Instrumentarien Antiken Liebeszaubers

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Instrumentarien Antiken Liebeszaubers Instrumentarien antiken Liebeszaubers in Darstellungen und Funden D i p l o m a r b e i t zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Philosophie an der Geisteswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Edith KOLLEGGER am Institut für Archäologie Begutachterin: Ao. Univ.-Prof. i. R. Dr. phil. Gerda Schwarz Graz, 2013 Συ ταν θεων άκαμπτον φρένα και βροτων άγεις, Κυπρι, συν δ’ ο ποικιλόπτερος αμφιβαλων ωκυτάτω πτερω Eur. Hipp. 1268-1271 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort 1 I. Einleitung 2 I.1. Auseinandersetzung mit der gewählten Thematik 2 I.2. Motiv des Liebeszaubers aus Sicht antiker Autoren 3 II. Instrumentarien des Liebeszaubers in antiken Darstellungen 7 II.1. Liebeszauber als Privileg von Göttern. Die Liebesgötter der Griechen und Römer 7 II.1.1. Aphrodite 8 II.1.2. Venus 9 II.1.3. Eros, Pothos, Himeros 10 II.1.4. Amor, Cupido 12 II.2. Erotisch-magische Instrumentarien der Liebesgötter 14 II.2.1. Aphrodites Zaubergürtel Kat. 1- 2 14 II.2.2. Zauberrad Kat. 3- 22 16 II.2.3. Pfeil - Bogen - Köcher Kat. 23- 37 33 II.2.4. Fackel Kat. 38- 60 44 II.2.5. Kentron - Pedum - Geißel - Fessel Kat. 61- 70 60 III. Instrumentarien des Liebeszaubers in antiken Funden 68 III.1. Liebeszauber als Praxis der antiken Menschen 68 III.2. Erotisch-magische Instrumentarien im antiken Alltag 68 III.2.1. Defixionen: Täfelchen - Ostraka - Papyri - Puppen 69 III.2.1.1. Trennungszauber Kat. 71- 77 74 III.2.1.2. Herbeiführungszauber Kat. 78- 84 80 III.2.1.3. Bindungszauber Kat. 85- 87 89 III.2.1.4. Rachezauber Kat. 88- 89 91 III.2.2. Amulette: Lamellen - Papyri - Gemmen 94 III.2.2.1. Allgemeiner Liebeszauber Kat. 90- 95 99 III.2.2.2. Gunstzauber Kat. 96-103 105 III.2.2.3. Trennungszauber Kat. 104 114 III.2.2.4. Herbeiführungszauber Kat. 105-108 115 III.2.2.5. Bindungszauber Kat. 109-113 119 III.2.2.6. Hoffnungs-, Schutz-, Rachezauber Kat. 114-119 124 IV. Zusammenfassung - Conclusio 130 Allgemeine Hinweise 135 Allgemeine Abkürzungen 135 Bibliographische Abkürzungen und Sigeln 136 Katalog 137 Quellenverzeichnis mit benutzten Textausgaben 155 Bibliographie 159 Abbildungsverzeichnis 169 Bildteil 172 Vorwort Die konkrete Idee zur vorliegenden Arbeit ist erst im Zuge eines längeren Prozesses herange- reift. Zunächst stand das Thema ›Hexen und Zauberer in antiken Darstellungen‹ im Raum und verhieß spannende Einblicke in eine interessante Materie. Bei näherer Befassung drängten sich allerdings sehr bald die mythologischen Gestalten Kirke und Medea in den Vordergrund, die, wie sich ebenfalls rasch herausstellte, literarisch und ikonographisch bestens erfasst sind.1 So kam es zum Entschluss, nicht die Zaubernden selbst, sondern vielmehr deren Praktiken zu beleuchten. In der Folge erwies sich jedoch auch die modifizierte Themenstellung ›Instrumen- tarien der Magie in der griechisch-römischen Antike‹ als ungeeignet, da zu weit gefasst. Zur endgültigen Entscheidung für den gewählten Titel ›Instrumentarien antiken Liebeszaubers in Darstellungen und Funden‹ hat schließlich die Lektüre von Christopher Faraones im Jahr 1999 erschienener Publikation ›Ancient Greek Love Magic‹ beigetragen.2 Faraones Studie befasst sich mit literarischen, epigraphischen und papyrologischen Dokumen- ten antiker Liebeszauberpraktiken und versucht, genderspezifische Zauberformen aufzuzeigen. Da dabei ikonographische Aspekte unberücksichtigt bleiben, drängte sich beim Lesen der Ab- handlung unwillkürlich die Frage auf: Wie sehen die angesprochenen Zauberbehelfe aus, wie wurden sie gehandhabt, welche Bedeutung kam ihnen im antiken Alltag zu ? Diese und ähnliche Fragen bilden folglich den Hintergrund der nachstehenden Arbeit. Mein besonderer Dank gebührt an dieser Stelle Frau Professor Gerda Schwarz, die mir bei The- menfindung und Konzepterstellung mit vielen Anregungen zur Seite gestanden ist und die mich auch während des Entwicklungsprozesses der Arbeit entgegenkommend und aufmunternd be- gleitet hat. 1 u. a.. Kottaridou 1991. 2 Die Begriffe ›Magie‹ und ›Zauber‹ werden in der deutschsprachigen Literatur im Allgemeinen synonym verwen- det. Heute zeigt sich allerdings ein zunehmender Trend zum Ausdruck ›Magie‹ – möglicherweise als Effekt der großen Zahl englischsprachiger Publikationen zum Thema ›magic‹. 1 I. EINLEITUNG »… es scheint, als hätten auf der ganzen Welt Menschen von jeher dieselben Vorstellungen, Wünsche, Ängste, Hoffnungen, dieselbe Unsicherheit, dasselbe Gefühl des Verlorenseins in einer feindseligen oder zumindest gleichgültigen Welt. Der Götterkult allein genügte nicht, alle diese Gefühle zu beruhigen. Neben ihm bestand der Glaube an andere Mächte, die man eben- falls anrufen, für irgendein Anliegen gewinnen und in gewisser Weise manipulieren konnte.« Mit diesen Worten umreißt Georg Luck im Vorwort zu seiner Publikation über ›Magie und an- dere Geheimlehren in der Antike‹ die Umstände, die dazu führten, dass »Magie, Zauber- und Hexenwesen, der Glaube an Dämonen, Geister und Gespenster, die Technik des Verfluchens und anderes mehr, durchaus ins tägliche Leben der Antike gehörten«.3 Gut vorstellbar, und von Dichtern und Philosophen jener Zeit vielfach bezeugt, ist, dass man sich gerade auf dem Gebiet intimer zwischenmenschlicher Beziehungen dem Walten, ja der Willkür überirdischer Mächte ausgeliefert fühlte. I. 1. Auseinandersetzung mit der gewählten Thematik Die vorliegende Arbeit will nun untersuchen, wie Menschen der Antike die göttliche Einfluss- nahme auf das Liebesleben der Sterblichen empfanden und bildlich ausdrückten und mit wel- chen Mitteln sie trachteten, sich in das Wirken der Schicksalsmächte einzuschalten. Prinzipiell bieten sich zur Erörterung dieser Fragen zwei Kategorien erhalten gebliebener Bele- ge an: Einerseits die mythologisch beeinflussten Bilder göttlichen Liebeszaubers, welche wir an zahlreichen Schöpfungen antiker Kunst bewundern können – andererseits die Relikte des Re- pertoires kleiner erotisch-magischer Utensilien aus dem antiken Alltag, die auf den ersten Blick etwas weniger spektakulär erscheinen. Zunächst sollen im ersten Teil der Studie Darstellungen diverser von göttlicher Hand bedienter Instrumente des Liebeszaubers aus ganz unterschiedlichen Bereichen antiken Kunstschaffens einer eingehenden Betrachtung unterzogen werden, wobei sich auch die Frage nach den Mäch- ten, die diese Instrumente führen, und nach den von ihnen Bezauberten stellt. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird das Augenmerk auf die vielfältigen Belege erotisch-magischer Prak- tiken der antiken Menschen selbst und auf die hinter den magischen Operationen stehenden in- dividuellen Liebeswünsche gelenkt. Dabei erhebt sich wieder die Frage nach Initiatoren und Opfern des Liebeszaubers. Zum besseren Verständnis der beiden Bereiche werden fallweise auch Zitate antiker Autoren und Passagen der magischen Papyri herangezogen. Am Schluss der Arbeit sollen die behandel- ten Darstellungen und Funde nochmals kurz in Erinnerung gerufen werden, um Gemeinsamkei- ten und Konträres aufzuzeigen und zu versuchen, ihre mutmaßliche Bedeutung für antike Men- schen einzuschätzen. 3 Luck 1990, S. XIV f. 2 Um den Umfang der Arbeit nicht zu sehr ausufern zu lassen, war es notwendig, seltener darge- stellte Zaubermittel wie Granatäpfel, goldene Äpfel, Zauberknoten, Zaubertränke oder eher an der Peripherie des Themas angesiedelte Behelfe wie Astragale, magische Geräte zur Divination sowie mit dem Thema korrelierende Darstellungen auf antiken Münzen u. Ä. von der Erörte- rung auszuklammern. I. 2. Motiv des Liebeszaubers aus Sicht antiker Autoren Bei der Beschäftigung mit Dokumenten antiken Liebeszaubers ist es unverzichtbar, auch einen Blick auf Dichter und Denker jener Zeit zu werfen, um eine gewisse Vorstellung von der Ideen- welt, in der Liebeszauber praktiziert wurde, zu gewinnen. Das Phänomen der Liebesmagie zieht sich nicht nur durch alle Epochen der antiken Literatur, von den Epen Homers bis zu den Heili- genlegenden spätantiken Schrifttums, auch Philosophen, Redner, Geschichtsschreiber, Rechts- gelehrte und Verfasser von Enzyklopädien nahmen sich ausführlich des Themas an.4 Im 14. Buch der Ilias greift Hera zu einer List. Unter dem Vorwand, ihre seit geraumer Zeit in Zwist lebenden Zieheltern Okeanos und Tethys wieder in Liebe einen zu wollen, ersucht sie Aphrodite um Beistand: [Hera] »Gib mir die Kräfte der Sehnsucht und Liebe, mit denen du alle Zwingst, die unsterblichen Götter sowohl wie die sterblichen Menschen …« 5 [Aphrodite] »Niemals könnt’ ich noch dürft’ ich sogar den Wunsch dir verweigern. Denn du ruhst in den Armen des Zeus, des herrschenden Gottes!« Sprach’s und löste vom Busen den wunderkräftigen Gürtel; Farbig waren darin die Reize des Zaubers gewoben Alle: Liebe, Begierde, betörendes Liebesgeflüster, Schmeichelnde Bitte, die selbst dem Verständigsten raubt die Besinnung. Diesen reichte sie Heren und sprach sie an mit den Worten: »Da, befestige nur den Zaubergürtel am Busen; Bunt ist alles hineingewirkt; ich glaube, du kehrest Nicht erfolglos zurück, was immer du planst im Herzen!« 6 Im Grunde beabsichtigt Hera jedoch, mithilfe des Zaubergürtels (κεστος ιμάς) den eigenen Gat- ten zu verführen und unter Hypnos’ Einfluß in tiefen Schlaf zu versetzen, was ihn hindern soll, Troja im Kampf gegen die Griechen beizustehen.7 Auch zwei berühmte Episoden der Odyssee könnten möglicherweise auf Praktiken antiker Liebesmagie verweisen. So vergleicht Sokrates in einer Diskussion den Gesang der Sirenen mit einem Liebeszauber (επωδή) zum Zweck, Män- ner anzulocken und zu fesseln.8 Und Griechen späterer Epochen interpretieren Kirkes Trank als eine Art von Liebeszauber,
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