.5 Casuarina equisetifolia 7.69 12.7 9.6 30.0 Cocus nucifera* 10.26 7.8 7.8 25.9 Pithicellobium dulce 12.82 6.9 8.7 28.5 Peltophorum pterocarpum 15.38 7.5 11.3 34.2
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Name of the tree spp. RF RA RD IVI Tamarindus indica. 7.69 5.8 4.3 17.8 Terminalia catappa 7.69 6.9 5.2 19.8
Samanea saman 10.26 7.8 7.8 25.9 H=2.42
Table 2 (B) Phytosociological Analysis of Ground cover species at Well Number 17
Name of the Ephemeral spp. RF RA RD IVI Cassia auriculata 8.82 6.1 7.8 22.7 Euphorbia tirucalli 5.88 2.5 2.2 10.6 Jatropa sp 7.35 3.5 3.8 14.7 Opuntia monocanthus 1.47 5.1 1.1 7.6 Aristida adscensiones 4.41 9.3 5.9 19.6 Chloris barbata 4.41 6.7 4.3 15.5 Cissus quandrangularis 7.35 5.3 5.7 18.3 Cleome aspera 5.88 1.9 1.6 9.4 Crotalaria verucosa 7.35 3.0 3.2 13.6 Cynadon dactylon 8.82 17.9 22.9 49.6 Cyperus arenarius 8.82 11.2 14.3 34.3 Cyperus rubicundus 2.94 3.8 1.6 8.3 Emilia scabra 7.35 6.3 6.7 20.4 Eragrostis altrovirens 8.82 5.3 6.7 20.8
Leucas martinicensis 2.94 1.3 0.5 4.7 Sporobolus diander 7.35 10.9 11.6 29.8 H=2.1
Table 3 (A) Phytosociological Analysis of Tree species at Well Number 14
Name of the tree spp. RF RA RD IVI Thespesia populnea 10.71 12.0 9.3 31.9 Azadirachta indica 17.86 23.0 29.6 70.5 Borasus flabilifer 7.14 8.4 4.3 19.8 Buchannania axillaris 14.29 9.0 9.3 32.5 Caesalpenia coriasia 10.71 9.6 7.4 27.7 Casuarina equisetifolia 10.71 8.8 6.8 26.3 Prosopis juliflora 17.86 20.6 26.5 65.0 Ziziphus xylopyrus 10.71 8.8 6.8 26.3 H=1.84
Table 3 (A) Phytosociological Analysis of Ground cover at Well Number 14
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Name of the Ephemeral spp. RF RA RD IVI Azima tetracantha 9.52 7.2 6.8 23.5 Tephrosia perpurea 9.52 8.3 7.9 25.7 Allotropis cimicina 7.14 5.2 3.7 16.0 Catharanthus roseus 9.52 7.2 6.8 23.5 Chloris barbata 11.90 8.9 10.5 31.2 Cleome aspera 11.90 7.5 8.9 28.3 Cynodon dactylon 4.76 22.1 10.5 37.4 Cyperus arenarius 14.29 11.4 16.2 42.0 Hydrophylax maritima 14.29 18.5 26.2 58.9 Vigna trilobata 7.14 3.7 2.6 13.5 H=2.11
Table 4 (A) Phytosociological Analysis of Tree species at Well Number 7
Name of the spp. RF RA RD IVI Acacia eburnean 3.03 2.1 1.4 6.5 Acacia nilotica 3.03 4.3 2.8 10.0 Syzygium cumuni 3.03 2.1 1.4 6.5 Thespesia populnea 4.55 6.4 6.2 17.1 Albizia lebbeck 4.55 2.8 2.8 10.1 Azadiracta indica 7.58 3.0 4.8 15.4 Borasus flabilifer 4.55 10.6 10.3 25.5 Buchannania axillaris 6.06 2.1 2.8 10.9 Caesalpenia coriasia 4.55 2.1 2.1 8.7 Casuarina equisetifolia 6.06 20.2 26.2 52.5 Cocus nucifera* 6.06 3.7 4.8 14.6 Merope angulata 1.52 2.1 0.7 4.3 Pongamia glabra 1.52 2.1 0.7 4.3 Phoenix lourerii 3.03 2.1 1.4 6.5 Pithecellobium dulce 6.06 3.2 4.1 13.4 Peltophorum pterocarpum 3.03 3.2 2.1 8.3 Prosopis juliflora 4.55 3.5 3.4 11.5 Tamarindus indica. 6.06 2.1 2.8 10.9 Terminalia catappa 3.03 8.5 5.5 17.1
Samanea saman 4.55 4.3 4.1 12.9 Terminalia arjuna 4.55 2.8 2.8 10.1 Ziziphus mauritiana 6.06 4.3 5.5 15.8
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Ziziphus xylopyrus 3.03 2.1 1.4 6.5 H=2.71
Table 4 (B) Phytosociological Analysis of Ground cover at Well Number 7
Name of the Ephemeral spp. RF RA RD IVI Azima tetracantha 1.18 1.1 0.4 2.7 Cassia auriculata 2.35 1.1 0.9 4.3 Euphorbia tirucalli 2.35 1.1 0.9 4.3 Jasminum angustifolium 1.18 2.2 0.9 4.2 Jatropa sp 1.18 2.2 0.9 4.2 Opuntia monocanthus 1.18 1.1 0.4 2.7 Tephrosia perpurea 4.71 3.3 5.2 13.2 Allotropis cimicina 1.18 2.2 0.9 4.2 Aristida adscensiones 3.53 4.4 5.2 13.1 Aspargus racemosus 2.35 1.1 0.9 4.3 Bulbostylis densa 2.35 3.9 3.0 9.2
Canavalia virosa 3.53 2.9 3.4 9.9 Capparis divaricata 2.35 2.8 2.2 7.3 Cassia obtusa 7.06 4.2 9.9 21.2 Catharanthus roseus 3.53 3.7 4.3 11.5 Chloris barbata 4.71 5.0 7.8 17.4 Cissus quandrangularis 5.88 2.4 4.7 13.0 Cleome aspera 2.35 3.3 2.6 8.2 Crotalaria laburnifolia 3.53 1.5 1.7 6.7 Crotalaria verucosa 2.35 2.2 1.7 6.3 Cymbopogon gibarba 3.53 2.6 3.0 9.1 Cynadon dactylon 2.35 9.4 7.3 19.0 Cyperus arenarius 4.71 4.1 6.5 15.3 Cyperus cartaneus 1.18 2.2 0.9 4.2 Cyperus rubicundus 1.18 2.2 0.9 4.2 Emilia scabra 4.71 1.9 3.0 9.6 Eragros unioloides 2.35 2.8 2.2 7.3 Eragrostis altrovirens 3.53 3.3 2.6 9.4 Hydrophylax maritima 2.35 2.8 2.2 7.3
Leucas martinicensis 2.35 1.1 0.9 4.3 Lophopogon tridentatus 2.35 3.9 3.0 9.2 Rottboellia exaltata 2.35 2.8 2.2 7.3 Sporobolus diander 3.53 2.9 3.4 9.9 Veronica albicans 1.18 4.4 1.7 7.3 Vigna trilobata 3.53 2.2 2.6 8.3
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H= 3.3
Table 5 (A) Phytosociological Analysis of Tree species at Well Number 14
Name of the spp. RF RA RD IVI Thespesia populnea 10.71 14.2 14.3 39.2 Albizia lebbeck 10.71 6.3 6.3 23.4 Azadirachta indica 17.86 6.6 11.1 35.6 Borasus flabilifer 10.71 23.7 23.8 58.3 Terminalia catappa 7.14 19.0 12.7 38.8
Samanea saman 10.71 9.5 9.5 29.7 Terminalia arjuna 10.71 6.3 6.3 23.4 Ziziphus mauritiana 14.29 9.5 12.7 36.5 Ziziphus xylopyrus 7.14 4.7 3.2 15.1 H=2.07
Table 5 (B) Phytosociological Analysis of Ground cover at Well Number 14
Name of the Ephemeral spp. RF RA RD IVI Jatropa sp 2.78 5.9 2.4 11.1 Opuntia monocanthus 2.78 3.0 1.2 6.9 Tephrosia perpurea 11.11 8.9 14.1 34.1 Allotropis cimicina 2.78 5.9 2.4 11.1 Chloris barbata 11.11 13.3 21.2 45.6 Cissus quandrangularis 13.89 6.5 12.9 33.3 Cleome aspera 5.56 8.9 7.1 21.5 Crotalaria laburnifolia 8.33 3.9 4.7 17.0 Cyperus cartaneus 2.78 5.9 2.4 11.1 Cyperus rubicundus 2.78 5.9 2.4 11.1 Emilia scabra 11.11 5.2 8.2 24.5 Eragros unioloides 5.56 7.4 5.9 18.8 Eragrostis altrovirens 8.33 8.9 7.1 24.3 Hydrophylax maritima 5.56 7.4 5.9 18.8
Leucas martinicensis 5.56 3.0 2.4 10.9 H=2.4
Table 6 (A) Phytosociological Analysis of Tree species at Well Number 3
Name of the tree spp. RF RA RD IVI Borasus flabilifer 15.00 21.8 19.5 56.3
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Casuarina equisetifolia 20.00 41.5 49.4 110.8 Cocus nucifera 20.00 7.6 9.1 36.7 Prosopis juliflora 15.00 7.3 6.5 28.8 Tamarindus indica 20.00 4.4 5.2 29.6 Terminalia catappa 10.00 17.5 10.4 37.8 H=1.45
Table 6 (B) Phytosociological Analysis of Tree species at Well Number 3
Name of the spp. RF RA RD IVI Cassia obtusa 22.22 16.5 25.3 64.0 Catharanthus roseus 11.11 14.3 11.0 36.4 Chloris barbata 14.81 19.3 19.8 53.9 Cissus quandrangularis 18.52 9.4 12.1 40.1 Cleome aspera 7.41 12.9 6.6 26.9 Cyperus arenarius 14.81 16.1 16.5 47.4 Sporobolus diander 11.11 11.5 8.8 31.4 H=1.9
Table 7 Phytosociological Analysis of Ground cover at Well Number 11
Name of the Ephemeral spp. RF RA RD IVI Aristida adscensiones 8.11 8.9 9.5 26.5 Aspargus racemosus 5.41 2.2 1.6 9.2 Bulbostylis densa 5.41 7.8 5.6 18.7
Canavalia virosa 8.11 5.9 6.3 20.4 Capparis divaricata 5.41 5.5 4.0 14.9 Cassia obtusa 16.22 8.5 18.3 43.0 Chloris barbata 10.81 10.0 14.3 35.1 Cleome aspera 5.41 6.7 4.8 16.8 Crotalaria laburnifolia 8.11 3.0 3.2 14.2 Cynodon dactylon 5.41 18.9 13.5 37.8 Cyperus arenarius 10.81 8.3 11.9 31.0 Cyperus cartaneus 2.70 4.4 1.6 8.7 Cyperus rubicundus 2.70 4.4 1.6 8.7 Hydrophylax maritima 5.41 5.5 4.0 14.9 H= 2.4
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Table 8 (A) Phytosociological Analysis of Tree species at Well Number 22
Name of the tree spp. RF RA RD IVI Acacia nilotica 6.06 6.8 4.3 17.1 Syzygium cumuni 6.06 3.4 2.1 11.6 Thespesia populnea 9.09 10.1 9.6 28.8 Albizia lebbeck 9.09 4.5 4.3 17.9 Borasus flabilifer 9.09 16.9 16.0 41.9 Caesalpenia coriasia 9.09 3.4 3.2 15.7 Casuarina equisetifolia 12.12 32.1 40.4 84.7 Cocus nucifera 12.12 5.9 7.4 25.5 Pongamia glabra 3.03 3.4 1.1 7.5 Phoenix lourerii 6.06 3.4 2.1 11.6 Pitheellobium dulce 12.12 5.1 6.4 23.6 Peltophorum pterocarpum 6.06 5.1 3.2 14.3 H=1.95
Table 8 (B) Phytosociological Analysis of Ground cover at Well Number 22
Name of the Ephemeral spp. RF RA RD IVI Azima tetracantha 2.94 2.9 1.3 7.1 Cassia auriculata 5.88 2.9 2.7 11.4 Euphorbia tirucalli 5.88 2.9 2.7 11.4 Jasminum angustifolium 2.94 5.7 2.7 11.3 Jatropa sp 2.94 5.7 2.7 11.3 Opuntia monocanthus 2.94 2.9 1.3 7.1 Allotropis cimicina 2.94 5.7 2.7 11.3 Aristida adscensiones 8.82 11.5 16.0 36.3 Cymbopogon gibarba 8.82 6.7 9.3 24.9 Cyperus arenarius 11.76 10.8 20.0 42.5 Cyperus cartaneus 2.94 5.7 2.7 11.3 Cyperus rubicundus 2.94 5.7 2.7 11.3 Emilia scabra 11.76 5.0 9.3 26.1 Eragros unioloides 5.88 7.2 6.7 19.7 Eragrostis altrovirens 8.82 8.6 8.0 25.4 Hydrophylax maritima 5.88 7.2 6.7 19.7
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Leucas martinicensis 5.88 2.9 2.7 11.4 H=2.5
Table 9 (A) Phytosociological Analysis of Tree species at Well Number 6
Name of the tree spp. RF RA RD IVI Albizia lebbeck 6.82 4.4 4.2 15.4 Azadirachta indica 11.36 4.6 7.3 23.3 Buchannania axillaris 9.09 3.3 4.2 16.6 Caesalpenia coriasia 6.82 3.3 3.1 13.3 Casuarina equisetifolia 9.09 31.4 39.6 80.1 Merope angulata 2.27 3.3 1.0 6.6 Pongamia glabra 2.27 3.3 1.0 6.6 Pithecellobium dulce 9.09 5.0 6.3 20.3 Peltophorum pterocarpum 4.55 5.0 3.1 12.6 Prosopis juliflora 6.82 5.5 5.2 17.5 Tamarindus indica. 9.09 3.3 4.2 16.6 Terminalia catappa 4.55 13.2 8.3 26.1
Samanea saman 6.82 6.6 6.3 19.7 Terminalia arjuna 6.82 4.4 4.2 15.4 Ziziphus xylopyrus 4.55 3.3 2.1 9.9 H= 2.18
Table 9 (B) Phytosociological Analysis of Ground cover at Well Number 6
Name of the Ephemeral spp. RF RA RD IVI Azima tetracantha 2.08 1.7 0.8 4.6 Cassia auriculata 4.17 1.7 1.6 7.4 Euphorbia tirucalli 4.17 1.7 1.6 7.4 Jasminum angustifolium 2.08 3.4 1.6 7.1 Jatropa sp 2.08 3.4 1.6 7.1 Opuntia monocanthus 2.08 1.7 0.8 4.6 Tephrosia perpurea 8.33 5.1 9.4 22.9 Allotropis cimicina 2.08 3.4 1.6 7.1 Aristida adscensiones 6.25 6.8 9.4 22.5 Cynadon dactylon 4.17 14.5 13.4 32.0 Cyperus arenarius 8.33 6.4 11.8 26.5 Cyperus cartaneus 2.08 3.4 1.6 7.1 Cyperus rubicundus 2.08 3.4 1.6 7.1
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Name of the Ephemeral spp. RF RA RD IVI Emilia scabra 8.33 3.0 5.5 16.8 Eragros unioloides 4.17 4.3 3.9 12.4 Eragrostis altrovirens 6.25 5.1 4.7 16.1 Hydrophylax maritima 4.17 4.3 3.9 12.4
Leucas martinicensis 4.17 1.7 1.6 7.4 Lophopogon tridentatus 4.17 6.0 5.5 15.6 Rottboellia exaltata 4.17 4.3 3.9 12.4 Sporobolus diander 6.25 4.5 6.3 17.1 Veronica albicans 2.08 6.8 3.1 12.1 Vigna trilobata 6.25 3.4 4.7 14.4 H=2.8
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Annexure-5
PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE
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Annexure-6
PUBLIC HEARING MINUTES OF MEETING
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Minutes of the Public Hearing Conducted on 14.05.2015 at 10.30 AM at the Auditorium, District Collectorate, Ramanathapuram District, for the project of proposed 22 numbers of exploratory wells(Natural gas) by M/s. ONGC Limited in 21 Villages of Ramanathapuram Taluk and Keelakarai Taluk of Ramanathapuram District
The District Collector, Ramathapuram District, has welcomed the gathering and requested M/s ONGC Ltd., to give a presentation on the project.
The General Manager, ONGC Ltd., has given presentation about the project on Planning, Execution, Environmental Impacts and Environment Management plan to the Public.
Then, the District Collector, Ramanathapuram District has requested the public to come and record their views one by one. Accordingly the public have expressed their views as stated below.
S. No Issues Raised in Public Hearing Response of Project Proponent
1. Thiru. Karthick, Pamban Village President
Thiru.Karthick told that the Gulf of Mannar has 21 Proposed wells are falling in buffer Islands and it is the place for Bio-diversity. Due to zone of 10 Km from the coast line, this project there will be a threat for Gulf of considering the Marine bio-reserve of Mannar and its Bio-diversity. Also fisher men Gulf of Mannar. Wild life management region of Ervadi and Keelakarai may get affected report has been submitted to wild life due to the proposed wells at Reghunathapuram warden and exploration shall be taken and Periyapattinam. He expressed his protest up after getting EC, which shall be against this proposed project in view of the above given only after considering the wild said Environmental impacts. life clearance.
Exploratory drilling proposed is for onshore, and is of temporary nature, hence it will not affect the fishing industry.
2. Thiru.Kalidass,Secretary,Rotary, Proposed drilling shall not affect day to Ramanathapuram day life of the people as the locations are normally chosen in places away Thiru .Kalidass told that this proposed project may from residences and human activity. give threat to the normal life of the public. Even though, there are natural gas wells located in Ramanathapuram District already, it is of no use
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to the public of Ramanathapuram. He also told that Gas from wells is used for power if the proposed 22 wells are drilled, agriculture generation. If gas is found and lands will become dry lands. Hence, he requested commercially viable, this gas shall be to record his protest against to the project. used for setting up of power plants or other industries
After drilling wells if oil or gas is found only those area will be acquired on lease and development shall be taken up after obtaining permission from MoEF again. Those wells which are dry shall be restored to near original condition and shall be returned to owners to continue with agriculture. Hence agricultural lands will not become dry lands.
3. Thiru.Kanianbu,FishermenRepresentative, For the Ramanathapuram District, Rameshwaram. ONGC in the last four years has spent for CSR Activities as under : Thiru.Kanianbu told that M/s ONGC Ltd, has not done any goodwill to the public of Ramanathapuram District. If this proposed project be executed, impacts on the Environment and Year In Rupees Public will get increased. He requested to cancel 2014-2015 80,75,742 the project in view of Environmental Protection 2013-2014 34,70,810 2012-2013 66,55,149 2011-2012 49,25,100
EIA study and the mitigation measures has already been studied and report submitted to TNPCB and shall be submitted to MoEF also. After examining the proposal and EIA report MoEF may issue Environment Clearance. Exploration shall take place only after obtaining EC.
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4. Thiru. Muhilan, TamilNadu Environment Protection Group.
Thiru.Muhilan told that the public hearing is being conducted without much participation of public Press notice for Public hearing on from the villages, where the wells are proposed. 14.05.15 for the proposed exploration project, comprising of exploratory He informed that the executive summary of the project did not mention the names of the villages drilling in 22 locations in Ramnad where the wells are proposed. He requested the district was given by TNPCB in “The District Collector to re-organize the public hearing Indian Express” and “Dinamani “on at each and every village separately. He also 10.04.15.Besides as per their procedure, this has been uploaded in their website expressed that Gulf of Mannar and Bird and it was mentioned in the press Sanctuaries are located within 10 KiloMeters from the project area which are not taken into notification that the EIA report and consideration. executive summary were available for reference in other Govt. offices like Office of the district collector, Ramanathapuram, Office of the Asst. director(Panchayat), Ramanathapuam, District Industries Centre(DIC),Ramanathapuram, Office of District Environment Engineer, Sivagangai, Office of the Commissioner/BDO, Ramanathapuram Panchayat Union, Thirupullani Panchayat Union, Thiruvadadanai Panchayat Union in Ramanathapuram District, Corporate Office, TNPCB, Chennai, Office of the secretary to Government, Environment and Forest Department, Chennai and Ministry of environment and Forest, New Delhi.
Subsequent to press notification, District Environment Engineer TNPCB has sent the copies of Executive summary, in local language, of the proposed project to all the Panchayat presidents of the villages falling in the proposed 22 locations. Besides in every
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panchayat office, TNPCB also displayed a banner mentioning the above Public Hearing details.
Proposed wells are falling in buffer zone of 10 Km from the coast line, considering the Marine bio-reserve of Gulf of Mannar.
Wild life management report has been submitted to wild life warden and exploration shall be taken up after getting EC, which shall be given only after considering the wild life clearance.
5. Thiru.Pudhurnalar Prabhakaran, Maravan Sena Organisation, Ramanathapuram Exploration activities are in zones Thiru.Pudhumalar Prabhakaran told that this beyond 2000 metres, which is much project should not in Ramanathapuram District, below the ground water table. since the ground water level has gone down to 200 Exploration activities do not cause salt feet and below. When the natural gas is pumped water intrusions into the ground water. out, seawater intrusion may occur and hence the ground water will become more saline.
6. Thiru.M.Madasamy, Puthiya Thamilagam, Ramanathapuram Public Hearing conducted to obtain the Thiru.Madasamy told that before selecting the views of the public. Only 4 to 5 acres drilling points of the wells, the views of the public of land shall be obtained on lease for of the villages should have been obtained. The exploration activity. Land acquired agriculture lands for a radius of 25Km will get shall be within 0.13KM Radius of affected if a well is drilled which will affect the drilling location. normal life of the public. Further toxic substances will come out of the well and will affect the public After drilling wells if oil or gas is health. This proposed natural gas wells may lead found only those area will be acquired on lease and development shall be to coal bed methane project. Hence, he wanted to register his protests against the project. taken up after obtaining permission from MoEF again. Those wells which are dry shall be restored to near
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original condition and shall be returned to owners to continue with agriculture.
Proposed drilling shall not affect day to day life of the people as the locations are normally chosen in places away from residences and human activity
No toxic substances are generated from well and hence will not affect public health
This proposal is only to explore oil and natural gas from these wells and shall not lead to coal bed methane exploration.
7. Thiru Murugan, Advocate, Tamil National People Front, Ramanathapuram. Oil exploration activity in no way Thiru Murugan told that the mineral resources in spoils the mineral resources of the area, the soil of District will get spoiled due to the nor the fertility of the soil. proposed natural gas well project., leading to reduction in fertility of the soil.He also requested the District Collector not to recommend this project for environmental clearance.
8. Thiru Manikumar, Valantharavai village. ONGC has leased/ acquired land 22 acres (aaprox.) for GCS installation. Thiru Manikumar told that already. ONGC has established its gas collection center at Except this area Agricultural activity, Valantharavai Village and hence agriculture has can be done in other areas vanished in this village. If ONGC established If commercial viability is established another setup here, the public of valantharayai from the exploration activities , ONGC village has to move out for their livelihood. ONGC has not given job opportunities to the local public may augment the existing facilities and due to the power plants, the public lost their only, hence loss of livelihood is not peacefullness due to noise pollution there.
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Local labour isgiven preference in temporary jobs by contractors during the construction activities.
ONGC does not have any power plants in this area.
9. Thiru. Javarullah, Environment Activists, Exploration activities are in zones Madurai. beyond 2000 metres, which is much below the ground water table. Thiru Javarullah told that, already ground water Exploration activities do not was contaminated due to aquaculture units in contaminate water resources of the Ramanathapuram District. If this project comes up district the total water resources of this district will be contaminated and hence he requested the District Collector to take decision as per the opinion the public of Ramanathapuram.
10. Thiru Appu Sulthan, Secretary, Tamilnadu ONGC is paying royalty/licence fee to Mslim Munnetra Kalakam, Ramanathapuram the state government, and these funds are used for development purposes by Thiru Appu Sulthan told that both Central and the state. In addition ancilliary State Government bringing such projects to this industries /businesse develop if oil and district which are of no use to the the CSR works gas reserves are established creating done by ONGC are not satisfied. The lands of poor employment opportunities for the local are being takenaway by such projects. Hence he public. requested the District Collector not to give permission to this project. For the Ramanathapuram District, ONGC in the last four years has spent for CSR Activities as under :
Year In Rupees
2014-2015 80,75,742 2013-2014 34,70,810 2012-2013 66,55,149 2011-2012 49,25,100
Around 4.5 acres of land will be acquired on lease for exploratory activity. Compensation and lease rent
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shall be paid as per norms decided by Revenue authorities.
Those wells which are dry shall be restored to near original condition and shall be returned to owners to continue with agriculture
11. Thiru Ramesh Karuppaya, Environmental Activists, Cuddalur.. No additional wells shall be taken up for Thiru Ramesh Karuppaya told that ONGC has exploration unless a permission form obtained Petroleum Mining Lease for 493 Sq.km. MoEF is obtained again. ONGC has proposed 22 natural gas wells. This is only a starting and if this project comes, ONGC Even in case if oil and gas found in the proposed exploratory wells the will extend its operations all through the Ramanathapuram District. This will result in exploitation shall be carried out only degradation of natural resources. He has also told after obtaining EC for development that there arc more than 3600 species in Gulf of activities. Mannar, which are in danger due to such projects. Proposed wells are falling in buffer zone of 10 Km from the coast line, considering the Marine bio-reserve of Gulf of Mannar.
Wild life management report has been submitted to wild life warden and exploration shall be taken up after getting EC, which shall be given only after considering the wild life clearance.
12. Thiru Chinnathampi, All India Forward Black, Ramanathappuram. Proposed wells are falling in buffer Thiru Chinnathampi has expressed that rare zone of 10 Km from the coast line, species of (hilt' of Mannar will get affected due to considering the Marine bio-reserve of this project and hence he requested the District. Gulf of Mannar. Collector not to permit this project. Wild life management report has been submitted to wild life warden and exploration shall be taken up after getting EC, which shall be given only after considering the wild life clearance.
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13. Thiru Dhinesh Kumar, Joint Secretary MDMK, Ramanathapuram ONGC has leased/ acquired land of Thiru Dhinesh Kumar told that already people of ….. sq.m /acres for GCS installation. Valantharavai village has given their agriculture lands to ONGC. However in town ONGC has not Except this area Agricultural activity, can be done in other areas done anything to the public of Valantharavai village so far. Similarly ONGC will not do any Following are the activites taken up in goodwill to the public of Ramanathapuram village Valantahravai……… District. Govt.High School 2.25 lakhs
President, Pannaikulam 1.00 lakhs
Grama Panchayat,
Valantharavai,.
Panchayat President, 4.00 lakhs
Valantharavai Panchayat, Valantharavai,
Valantharavai, 1.60 lakhs
Panchayat President
For the Ramanathapuram District, ONGC in the last four years has spent for CSR Activities as under :
Year In Rupees
2014-2015 80,75,742 2013-2014 34,70,810 2012-2013 66,55,149 2011-2012 49,25,100
14. Thiru Vinoth Kumar, Secretary Tamilnadu No natural resources are taken away by Valvurimai party ONGC. Oil & gas if found shall be used for the development activities for Thiru Vinoth Kumar has condemned the Central state/country Government for permitting ONGC to dig 22 natural gas wells in Raman.athaptirani District. He
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expressed that ONGC should not take away the natural resources of Tamilnadu.
15. Thiru Raju, Valenokkam,Naam Tamilar Party Press notice for Public hearing on 14.05.15 for the proposed exploration Thiru Raju told that the public hearing is project, comprising of exploratory conducted without proper intimation to the public drilling in 22 locations in Ramnad of Ramanathapuram. He expressed that his party district was given by TNPCB in “The will not allow any project which will affect the Indian Express” and “Dinamani “on environment. 10.04.15.Besides as per their procedure, this has been uploaded in their website and it was mentioned in the press notification that the EIA report and executive summary were available for reference in other Govt. offices like Office of the district collector, Ramanathapuram, Office of the Asst. director (Panchayat), Ramanathapuam, District Industries Centre(DIC),Ramanathapuram, Office of District Environment Engineer, Sivagangai, Office of the Commissioner/BDO, Ramanathapuram Panchayat Union, Thirupullani Panchayat Union, Thiruvadadanai Panchayat Union in Ramanathapuram District, Corporate Office, TNPCB, Chennai, Office of the secretary to Government, Environment and Forest Department, Chennai and Ministry of environment and Forest, New Delhi.
Subsequent to press notification, District Environment Engineer TNPCB has sent the copies of Executive summary, in local language, of the proposed project to all the Panchayat presidents of the villages falling in the proposed 22 locations. Besides in every panchayat office, TNPCB also
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displayed a banner mentioning the above Public Hearing details.
16. Thiru Tamil Doss, Social Worker Madurai. This project is only an exploratory phase. If commercial viability is Thiru. Tamil Doss told more agriculture lands established, sustainable development will be acquired by the ONGC for its pipe line shall be made. conveyance. This will economically affect the agriculturalists. Further he told that the CSR works Pipelines shall be laid only when EC is done by the ONGC are not satisfied. accorded for the project and land shall be acquired after obtaining the consent of the people affected, after paying necessary compensation as fixed by revenue authorities
For the Ramanathapuram District, ONGC in the last four years has spent for CSR Activities as under :
Year In Rupees
2014-2015 80,75,742 2013-2014 34,70,810 2012-2013 66,55,149 2011-2012 49,25,100
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Annexure-6
Application of Wild Life Clearance
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Annexure-7
NABET CERTIFICATE
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