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Studi Interculturali 2/2017 Issn 2281-1273 STUDI INTERCULTURALI 2/2017 ISSN 2281-1273 MEDITERRÁNEA - CENTRO DI STUDI INTERCULTURALI DIPARTIMENTO DI STUDI UMANISTICI - UNIVERSITÀ DI TRIESTE Studi Interculturali 2/2017 Charles-Pierre Baudelaire (Paris, 9.4.1821 - 31.8.1867) «Je suis l’Empire à la fin de la décadence, Qui regarde passer les grands Barbares blancs En composant des acrostiches indolents D’un style d’or où la langueur du soleil danse» Studi Interculturali #2 /2017 issn 2281-1273 - isbn 978-0-244-33481-9 MEDITERRÁNEA - CENTRO DI STUDI INTERCULTURALI Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici Università di Trieste A cura di Mario Faraone e Gianni Ferracuti. Grafica e webmaster: Giulio Ferracuti www.interculturalita.it Studi Interculturali è un’iniziativa senza scopo di lucro. I fascicoli della rivista sono distribuiti gratui- tamente in edizione digitale all’indirizzo www.interculturalita.it. Nello stesso sito può essere richiesta la versione a stampa (print on demand). © Copyright di proprietà dei singoli autori degli articoli pubblicati. Mediterránea ha il proprio sito all’indirizzo www.ilbolerodiravel.org. Il presente fascicolo è stato chiuso in redazione in data 14.09.17. Gianni Ferracuti Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici Università di Trieste Androna Campo Marzio, 10 - 34124 Trieste SOMMARIO PIER FRANCESCO ZARCONE La Sharī‘at, questa sconosciuta .................................................................................................... 7 MARIO FARAONE «Fair Liberty, Was All His Cry»: Rex Warner, Jonathan Swift e la Libertà ...................... 49 GIANNI FERRACUTI «Con un alarde de poder pagano»: sonata de primavera ....................................................... 83 SERGIO PORTELLI Italianità culturale e nazionalismo a Malta tra Ottocento e Novecento ............................ 115 RAFFAELE FEDERICI Archéologie du futur. La musique en vinyle entre le lien social et la post-nostalgie .......... 133 GABRIELLA VALERA L’enigma delle «figure» nella pittura di Miroslav Pengal ...................................................... 143 QUADERNI DI STUDI INTERCULTURALI N. 2 - SUPPLEMENTO AL N. 2/2017: Gianni Ferracuti: Blas Infante, il flamenco e l’identità culturale andalusa. LA SHARĪ‘AT, QUESTA SCONOSCIUTA PIER FRANCESCO ZARCONE La parola araba sharī‘at nella sua accezione originaria significa «via», «cammino verso la fonte», «via diritta», «strada battuta», «sentiero» e indica pure (ormai in senso prevalente) il diritto religioso contenuto nel Sacro Corano (Qur’ān) e da esso derivato. Ormai è di uso comune nei media, a motivo dell’espansivo fenomeno del radicalismo islamico, jihadista e non. Se poi si andasse a chiedere, anche a persone di media cultura, elementi ulteriori per meglio capire di che si tratti, allora la curiosità resterebbe generalmente insoddisfatta. Nel- la migliore delle ipotesi è possibile, per quanti abbiano effettuato qualche lettura più spe- cifica, dire qualcosa sulle fonti del diritto musulmano, il tutto visto in una luce negativa e con abbondanza di fraintendimenti. 8 «Studi Interculturali» n. 2 /2017 Prima di ogni cosa è opportuno chiarire che non siamo in presenza di una «legge codifi- cata» alla maniera del diritto dell’Europa continentale, tanto per intenderci, nonostante che tra le rivendicazioni del radicalismo musulmano (ma a volte anche di movimenti isla- mici definiti «moderati» dagli occidentali) si trovi al primo posto la reintroduzione della Sharī‘at quale disciplina giuridica religiosa della società e dei singoli. Il che darebbe ragione alle superficiali interpretazioni dell’Occidente, che la presentano come l’insieme normati- vo destinato a regolare per l’appunto gli aspetti della vita sociale e privata; anzi, come l’unico insieme normativo legittimo in quanto proveniente da Dio, il solo legislatore, do- vendosi ridurre la normazione dei governi locali all’ambito essenzialmente amministrativo. Tuttavia, se qualcuno si recasse in una libreria islamica per comprare una copia della Sharī‘at non troverebbe «il» libro: nella migliore delle ipotesi gli verrebbero presentati il Corano, una raccolta completa dei detti e fatti del Profeta (se il libraio fosse sunnita) e ta- luni commentari della scuola giuridico/religiosa più influente nel paese. Infatti la Sharī‘at non è mai stata codificata e forse nemmeno è codificabile. In prima approssimazione si potrebbe dire che innanzi tutto la «si ricava» dal Corano e dagli ahādīth (i detti) del Profeta. Spiegheremo meglio in seguito quel che ciò significa. Tuttavia, procedendo solo su questa linea, seppure legittimata da una certa prassi di giuri- sti islamici, si perde la giusta prospettiva di quel che per l’Islām è la Sharī‘at, e non ci si sco- sta da un equivoco servito per imporre e perpetuare il potere dei dottori della Legge (‘ulamā). Gli specialisti della giurisprudenza (Fiqh) hanno voluto restringere la Sharī‘at allo specifico campo del loro lavoro, mentre il senso di essa è molto più ampio, esprimendo l’idea della «via» che ingloba in sé tutti gli aspetti dell’Islām strumentali ai fini della Rivela- zione divina, cioè la scienza della fede (al-‘aqīda), il Fiqh e la mistica (taṣawwuf). Si deve prendere atto che in base a questo riduttivismo lo strumento è diventato un fine, a scapito della realizzazione della purezza della mente e del cuore per l’incontro col divino. La Sharī‘at non deve essere confusa con la norma razionale (nāmūs), e quando i teologi parla- no di superiorità sciaraitica rispetto a quest’ultima, tale valutazione non si riferisce alle singole norme della Sharī‘at né al loro insieme, bensì al fine per cui è sorta, cioè un ideale etico (makārim al-ajlāq) individuale e collettivo additato dal Profeta. Ne deriva che il pote- re politico organizzato, proprio per essere tale e quand’anche si presenti come islamico, non può andare oltre la cura della puntuale osservanza della Sharī‘at, perché se ne perse- guisse anche le finalità si trascenderebbe come realtà statale e il suo fine sarebbe ultra- Pier Francesco Zarcone: La Sharī‘at 9 mondano e già più politico. Si eleverebbe alla dimensione del Califfato, che però storica- mente non è mai comparso per ciò che dovrebbe essere: una realtà portatrice di parte dell’eredità profetica di Muḥammad e che tratta gli affari terreni nella prospettiva spiritua- le di un mondo «altro». Per questo lo storico marocchino Abdallāh al-‘Arawī (francesizzato in Laroui; n. 1933) notò che il Califfato non può essere negato in base al suo fine, ma non può essere affermato in base alla sua realtà, in quanto il suo fine etico-spirituale ne fa un’utopia in senso stretto. Tornando a noi, sarebbe più opportuno parlare di «sistema giuridico» piuttosto che di Legge islamica, e infatti fino al sec. XIX (cioè fino alla grande irruzione del colonialismo eu- ropeo nel mondo musulmano) questa espres- sione era ignota tra i Musulmani: in arabo non c’è una parola equivalente al nostro «diritto». Qui c’è un dato in apparenza paradossale: non esiste una «legge» islamica nel senso oc- cidentale del termine poiché non esiste uno Stato islamico. Come in tutti i contesti reli- giosi monoteisti, anche nell’Islām a stretto rigore teorico non è individuabile una reale au- tonomia della politica (in senso lato) rispetto alla religione, e non si dimentichi che anche nella cultura occidentale questa autonomia è una realtà molto moderna. Ne consegue che la Sharī‘at ha dovuto assumere il ruolo di sistema regolatore della vita nella Umma, la co- munità musulmana che l’Islām colloca al posto dello Stato: la Umma ha un’essenza eti- co/religiosa e non essenzialmente mondana come invece è quella dello Stato. Per quanto possa sembrare un’eresia a chi di solito limita le fonti della propria cono- scenza ai mass-media, va affermata l’esistenza di forti similitudini con la common law bri- tannica, particolarmente riguardo all’importanza dei precedenti e all’uso dell’analogia. In entrambi tali sistemi giuridici, non c’è legge scritta, e se la common law è un diritto formato dai giudici, la Sharī‘at è formata essenzialmente dai giuristi. Gli storici del diritto discutono su un altro punto che non ci si aspetterebbe: cioè se la common law abbia tra le sue ascen- denze proprio il sistema musulmano. Chi risponde positivamente al quesito sostiene che istituti fondamentali del diritto britannico o derivino o siano stati adattati dal diritto isla- mico dopo la conquista normanna dell’Inghilterra in base a conoscenze già acquisite dal 10 «Studi Interculturali» n. 2 /2017 regno normanno di Sicilia. Comunque sia, ciò non vuol dire affatto negare il ruolo della tradizione anglo-sassone sulla common law. Gli Sciiti nei territori islamici: Quando si parla di diritto Paesi Abitanti Sciiti Percentuale islamico, sia pure a prescin- Iran 68.700.000 61.800.000 89,96 dere dalla correttezza di tale espressione, va subito tenu- Pakistan 165.800.800 33.200.000 20,02 to presente che il potere po- Iraq 26.000.000 17.400.000 66,92 litico (ovvero oggi lo Stato) Turchia 71.517.100 15.000.000 20,97 non può intervenire in alcun India 1.009.000.000 11.000.000 1,09 modo nell’elaborazione nor- Yemen 23.800.000 10.710.000 45,00 mativa, riservata ai soli giu- Azerbaigian 9.000.000 7.650.000 85,00 risti (fuqahā’), che si distin- guono in usūlī (studiosi della Afghanistan 31.000.000 5.900.000 19,03 fonti) e muḥaddīth (speciali- Arabia Saudita 27.000.000 4.000.000 14,81 sti degli ahadīth, i detti e fatti Siria 18.000.000 2.200.000 12,22 del Profeta). In sostanza, più Libano 3.900.000 1.700.000 43,59 che di un diritto positivo si Tagikistan 7.300.000 1.100.000 15,00 tratta del frutto di elabora- Kuwait 2.400.000 730.000 30,42 zioni di fonti religiose per meglio interpretare la volon- Bahrayn 700.000 520.000 74,29 tà di Dio. Questo dà luogo a Emirati Arabi Uniti 2.600.000 160.000 6,15 una sorta di tensione (per Qatar 890.000 140.000 15,73 cosi dire) tra tendenza etico- Oman 3.100.000 31.000 1,00 spirituale e tendenza «istitu- zionale» in cui tende a preva- lere l’aspetto normativo.
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