The Future Direction of Optical Data Storage Technologies and Challenges in the 21st Century

Media-Tech 2006 Long Beach Long Beach, California October 10-11, 2006

< by > Richard G. Zech, Ph.D. Consultant & Expert Witness -Computer Storage & Photonics President & Managing Principal The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group Colorado Springs, CO 80906 (719) 633-4377 v [email protected] AAbbststrractact

The advent of blue-laser (405nm) optical storage in the form of BD, HD DVD, holographic memories, and UDO would seem to signal the end of optical storage's technology life. But, in fact, the future of optical storage is still very bright. Once theoretical methods of capacity growth, such as multi- layer, multi-level, near-field, and holographic are ready to enter the product mainstream. The engineering challenges of these advanced recording methods on lasers, media, optical pickups, servos, and read/write channels will be significant, but achievable. One can confidently predict the future of optical storage will be 120-130mm disc media with capacities in the 100 GB to 1 TB range.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 2 CConontetentnt

Ø Part 1 -Introduction Ø Part 2 -Near term Futures Ø Part 3 -Bleeding Edge Futures Ø Part 4 -Some Enabling Components Ø Part 5 -Replication and Disc Manufacturing Ø Part 6 -The Bottom line Ø Part 7 -Appendices

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 3 PPaarrtt 11 Introduction Common Sense

Ø Optical data storage is subject to Shannon’s channel capacity law:

C = Nxlog2(1+S/N), where N is a function of l and NA and S/N of media quality. Ø In English, you can’t put 10 lbs of polycarbonate in a 1 lb polyethylene sack. Ø I can’t, and neither can anyone else.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 5 I started research in optical storage at an early age.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 6 October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 7 The ODS Product Technology Cycle

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 8 Optical Storage's Moore's Law

source: Unaxis

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 9 October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 10 ClClaassssiicacall OOppttiicacall SSttoorraaggee -- II IIss tthhee eendnd ooff tthhee ttecechnologhnologyy linlinee inin ssighight?t?

Ø Laser diode (LD) wavelengths (l) have reached the end of the visible spectrum at 405nm. Ø Conventional objective lens have reached the limit of usable numerical apertures (NAs). Ø Spot size is a function of l/NA; shorter ls and bigger NAs yield smaller spot diameters and higher areal densities. Ø The technology life appears ended - but wait! This is only true for linear thinking and design.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 11 ClClaassssiicacall OOppttiicacall SSttoorraaggee -- 22 IIss tthhee eendnd ooff tthhee ttecechnologhnologyy linlinee inin ssighight?t?

Ø For l fixed at 405nm, classical optical storage can increase capacity in several ways, alone or in combination. Ø Architecture Examples: – Multilayer Discs (MLD); 2-N surfaces. – MultiLevel Recording (MLR); replicated, phase change. – Near-Field Recording (NFR); read-only and write/read. – Fluorescent Multilayer Disc (FMD); read and record. Ø Attractive Combinations: – MLD + MLR (25-50 GB/surface x 2.5 ML gain x N surfaces or 250-500 GB/120mm disc). – NFR + MLR + MLD (50-200 GB/surface x 2.5 ML gain x 1-2 surfaces or 125 GB -1 TB/120mm disc).

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 12 October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 13 PPaarrtt 22 Near Term Futures Today + 5 years Technologies

Ø Multilayer Recording – Increases capacity without requiring a corresponding increase inareal density. – 8-layer discs with 200 GB capacity demonstrated by TDK and Philipsusing Blu-ray layers. – Increases optical media manufacturing and replication complexitysignificantly. Ø UDO – 30 GB cartridges shipping today; 60 GB cartridges expected in 2007. – A blue-laser concept, but not Blu-ray (computer application oriented). – Roadmap capacity to 120 GB/cartridge. Ø Near-field Recording (NFR) – Multiplies effective NA. – Maximizes areal density and surface capacity. – Trades MLD disc manufacturing complexity for optical head-disc interface complexity. Ø MultiLevel Recording (MLR) – Provides a practical 2.5x multiplier per layer (8 levels). – Can be implemented with a single DSP; not too expensive. – Works with any optical storage recording technology. Ø 3-D Holographic Memories (Holomems) -Disc Architectures – Deliverable products by end of 2006 after 43 years of R&D. – Mainly professional AV storage, archiving, some general applications. – Only two real players: InPhase Technologies & Optware (Japan). Ø Fluorescent Multilayer Disc (FMD) – Great concept (discrete layer 3-D storage), but some inherent problems. – Need some heavyweight funding for product development. – Excellent HDTV playback demonstrated for 6-layer disc (red laser).

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 15 a) Multilayer Disc

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 16 BluBlu--rraayy DiDiscsc SSttaannddaarrdd RReeffeerreenncece

Source: Philips

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 17 BBlulu--rraayy DDiiscsc RRooaaddmmapap

Source: TDK

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 18 October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 19 b) UDO

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 20 UDOUDO -- TThhee OOththeerr BlBlueue--llaasseerr DiDiscsc

Ø UDO = Ultra Density Optical (a Plasmon plc product) Ø Original design by Sony as successor to 5.25" MO. Ø Designed for computer applications (-R and -RW). Ø 30 GB cartridge media (2-sided phase change disc). Ø ANSI-standard 5.25" MO disc cartridge; jukebox ready.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 21 Source: Plasmon plc

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 22 MSFB = mean (cartridge) swaps between failures. Source: Plasmon plc

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 23 c) Near-field Recording

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 24 October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 25 October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 26 NNearear--FFiieelldd RReeccoorrddiingng wwiitthh VSVSAALsLs

Near-Field image of 60 nm Near Field marks written by near-field compared with Far-Field

d

d / 2 NEAR FIELD

l

VSAL = Very Small Aperture Laser Aperture Size Determines Resolution --Independent of Laser Wavelength. Exceptionally Small Spot Sizes -- 60nm spots (134Gb/in2) demonstrated in MO material. Beam of any shape demonstrated --Improves performance & design flexibility. (source: Lucent Technologies)

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 27 d) MultiLevel Technology

Ø MultiLevel (ML) is not a product, but a performance-enhancement technology. Ø Fixed-size data cells support 8 reflection levels (variable areas) on a dye-polymer (-R) or phase change (-RW) recording layer. Yields about 2.5 bits per cell in practice (not the theoretical 3). Ø The enabler is a proprietary DSP chip (core IC) Ø ML-enhanced drives and media work for CD/DVD and Blue-laser formats. Should work for all disc formats. Ø 60GB per 120mm Blue Disc lab demonstrated (Calimetrics, now part of LSI Logic, and Philips research project).

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 28 e) Holomems

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 29 HHoollooggrraapphhiicc MMeemmoorriieses ((HHoollomomeemms)s)

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 30 October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 31 HHoollooggrraapphhiicc MMeemmoorriieses -- HHiisstotoryry

Ø Original concept by P.J. van Heerden (Polaroid) in 1963, based on D. Gabor’s “wavefront reconstruction”(holography). Ø Generally agreed to be impractical by 1975. Ø Over 50 companies worldwide have invested in and abandoned the technology (1965-2005). Ø The early 1990s saw a resurgence in interest; for example, DARPA’s HDSS/PRISM program helped to greatly advanced the art. Ø The “no moving parts”(random access) BORAM model has been abandoned in favor of the (direct access) optical disc model. Ø Advances in lasers, storage media, photodetector arrays (PDAs), spatial light modulators (SLMs), hologram stacking methods, data coding, and signal processing have made 300GB 130mm discs feasible today. Ø Today’s leading companies are InPhase Technologies and Optware (Japan). Ø After more than 40 years of R&D, holographic memories (holomems)appear on the threshold of commercial viability for a limited set of applications; for example, general archiving and digital video storage. Holomems are not suitable for consumer electronics applications today. However, they can effectively support the creation and delivery processes.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 32 PrProoss aanndd CCoonnss ooff HHoolloommeemsms Pros Ø Parallel write/read of large data pages (1024 x 1024 pixels common). Ø 3D stacking of holograms in a common volume (increases 2D areal storage density by a factor of 1,000x, or more). Ø Simple read mechanisms, which reconstruct each data page independently (ideally, with no crosstalk). Cons Ø Complex system designs. Ø Demanding storage media requirements. Ø Lack of infrastructure (photonic components challenging; optical communications applications have driven lower pricing, volume, and reliability). Ø Expensive hardware ($15,000 drives) compared to competing storage technologies (disc media competitive at $120/cartridge).

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 33 IBIBMM DDeemomonn 22 HHoolloommeemm DDeemmoonnssttrraattoror

source: IBM Almaden Labs

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 34 OOppttwwaarree HHoolloommeemm PPrroodduucctsts

Optware tabletop exhibit at ODS 2004 (source: ADVENT)

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 35 InPhase Technologies Prototype Holomem Drive and Disc Cartridge

source: InPhase Technologies

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 36 InInPPhhasease TTecechnohnollogiogieses HHoloolomemmem DDrriivvee SScchhemaematticic

(record optical path) (read optical path)

HWP = half wave plate SLM = spatial light modulator source: InPhase Technologies

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 37 InPhase Holomem Recordable Technology "Roadmap"

Specs 2005 2008 2010

Effective Areal Density 480 Gb/in2 12800 Gb/in2 2560 Gb/in2 Raw Data Rate 160 Mbits/s 640 Mbits/s 960 Mbits/s

Estimated Capacity (raw GB) 300 800 1,600

NA of object beam 0.65 0.65 0.65

Bragg Null 2nd 2nd 1st

SLM Pixels 1280x1024 1200x1200 1200x1200

PDA Pixels 1280x1024 1696x1710 1696x1710

Camera sensitivity (Counts/(J/m2)) 176,000 350,000 700,000

Laser power (mW) 50 70 100

Wavelength (nm) 407 407 407

Material Thickness (mm) 1.5 1.5 1.5

Original table from InPhase; edited down by the author -capacity points for 130mm discs added.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 38 source: Maxell

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 39 f) Fluorescent Multilayer Disc (FMD)

Ø 5-100 storage layers on a substrate (claimed; about 20 actual) Ø Read signal generated by laser-induced linear or non-linear fluorescence Ø Minimal interaction between layers (adequate signal and SNR) Ø Gives optical storage equivalent HDD multiple discs per spindle capability Ø No standards issues (works with CD, DVD, and BD/HD DVD media formats) Ø Read Only, Write Once, and ReWritable storage modes are possible Ø Drives are feasible (may need dynamic aberration correction) Ø Disc manufacturing is complex, likely to be expensive initially,but feasible Ø Inventor C3D went out of business, but is back as D Data Inc (New York).

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 40 PPaarrtt 33 Bleeding Edge Futures TTododaayy ++ 1010--1155 yyeaearrss TTeecchhnnoollooggiieses

Ø 3-D Holomems with BORAM (block-oriented random access memory) Architectures Ø UV disc (continuation of the classical optical roadmap -need UV laser diodes) Ø X-ray disc (digital holography) Ø Atomic/Molecular (data storage by means of configuration or quantum state) Ø Biological (biorhodopsin and similar; brain simulation) Ø Some enabling means: – negative refraction (smaller spots, flat lenses) – variable focus lenses – MEMS (e.g., DMM) – nanotech (e.g., self assembly, patterned media) – nanophotonics (e.g., modulators, lasers, gratings) – photonic sieves (for far UV and X-ray spot formation)

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 42 UlUlttrraavviioolleett ““OOppttiiccalal”” SStotorraagege

Ø Does optical storage end with l = 405nm? Ø Not if the technology is extended into the near and mid- range ultraviolet (UV). Ø Diagnosis: UV optical storage will be far more challenging than near-IR and visible optical storage was. Ø Front surface recording layer and reflection component OPU (optical pickup unit). Ø Prognosis: within 5 years optical storage at l = 325nm (frequency doubled 650nm) will be feasible. The technology will "burn out" before reaching l = 202.5nm (frequency doubled 405nm). Ø The trade offs involve a 4x increase in areal density for l = 202.5nm, versus the complexity and cost of UV components. Ø Much of UV optical storage technology can/will be adapted from semiconductor lithography.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 43 UUVV ““OOptptiiccalal”” SStotorraaggee CChhaalllleennggeses

Ø UV laser diodes Ø UV optical components Ø UV recording media Ø Design cost and complexity Ø Mastering and replication processes Ø Development costs Ø Killer application motivation

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 44 UUVV LLaasseerr DDiiooddeses

Ø UV laser diode technology is in its infancy. Ø Very few commercial products are available. Ø Nichia is shipping a 20mW CW (100mW pulsed), 375nm product. Ø DPSS (diode-pumped solid state) lasers, which can be frequency tripled or quadrupled, must be greatly reduced in size and cost to be candidates. Ø Other options to UV laser diodes and DPSS (for example,

KrF or F2) have no possibility of meeting size and cost requirements. Ø Nanotech may hold the key to long-term prospects. Ø Bottom Line: UV laser diodes are in about the same position as blue lasers in 1995. Solutions are 3-5 years out.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 45 UUVV SSeemimiccononduductctoror LLaseasersrs

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 46 XX--RRaayy ““OOpptticicalal”” SStotorraagege WRITE Ø Concept designed for x-radiation with l < 1nm Ø 1D or 2D computer-generated FT Holograms Ø Select page size (N or NxN) and offset angle Ø Compute and sample analog interference pattern Ø Apply Data Coding and EDAC Ø Modulate and Scan Write Spot READ Ø Parallel read by means of holographic reconstruction Ø Position read beam over hologram Ø Project N or N x N pixels onto Photodetector Array Ø Process and Format Serial Data Stream

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 47 XX--RRaayy ““OOpptticicalal”” SStotorraagege

The Challenges Ø No compact, safe, inexpensive X-ray laser. Ø All optics must generally be reflective. Ø No compact photodetector arrays. Ø New mastering (write) and replication methods required. The Advantages Ø No page composer (SLM) required. Ø No 3D media and incoherent superposition (stacking) of hologram pages required. Ø Can apply method to all media formats (disc, card, or tape). Ø Read servo requirements about the same as today’s DVD.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 48 XX--RRaayy ““OOpptticicalal”” SStotorraagege

Performance Potential Ø Assume a disc format; 50 mm diameter and a recording area of 1600mm2. Ø Areal Density r = 1/(2lF#)2 Ø For l = 0.5nm and F# = 2, r = 250Gb/mm2 (160 Tb/in2) Ø C = 50TB (30-40TB user) Ø Access Time = same as DVD-ROM drive Ø Read Data Rate = F(# of pixels, read power, detector sensitivity, scan speed); could achieve 50Gbps.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 49 State-of-the-Art X-Ray Laser A Free-Electron Laser (FEL) Some engineering required to make suitable for optical storage applications

Source: Un. of Hamburg

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 50 PPaarrtt 44

Some Enabling Components AA FFeeww EExaxammpplleses

Ø Negative Refraction Ø Variable Focus Lenses Ø Grating Light Valves Ø Photon Sieves

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 52 NNeeggaattiivvee RReeffrracacttiionon

normal refraction

negative refraction

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 53 NNeeggaattiivvee RReeffrracacttiionon

a) negative refraction b) normal (positive) refraction

source: Physics Today (December 2003)

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 54 NNeeggaattiivvee RReeffrracacttiionon

source: JB Pendry, Imperial College (April 2000)

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 55 NNeeggaattiivvee RReeffrracacttiionon

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 56 VVaarriiaabbllee FFooccuuss LLeennsseses

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 57 VVaarriiaabbllee FFooccuuss LLeennsseses

source: http://physicsweb.org (Feb 3 2006)

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 58 VVaarriiaabbllee FFooccuuss LLeennsseses

source: Photonics Spectra, March 01 , 2005

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 59 GGrraattinging LiLigghhtt VVaallvvee ((MMOOEEMMSS ddeevviicce)e)

source: Silicon Light Machines

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 60 GGrraattiinngg LLiigghhtt VVaallvvee (M(MOOEEMMSS ddeevviice)ce)

source: Silicon Light Machines

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 61 GGrraattiinngg LLiigghhtt VVaallvvee (M(MOOEEMMSS ddeevviice)ce)

The minimum finger deflection is 0.002nm; the device dynamic range provides 4096 intensity levels. source: Silicon Light Machines

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 62 PPhhototoonn SSiieeveve A means for focusing UV and X-ray beams to small spots

source: http://www.photonsieve.de/

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 63 PPhhototoonn SSiieeveve Intensity profile of the photon sieve is on the left; its Gaussian counterpart is on the right.

source: http://www.photonsieve.de/

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 64 PPaarrtt 55 Replication and Disc Manufacturing MMaasstteerriinngg && RReeppliliccaattiionon Ø The future of optical disc storage will ultimately be determinedby disc mastering and replication processes. Ø Near-UV mastering and modified replication processes already exist and are proven. Phase transition mastering using a 405nm laser and a highly non-linear photoresist (inorganic) looks promising for BD. Ø For C > 100GB per layer per 120mm disc, extreme UV or e-beam mastering machines (EBMM) may be required. Ø EBMM have already achieved 50nm wide pits (DVD uses 300nm); 15nm features are feasible. Ø Molding processes that preserve the fine structure of the stamping master will be a challenge for ultra-high density optical discs. New molding materials may be needed. Ø Bonding should be eliminated, if possible; 2P processes should be avoided, if possible. Ø 100GB (recordable/rewritable) and 200GB (read-only) per layer for 120mm disc have been demonstrated at the research level. TDK and Sharp, for example, have demonstrated 8-layer/25 GB per layer (BD) 200 GB and 2-layer/50 GB per layer (not BD) 100 GB optical disc capacities, respectively. Mastering and replication in a production environment has yet to be demonstrated.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 66 OOppttiicacall DiDiscsc MMasastteerriingng-- AAFMFM IImmaaggeses

(source: Optical Disc Corporation)

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 67 This method was developed by Plasmon in the mid-1980s to master its “moth’s eye”write- once optical disc. A simple interferometer (argon laser l = 488nm) was used. Between exposures, the master disc was rotated by 90 degrees. This also provided an early example of “patterned” media.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 68 CChhaalllleennggeess && OOppppoorrttuunniittiieses forfor tthhee OOppttiiccaall MMeeddiiaa IIndnduussttryry

Ø The technology and equipment for CD and DVD is proven and mature. Most of the key problems for BD and HD DVD have been solved. That was the easy part. Ø Optical media in the next generations will be more complex. Required yield, throughput, and quality will be harder to achieve, regardless of the future technology winner(s). Ø The cost and complexity of processes and equipment and the unit cost of media will increase, perhaps significantly in some cases. A major challenge to the industry is to prevent or minimize this. Ø New or modified processes, manufacturing equipment, and quality control methods will be required for MLD, holographic, and NFR media. Ø More sophisticated and complex in-line and off-line test and measurement equipments will be required. Ø The cost of R&D will increase significantly; expect to hire morematerials scientists, chemists, and physicists. Ø On the positive side, new opportunities are plentiful, and provide a natural evolutionary path. On the negative side, a finite probability exists that increasing the capacity optical storage media may well become too expensive (diminishing economic returns).

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 69 PPaarrtt 66 The Bottom Line SSuummmmaarryy aandnd CCoonncclluussiioonsns

Ø Existing optical storage technologies still have at least a 10-year useful product life cycle. However, classical optical storage will have reached the end of its technology life by then. Ø Future products will primarily be the blue-disc progeny of Blu-ray Disc. Ø Optical storage 5-10 years from today will be provided mainly by evolved versions of today’s proven technologies. Ø Over the 10 year horizon, optical storage will likely be provided by a mixture of today’s evolving and future technologies. Displacement technologies cannot be ruled out. Ø Optical storage will continue to dominate the removable-media AV applications sector in consumer electronics. "HDTV" playback and recording and personal storage applications will be the dominant applications. Ø Optical storage 10+ years from today will likely be provided by a mixture of today’s evolving and future technologies.

Bottom Line: Although facing many challenges and competitors, the future of optical storage for the next 10 years is still very bright.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 71 AA RecRecoommmmeendndatatiionon The Media-Tech Association should form a standing committee of members and selected non-members to: 1) Create an optical storage roadmap to track the evolution of optical storage and related technologies and components, as they relate to optical media manufacturing and replication. 2) Publish an annual report on key findings. 3) Review the key results at the annual Frankfurt and Long Beach meetings.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 72 PPaarrtt 77 Appendices < Appendix A > RReeffeerreenncesces

1) "Challenges and Opportunities of Optical Recording," Dr. Di Chen, Chen & Associates, Proc. Of SPIE, Vol. 5966, September 15, 2005. 2) "Relevant Technologies for Future Generations of Optical Data Storage," Prof. M. Mansuripur (Optical Sciences Center, Un. of Arizona), Media-Tech Conference, Hollywood, CA, August 31, 2004. 3) "Optical Recording at 1 Tb/in2," Prof. T. D. Milster, (Optical Sciences Center, Un. of Arizona), THIC Meeting, Louisville, CO, July 22-23, 2003.

Some of Dick Zech's papers: Ø “Volume Hologram Optical Memories: Mass Storage Future Perfect?,”Optics and Photonics News, August 1992, pp. 16-25. Ø “Where do we go from here? Digital Media Futures for Consumer Electronics,” Diskcon 2002, September 17-19, 2002, San Jose, CA. Ø “UV Futures for Optical Disc (What’s Next for DVD after Blu-ray?),”adapted from the International Storage Industry Consortium (INSIC) 2003 Conference on the Future of Optical Data Storage, San Francisco, CA, January 23-25, 2003. Ø “Technology Analysis: Optical Storage Futures -The Consumer Electronics Perspective," IIST Workshop XVII, Asilomar Conference on Computer Storage, Monterrey, CA, December 2003. Ø The 2005-15 Roadmap: Optical Storage for Consumer Electronics," An ADVENT Special Report, December 2004.

Copies in PDF format available upon request by e-mail to [email protected].

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 74 < Appendix B > AAbboutout tthhee AAuthoruthor

Dr. Dick Zech has nearly 40 years of computer storage and photonics experience. His academic focus was on modern optics, electromagnetic theory, communications theory, advanced mathematics, and the chemistry/physics of optical materials. His doctoral dissertation was entitled "Data Storage in Volume Holograms (supervised by Prof. Emmett N. Leith at the University of Michigan). His primary expertise is in the fields of optical data storage, holography, recording media, and optical disc replication processes and technology. His main interests are data storage; lasers; materials physics, chemistry and processes; control and positioning of light beams; and photonic componentsand their integration into fully functional information processing systems. Much of Dick’s early work (1965-1979) was for the US Department of Defense, NASA and various intelligence agencies. The primary goal of this work was to use photonics technology for the rapid acquisition, processing, storage and communication of data vital to national defense and the space program (including holographic wideband recorders and BORAM holographic memories) .In addition, Dick also has significant engineering, product and business development, and sales and marketing management experience, which he has used as a consultant for thepast 18 years. Since 1990 he has worked as an expert witness in numerous patent infringement litigations (and a few involving breach of contract and theft of trade secrets) and evaluated over 200 patents for technical and economic merit. Among his inventions are the projected real-image Lippmann- Bragg hologram, volume manufacturing methods for holograms, and the multi-channel optical disc recorder (DIGIMEM). He has published over 150 papers, reports, and presentations.

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 75