Berny Sèbe BREXIT and EMPIRE: the ROLE of COLONIAL

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Berny Sèbe BREXIT and EMPIRE: the ROLE of COLONIAL ISSN 1563-0285, еISSN 2618-1215 Халықаралық қатынастар және халықаралық құқық сериясы №1 (93). 2021 https://bulletin-ir-law.kaznu.kz/ IRSTI 11.25.25 https://doi.org/10.26577/IRILJ.2021.v93.i1.02 Berny Sèbe University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, Birgingham e-mail: [email protected] BREXIT AND EMPIRE: THE ROLE OF COLONIAL NOSTALGIA IN THE ARGUMENT FOR “GLOBAL BRITAIN” To what extent has the argument for ‘Global Britain’ benefited from elements of colonial nostalgia that may have permeated British collective memory until the present day? In other words, can a gene- alogy be established between Britannia (Thomas Arne composed Rule Britannia in 1740) and Brexit? Whilst the concept of Empire 2.0 has often been used to engage with the range of reasons put forward by Brexiteers to support the principle of a breakaway from the EU, commentators have often neglected the long-term ramifications of the feelings that may have played a role in the choice of 52% of the British population in the summer of 2016. Yet, a longue durée approach reveals compelling continuities over several centuries. Historiographi- cal developments since the 1980s have pointed towards the persisting influence of the imperial experi- ence on the DNA of British culture and politics. This was reflected in a range of cultural manifestations reaching large constituencies of the population of the British Isles – what John MacKenzie has termed ‘Popular Imperialism’. This paper explores the hypothesis that this deeply rooted attachment to the Em- pire has been running consistently (although at varying degrees) at least since the eighteenth century, and has found a new lease of life among supporters of the Brexit process, who have celebrated often implicitly the strength of the imperial legacy as a suitable alternative to the EU project. Key words: ‘Global Britain’, colonial nostalgia, Brexit, European Union. Берни Себе Бирмингем университеті, Ұлыбритания, Бирмингем қ. e-mail: [email protected] Брексит және Империя: «Жаһандық Британия» жолындағы колониалдық ностальгияның рөлі Бүгінгі күнге дейін британдық ұжымдық санаға сіңіп кеткен колониалдық британдық империяны аңсау элементтері «Жаһандық Ұлыбритания» ұғымының жетістігіне қаншалықты себептеседі? Басқаша айтқанда, Британия (1740 жылы Томас Арн шығарған Rule Britannia (Басқар, Британия) патриоттық әні бойынша) және Брексит арасында генеологиялық байланыс орнатуға бола ма? Империя 2.0 тұжырымдамасы елдің Еуропалық Одақтан шығу принциптерін қолдайтын Брексит жақтастарының бірқатар себептерді негіздеу үшін жиі қолданылғанымен комментаторлар Британия халқының осы мәселе төңірегіндегі бұрынғы сезімдерін елеусіз қалдырғаны белгілі рөл атқарды және Ұлыбритания халқының 52% 2016 жылдың жазында Еуроодақтан шығуды қолдады. Сондықтан, әлі күнге дейін ұзақ мерзім тәсілі – (longue durée) бірнеше ғасырлар бойғы тұрақты сабақтастықты көрсетеді. 1980 жылдардан кейінгі тарихи оқиғалар британ мәдениеті мен саясатының ДНҚ-сына империялық тәжірибе ықпалының тұрақты сақталғандығын көрсетеді. Бұл Британдық аралдардың бүкіл тұрғындарын қамтыған және Джон Макензи «халықтық империализм» деп атаған бірқатар мәдени шараларда байқалды. Бұл мақалада, кем дегенде он сегізінші ғасырдан бері терең бойлап кеткен империяға тәуелділік құбылысы (әр түрлі дәрежеде болса да) сақталып, империялық мұраның күшін ЕО жобасына қолайлы балама ретінде көбіне жасырын атап өткен Brexit жақтастары арасында жаңа өмір тапты деген гипотеза зерттелген. Түйін сөздер: «Жаһандық Ұлыбритания», британдық империяны аңсау, Брексит, Еуроодақ. 16 © 2021 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Berny Sèbe Берни Себе Университете Бирмингема, Великобритания, г. Бирмингем e-mail: [email protected] Брексит и империя: роль колониальной ностальгии в аргументах за «Глобальной Британии» В какой степени доводы в пользу «Глобальной» Британии выиграли от основ колониальной ностальгии, которые, возможно, пронизывают британскую коллективную память до сегодняшнего дня? Другими словами, можно ли установить генеалогическую связь между Британией и Brexit (Томас Арн написал «Правь, Британия» в 1740 году)? В то время как концепция Империя 2.0 часто использовалась для обоснования целого ряда причин, выдвинутых сторонниками Brexit, поддерживающих принцип выхода страны из Европейского Союза, комментаторы пренебрегли давними чувствами Британского населения относительно данного вопроса, что сыграло определённую роль и 52% населения поддержали выход из Евросоюза летом 2016 г. Поэтому, так называемый подход longue durée отражает убедительную преемственность на протяжении нескольких столетий. Историографические события с 1980-х годов указывают на сохраняющееся влияние имперского опыта на ДНК Британской культуры и политики. Это было отражено в ряде культурных мероприятий, достигших широких кругов населения Британских Островов – то, что Джон Маккензи назвал «народным империализмом». В этой статье рассматривается гипотеза о том, что это глубоко укоренившаяся привязанность к Империи существует постоянно (хотя в разной степени), по крайней мере, с VIII века, и приобрела новую жизнь среди сторонников процесса Brexit, которые часто восхваляли, без колебаний силу имперского наследия как самую подходящую альтернативу Европейскому Союзу. Ключевые слова: «Глобальная Британия», колониальная ностальгия, колониальная ностальгия, Евросоюз. Introduction Therefore, it is fair to say that Britain is a country which has not voted to leave the EU in a The result of the referendum that took place in ‘fit of absence of mind’ (to paraphrase John Robert Britain on 23 June 2016, which asked the question Seeley, of whom we will hear more below). To a “Should the United Kingdom remain a member of small majority of the British population, Brexit the European Union or leave the European Union?” appears as a project, the same way as, in John sent shockwaves through the world as it provided Darwin’s words echoing those of Adam Smith, the relatively unexpected result that 51.89% of the British Empire was ‘the project of an empire’. voters, or just above 17.4 m voters, chose to leave Could it be that Brexit was in the end the twenty- the EU, as opposed to 16.1 m, or 48.11 %, opting to first century equivalent to Henry VIII’s decision remain. Thus a small majority of the British public to secede from Rome? Beyond blaming Britain’s decided that Britain’s future was better outside of current electoral system which has provided the EU, than as part of the largest free-trade area of perhaps a skewed representation of the ‘people’s the world. This seemed to be an unexpected course, will’, as it is so widely referred to these days, there to say the least, for a country that had so often been are some legitimate reasons grounds to look for the champion of free-trade, very frequently to the reasons explaining the persistence of the British despair of its Continental rivals. This choice was public’s aloofness, or even open hostility, towards confirmed on the occasion of the early general the European project. Was the past, especially in election of December 2019, which returned a its colonial form, sending palatable echoes to a majority of eighty MPs in favour of Boris Johnson’s significant fringe of British voters, who were lured Conservatives. Whilst the first-past-the-post into the prospect of an ‘Empire 2.0’? Could it be electoral system decidedly skewed the result, with that the British bulldog was biting back, perhaps for only 48 % of the vote going to openly pro-Brexit the wrong reasons, but answering nonetheless an parties (therefore excluding Labour which, with the atavistic call? rest of the opposition, has gathered around 52 % As a historian of the British empire who, from of the votes), the path to ‘Get Brexit done’, as the a historiographical perspective, belongs decidedly Conservative electoral slogan put it, lay wide open to the camp of the MacKenzie-ites, perhaps of the and it had proved to be a decisive winning argument sub-type of the MacKenzie-ites sans frontières in the electoral battle. (Sèbe 2019), and therefore believes in the pervasive 17 Brexit and empire: the role of colonial nostalgia in the argument for “Global Britain” influence of the colonial experience on British This paper is based on the hypothesis that this culture, beliefs and values – what MacKenzie has deeply rooted attachment to the Empire has been termed the ‘imperial mindset’, one question becomes running consistently (although at varying degrees) inescapable: could it be that all these sediments at least since the eighteenth century, and has found accumulated over centuries of overseas ventures, a new lease of life among supporters of the Brexit these echoes of ‘Britannia rules the waves’, played a process, who have celebrated often implicitly, but role in shaping the 21st-century British worldview, also explicitly, the strength of the imperial legacy singularly vis-à-vis the major political project of the as a suitable and preferable alternative to the EU post-war period, the EU? Could it be that not-too- project, therefore giving vital historically-fuelled distant memories of empire, and nostalgia towards it, momentum to their movement. Spanning three have made it easier for the overwhelming majority of centuries of British cultural history, this paper offers UK newspapers to develop a fiercely anti-European, a reflection about the long-term dynamics that have jingoistic tone to the delight of their readers? made the unthinkable possible: that one of the leading More broadly, can a genealogy be established proponents of post-war European cooperation
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