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Role of Maritime Strategy in National Security: a Case Study of Gwadar

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Role of Maritime Strategy in National Security: a Case Study of Gwadar ROLE OF MARITIME STRATEGY IN NATIONAL SECURITY: A CASE STUDY OF GWADAR PhD DISSERTATION AZHAR AHMAD PhD/S-09/02 SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. PERVAIZ IQBAL CHEEMA PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES FACULTY OF CONTEMPORARY STUDIES NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD PAKISTAN 2013 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION We hereby recommend that the dissertation submitted by Azhar Ahmad titled “Role of Maritime Strategy in National Security: A Case Study of Gwadar” be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of PhD in the Discipline of Peace and Conflict Studies. Prof. Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema (Supervisor) _____________________ (External Examiner) Countersigned By ______________________ _____________________ (Controller of Examinations) (Head of the Department) SCHOLAR’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis submitted by me titled “ Role of Maritime Strategy in National Security: A Case Study of Gwadar” is based on my own original research work and has not been submitted to any other institution for any other degree. Azhar Ahmad Date: July 9, 2013 PhD Scholar To a Peaceful & Prosperous Pakistan i Table of Contents Abstract v Acknowledgement vi Abbreviations viii List of Tables xii List of Figures xiii Introduction 1 Objective of the Study 4 Significance of the Research 5 Theoretical Framework 7 Research Methodology 9 Organisation 10 Chapter One Concept of National Power 14 Elements of National Power 17 Geography 18 Population 20 Natural Resources 22 Economy 26 Military 28 Intangibles 30 ii Chapter Two Maritime Strategy 34 Significance of the Seas 35 Economic 35 Military 38 Political 39 Understanding Maritime Strategy and Sea Power 40 Elements of Maritime Power 43 Ports and Harbours 43 Merchant Marine 46 Ocean Economic Resources 48 Combatant Naval Force 50 Chapter Three Application of Elements of Maritime Power to Pakistan 53 Exclusive Economic Zone 54 Marine Resources of Pakistan 56 Marine Fisheries 57 Mangroves and Sea Weeds 62 Marine Mineral Resources 65 Mercantile Marine 66 Ship-building and Repairs 73 Ship-breaking 74 Ports and Harbours 76 Karachi Port 77 Port Muhammad Bin Qasim 78 Gwadar Deep Sea Port 79 iii Ormara Naval Base 80 Pasni Fishing Harbour 81 Jiwani Fishing Harbour 81 Combatant Naval Force 82 Pakistan Navy 82 Pakistan Maritime Security Agency 87 Chapter Four Historical Perspective of Gwadar 90 History of Makran Coast 90 History of Gwadar 95 Gwadar Port Project 101 Chapter Five Geostrategic Imperatives 104 Geographical Location 105 Interests of Regional and Extra-Regional Actors 111 United States 111 European Union 114 India 115 Persian Gulf States 119 China 120 Central Asia and Afghanistan 126 Pipeline Politics 131 Chapter Six Contribution to National Security and Prosperity 133 Maritime Importance 133 iv Natural Resources 139 Economical Potential 140 Industrial Potential 141 Competitive Advantages 142 Shipping and Ship-building 145 Fishing and Related Activities 145 Investment Opportunities 150 Progress and Prosperity 151 Challenges and Obstacles 151 Conclusion 157 Recommendations 163 Bibliography 165 v Abstract Pakistan is a country blessed with a long coastline, a potentially resource rich EEZ and continental shelf. The country is strategically located at the cross-roads of Central Asia, South Asia, Middle East and China, at the mouth of the Persian Gulf. However, despite all the ingredients of a maritime power, Pakistan’s maritime sector has remained neglected. The mercantile sector has declined since the 70s; ship building and ship breaking industries are in poor state. Fishing, that provides sustenance to a large coastal population, has failed to keep pace with modernization. There has been no progress in the offshore exploration, and the country lacks capability to explore and exploit seabed resources. Throughout its existence, Pakistan has depended entirely on a single port complex for economic and security purposes. Realizing the importance of additional/ alternative ports the country decided to build two ports on the thus far neglected Makran coast- a naval port at Ormara and a commercial port at Gwadar. Gwadar, a natural deep water port, is conceived as a regional hub port, providing transit access to Central Asia, Russia and China, and lending trans-shipment facilities to regional ports. However, due to its strategic location astride the energy jugular of the world, it has raised many an eyebrows. In Pakistan’s perspective Gwadar is extremely important from security as well as economic point of view. For a country like Pakistan with such a vast coast and geo-strategic location, it is imperative to have a vibrant and effective maritime strategy, to benefit from its maritime potential. Pakistan needs to revamp its maritime sector and Gwadar is just the right catalyst to provide the foundation, as well as the stimulus. With right planning and execution, the port should help strengthen all the elements of maritime power and contribute significantly in national security and prosperity. vi Acknowledgement I must start with a deep gratitude for the Almighty who blessed me with enough dedication, proficiency and health to sustain myself through the rigours of this research. I cannot thank my late parents enough for shaping my character and my fondness for knowledge. I hope they are proud of and watching over their son, from the heavens. I also owe my thanks to all my teachers in building the foundation upon which I have carried myself thus far. My career in Pakistan Navy has enabled me to understand and relate with the maritime sector; this dissertation is a token of my thanks to the service. It would be difficult to name all the friends, family members, colleagues who have contributed to my endeavour directly or indirectly, knowingly or unknowingly, but they all deserve my appreciation and thanks. I am thankful to the National Defence University for providing me the opportunity and environment to pursue my ambition. It was a blessing to have Prof. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema as my supervisor and I am grateful for his guidance and patience throughout the period of research. I must also thank Dr Muhammad Islam and Dr. A. Z. Hilali for providing us with necessary tools, during the course work, to undertake research. Dr. Islam was particularly helpful in preparation of the Research Proposal. Due to lack of authentic published literature on certain aspects of the research, help from individuals and departments was crucial and I was fortunate that such help was forthcoming. The space here is not enough to name all those who helped me in the process; though some of them have been duly acknowledged in the dissertation. However, I must appreciate the kindness of Admiral Asif Sandila, the Chief of the Naval Staff, for sparing from his valuable time and furnishing comprehensive response to my queries. My cousin Naeem Iqbal was instrumental in introducing me to a number of officers in various ministries and departments including communications, commerce, ports and shipping, national highway authority, cabinet division etc, which immensely contributed to my work. I also owe a special thanks to the Director and staff of the National Documentation Wing in Cabinet Division, for assisting me in assimilating the archived data. The librarians in NDU and the National Library were also very helpful in locating the right material. vii My research could not have been complete without an extremely educative and productive tour of Gwadar, where everybody received me with warmth and helped me in clearing the smog that I had carried with me from Islamabad. I am grateful to all the Gwadaris; fishermen, businessmen, academics, journalists, politicians, civil servants, and others for sharing their thoughts and affection. I pray that these fine people are blessed with prosperity and peace which they truly deserve. My stay at Gwadar was made comfortable due to first-rate hospitality of Pakistan Navy. Besides boarding and lodging the navy provided me with an exceptional guide and company, in the form of Lt. Cdr. Shakir Hussain. Without his social contacts and amiable company, it would not have been possible to meet so many people from all strata of life in the given time. I am particularly grateful to my friend Capt. Sarfraz Hussain for “just being there” when I needed a friend and a respite. I must also acknowledge the trouble that my wife went through, during all these years, in managing the home during my often mental and sometimes physical absence. In the end, my gratitude and apology is due to my little princess Zaina. Despite my best efforts, during the course of this research, I was not able to give all the attention she deserved from a father and I hope I am able to compensate for that. She remains a source of energy and a reason for me to go on and, therefore, I dedicate my work to her, who symbolizes the future of Pakistan. Despite my best efforts, there will be errors and omissions for which I take full responsibility. viii Abbreviations AFPAK Afghanistan-Pakistan AFRC Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee AIP Air Independent Propulsion BC Bulk Carrier BCDA Balochistan Coastal Development Authority BOO Built, Own, Operate BOT Built, Operate, Transfer CARs Central Asian Republics CAREC Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation CBR Controller Board of Revenue CHINDIA China-India CIA Central Intelligence Agency C-in-C Commander-in-Chief CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMCP Coalition Maritime Campaign Plan CNS Chief of the Naval Staff CSF Competitiveness Support Fund CTF Commander Task Force DWT Dead Weight Tonnage GATT
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