Exploring a Regenerative Structure Integrating Conservation

Furthermore, Siena managed to preserve Kostof, S. (1992).The City Assembled: The Ele- Exploring a Regenerative even the memory of the historic centre. The ments of Urban Form through History. London: main streets Via Banchi di Sopra and Ban- Thames & Hudson. Structure Integrating chi di Sotto that take their name due to the Maggi, St. (2016). "Medieval Towns, Traffic and Urban Conservation, banking activities of the past, gathered in re- Planning Half a Century since First Pedestrian Zone Remodelling, and cent decades the principal banks of the city. in Siena, Italy". Journal of Traffic and Transportation Development for Even the Palio, of later origin, revives the ci- Engineering 4, DOI: 10.17265/2328-2142/2016.02.006 Fenghuang Historic Rurban vic spirit by continuing the use of the Piazza Nevola, F. (2007). Siena: Constructing the Re- del Campo as meeting place of all citizens naissance city (2nd ed.). New Haven and London: Landscape living within the walls for political reasons Yale University Press. Link online: Laura Anna Pezzetti* and Li Kun** as well feasts. https://books.google.gr/books?id=U5v2KrFA32Y Slow growth over the last six-and-a-half cen- C&printsec=frontcover&hl=el&source=gbs_ge_ turies, as well as the rivery with Florence, did summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Rurbanizing the countryside much to preserve the city’s character. But Harvey, Th. (2007). Siena & Sustainability: City China fast development has been recently nothing would have been possible to be pre- and Country in Tuscany, A Journal of the Built & turning towards villages and towns of the served without conscious land-use planning Natural Environments, Issue No.20. Full article countryside, which in the last decade have later. National land-use laws have helped online: https://www.terrain.org/articles/20/har- been undergoing a spontaneous process of protect the city and province, both within vey.htm uncontrolled rurbanization. the walls and in the surrounding countrysi- Heywood, W. (1904). Palio and Ponte: An account Since the late ‘70s, in fact, China’s Reform de, towns, and villages. The Siena master of the sports of central Italy from the age of Dante and Opening Policies have brought about plan, adopted just after World War II, that di- to the XXth century. London: Methuen & Co. Link tremendous social changes. Whether urban rected high-density growth to a few limited online: https://archive.org/details/palioponteac- or rural, developing the economy has beco- areas outside the walls, and thus protected coun00heywuoft me the primary goal of social development. it, as well as the desition that the pedestrians Douglas, R. L. (1902). A history of Siena. London: In the early ‘80s, China began the rural eco- and the urban structure of the historic center J. Murray. Link online: https://archive.org/details/ nomic reform centered on the land system would be the first priority of the plans' focus. ahistorysiena00douggoog and changed the land from collective mana- Siena has accomplished a goal of modern gement to the household-based land contract urban growth management, preserving the system1. The “No. 75 document” in 1980 and historic centre, that gives an example that all the five consecutive “No. 1 documents” from the cities should keep in mind. 1982 to 1986 by the CPC Central Commit- tee2 that constitute the policy framework, Notes mainly deal with rural economic and land * Department of Architectural Engineering, policies, which promoted the transforma- School of Engineering, Democritus University of tion of the planned economy into commodi- Thrace. Postgraduate student in "Historical built ty economy. The “Household-responsibility environment Integrated preservation with con- system” (a system of contracted responsibili- temporary techniques and advanced materials", ty linking remuneration to output) replaced School of Architecture, Technical University of the collective economy, thereby enhancing Crete, [email protected] the enthusiasm of peasantry for agricultural production (Zhong, 2017). "This paper is part of research for the course "Plan- While in the process of rapid urbanization ning historic areas through regional and urban a large number of rural people flew to cities, planning? under the supervision of Ass. Professor intensifying the hollowing out of rural areas, Despina Dimelli, of the Postgraduate Studies Pro- the modern urban construction industry be- gram of School of Architecture, Technical Univer- gan to infiltrate into rural areas. sity of Crete. " From 1978 to 2013, the urban resident popu- lation increased in China from 170 million References to 730 million while the urbanization rate UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Historic Cen- increased from 17.9% to 53.7%; the number tre of Siena. WHC Nomination Documentation of cities increased from 193 to 658 and the (1995). World Heritage List - Siena, proposal No. one of towns rose from 2,173 to 2,01133 . At 717. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/717/ the end of 2017 China’s urbanization rate Kostof, S. (1991).The City Shaped: Urban Patterns was 58.52% 4. and Meanings through History. London: Thames Due to the concurrent cause of land rights & Hudson. in rural areas (China's constitution decrees 68 | URBANISTICA INFORMAZIONI - special issue that “collectives” own rural land) and the de- The protection measures of “Chine- designated as CHCFT, after the launch of a vastating effects of the Cultural Revolution, se Historically and Culturally Famous troublesome and standardized active protec- which have left severe sequelae on Chinese Towns and Villages” tion. This exploitation for tourism, in fact, is traditional culture and on people’s spiritual It is said that the name of the Chinese town not intended to produce enhancement and concept, the first phase of development has of Fenghuang derives from the peculiar sha- a new culture to promote a sustainable al- sprawled uncontrolled in villages and town pe of its Old Street seen from the Yingpan ternative for economic development, but is within and around traditional fabrics. As a mountain behind it which, maybe to bring focused on a re-historicization of sites based result, the vitality of traditional morpholo- about the end of continuous destructions, on a “parasite” economic exploitation of cul- gies and dwelling types have gradually de- determined the name change in Qing Jiaqing tural heritage. clined in favor of standardized multistory era (1796-1820) from Delta of Three Rivers to Following the indications of the Master plan blocks, with poor constructive quality and Mouth of the Phoenix and then, in the Repu- (MP, 2009) prior to the designation, in the energy performances. During the last deca- blic of China, simply Phoenix. two “Heritage Conservation Planning” (HCP des, most rural settlements have already lost Myth, geographical factors and feng shui 2012 and 2013) the entire Old Road defined their traditional form and structures. are intertwined in the decreeing the happi- as “Cultural relics unit” and coinciding with As in the last decades, the historical urban ness of the site, southward of the Qinling the “Core Protection Zone”, is destined to landscape underwent dramatic changes, also Mountains. Built at the confluence of three commercial functions. The renderings for in rural settlements the traditional features rivers “between mountains and water”, Fen- the Zhashui County Fenghuang Old Town and heritage are disappearing rapidly. Until ghuang was at the same time paradigm of Tourism Development Master Plan (TDP, now, there are only 4,153 rural villages that feng shui principles and a thriving regional 2013) show that “preservation” may allow have been eligible for inclusion in the “Chi- inland port since Tang period. for heavy material substitutions. na Traditional Villages”5 (CTV) directory in By 624, the strengthening of the equal-field The MP also decreed the erasure of every to- mainland China, accounting for 0.74% of system encouraged the agricultural deve- pographical and morphological sign within the total number of administrative villages lopment and the first of a series of migratory the supposed control area and foresaw the nationwide6. Only 252 old towns have been waves from the south (Hubei and Hunan), residential development of all the agricultu- listed in the protection category of “China destined to continue even in Qing dyna- ral fields, which constitute instead an inte- Historically and Culturally Famous Towns” sty when after a new war (1675) the village gral part of Fenghuang historical landscape (CHCFT) since 2003, which accounts for would be rebuilt. It would be redefined again (Council of Europe, 2000). 0.16% of the total number of administrative at the beginning of the 1800, when at the In the TDP a standardized model of heritage towns in China. Although those towns have height of its splendor, some 100 houses will town is promoted, where the rural land is become “Cultural relics’ protection units”, be built and a trail will connect it to Xi’an turned from residential development of the the protection still faces enormous challen- and to the water road of Jin-Qian9. MP to the zoning construction area for touri- ges in the context of rapid urbanization. Since 2010 Fenghuang has been listed in the sm facilities outside the old town. Since most CHCFT also play the role of regio- “Fifth batch of China Historically and Cultu- The second HCP (2013) enlarged the buffer nal administrative centre in certain areas 7, rally Famous Towns” (CHCFT) which, from zone introducing also an “environmental co- in the last decade in the master plans formu- 2003 on, has been including in the heritage ordination zone”, but did not provide clear lated by each provincial government, under protection system also those pre-Qing tradi- guidelines and strategies for the “protection the guidance of the 11th Five-Year Plan and tional villages and towns that are acknowled- of the relationship between villages and the the National Urban System Planning Outline ged for their historical, artistic and cultural surrounding mountain and river”11.

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