Bowel Emptying Techniques
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ANAL CLEANSING: Lack of Materials Contributes to Disease, Shame, Confusion Questions
ANAL CLEANSING: Lack of materials contributes to disease, shame, confusion Questions Without proper materials for anal cleansing, students desires to wipe and to wash their hands after wiping. and their classmates are at increased risk of acquiring “Sometimes there is feces left on you and your hands diarrheal diseases through hand contamination. The and, say, you have bought doughnuts and shared lack of such materials at schools is a concern. Further- them with someone and then he will eat your dirt… more, latrines can be quickly filled if inadequate mate- and then he is sick and then you feel bad,” said a rials (such as rocks or corncobs) are used by students. grade 7 male from Kamunda. To better understand how anal cleansing can be ef- fectively communicated, SWASH+ researchers wanted Perceived personal risk of disease or illness was men- to know three things: tioned near the end of discussions as a reason to • How do students feel about anal cleansing? clean properly. Cholera was the illness mentioned first, • What materials are best for anal cleansing? and, followed by dysentery, typhoid and nyach (a term for • How much do students know about this area? any STI excluding HIV/AIDS). Emotional factors that motivate students to wipe in- Research clude a desire to avoid shame due to soiled clothing or smelliness. Students also mentioned that ineffective Since 2007, the SWASH+ program has been conduct- cleansing inhibits concentration. “When you smell, you ing research in rural Nyanza Province, Kenya, to assess cannot focus in class,” said a grade 7 female from the impact, sustainability, and scalability of a school- Bunde. -
DOCTORAL THESIS Carrying Queerness Queerness, Performance
DOCTORAL THESIS Carrying Queerness Queerness, Performance and the Archive Hunt, Raymond Justin Award date: 2013 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Carrying Queerness: Queerness, Performance and the Archive by Raymond Justin Hunt, BA, MA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of Drama, Theatre and Performance University of Roehampton 2013 ABSTRACT This dissertation responds to the archival turn in critical theory by examining a relation between queerness, performance and the archive. In it I explore institutional archives and the metaphors of the archive as it operates in the academy, while focusing particularly on the way in which queerness may come to be archived. Throughout I use the analytic of performance. This work builds on and extends from crucial work in Queer studies, Performance Studies and Archival Studies. -
Ano-Vesical Reflex: Role in Inducing Micturition in Paraplegic Patients
Paraplegia 32 (1994) 104-107 © 1994 International Medical Society of Paraplegia Ano-vesical reflex: role in inducing micturition in paraplegic patients A Shafik MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Surgery and Research, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. The reflex relationship between the anal canal and the urinary bladder was investigated in 14 normal volunteers and in seven patients with spinal cord injury of more than 2 years duration. The latter induced urination by dilating the anal canal with the finger. The vesical pressure was measured by a balloon-tipped catheter introduced into the urinary bladder which was filled with 100 ml saline. The anal canal was inflated with a balloon catheter filled with 2 ml air; inflation was increased in increments of 2 ml up to 10 ml. The vesical pressure in response to both slow and rapid anal distension was recorded. The external and internal anal sphincters were blocked separately and the test was repeated. Rapid anal inflation elevated the vesical pressure. The greater the anal inflation, the higher the vesical pressure. Slow anal distension induced insignificant vesical pressure changes (p > 0.05). Rapid anal distension with internal sphincter block induced insignificant vesical pressure changes (p > 0.05) while the vesical pressure showed a significant increase with external sphincter block. In paraplegic subjects, the vesical pressure increased on rapid anal distension with 6 ml air but did not further increase with greater distension. Vesical pressure increase was recorded after external sphincter block but there was an insignificant change after internal sphincter paralysis. The aforementioned results were reproducible. -
Technology Review of Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets (Uddts) Overview of Design, Operation, Management and Costs
Technology Review of Urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) Overview of design, operation, management and costs As a federally owned enterprise, we support the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices Bonn and Eschborn, Germany T +49 228 44 60-0 (Bonn) T +49 61 96 79-0 (Eschborn) Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 40 53113 Bonn, Germany T +49 228 44 60-0 F +49 228 44 60-17 66 Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 65760 Eschborn, Germany T +49 61 96 79-0 F +49 61 96 79-11 15 E [email protected] I www.giz.de Name of sector project: SV Nachhaltige Sanitärversorgung / Sustainable Sanitation Program Authors: Christian Rieck (GIZ), Dr. Elisabeth von Münch (Ostella), Dr. Heike Hoffmann (AKUT Peru) Editor: Christian Rieck (GIZ) Acknowledgements: We thank all reviewers who have provided substantial inputs namely Chris Buckley, Paul Calvert, Chris Canaday, Linus Dagerskog, Madeleine Fogde, Robert Gensch, Florian Klingel, Elke Müllegger, Charles Niwagaba, Lukas Ulrich, Claudia Wendland and Martina Winker, Trevor Surridge and Anthony Guadagni. We also received useful feedback from David Crosweller, Antoine Delepière, Abdoulaye Fall, Teddy Gounden, Richard Holden, Kamara Innocent, Peter Morgan, Andrea Pain, James Raude, Elmer Sayre, Dorothee Spuhler, Kim Andersson and Moses Wakala. The SuSanA discussion forum was also a source of inspiration: http://forum.susana.org/forum/categories/34-urine-diversion-systems- -
Sanitation Options
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 11.479J / 1.851J Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Developing Countries Spring 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. On-site Sanitation Brian Robinson and Susan Murcott Week 12 - MIT 11.479J / 1.851J Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Developing Countries Mass. Institute of Technology May 8, 2007 On-site Sanitation • Sanitation ladder: options in sanitation • Ecological Sanitation • Case Study: Ecosan in Kenya Improved sanitation • connection to a public sewer • connection to septic system • pour-flush latrine • simple pit latrine • ventilated improved pit latrine The excreta disposal system is considered “adequate” if it is private or shared (but not public) and if it hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. "Not improved“ = service or bucket latrines (where excreta are manually removed), public latrines, latrines with an open pit. Sanitation “Ladder” Technology Hygiene 1. Open defecation, “flying toilet” 2. “Cathole” burial 3. Pit latrine 4. VIP 5. EcoSan 6. Pour-flush 7. Water-sealed toilets + neighborhood wastewater collection 8. Water-sealed toilets + neighborhood wastewater collection + treatment 1. No Poop sanitation *S. Murcott (T.P.) 2. “Cathole” burial Sanitation “Ladder” Technology Hygiene 1. Open defecation, “flying toilet” 2. “Cathole” burial 3. Pit latrine 4. VIP On-site sanitation 5. EcoSan 6. Pour-flush 7. Water-sealed toilets + neighborhood wastewater collection 8. Water-sealed toilets + neighborhood wastewater collection + treatment 3. Pit latrine – with pit Drainage? 3. Pit Latrine, No Pit 4. Ventilated Fly screen improved Air (ventilation) pit latrine (VIP) Vent pipe Seat cover A dry latrine system, with a screened vent pipe Pedestal to trap flies and often Pit collar Cover slab (May be extended to with double pits to base of pit in poor allow use on a ground conditions) permanent rotating basis. -
The Overdue Case Against Sex-Segregated Bathrooms
The Overdue Case Against Sex-Segregated Bathrooms Laura Portuondot INTRODUCTION. ...................................... .............. 466 I. THE UNREVEALING HISTORY OF SEX-SEGREGATED BATHROOMS .............. 470 A. Origins ................................... ..... 471 B. Sex-Segregated Bathrooms and the ERA Debates ...... ...... 476 II. THE JURISPRUDENCE OF SEX-SEGREGATED BATHROOMS .. ............ 482 A. The Interest in Accommodating Biological Differences................483 B. The Interest in Protecting Privacy......... ................. 485 C. The Interest in Protecting Women's Safety .... ................... 491 III. THE LEGAL CASE AGAINST SEX-SEGREGATED BATHROOMS...................497 A. The Intermediate Scrutiny Standard .......... ........ 497 B. Applying Intermediate Scrutiny to the Judicially Asserted Interests ............................ .............. 499 1. Accommodating Biological Differences .......... .......... 499 2. Privacy . ..................................... 502 3. Safety ............................. .............. 510 IV. THE NORMATIVE CASE AGAINST SEX-SEGREGATED BATHROOMS .......... 514 A. When Separate May Be Equal: The Subordination Distinction.....514 B. Overcoming the Privacy Objection: Sex-Segregated Bathrooms Perpetuate Harmful Stereotypes ................ ...... 517 C. Overcoming the Safety Objection: Sex-Segregated Bathrooms Perpetuate Dangers for Women ................. ..... 521 f Yale Law School, J.D., expected 2018; Yale University, B.A., 2014. I am grateful and indebted to Professor Cary Franklin -
2-1 CHAPTER 2 ANIMALS Part 1 Animal Defecation and Urination §2-101. Animal Defecation and Urination on Public and Private Prop
CHAPTER 2 ANIMALS Part 1 Animal Defecation and Urination §2-101. Animal Defecation and Urination on Public and Private Property. §2-102. Disposal of Animal Feces. §2-103. Dogs Accompanying Blind or Handicapped Persons Exempted. §2-104. Penalties. 0/0/0000 2-1 (2, PART 1) PART 1 ANIMAL DEFECATION AND URINATION §2-101. Animal Defecation and Urination on Public and Private Property. No person having ownership, possession, custody or control of any animal(s) shall know- ingly or negligently permit such animal(s) to: A. Defecate upon any public or private gutter, street, alley, nor upon any public or private driveway, curb or sidewalk, nor upon the floors, hallways or grounds of nay building or place frequented by the public, nor upon the out- side wall, walkways, driveways, alleys, curbs or stairways of any building or property abutting on a public street, nor upon the grounds of any public park or public area, nor upon the private property of any person or entity, other than the property of the owner or custodian of such animals(s). B. Urinate upon grass, shrubbery, trees, flowers, plantings, other vegetation or landscaping, other than that owned by the owner or custodian of such ani- mal(s). (Ord. 7-2000, 8/15/2000, §1) §2-102. Disposal of Animal Feces. 1. Any person having ownership, possession, custody or control of any animal(s) which creates a nuisance as deemed and declared under §2-101 above shall be re- quired to remove any feces deposited by such animal(s) from such grounds or sur- face and either: A. -
The Overdue Case Against Sex-Segregated Bathrooms
The Overdue Case Against Sex-Segregated Bathrooms Laura Portuondot INTRODUCTION. ...................................... .............. 466 I. THE UNREVEALING HISTORY OF SEX-SEGREGATED BATHROOMS .............. 470 A. Origins ................................... ..... 471 B. Sex-Segregated Bathrooms and the ERA Debates ...... ...... 476 II. THE JURISPRUDENCE OF SEX-SEGREGATED BATHROOMS .. ............ 482 A. The Interest in Accommodating Biological Differences................483 B. The Interest in Protecting Privacy......... ................. 485 C. The Interest in Protecting Women's Safety .... ................... 491 III. THE LEGAL CASE AGAINST SEX-SEGREGATED BATHROOMS...................497 A. The Intermediate Scrutiny Standard .......... ........ 497 B. Applying Intermediate Scrutiny to the Judicially Asserted Interests ............................ .............. 499 1. Accommodating Biological Differences .......... .......... 499 2. Privacy . ..................................... 502 3. Safety ............................. .............. 510 IV. THE NORMATIVE CASE AGAINST SEX-SEGREGATED BATHROOMS .......... 514 A. When Separate May Be Equal: The Subordination Distinction.....514 B. Overcoming the Privacy Objection: Sex-Segregated Bathrooms Perpetuate Harmful Stereotypes ................ ...... 517 C. Overcoming the Safety Objection: Sex-Segregated Bathrooms Perpetuate Dangers for Women ................. ..... 521 f Yale Law School, J.D., expected 2018; Yale University, B.A., 2014. I am grateful and indebted to Professor Cary Franklin -
Part 3: Toilet Design Considerations: Micro Level
PLANNING FOR PUBLIC TOILETS PART 3: MICRO LEVEL: TOILET DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: Inclusive Design for Different Types of User Groups ' To a good doctor there is no physical or mental aspect of his patient which should embarrass him. He may be worried or shocked by what his diagnosis reveals, but if he's any good, he is not embarrassed. Correspondingly, therefore, there should be no type of building, and no human function related to it which should embarrass the architect!' (Architects Journal, 1953, No.117). This section looks at the 'micro' level of detailed toilet design. However, the emphasis is upon principles, and upon 'seeing' how the different components of the toilet cubicle 'work' together, because, as they say, 'the devil is in the detail'. The emphasis is again upon the user, the range of user types, and the social and qualitative factors involved, rather than upon the technical plumbing and engineering aspects dealt with elsewhere in this course programme. There is also a longer optional explanation of the issues in the second part of the paper. A PowerPoint accompanies and illustrates Part 3. Part 3 is longer because detailed issues are so important. A fuller bibliography, list of references is given at the end. In fact Part 3 may be used as a module in its own right on inclusive design. People are Important There are many detailed design guides on the precise dimensions and locations of rails, toilet pans, washbasins, mirrors etc and so it is not the purpose of this chapter to give precise guidance on these. 'The problem' is that some toilet manuals deal with each component without seeing how they inter-relate with each other spatially. -
Urine Diversion Dry Toilet: a Narrative Review on Gaps and Problems and Its Transformation
European Journal of Behavioral Sciences ISSN 2538-807X Urine Diversion Dry Toilet: A Narrative Review on Gaps and Problems and its Transformation 1* 2 3 Govinda Prasad Devkota , Manoj K. Pandey , Shyam Krishna Maharjan 1 PhD Research Scholar, Graduate School of Education, Tribhuvan University, Nepal 2 Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway 3 Central Department of Education, Tribhuvan University, Nepal ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This review paper highlights the gaps and problems on source Eco-San Toilet separation of human excreta; implementing and adopting human Nutrients urine as nutrients for agriculture. The objective of the paper is to School Education appraise the historical context behind the promotion of Urine Transformation Diversion Dry Toilet/Eco-san toilet and its relevance in rural Nepalese context. Moreover, it highlights the experiences regarding agricultural perspectives and livelihood by applying human urine as a fertilizer. Furthermore, it helps to understand and analyze the major issues, gaps and problems in acceptance and use of human excreta in Nepalese context for scaling up of its application and its transformation through school education system. Database search based on ‘Free text term’ or key word search was the strategy used to map of all relevant articles from multiple databases; Medline (1987-2018), MeSH (2005-2018), CINAHL (1998-2018) and OvidMedline (1992-2019). For each the outputs were downloaded into RefWorks databases. Specifically, this paper focuses on urine diversion to demonstrate its potential to elegantly separate and collect as nutrients and desire to control pathogens and micro- pollutants help in sanitation. It is recommended that an urgent need to participate community people and school children to disseminate users’ perceptions, attitudes and behaviour concerning the urine diversion toilets. -
The Provision of Public Toilets
House of Commons Communities and Local Government The Provision of Public Toilets Twelfth Report of Session 2007–08 Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence Ordered by The House of Commons to be printed 6 October 2008 HC 636 Published on 22 October 2008 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £0.00 Communities and Local Government Committee The Communities and Local Government Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Department for Communities and Local Government and its associated bodies. Current membership Dr Phyllis Starkey MP (Labour, Milton Keynes South West) (Chair) Sir Paul Beresford MP (Conservative, Mole Valley) Mr Clive Betts MP (Labour, Sheffield Attercliffe) John Cummings MP (Labour, Easington) Jim Dobbin MP (Labour Co-op, Heywood and Middleton) Andrew George MP (Liberal Democrat, St Ives) Mr Greg Hands MP (Conservative, Hammersmith and Fulham) Anne Main MP (Conservative, St Albans) Mr Bill Olner MP (Labour, Nuneaton) Dr John Pugh MP (Liberal Democrat, Southport) Emily Thornberry MP (Labour, Islington South and Finsbury) Powers The Committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the Internet via www.parliament.uk. Publications The Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the Internet at www.parliament.uk/clgcom Committee staff The current staff of the Committee are Huw Yardley (Clerk of the Committee), David Weir (Second Clerk), Andrew Griffiths (Second Clerk), Sara Turnbull (Inquiry Manager), Josephine Willows (Inquiry Manager), Clare Genis (Committee Assistant), Gabrielle Henderson (Senior Office Clerk), Nicola McCoy (Secretary) and Laura Kibby (Select Committee Media Officer). -
What Do You Do After. . .? (Anal Discomfort and How to Deal with It) By: W
What do you do After. .? (Anal discomfort and how to deal with it) By: W. Grant Thompson, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada "How do you clean your bottom after a bowel movement (or leakage)? The answer to this seldom-asked question can be most revealing, and ultimately helpful to many sufferers of anal discomfort. Many people are reluctant to discuss symptoms related to this sensitive area; yet they can be very troubling. Itching (pruritis ani), painful defecation, stained underwear, spotting of blood and offensive odor add up to embarrassment, distress, social handicap and anguish. These complaints are very common. They may coexist with the irritable bowel syndrome or other functional bowel disease. Diarrhea and constipation may aggravate them. Anal symptoms are not part of these conditions as they may occur independently. They may be due to or associated with many local diseases. Whatever the association, perianal irritation can be treated. How can you get help for these troublesome symptoms? First, you should frankly describe them to your doctor. Analysis of the symptoms and inspection of the area should permit him or her to recognize any underlying disease. Crohn's disease may attack the anus. Cancers and some sexually transmitted diseases can occur there as well. If defecation is painful, there may be a tiny tear in the anal skin called an anal fissure. It is demonstrative of how sensitive is the anal skin that so small a lesion can cause so much pain. The surrounding skin is prone to many dermatoses and infections. Psoriasis, eczema and herpes are common examples.