PERSPECTIVE OPEN ACCESS a Sociological Review of Peepli Live 2010
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Shivam. Space and Culture, India 2015, 2:4 Page | 60 PERSPECTIVE OPEN ACCESS A Sociological Review of Peepli Live 2010 Dr Shivam† Abstract Marginalisation is a process of distancing (either by coercion or voluntarily) from the centre and relegate to the margin. In the social context, this marginalisation is lack of importance to certain socially disadvantaged groups. This disadvantage might be due to caste, class, gender or lack of political opportunities. However, within the same society there are privileged groups who are at the centre of all importance. This difference between advantaged groups at the centre and disadvantaged (marginalised) groups at the periphery has been problematised in popular media like cinema. The present paper shows that how marginalised sections are portrayed in Hindi cinema? For this, the cases of Peepli Live released in 2010 have been selected. The paper has been divided into two parts. The first part deals with the farmer’s suicide and the second part with the politics of suicide and the politics of marginalisation. These issues have been taken keeping in mind the recent problems of the marginalised sections in society, especially the problems faced by the farmers in contemporary times. Various studies and news reports show that farmers’ suicides are post 1990s phenomena inflated by the undertaking of measures to open Indian economy by the methods of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation (LPG). This was the phase, which witnessed incredible growth of the industrial sector as compared to the agricultural sector. These facts were enough to break the myth of ‘developing’ India. In fact, the increasing number of farmers’ suicide rather depicted government’s bias towards economic growth neglecting socio- economic concerns of the farmers. At this juncture of bias and neglect, one can identify a breeding ground for politics of suicide from farmers’ side and politics of marginalisation from the politicians’ side. Sociologically, however, a multiple socio-economic factors are theorised to be responsible. Key words: Marginalisation, farmers’ suicide, agriculture, caste, politics, India † Dr. Shivam, Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302004 Email: [email protected] ©2015 Shivam. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Shivam. Space and Culture, India 2015, 2:4 Page | 61 Introduction Side by side, it also contains one fourth of the Peepli Live 2010 is a satire on various serious world’s undernourished (Kumar, 2011: 175). issues witnessed in contemporary Indian Therefore, it is quite clear that the propaganda society. Circumventing on the issue of farmers’ of developing India is not universal. Mainly the suicide, this film took under its fold the middle and the rich classes enjoy the fruits of connecting issues like caste politics, centre- development and very less becomes available state relations and intervention of posh, urban for the poor classes. Kumar (2011) explains it Indian media to rural India. There are also with the concept of Americanisation of the instances of gross sensitisation of the issues by middle class and Africanisation of the masses. the media for acquiring extreme viewership. He writes: However, this aspect shall not be discussed, as There are certain myths and realities it is primarily not concerned with the main about Indian engagement with theme of the paper. globalisation. However, globalisation is here to continue despite its Topic of discussion can be categorised as contradictions. Moreover, so far . Farmers’ suicide in developing India; globalisation has promoted and Americanisation of the middle classes . Politics of suicide and politics of and Africanisation of the masses. Here, marginalisation Americanisation is to be understood as At the outset, I would like to focus on my moving towards affluence and curiosity regarding the reality of ‘developing’ consumerism through liberalisation and India. This reality can be more questioned privatisation, and Africanisation is to especially after the 1990s. This was the period mean growing unemployment, poverty, when the wave of liberalisation, privatisation malnutrition, social violence, corruption, and globalisation (LPG) was felt in India. These exploitation by multinational companies questions are: and crises of governance. (Kumar, 2011:176) Was it a period of development or retardation? Therefore, the concept of development has differential meaning for different sections of Is the concept of developing India a the society. On the one hand, we see rise in myth? industrial and technological sector. On the What must be the criteria for other hand, there is severe crisis in agriculture development? sector due to negative growth rate. Consequently, there are alarming rise in These observations are: farmers’ suicide and rural unrest. o Rise in Gross Domestic Product Farmers’ Suicide in Developing India (GDP) or rise in number of multinational companies? Before going into details of sociological explanations of farmers’ suicide, it is important o Or, is rise in violence, consumer to know the difference between farmers and culture or farmers’ suicide? peasants. The concept of farming is more close Kumar (2011) cites the report prepared in April to capitalist agriculture, although farmer and 2004 by the United States-based financial peasant can be used interchangeably in popular services leader Goldman Sachs that looks on usage.1 In India, farmers are peasants; land has the extreme paradoxes existing in India. That claiming on the contradiction that exists in the 1 Martín Koppel (2003). Difference between Peasants, country it says that India contains as high as Farmers? , The Militant, March 24, Vol. 67/No. 9 one-third of the world’s software engineers. Available at ©2015 Shivam. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Shivam. Space and Culture, India 2015, 2:4 Page | 62 special significance for peasants. It is not only a tempted to extend the range of his needs source of occupation but it is a culture too. indefinitely” (Durkheim, 1951: 254). Precisely, it is something with which they are Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be attached to both culturally and emotionally. clear that poverty among farmers existed even Economically, they consider it as their during the 1950s. But there was satisfaction hereditary property. Therefore, they are always with subsistence farming for livelihood. Hence, keen to transfer it to the next generation. one can derive that farmers during the 1950s Emotionally, they revere their cultivating land were less ambitious and so did not think of equivalent to their mother. Indian peasants committing suicide (see Do Bigha Zamin [1953] always want to keep their mother in one hand. where farming is in the form of subsistence At the same time, farming is quite professional farming and hardly had any incidence of occupation without much cultural significance. farmer’s suicide). However, in the post 1990s, Word Dharti Maata (mother earth) has been there is more emphasis on capitalist farming as used in Indian film Upkar (1967) when Puran a source of livelihood. As a result, there is more demands to divide the land; Bharat replies, emphasis on cash crops, contract farming, etc. “the land is our mother. We don’t divide our This has led to more desire for economic mother” (Virdi, 2003: 38). benefit. In case they fail, it turns into anomie There are two important questions that must and finally, anomic suicide (Nagaraj, 2008:1, be answered. First, what are socio-economic Jodhka, 2005:20, please see below for detailed factors, which cause farmers’ suicide? Second, discussion. Durkheim argues that the incidence why is it rising in contemporary times? There of suicide varies widely across societies and might not be one single explanation for historical periods. The psychological dislocation farmers’ suicide. It needs to be dealt with a that causes suicide has deep social roots. bunch of permutation and combination for Various causes increase the rate of suicide in explanation. Durkheim’s theory of suicide can industrial society, such as the dislocation of be linked to the contemporary farmer’s suicide. social bonds as individuals move away from When social regulations break down, the their family and community life. The infinite controlling influence of society on individual extension of market arouses the greed, unable propensities are no longer effective and to find ultimate foothold (see Durkheim, 1951). individuals are left to their own devices. Such a Quoting Durkheim’s work, Lukes (1973: 195) state of affairs is referred to by Durkheim as points that in modern towns driven by anomie, a term that refers to a condition of commerce and enterprise, men lose ‘the less relative normlessness in a whole society or in close’, as ‘the cold winds of egoism freezes some of its component groups. Durkheim their hearts and weakens their spirits’. (1951: 254) argued that wealth, by stimulating Consequently, ‘the bond attaching man to life human desires, carries with it dangers of slackens because