BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET 1. CONTROL NUMBER 2. SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (695) BIBLOGRA DATAS TPN-AAH-128 NA00-0000-0000 3. TITIE AND SUITIL-LE (240) Guidelines for analysis of environmental health planning in developing countries 4. PERSONAL ALt'H[ORS (100) Fraser, R. W.; Shani, Hadasa 5. CORPORATI AUTHORS (101) Plog Research, Inc. 6. DOCUMENT DATE (110) 7. NUMBER OF PAGES (120) 8. ARC NUMBER (170) 1979 122p. 613.l.F842 . I FFERENCI OR(;ANJIZATION (130) HEW/PHS/OTH 10. SUImP,'PLMENTARY NOTES (500) (In International Health Planning Methods series, v. 2) (Prepared for the Office of International Health by Flog Research, inc., as a sub-contractor to the E. H. White Co. ,contract no. 282-77-0128) 11. ABSTRACT (950) 12. DESCRIPTORS (920) 13. PROJECT NUMBER (150) Environmental health Health planning Developing countries Water supply 931006700 Water supply and health Waste water 14. CONTRACTNO.(140) 15. CONTRACT Waste- disposal Pest control RS/HEW/OIH-0l-74 TYPE (140) Sanitation Assessments 16. TYPE or DOCUMENT (160) AID 590-7 (10-79) INSTRUCTIONS 1. Control Number - Each document shall carry a unique alphanumeric identification number. Use ul)percase letters, Arabic numerads, and hyphens only, as in the following example: PN-AAA-123. 2. Subject Classificition - Each document shall carry a valid subject classification code used to classify the rescarch/technical document under a gcneral primlry subject, secondary subject, and/or geogra- j)hic inldcx CoC. LTse uppercase letters, Arabic numerals, and hyphens only, as in the following ex- ample: AA23-0000-G518. 3. Title and Subtitle - The title should indicate the main title of the document and subordinate subtitle (if any). 4. Personal Authors - Enter the author's name(s) in the following sequence, last name, first name (or initial), middle initial. 5. Corporate Authors - Enter the corporate author(s) name. 6. Document Date - Enter the document publication year(s) as follows: 1979 or 1978 - 1979. 7. Number of Pages - Enter the total number of pages followed by 'p' for pages and a period, i.e. 123 p. 8. ARC Number - Enter the AID Reference Ccnter catalog number. 9. Reference Organization - The reference organization must he a valid reference organization. Enter the name, acronym, or abbreviation. 10. Supplementary Notes - Enter any useful information about the document that is not included else- where. E;ach notC shohuld be enclosed in parentheses. I. Abstract - lnlude a factual summary of the most significant information contained in the docu- ment. 12. )escriptors - Sclect the proper authorized terms that identify the major concept of the research/ tcchnical docnun t and are sufficiently specific to he used as index entries for cataloging. 13. Project Number - Ihis is t unique number(s) composed of the AID project number followed by a sub-proecl st fflix. 14. Contract Number - Entet ihe AID contract number under which the docunent was produced. 15. Contract Type - 1'itcr the type of All) contract which funded the research/technical activity respon- sible 'or lrKrO(l ci n the document. 16. Type of Document •Enter a valid code representing the document type. AID 590-7 (10-79) back International Health, Planni Methds Series 2 Environmerntal Health Planning *1 Guidelinesfor Analysis of EnvironmentalHealth Planning in Developing Countries Guidelines for Analysis of Environmental Health Planning U.S. Departmentoi of Health, Education, and Welfmo Public Health Service Office of the Arslstant Secretary for Health Office of International Health This document was prepared fer, and financed by, the Office of Health, Development Support Bureau, Agency for International Development by PLOG, Inc., Reseda, California, as a sub-contractor for E.H. White Com- panv (Contract No. 282-77-0128). All requests or inquiries about this manual should be addressed to Mr. Paul Ahmed, Project Officer, Office of International Health, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20857. DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79-50081 PREFACE TO THE SERIES The International Health Planning Methods Series has been developed by the Office of International Health, Public Health Service on request of the Agency for International Development. The series consists of ten basic volumes which cover a variety of health issues considered vital for effective development planning. These ten volumes are supplemented by six additional works in the International Health Reference Series, which list resource and reference material in the same subject areas. The International Health Planning Methods Series is intended to assist health sector advisors, administrators and planners in countries where the Agency for International Development supports health related activities. Each manual attempts to be both a practi- cal tool and a source book within a specialized area of concern. Contributors to these volumes are recognized authorities with many years of experience in specialized fields. Specific methods for collecting information and using it in the planning process are included in each manual. The six supporting documents in the International Health Reference Series contain reports of literature surveys and bibliographies in selected subject areas. These are intended for the serious researcher and are less appropriate for broad field distribution. The volumes in the International Health Planning Methods Series contain the collective effort of dozens of experienced profess- ionals who have contributed knowledge, research and organizational skills. Through this effort they hope to provide the AID field officer and his host country counterparts with a systematic approach to health planning in developing countries. PREFACE TO VOLUME TWO This manual for planning in the field of environmental heaLth is the second volume in a series of works known collectively as the International Health Planning Methods Series. The series was produced by the Office of International Health as requested by the Agency for International Development to provide AID advisors and national health officials in developing countries with critically needed guidelines for incorporating environmental health planning into national plans for economic development. This volume covers material ranging from contemporary issues in environmental health, through principles of environmental health assessments, planning and evaluation, to consideration of specific types of projects having environmental health impact. In addition to the need for fundamental improvements in such areas as drinking water supply, wastewater and excreta disposal, and pest control, the authors have noted the occasionally adverse effect of economic development projects. Examples are drawn from the fields of agriculture, industry, transport, and land use patterns. Preparation of this volume was undertaken for the Office of Inter- national Health by Plog Research, Inc., of Reseda, California, functioning as a subcontractor to the E.H. White & Co., Management Consultants, of San Francisco, California. Chapters in this volume were prepared by Renee White Fraser, Ph.D., and Hadasa Shani, M.P.H. This manual is important because it contains a unique compilation of assessment issues, data considerations, alternative technologies and practical planning methods that are specifically related to developing countries. While the literature in the general areas of environmental health and sanitation is very large, little emphasi: until recently has been placed on reporting programs from developing areas. Within this volume the emphasis is almost exclusively on those areas. Guidance for conducting assessments, evaluation and planning in the environmental health sector is contained in this manual. The authors have been guided by three general objectives during the production of this work: (1) to describe the inter-related environmental hazards to health relevant to people in developing nations; (2) to identify competing elements, priorities and institutional rela- tionships affecting available solutions; (3) to offer components needed to make planning decisions, including recommendations for data collection methods, surveillance methods, standards and alternative technologies. It should be understood that this is a selective study. To review all possible options within the broad field of environmental health would require many volumes of 5astruction. Therefore, instead of attempting to be an exhaustive or even comprehensive study, this manual includes only a selective discussion of assessment, surveill- ance and data collection procedures. The selection has been based primarily on relevance and practical applicability to developing nations. This same restriction has been applied to technologies and planning considerations. Rather than present an exhaustive review of poten- tial technologies including everything from nomadic settlements to metropolitan cities, emphasis has been placed on technologies that are practical for rural village or perirural circumstances. Those interested in higher level technologies are directed within the manual to additional available resources. The authors of this manual, in addition to describing technical aspects of certain environmental health control programs, have also expressed personal viewpoints concerning some programs In developing countries. While their viewpoints generally coincide with those of organizations or agencies with whom they are assoc- iated, the material in this manual should not be construed to reflect the official policy of any agency or organization. Envircrmental health constitutes