DOCSLIB.ORG

Nlib9280809083.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nlib9280809083.Pdf The United Nations University is an organ of the United Nations established by the General Assembly in 1972 to be an international community of scholars engaged in research, advanced training, and the dissemination of knowledge related to the pressing global problems of human survival, development, and welfare. Its activities focus mainly on peace and conflict resolution, development in a changing world, and science and technology in relation to human welfare. The University operates through a worldwide network of research and postgraduate training centres, with its planning and coordinating headquarters in Tokyo. The United Nations University Press, the publishing division of the UNU, publishes scholarly books and periodicals in the social sciences, humanities, and pure and applied natural sciences related to the University’s research. Ethnicity and power in the contemporary world Note to the reader from the UNU This is the final volume to emerge from a five-year research and training programme conducted by the United Nations University on governance and conflict resolution. The programme examined the underlying conditions giving rise to internal conflicts, particularly where they are manifested through direct violence. It also focused on the conceptual and theoretical problems related to such conflicts, early warning of potential conflicts, and conflict transformation. This volume investigates the causes and consequences of violent conflict and the options for its prevention, resolution, and transformation in regions as diverse as Africa, the former Yugoslavia, Northern Ireland, and certain Soviet successor states. The chapters, written by multicultural scholars, are based on revised versions of papers originally presented at a UNU symposium held in cooperation with the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in March 1992. The companion volume, entitled The Culture of Violence, was published by the UNU Press in 1994. Ethnicity and power in the contemporary world Edited by Kumar Rupesinghe and Valery A. Tishkov United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS ( The United Nations University, 1996 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press The United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan Tel: (03) 3499-2811 Fax: (03) 3406-7345 Telex: J25442 Cable: UNATUNIV TOKYO UNU Office in North America 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-1462-70, New York, NY 10017 Tel: (212) 963-6387 Fax: (212) 371-9454 Telex: 422311 UN UI United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Typeset by Asco Trade Typesetting Limited, Hong Kong Printed by Permanent Typesetting and Printing Co., Ltd., Hong Kong Cover design by Jonathan Gullery/Abel Graphics, Thornwood, New York, USA UNUP-908 ISBN 92-808-0908-3 03500 P Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 Kumar Rupesinghe and Valery A. Tishkov 1 Governance and conflict resolution in multi-ethnic societies 10 Kumar Rupesinghe 2 Ethnic conflict in the Horn of Africa: Myth and reality 32 Hizkias Assefa 3 Ethnic conflicts in the context of social science theories 52 Valery A. Tishkov 4 Settlement of ethnic conflicts in post-Soviet society 69 Emil Payin v Contents 5 Dynamics of the Moldova–Trans-Dniester ethnic conflict (late 1980s to early 1990s) 83 Airat R. Aklaev 6 Ethnic conflict in the Osh region in summer 1990: Reasons and lessons 116 Abilabek Asankanov 7 From centre–periphery conflict to the making of new nationality policy in an independent state: Estonia 125 Klara Hallik 8 Conflict management in the former USSR and world experience 143 Victor A. Kremenyuk 9 The dissolution of multi-ethnic states: The case of Yugoslavia 159 Silvo Devetak 10 Ethnic conflict, federalism, and democracy in India 179 S.D. Muni 11 An intractable conflict? Northern Ireland: A need for pragmatism 199 John Darby 12 Political autonomy and conflict resolution: The Basque case 210 Jose´ Manuel Castells and Gurutz Jauregui 13 Ethnic and racial groups in the USA: Conflict and cooperation 236 Mary C. Waters 14 Ethnic conflicts and minority protection: Roles for the international community 263 Asbjørn Eide vi Contents 15 The right to autonomy: Chimera or solution? 287 Hurst Hannum Contributors 296 vii Acknowledgements This volume is based on presentations made at the Conference on Conflict, Governance, and the Devolution of Power in Multi-ethnic States sponsored by the United Nations University, Tokyo, and the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow in March 1992, under the UNU’s Ethnic Conflict and Governance Programme. We are also extremely grateful to the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology for hosting the conference and to the Institute’s staff, in particular Senior Researcher Mara Ustinova and Marina Martinova, Scientific Secretary. We would like to acknowledge the invaluable support of the UNU both in sponsoring the conference and through a lengthy editing process: particularly Dr Takeo Uchida, former Principal Academic Officer and in charge of the Ethnic Conflict and Governance Pro- gramme, for his guidance and great patience. To Rogie Kahlon and all the other staff at the UNU who helped with the production of the volume, we offer our sincere thanks. Stephanie Loomis ably assisted in the organization of the Moscow conference. We would also like to thank Susan Hoivik, David Israelson, Lucy Ackroyd, and David Lord for their work on the manuscript. ix Introduction Kumar Rupesinghe and Valery A. Tishkov The continuing agonies of Rwanda, Somalia, Bosnia, Azerbaijan- Armenia, and Algeria, just to cite a few of the dozens of examples of the violent internal conflicts which are the predominant form of warfare in the world today, underscore the timeliness of this volume by pointing to the urgent necessity of improving the global com- munity’s understanding of the causes and consequences of violent conflict and options for their prevention, constructive resolution, or transformation. While covering a wide geographic and experiential range, this volume has no pretensions to providing an exhaustive or definitive overview of the relationships between ethnicity, power, and conflict in the modern world. In fact, in the following pages readers will find opposing perspectives, definitions, arguments, and conclusions, all of which are part of a rich and dynamic process of analysis, debate, and discovery. The material contained in this volume, which explores conflicts and conflict resolution approaches in the Horn of Africa, some of the Soviet successor states, the former Yugoslavia, India, Northern Ireland, the Basque country, and the United States, leads to the conclusion that solutions to the dilemmas posed by the resur- 1 Kumar Rupesinghe and Valery A. Tishkov gence of ethnicity and shifting power relationships in the post-Cold- War world involve a plethora of factors which do not lend themselves to superficial analysis or pat solutions. In reality, the nature of conflict is as complex as the global varieties of social life itself; a fact which should, but does not always, lead scholars to reject the temptation to make categorical classifications and avoid oversimplifications. Case-studies, whether drawn from the former Soviet Union, Africa, Asia, Western Europe, or the Americas, demonstrate varieties of entwined objective and subjective factors, as well as rational and irrational motives on the part of individuals and groups, that belie simple classification. The urgency of many current conflict situations also demands that scholars, policy makers, and ordinary people eschew blinkered methodological, political, or ethnic orientations when trying to understand conflict and build peace. The importance of the issue of self-determination in any discussion of conflict and conflict resolution in the contemporary world is indis- putable, an importance which is reflected in this volume in several of the case-studies, as well as in the more general discussions. But the viability of political arrangements between groups is only part of the intricate matrix of most conflicts, which can involve issues of gover- nance and authority as well as issues of ideology, identity, economic disparity, competition for resources, and other factors, most often in complex combinations. Co-editor Kumar Rupesinghe’s contribution, entitled ‘‘Governance and Conflict Resolution in Multi-Ethnic Societies,’’ describes some of the fundamental changes which will be needed in our perceptions of security and sovereignty if the global community is to manage peacefully the dynamics of ethnic conflict and the unresolved and largely unreflected issue of self-determination. The issues of gover- nance, ethnicity, and conflict resolution are explored in the context of the evolving new world order, which is still encumbered with increasingly obsolete and ineffective international systems, mecha- nisms, and approaches. Rupesinghe argues that conflicts involving claims or resistance to claims of self-determination remain among the most intractable, partly due to the absence of mechanisms to address such claims. In ‘‘Ethnic Conflict in the Horn of Africa: Myth and Reality,’’ Hizkias Assefa offers a definition of ethnic groups as collectivities of people who share the same primordial characteristics, such as com- mon ancestry, language, and culture. Ethnicity refers to the behav- iour and feelings that emanate from membership of an ethnic group.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE PRESS in CROWN HEIGHTS by Carol B. Conaway
    FRAMING IDENTITY : THE PRESS IN CROWN HEIGHTS by Carol B. Conaway The Joan Shorenstein Center PRESS ■ POLI TICS Research Paper R-16 November 1996 ■ PUBLIC POLICY ■ Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government FRAMING IDENTITY: THE PRESS IN CROWN HEIGHTS Prologue 1 On the evening of August 19, 1991, the Grand Bystanders quickly formed a crowd around the Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch was returning car with the three Lubavitcher men, and several from his weekly visit to the cemetery. Each among them attempted to pull the car off of the week Rabbi Menachem Schneerson, leader of the Cato children and extricate them. Lifsh tried to worldwide community of Lubavitch Hasidic help, but he was attacked by the crowd, consist- Jews, visited the graves of his wife and his ing predominately of the Caribbean- and Afri- father-in-law, the former Grand Rebbe. The car can-Americans who lived on the street. One of he was in headed for the international headquar- the Mercury’s riders tried to call 911 on a ters of the Lubavitchers on Eastern Parkway in portable phone, but he said that the crowd Crown Heights, a neighborhood in the heart of attacked him before he could complete the call. Brooklyn, New York. As usual, the car carrying He was rescued by an unidentified bystander. the Rebbe was preceded by an unmarked car At 8:22 PM two police officers from the 71st from the 71st Precinct of the New York City Precinct were dispatched to the scene of the Police Department. The third and final car in accident.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dragons Fire
    1 The Dragons Fire “When the prison doors are opened, the real dragon will fly out” Ho Chi Minh THE NATIONAL JERICHO MOVEMENT NEWSLETTER in Fierce Determination Since 1996 August 15-Sept 15, 2020, Vol. 30 http://www.thejerichomovement.com P.O. Box 2164 Chesterfield, Virginia 23832 Steering Committee Advisory Board 1. Chair: Jihad Abdulmumit 1. Paulette Dauteuil 2. Secretary: Adam Carpinelli 2. Anne Lamb 3. Treasurer: Ashanti Alston 3. Frank Velgara 4. Fund Raising Chairperson: A’isha Mohammad 4. Kazi Toure 5. Dragon Fire Newsletter Editor: A’isha Mohammad 5. Jorge Chang 6. Tekla Johnson Revolutionary Greetings, Welcome to our National Jericho Movement Newsletter. Thank you to all of our members and affiliates who contribute critical information regarding our Political Prisoners/Prisoners of War as well as updates on activities, events and actions. Moving forward, we stand in fierce determination and solidarity to free our remaining Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War still languishing behind the dungeon walls. Much work has been done by Jericho and other organizations, and there is still much more work to do. With 20 years behind us and much work ahead, Jericho is growing and is taking on new projects and missions. Our shared vision is that we will reach a time in this country (and others) wherein there will be no more Political Prisoners/Prisoners of War. We envision the day when they all will walk free and into their family’s arms-who have been waiting for decades. We hope you join us in making this a reality. “Do what must be done, discover your humanity and your love in revolution." Fallen Black Panther Field Marshal, Comrade George L.
    [Show full text]
  • {PDF EPUB} for the Color of His Skin the Murder of Yusuf Hawkins
    Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} For the Color of His Skin The Murder of Yusuf Hawkins and the Trial of Bensonhurst by John Desantis For the Color of His Skin: The Murder of Yusef Hawkins and the Trial of Bensonhurst. During the Reagan/Bush years, America's race relations have festered. Aided by U.S. Supreme Court rulings, federal obstruction, and presidential insensitivity, a tone was set that inevitably filtered down to the local level. On the evening of Aug. 23, 1989, one of the most highly publicized cases of bias-related violence took place when Yusuf Hawkins, an innocent African-American 16-year-old, was murdered by a gang of white thugs. His killing occurred in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, a mostly Italian-American New York City working-class community. In the months following, the impact of the incident helped elect New York City's first black mayor and was a subject of heated national interest. In a dispassionate, concise and thought-provoking book, For the Color of His Skin, John DeSantis unveils the story behind the crime and trial providing details and perspectives from a range of sources on all sides. Gotham is revealed as a city ready to split at the seams complete with a multiracial cast of characters who see the Hawkins case through the prism of their own agenda. Obviously, Yusuf Hawkins will not be racial violence's last victim. But if rationality ever prevails and Americans learn to accept each other, journalists like DeSantis will have helped. For the Color of His Skin is a book that unblinkingly points to the ugly side of our society.
    [Show full text]
  • RACE, SEX, and SUSPICION: the Myth of the Black Male
    RACE, SEX, AND SUSPICION: The Myth of the Black Male D. Marvin Jones PRAEGER RACE, SEX, AND SUSPICION RACE, SEX, AND SUSPICION The Myth of the Black Male D. Marvin Jones Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jones, D. Marvin. Race, sex, and suspicion : the myth of the Black male / D. Marvin Jones. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–275–97462–6 (alk. paper) 1. African American men. I. Title E185.86 .J6515 2005 305.38’896076-dc22 2004017782 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2005 by D. Marvin Jones All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004017782 ISBN: 0–275–97462–6 First published in 2005 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 Contents Preface vii Introduction 1 1. The Blessings of History 15 2. Gangs of New York: The Story of the Jogger Trial 41 3. What’s My Name? The Politics of Reception and the Politics of Rap 55 4. Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner 71 5. Will You Let the Tiger Loose? The Rhetoric of Race in American Criminal Trials 87 6. Crimes of Identity: the Birth of the Racial Profile 103 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Dark Affinities, Dark Imaginaries
    Dark Affinities, Dark Imaginaries Dark Affinities, Dark Imaginaries A Mind’s Odyssey JOSEPH NATOLI Cover image: Joseph Phillip Natoli, “Yellow Barque,” oil on canvas, 15" = 18", 2014 Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2017 Joseph Natoli All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu Production, Jenn Bennett Marketing, Anne M. Valentine Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Natoli, Joseph P., 1943– author. Title: Dark affinities, dark imaginaries : a mind’s odyssey / Joseph Natoli. Description: Albany : State University of New York Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016021629 (print) | LCCN 2016036363 (ebook) | ISBN 9781438463513 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781438463520 (e-book) Classification: LCC AC8.5 .N38 2017 (print) | LCC AC8.5 (ebook) | DDC 814/.6—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016021629 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Maybe the space of exile is one of the few spaces left in neoliberal societies where one can cultivate a sense of meaningful connections, solidarity and engaged citizenship. Exile may be the space where a kind of double consciousness can be cultivated that points beyond the structures of domination and repression to what the poet Claudia Rankine calls a new understanding of community, politics and citizenship in which the social contract is revived as a kind of truce in which we allow ourselves to be flawed together.
    [Show full text]
  • David Dinkins, Rudolph Giuliani, and Social and Electoral Polarization in Late-20Th Century New York City
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2016 Shattered Mosaic: David Dinkins, Rudolph Giuliani, and Social and Electoral Polarization in Late-20th Century New York City Gabriel S. Tennen Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1364 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] SHATTERED MOSAIC: DAVID DINKINS, RUDOLPH GIULIANI, AND SOCIAL AND ELECTORAL POLARIZATION IN LATE-20TH CENTURY NEW YORK CITY by GABRIEL S. TENNEN A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2016 Tennen i © 2016 Gabriel S. Tennen All Rights Reserved Tennen ii Shattered Mosaic: David Dinkins, Rudolph Giuliani, and Social and Electoral Polarization in Late 20th Century New York City By Gabriel S. Tennen This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the thesis requirement for the degree of Masters of Arts ________________________ ____________________________________ Date Dr. Robert Singer Thesis Advisor ________________________ ____________________________________ Date Dr. Matthew Gold Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK Tennen iii ABSTRACT Shattered Mosaic: David Dinkins, Rudolph Giuliani, and Social and Electoral Polarization in Late 20th Century New York City By Gabriel S.
    [Show full text]
  • French Revolution
    25¢ . No. 484 .'~)X.52' 1 September 1989 Civil War Threatens in Baltics We print here excerpts from a state­ put any Soviet bureaucrat to shame, dis­ movements seek not merely separation degradation or exclusion of all other ment by the Central Committee of the played by the small numbers who are the with full protection of all peoples within Soviet peoples. CPSU, dated 26 August, distributed by vicious and arrogant American ruling these borders, but a vicious capitalist It is in this context that it is necessary the Soviet news agency TASS. class. restoration, rapidly producing a new to view this often accurate document by These words as printed are fair and Exception must be taken to the state­ and ethnically pure ruling class, and the the Soviet Central Committee. even often true. But they come from an ment's pejorative use of the words "for­ institution which has saturated the eign organizations." Some "foreign or­ Soviet Union since the 1920s with a ganizations" are resolute military mass of unmitigated lies-in the first defenders of the Soviet Union; others Statement of the Central Committee, place by the regime ofthe infamous Sta­ are imperialist spies. The bureaucracy lin, and perpetuated by his successors in does not want to know the difference. Communist Party of the Soviet Union the bureaucracy of which he was the The statement by the CC of the CPS U architect. also leaves out the critical element, The current situation in the Baltic and cultural life, Today the Soviet population must insisted upon by Lenin, that all nations republics is the cause of increasing con­ The Baltic republics actively joined in tend to believe nothing that is pub­ not seeking counterrevolutionary social cern.
    [Show full text]
  • American Legal History and Culture in the 20 Century
    Rutgers University American Studies Harry Furman 01-050-300-80 [email protected] Spring 2012 American Legal History and Culture in the 20th Century “ Law is a lot more than words you put in a book, or judges or lawyers or sheriffs you hire to carry it out. It's everything people ever have found out about justice and what's right and wrong. It's the very conscience of humanity. There can't be any such thing as civilization unless people have a conscience, because if people touch God anywhere, where is it except through their conscience? And what is anybody's conscience except a little piece of the conscience of all men that ever lived? I guess that's all I've got to say except kiss the babies for me and God bless you…” - “The Ox -Bow Incident” (1943) "You know, so much of the time we are just lost. We say please, God, tell us what is right, tell us what is true. There is no justice. The rich win, the poor are powerless. We doubt ourselves, we doubt our beliefs. We doubt our institutions. And we doubt the law. " -Frank Galvin in "The Verdict” (1985) “Ben- Without the law, it’s all darkness. Judah- What good is the law if it prevents me from receiving justice?” - “Crimes and Misdemeanors” (1989) This course is a seminar of the law in American culture from the late 19th century to matters of the modern day. Our study of legal history and culture will span the Gilded Age, the Progressive Era, the “Roaring Twenties”, the Great Depression, the era of the “Good War”, the Cold War, the 1950s and 1960s right up to the most recent legal/cultural issues in American history.
    [Show full text]
  • The Graduate Student Advocate, March 1991, Vol. II, No. 5
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works The Advocate Archives and Special Collections 3-1991 The Graduate Student Advocate, March 1991, Vol. II, No. 5 How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_advocate/37 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Graduate Student City University of New York Volume II March 1991 Number5 Harold M. Proshansky More Bad CUNY 1920-1990 Budget News By Eric K. Glunt By Thomas Smith It strikes me as being a little presumptuous for a graduate stu­ On Wednesday, January 2, 1991, the CUNY dent in environmental psychology to be writing a "eulogy" for Ha­ Board of Trustees held a public hearing on the new .J rold M. Proshansky. Although I probably knew him as well as any budget in the Blue Room at City Hall. The major graduate student (with the exception of his student research associ­ issues facing CUNY are the new shortfalls in state ates), there are many graduates of our program and faculty in the and city spending for CUNY-the Board's response department who knew and worked with him for 15 to 35 years. is a fresh round of budget cuts and tuition hikes of I first met Hal Proshansky my second day.at CUNY in a recep­ $100 per semester per student. tion welcoming new students to the environmental psychology pro­ The first round of statements were made by gram.
    [Show full text]