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Roselle Dissertation ! ! UNIVERSITY!OF!CALIFORNIA! RIVERSIDE! ! ! ! Bodies!Under!Empire:! The!Territory!of!AmericAn!Feminism! ! ! ! ! A!DissertAtion!submitted!in!pArtiAl!sAtisfAction! of!the!requirements!for!the!degree!of! ! ! Doctor!of!Philosophy! ! in! ! English!! ! ! by!! ! ! ! Janise!G.!Roselle! ! ! ! ! September!2012! ! ! ! ! ! DissertAtion!Committee:! ! Dr.!Steven!Axelrod,!Chairperson! ! Dr.!Michelle!RAhejA! ! Dr.!Jennifer!Doyle! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!by! Janise!G.!Roselle! 2012! ! The!Dissertation!of!Janise!G.!Roselle!is!approved:! ! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! ! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! ! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Committee!Chairperson! ! ! University!of!California,!Riverside! ! Acknowledgements! This!project!was!generously!supported!by!grants!from!the!University!of! California!Riverside!Graduate!Division!for!two!quarters!of!fellowship!support,!and! The!Center!for!Ideas!and!Society!for!two!quarters!of!fellowship!support!under!the! UC!President’s!Society!of!Fellows!in!the!Humanities!program!to!support!Graduate! Fellow!researchers!in!the!Humanities.!Many!thanks!to!Steve!Axelrod,!without!whose! vision!and!wordsmith!insight!my!project!would!be!considerably!diminished!and!my! ideas!less!clearly!articulated;!you!made!poetic!my!most!clunky!turns!of!phrase.! Much!gratitude!is!also!owed!to!Michelle!Raheja,!whose!fantastic!and!clever!insight! on!sixteenth!century!cannibals!turned!a!heretofore!twentieth!century!scholar’s! head;!you!changed!the!scope!of!my!thinking.!My!love!and!appreciation!also!goes!to! Jesse,!for!providing!relief!in!so!many!ways:!humor,!gentleness,!affection,!beauty! nights,!and!Little!League!games.!And!to!Lauren,!who!in!this!instance!was!most! importantly!my!first!reader!but!in!every!other!is!always!so!much!more!than!that:! “thank!you”!seems!a!meager,!trifling!way!to!commend!you!for!the!way!you!changed! everything,!the!way!you’ve!pushed!me!beyond!what!I!thought!were!my!limits,!the! way!you’ve!loved!me!so!well.! ! iv! ! ! ! ! ! For!Lauren,!! who!empowers!women!in!their!corporeal!realities.! You!do!what!I!merely!write!about.! ! ! ! ! ! v! ABSTRACT!OF!THE!DISSERTATION! ! Bodies!Under!Empire:! The!Territory!of!American!Feminism! ! ! by! ! Janise!G.!Roselle! ! ! Doctor!of!Philosophy,!Graduate!Program!in!English! University!of!California,!Riverside,!September!2012! Dr.!Steven!Axelrod,!Chairperson! ! ! Exploring!American!feminist!cultural!productions!as!a!space!wherein!the! socially!marked!female!body!is!used!to!expose!and!critique!the!oppressive!rhetoric! of!culturally!enforced!female!femininity,!this!dissertation!examines!art!and!poetry! that!critically!and!strategically!uses!women’s!corporeal!bodies!as!violent!or! gruesome!sites!of!resistance.!In!this!kind!of!feminist!art!and!literature,!the!physical! body!is!sacrificed!in!the!service!of!drawing!attention!to!the!violence!of!the!rhetoric! of!female!femininity!and!its!connection!to!colonialism!and!notions!of!empire.! Establishing!a!historical!precedent!for!feminist!cultural!productions!using!the!body! as!a!site!of!resistance,!this!study!links!such!projects!to!similar!cultural!phenomena!in! the!colonial!period!of!the!Americas,!analyzing!each!work!in!the!context!of!the! culturally!relevant!ideologies!in!which!it!was!created.!Thus!it!analyzes!gender! rhetoric!as!it!relates!to!the!colonial!project!during!the!Protestant!Reformation!and! Catholic!CounterZReformation,!as!well!as!examining!contemporary!ideologies!of! ! vi! gender,!including!appetites!and!hunger,!sexuality!and!sexual!accessibility,! domesticity,!and!beauty!in!both!the!colonial!era!and!postZ1900.!Based!on!Foucault’s! notion!of!the!heterotopia!as!an!“other!space”!that!exists!outside!of!the!cultural! milieu!with!the!purpose!of!reflecting!and!troubling!social!norms,!I!develop!the!term! “rhetoritopia,”!implicating!the!body!as!a!physical,!political,!and!rhetorical!“other! space,”!a!location!used!to!communicate!what!systematic!language!and!social! conventions!cannot:!that!rigid!gender!conventions!are!intrinsically!linked!to!the! violence!of!imperialism.! ! ! vii! Table!of!Contents! ! ! ! Chapter!One!! Corporeal!Sovereignty:!The!Territory!of!American!Feminism!! ! ! !!!!!!!1! ! Chapter!Two! Missing!Mama!in!the!New!(M)Otherland:!Jean!de!Léry’s!Quest!for!the!Ideal!! (Tupi)!Mother!in!History(of(a(Voyage(to(the(Land(of(Brazil! ! ! !!!!55! ! Chapter!Three! Anthropographic!Apostates,!Menchfresser7Leuthen,!and!the!Looming!! Specter!of!the!Eucharist:!Cannibalistic!Rites!as!Protofeminist!Performative! Aggression!in!Hans!Staden’s!True(History( ( ( ! ! ! !!!94! ! Chapter!Four! Writing!Sexual!Sovereignty!and!Punitive!Porn:!The!Vidas!of!Colonial!! Mexican!Nuns!as!Protofeminist!Resistance!! ! ! ! ! 148! ! Chapter!Five! (Re)Writing!the!History!of!the!Last!Colony:!Corporeal!Representations!! of!the!Female!Body!in!American!Feminist!Poetry! ! ! ! ! 201! ! ! viii! Chapter!Six! Spectacles!of!Theatrical!Violence:!Feminist!Playwrights!Mirroring!! 500!Years!of!Masculinist!Discourse!in!Two!Acts! ! ! ! ! 245! ! Chapter!Seven! The!Feminine!Body!Politic!is!Naked!and!AbJect:!Corporeal!Sites!of!! Horror!in!Feminist!Performance!Art! ! ! ! ! ! 279! ! Conclusion! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 335! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ix! Chapter!One! Corporeal!Sovereignty:!! The!Territory!of!American!Feminism! The!history!of!the!Americas!is!a!history!of!(literal!and!imaginary)!limitations! on!the!body!marked!female:!women’s!bodies!have!been!manipulated!and!damaged,! our!voices!have!been!silenced,!and!our!appetites!(for!anything,!not!just!limited!to! food!and!sex)!quelled!through!dominance!rather!than!satiety.!The!female!body!has! been!perceived!as!an!anomaly,!a!deviation!from!the!ideal!male!body;!its!processes! have!been!portrayed!as!disgusting,!abject,!or!at!the!very!least,!best!kept!in!secret,! hidden!away!from!civilized!society.!This!marginalization!of!the!female!body! naturally!associates!itself!with!a!marginalization!of!the!female!citizen!(if,!indeed,!she! is!even!considered!one)!as!a!whole:!perceived!as!physically!inferior,!she!has!often! been!stripped!of!the!rights!attendant!to!personhood.!Perceived!as!sexual!property,! our!bodies!a!component!of!dowry,!women!have!struggled!to!institute!laws!to!ensure! women’s!rights,!including!laws!protecting!victims!of!rape!and!domestic!violence.! Perceived!as!mere!extensions!of!the!legal!bodies!of!husbands!and!fathers,!women! have!had!to!engage!in!long,!arduous!processes!of!resistance!in!order!to!gain!the!right! to!vote!(and!have!yet!to!gain!that!right!in!some!venues).1!Perceived!as!vessels! carrying!future!generations,!women!have!been!expected!to!sustain!unwanted! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!In!fact,!within!the!United!States,!some!mainstream!organized!religions!do!not!allow! female!congregants!a!vote,!thereby!denying!them!the!full!rights!of!membership!in! their!own!religious!community.!In!addition,!the!new!voter!ID!laws!for!American! minorities!disproportionately!affect!women!(along!with!the!elderly!and!the!young),! who!are!less!likely!to!have!driving!licenses!or!passports.!! ! 1! pregnancies!and!raise!unwanted!children!(often!with!no!help!from!the!men!likewise! responsible!for!the!pregnancies)!and!have!fought!to!gain!the!right!to!terminate! unwanted!pregnancies!(or!to!sustain!wanted!pregnancies!in!the!case!of!eugenicsO oriented!birth!control!programs!aimed!at!poor!Latin!American,!Indigenous,!and! Black!women).!Women!have,!in!short,!waged!a!struggle!for!corporeal!sovereignty:! the!right!to!govern!one’s!own!body.!! Of!course,!women!have!consistently!resisted!this!tyranny!of!the!body! throughout!history,!and!most!have!done!so!through!the!somewhat!culturally! acceptable!means!of!lobbying!to!influence!legislation!or!engaging!in!nonviolent! public!protests.!These!formidable,!onerous!struggles!are!lauded!as!exemplars!of! proper!resistance!in!public!discourse,!testaments!to!the!strength!and!courage!of!a! few!noble!and!emotionally!stable!women!who!were!strong!enough!to!move!forward! and!bring!their!entire!sex!along!for!the!ride.!These!heroes!are!displayed!in!contrast! to!the!women!perceived!as!broken!by!the!system,!women!who!are!medicalized!and! pitied!at!best,!abhorred!and!ostracized!at!worst:!the!women!who!resist!domination! with!their!own!bodies!rather!than!through!normative!discourse.!! Women!who!use!their!bodies!in!ways!that!conflict!with!culturally! appropriate!norms!of!femininity!surface!in!American!history!and!literature!as! horrifying!examples!of!womanhood!gone!awry;!their!stories!are!often!interpreted! through!the!lenses!of!mental!illness,!damaged!psyches,!inferior!cultures,!and! extreme,!unfounded,!and!inexplicable!rage.!While!their!stories!should!be!interpreted! as!deliberate,!organized,!feminist!resistance!to!hegemony,!they!are!read! ! 2! psychoanalytically,!as!extreme!and!individual!cases!based!in!psychological! inferiority!or!personal!pain!that!cannot!be!generalized!to!others!who!share!their! experience!and!situation.!This!research!examines!their!work!as!an!attempt!to!draw! attention!to!the!inequity!of!gender!relations!(as!well!as!the!class!and!racial! coordinates!that!construct!gender!relations!and!imperialist!identities),!not!as!a! tragic!accident!of!their!psychology.! The!women!I!write!about!are!horrifying:!they!are!insatiate,!mutilating,!and! aggressive.!They!exist!in!the!past!and!the!present.!This!work!begins!in!the!nascent! period!of!the!colonization!of!the!Americas,!and!it!is!heuristically!grounded!in!
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