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José Pedro Martins Lopes

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José Pedro Martins Lopes DIREITOS DE AUTOR E CONDIÇÕES DE UTILIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHO POR TERCEIROS Este é um trabalho académico que pode ser utilizado por terceiros desde que respeitadas as regras e boas práticas internacionalmente aceites, no que concerne aos direitos de autor e direitos conexos. Assim, o presente trabalho pode ser utilizado nos termos previstos na licença abaixo indicada. Caso o utilizador necessite de permissão para poder fazer um uso do trabalho em condições não previstas no licenciamento indicado, deverá contactar o autor, através do RepositóriUM da Universidade do Minho. Licença concedida aos utilizadores deste trabalho Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações CC BY-NC-ND https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ii Agradecimentos A todos os professores, colegas e amigos com quem tive o prazer de partilhar estes anos na Universidade do Minho. Na impossibilidade de me dirigir diretamente a todos, registo aqui o meu sincero agradecimento pelo que aprendi convosco. Um especial agradecimento à Professora Alena Vieira, pelo rigor científico, pelo empenho que colocou nesta dissertação e pelo esforço incansável que demonstrou durante todo este período. À Professora Catarina Silva, um agradecimento pelos comentários e pelas sugestões que ajudaram no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. À minha família – Carla, Filipe e Joana –, por tudo. À Catarina, pela luz que me segurou durante esta viagem. À memória de Delfim e Manuel. iii DECLARAÇÃO DE INTEGRIDADE Declaro ter atuado com integridade na elaboração do presente trabalho académico e confirmo que não recorri à prática de plágio nem a qualquer forma de utilização indevida ou falsificação de informações ou resultados em nenhuma das etapas conducente à sua elaboração. Mais declaro que conheço e que respeitei o Código de Conduta Ética da Universidade do Minho. iv “O marxismo-leninismo e a crise económica e financeira de 2008: oportunidades e desafios em análise” Resumo Os partidos marxistas-leninistas têm sido estudados dentro do âmbito mais alargado dos partidos de esquerda radical e o seu caráter distintivo não tem sido, por isso, explorado. Esta dissertação procura responder a essa lacuna, analisando a reação do Partido Comunista Português (PCP) e o Partido Comunista da Grécia (KKE) à crise económica e financeira de 2008. Para investigar a evolução destes partidos ao longo da crise, observa-se a alteração nas estruturas de oportunidade política que os partidos enfrentaram no pós-crise. Simultaneamente, considera-se a evolução do PCP e do KKE em três dimensões: ideologia, comportamento político e estrutura organizacional (2002-2015). A abordagem metodológica utilizada para analisar a evolução dos partidos nestas dimensões centra-se numa análise qualitativa, com recurso a dados quantitativos de inquéritos a especialistas (Chapel Hill Expert Survey, CHES) e de análise de conteúdo de manifestos eleitorais (Comparative Manifesto Project, CMP), assim como à análise de documentos oficiais dos partidos. Os resultados desta investigação demonstram, em primeiro lugar, que o PCP enfrentou um conjunto de oportunidades estruturalmente mais favoráveis do que as do KKE e que a crise representou uma oportunidade positiva para ambos. No entanto, os comunistas portugueses tiveram uma maior capacidade de mobilização neste período. Em segundo lugar, argumenta-se através dos resultados desta investigação que PCP e KKE mantêm uma orientação ideológica de extrema-esquerda, uma postura crítica face à integração europeia e uma estrutura interna centralizada e rigidamente organizada. Contudo, em terceiro lugar, o PCP denota uma maior abertura face à cooperação e diálogo com outras forças políticas e partidárias – tanto na esfera nacional, como europeia. O KKE é um partido crescentemente autoritário, com propostas políticas dependentes da sua capacidade de impor a saída unilateral da Grécia da União Europeia e a socialização dos meios de produção. Esta dissertação confirma, por isso, conclusões de alguns estudos recentes que apontam para a divisão entre partidos marxistas-leninistas pragmáticos (caso do PCP) e perfecionistas (caso do KKE). No entanto, demonstra-se que esta distinção se centra cada vez mais no comportamento político dos partidos, e não em diferentes conceções ideológicas. Palavras-chave: Crise económica e financeira de 2008; Estruturas de oportunidade política; Partido Comunista da Grécia; Partido Comunista Português (PCP); Partidos políticos v “Marxism-Leninism and the 2008 economic and financial crisis: new opportunities, new divergencies?” Abstract Marxist-Leninist parties have been largely subsumed into the larger studies of the radical left; thus, its distinctive character is yet to be explored. This dissertation aims to address this gap, analysing the reaction of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) to the 2008 economic and financial crisis. To investigate the parties’ evolution throughout the crisis, the dissertation looks into the changing political opportunities structure faced by these parties. Simultaneously, it considers the evolution of PCP and KKE along three dimensions: ideology, political behaviour and organizational structure (2002-2015). In terms of methodological options, the present thesis recurs to qualitative analysis, while also drawing upon quantitative data from expert surveys (Chapel Hill Expert Survey, CHES) and content analysis of electoral manifestos (Comparative Manifesto Project, CMP), as well as the analysis of official party documents. The findings of this investigation demonstrate, firstly, that the PCP has faced a set of opportunities that were structurally more favourable than those of KKE; and that the crisis has been a positive opportunity for both. However, the Portuguese communists had a greater capacity of political mobilization as a result of the changing political opportunities. Secondly, PCP and KKE have maintained an extreme-left ideological orientation, with a critical stance on European integration, as well as a highly centralized and tightly organized inner structure. However, thirdly, the PCP has shown a greater openness towards cooperation and dialogue with other political actors – both at the national and European level. The KKE, instead, has been an increasingly authoritarian party, with its political proposals inseparable from party’s aspiration to impose Greece’s unilateral exit from the EU and the socialization of the means of production. This dissertation therefore confirms the recent finding pointing towards a division between pragmatic (PCP) and perfectionist (KKE) Marxist-Leninist parties. However, it also shows that this distinction is increasingly related to the political behaviour of the parties, rather than their ideological positioning. Keywords: 2008 economic and financial crisis; Communist Party of Greece (KKE); Political opportunity structures; Political parties; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) vi Lista de abreviaturas AKEL Anorthotikó Kómma Ergazómenou Laoú (Partido Progressista do Povo Trabalhador, Chipre) ANEL Anexartitoi Ellines (Gregos Independentes) AR Assembleia da República BE Bloco de Esquerda CC Comité Central CCC Comissão Central de Controlo CDS Centro Democrático Social – Partido Popular CDU Coligação Democrática Unitária CGTP Confederação Geral dos Trabalhadores Portugueses – Intersindical Nacional CHES Chapel Hill Expert Survey CMP Comparative Manifesto Project CPGB Communist Party of Great Britain (Partido Comunista da Grã-Bretanha) DIMAR Dimokratiki Aristera (Esquerda Democrática) EAR Elliniki Aristera (Esquerda Grega) EOP Estruturas de oportunidade política EUA Estados Unidos da América GAL-TAN Green/Alternative/Libertarian – Traditionalist/Authoritarian/Nationalist (Verde/Alternativo/Libertário – Tradicionalista/Autoritário/Nacionalista) GUE/NGL Gauche Unitaire Européene/ Nordic Green Left (Esquerda Unitária Europeia/ Esquerda Verde Nórdica) ID Intervenção Democrática KKE Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas (Partido Comunista da Grécia) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte) ND Nea Dimokratia (Nova Democracia, Grécia) OCDE Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico PAME Panergatiko Agonistiko Metopo (Frente Militante de todos os Trabalhadores) PASOK Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα (Movimento Socialista Pan-Helénico) PE Parlamento Europeu PEL Party of the European Left (Partido da Esquerda Europeia) PEC Plano de Estabilidade e Crescimento vii PER Partidos de esquerda radical PEV Partido Ecologista “Os Verdes” PCF Parti Communiste Français (Partido Comunista Francês) PCP Partido Comunista Português PCUS Partido Comunista da União Soviética PS Partido Socialista PSD Partido Social-Democrata PR Presidente da República SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Partido Social-Democrata da Alemanha) UE União Europeia URSS União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas V Vänsterpartiet (Partido da Esquerda, Suécia) viii Lista de tabelas Tabela 1. Classificações dos partidos de esquerda radical (March 2012) Tabela 2. Partidos de esquerda radical na Europa (March 2012) Tabela 3. Classificações adicionais dos PER Tabela 4. Estruturas de competição abertas e fechadas Tabela 5. O ambiente político e o sucesso eleitoral da extrema-esquerda nos países da UE- fatores de sucesso Tabela 6. Hipótese da investigação Tabela 7. Estrutura de análise da ideologia através do CMP Tabela 8. Ideologia - estrutura de análise estabelecida através dono CHES Tabela 9. Estrutura de análise do comportamento político na dimensão europeia (CHES) Tabela 10.
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