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Captain Infantry• the Command and General Staff Sohool Fort Code Nurrfber '22 • ZR-1933. INDIVIDUAL RE8EARCH STUDY A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OP TURKISH MILITARY^ OPERATIONS DURING VHB PALESTINE CAMPAIGN, 1917-1918 . Submitted "by Captain Infantry• The Command and General Staff Sohool Fort Leayenworth, Kansas• Fort LeavenvTorth, Kansas, 12 May 1933. Memorandum f i* 3eoond Year Olas s. The Command Y*^^ffe»Vrai ^tft.ff School, Fort Leavenworth, eoti A;Cifitlpl* toalysis of\ Turkish Military,&•,<: O®t: ^*^ur"tfngtfre Palest ine Canpalgn, ; iih a ahtort reaume 'of Conditiona( land military''p^'ior' to 191*7« I. Papers Accompanying« 1, A BiblloSgraiiy s^6r this et-udy. So Maps I Humbere x to 9, inclusive. TT; The Study Presented.-- A Critical Analysis of Turkish Military Operations during the Palestine Campaign, 1917-1918V vith a short resume of conditions, 'political and ai iitary p'rior to 1917• III. Ritorioal Faota Relating to the &wl)Jeott« Politioal Conditional Excluding BUropean Turkey the population of Asiatic Turkey, at the 'beginning of the World War in 1914; Approximated 20,000,000 souls. Of this number, the Turks are generally held to have numbered from 9,000,000 to 10^000, o 000 't Arab stook some 6,000,0001 Kurds 1,500,000 j Greeks 1,500,000;Armenians 1,000,000 and miscellaneouo 2,000,000* Prom the viewpoint of furthering the politleal destiny of the •'Turkis! '--•-•":: :' '•••.':':''h ; Brapir'.• ." : '•••:•e • • nin• ' + • •:•'•••••e or;.'••' te• n' • ' •millio • » • > ; ' ' . - \ V ' ! n' . - . ' Turk! . • •'s •-,•••mus' •!,'•••t ' b: ''e ; considere' " . ' •.••-d . as ' tne wllilng ^bearers of:',tJie!mi^itaty.-burdeTi.'-The" of the population nae mainly a hostilo element vrhioh did hot regard it«? destiny to be the same as that of the Empire, (l) At theXbeginning of the war the offioiai form of government in Turkey was parliamentary. The Sultan was the (I) ;7-28,50! i i 1. head of the atate with a government, or oabinet, reapynoible to the parltment. Parltment consisted of two houses? the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The Senate wa# appointed by the Sultan and the Chamber of Deputies elected by the people in an indirect *nd oomplioated manner. The Governments 1 v : i i ! ; : • ' ' ••'••''•• .'-••." • • "•'•,,''••' ' " \ - , ; . V ^ ' ; - > : ' • < • • : ' • • . •" " " , . • • . ' • • / > ' • ' ' • • ' • ' ' / A , •••,;;,,'•:, ' power was extremely centralized. All Oovernbra of rprovtnoes , and other off iq lala • 'j* ere app o int ed by the Ooxeniment and could be changed at any.time. The political party, or foroe, : y." oommonly known as the "Young Tu/ka*, oarae into power in 1909 and their policy remained in force throughout the war. The real governing foroe throughout the war became th* trfuwir­ ate, BnTer, Tallaat, BJemail withBriyer, tha military leader,: 1 ! v havin, . ••:••.;•• g fira".' :••."• t• " : • place' . • . •••It. ' :..is. •• 8ai'•:•• d • • of' . < . 'Knve • • • ' • 'r / . • • ' .tha : \ t . he••• ' carrie' • • ' d on the war as an independent diotator. Talaat held eway in politics and goveruient affairs* Bjemal held a oabinet post, became the Commander of the Fourth Army in PaleoMne, and became the actual and autocratic ruler of Syria and Palestine!.* During the war there gradually gre? u? a new and axtra-Itgal General Council whioh absorbed and controlled the non-military affairs of the government. By the year 191? the central law* ful"government had lost all power to a group of party ohief­ tains who had oreated extra-legal bodies that supported tho party leaders, and who must, in turn* be supported by the leaders. The resulting ohary and irresponsibility led natur­ ally strong leadera of the provinces to establish themselves as little leaa than aeparate rulers. These prcvinoial leaders^ acted independently and obeyed tha general government edlots only as expediency and self-interest seemed to dictate. The saturation in Smyrna, under Rahmi Bey, its Governor, and of Bjemal in Syria and Palestine were notable examples of this. (1). The following general warning issued by the Government (1) 12-96,106*22-308,309. 2. , on Ootober 20,1916, to all governors seems to be an ample indication of the internal political situation! • The Oovernment atunda for a strict application of laws* Many offioials are Indulging in lawless acts* The right of property is interfered with in many arbitrary ways, in vidl­ ation of the existing laws. The'personal*freedom of the oit­ izen is violated in many plaoes in incredib'le fashion. In some provinces taxes are raised and popular subscriptions opr ened in violation of the constitution* As the Government conceives of the constitutional prinoiple as one and equal and strict application of laws, it has resolved, with this in view to break down all obstacles in its way* • < A Officials, whether great or small, who are found guilty of violations of the laris will be dealt with energetically* And' , in the case of all, this is the final warning** The above quotation was followed by tho authors remark* * But this warning was hot of muoh effect* On the contrary, chaos assinned larger proportions the longer the war went on*.(i) the Young Turks continued thfi policy of Turkifying the subject races even after the beginning of the World War. The aasaacres, deportations and transplanting of the Armen­ ians, Jews and Arabs continued throughout the war*(2) As an indication of what raay be termed the normal! turbulent conditions among the many raoial strains of the : x ; ; ; : : i -.Turkis ' • ' • ' • • ' • 'h • ' . Empir' " v " 'e . - , . th, . e " followin* : ; v ; . , , ; ; ^ g • •i • • •s • • • •quote • ; : V / ' " d ' fro• • ' m th-'" e ^£<tatesman • ' ' " - • • • s Year Book 191BI page 14001- • The Gendarmerie.-, The extent of the Turkish Empire,its many subjeot races and turbulent element8, have necessitated the formation of large forces of Oendarmerie, amounting altogether to about 60,000 men, eto** This is about one national policeman to every 325 of population* (1) 18-106. ft) 9-380|23-8390jl0-62,68j 12-Chapters X7II and XVIII»7«28| 1-11O,1B7» 11-56 Dispersion of Turkish Pordea during 1914-1916* Turkey mobilized in the summer of 1914, prior to lta entry into the World War. The mobilization took"'the form of three armies. The Pirst and Second Armies were mobilized in! 1 1 1 1 Suropea.•; ;• n i- Turke*,.,.••.•.. y • ari••-' di - ' ,sout " . < • ,•-.''••h .•'.•('••.•.••::>>•'•'•..•",• of Constaninople•;.'.'::• ^ V f . v ; . ' ; ,? , ^ ' wit' . : ' . V : h, •.•.;••,.th; M -e . ••Thir. d Army in the vicinity of Erserum, just west of the Cauoasus• A Fourth Array was formal in'/8yrla'= in Hoyemb&r 1914.. The Fifth Army,"' for the defenseX6f the Dardarieliesi was formed in March 1915. The Sixth Army was formed i<u Mesopotamia in 1916* At the beginning of 1917 Turkish foroes'.were eoattered over a wide and varied front, separated from each other by hundreds of miles of country whose outstanding oha"rabte''riaVJf^;Jjfa8 pobr or no moans of coBmunication. ihe ordeir of battle at this time wan as follows I irst Armyt Constantinople and the Blaok Sea» eeond Armyt On the approximate line Temur Bay-Kighi««Cgnut­ aouth of Mush Bit).is« Third Armyt Tireboii-Kemah, on the Xar>4 Lake, line. Fourth Arrcyt Palestine, 8yria. Pifth Armyt Prom Media,on the Blaok 8et», to A'&ja,on the Mediterranean. Sixth Army-Mes opotomia• 15th Army Corpst (m h and 2Cth Divisions) Oalioia. 6th Am^y Corpsi (15th,26th and 26th Divisions) Roumania. 20th Army Corpsi(60th and 46th Divisions) Bulgaria. 177th Turkish Infantry Regimontt With Below»s Army Group. 7th Army CorpsI (39th and 40th Divisions) Yemen. 21et i)tvisiont Assur. The strength of the i^bove unite were variable and compared tc 1916 the quality of i\ll units had been greatly im­ aired by th6 Turkish mistakes,p6\itioal,ejonomic and tactical. WiU to 1BC| 12-73J P4-62 J26-280. Terrain. A description of the terrain over whioh the Turkish military operations in the Palestine area were oonduoti 5d fal?.e naturally into three sub-divisions»- Sinai,Palestine Syria. Unai? Phe tri^ngaalr shaped 8inai Peninsula, 140 wiles long from lorth to south and approximately 120 miles from east to west, osf the base of the triangle, is one of the most desolate portions of the inhabited world* To the north a belt of sand luneS parallels the coast* The oontral seotion is a barren plateau rising to a height of 3000 feet. The supply of water precarious at all times, except after the winter rains have rilled the ancient cisterns. With the exception of small at El Arish,on the coast, and Nelkhl, in the southf i fewnomad Bedouins are the sole inhabitants. The summer heat Lefloo'^ching. In the winter high eold winds and dand storms =*re frequent, (i) Three roads, or trails, led across this area LA the general direction ?uez Canal-Palestine. None of these roads had sufficient water, or were suitable in any way, for the movement of large forces of troops. (2h Palestine. Palestine is made up of a great mountain ridge running north and south, rising to 3,500 feet. On the east it falls steeply bo the trough of tile Jordan River and the banin of the Dead 3ea. On the west, spurs, jutting out a right jangles to the nain ridge, run down gradually to the plain of Philistia. one road traverses this mountain range from south to north, Reersheba, Reb/on and Jerusalem to Nablus. The Judean Hills Jrain aorose the Plain of Philistia to the Mediterranean and cut a series of deep stream beds,orWadis, all of which are 34-52. t. dry during the summer months• The mo*t important of these are the Wadi Rozzo(Ohuzzi), and the Wadi Sehman(Valley of Aijalon) The Wadi Rozze runs northwest across southern Palestine and enters the sea six miles south of Gaza. The Valley of Aijalon, starting from the plains around Oezer, rims northeastward into the nountaine, and if as, in ancient tines, the principal routie to Jerusalem* The coastal plain of Philietia, on the southwea^ and south of the Jordan hills', is for the most part rolling | downland.
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