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Guidelines for Experimental Practice in Organic Greenhouse Horticulture

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Guidelines for Experimental Practice in Organic Greenhouse Horticulture Guidelines for Experimental Practice in Organic Greenhouse Horticulture Edited by Martin Koller, Francis Rayns, Stella Cubison and Ulrich Schmutz COST is supported by the EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 ResearcResearch The Editorial Board This picture was taken at the final meeting to discuss these guidelines, held in Tori, Estonia in September 2015. A commercial organic greenhouse with a tomato crop is shown in the background. Left to Right: Pedro Gomez, Stella Cubison, Wolfgang Palme, Justine Dewitte, Martin Koller, Yüksel Tüzel, Francis Rayns, Ingrid Bender and Ulrich Schmutz. Correct citation of this document: Koller, M., Rayns, F., Cubison, S. and Schmutz, U. (Editors) 2016. Guidelines for Experimental Practice in Organic Greenhouse Horticulture. BioGreenhouse COST Action FA 1105, www.biogreenhouse.org. ISBN: 978-94-6257-534-9 DOI (Digital Object Identifier): http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/373581 The guidelines were initially based on the following publication with many new chapters contributed by European and international authors: Lindner, Ulrike and Billmann, Bettina (Eds.) 2006. Planung, Anlage und Auswertung von Versuchen im Ökologischen Gemüsebau. Handbuch für die Versuchsanstellung [“Planning, Setup and Evaluation of Trials on Organic Vegetable Cultivation. An Experimental Design Manual“]. Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL), Frick, Schweiz und Frankfurt, Deutschland, ISBN 978-3-906081-97-7, http://orgprints.org/9863. Pictures All pictures are by members of the Biogreenhouse COST Action FA1105. Contributors to the pictures (in alphabetical order) are: Ingrid Bender, Stella Cubison, Justine Dewitte, Pedro Gomez, Martin Koller, Carolyn Mitchell, Jérôme Lambion, Wolfgang Palme, Virginia Pinillos, Ulrich Schmutz, Yüksel Tüzel and Anja Vieweger. Disclaimer The information in these guidelines is based on the expert opinions of the various authors. Neither they, nor their employers, can accept any responsibility for loss or damage occurring as a result of following the information contained in these guidelines. Acknowledgement This book is based upon work from COST Action FA1105 BioGreenhouse, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). The authors and editors wish to thank many colleagues for their assistance in providing the material for these guidelines. In addition Rob Meijer (Chair, COST Action FA1105 Biogreenhouse), Karin Postweiler (DLR Rheinpfalz, Germany), Birgit Rascher (LWG Bayern, Germany) and Catherine Mazollier (GRAB, France) provided critical comments on the text. We want to thank Ms. José Frederiks (Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture) for processing layout and printing. We are grateful for financial support and the opportunity to build this network. Link to the Action: http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/fa/FA1105 and: http://www.biogreenhouse.org/ April 11, 2016 Table of contents Authors 5 Preface 7 Abbreviations 9 1 Introduction 11 2 Trials in Organic Horticulture 13 2.1 Separation from conventional cropping 13 2.2 Crop rotation and plant material 13 2.3 Trial designs 13 2.3.1 Plots and treatments 14 2.3.2 Controls and other comparisons 14 2.3.3 Replications and randomisation 15 2.3.4 Fully randomised design 15 2.3.5 Block design 15 2.3.6 Latin Square design 16 2.3.7 Split plot design 16 2.3.8 Fully factorial design 17 2.3.9 Simplified designs for on-farm trials 17 2.4 Recording results 18 2.4.1 Recording information 18 2.4.2 Missing values 19 2.4.3 Harvest records 19 2.4.4 Time measurement 19 2.5 Data analysis and statistics 20 2.5.1 Plot values 20 2.5.2 Statistical analysis 21 2.6 Writing up an experimental report 21 3 Key Types of Experiments 23 3.1 Crop variety trials 23 3.1.1 Variety comparison experiments 23 3.1.2 Grafting experiments 25 3.2 Fertilisation experiments 28 3.2.1 Experiments with solid fertilisers, manures and commercial products 28 3.2.2 Experiments with liquid fertilisers 32 3.2.3 Experiments with compost 34 3.2.4 Experiments with green manures 35 3.2.5 Fertilising experiments in growing media used for transplant production, potted herbs or ornamentals 38 3.2.6 Evaluation of container growing media 40 3.3 Experiments on weed control 41 3.3.1 Weed control 41 3.3.2 Evaluation of mulching materials 42 Guidelines for Experimental Practice | 3 3.4 Plant protection experiments 43 3.4.1 Evaluation of fungicides and insecticides in organic cropping 43 3.4.2 Evaluation of bio control agents and natural enemies 45 3.4.3 Enhancements to biodiversity using flower strips 48 3.5 Other types of experiments 50 3.5.1 Evaluation of greenhouse infrastructure 50 3.5.2 Irrigation systems 53 3.5.3 Pollination 59 3.6 Economic evaluation of crop trials 61 3.7 Participative experiments and on farm research 65 4 Guidelines for Selected Crops 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Fruit vegetables 71 4.2.1 Tomatoes 71 4.2.2 Eggplant 76 4.2.3 Peppers 82 4.2.4 Courgette 87 4.2.5 Cucumbers 91 4.2.6 Watermelon 95 4.2.7 Melons 99 4.3 Leafy vegetables 102 4.3.1 Lamb’s lettuce 102 4.3.2 Lettuce 105 4.3.3 Rocket and other baby leaf brassica salads 108 4.4 Other vegetables 110 4.4.1 Climbing beans 110 4.4.2 Kohlrabi 115 4.4.3 Radish 118 4.4.4 Spring onion 121 4.5 Transplants 123 4.5.1 Vegetable transplants 123 4.6 Herbs 125 4.6.1 Parsley 125 4.6.2 Basil - grown in pots 128 4.7 Perennial fruits 131 4.7.1 Strawberries 131 4.7.2 Raspberries 135 4.7.3 Table grapes 138 4.7.4 Papaya 141 4.7.5 Mango 145 4.8 Ornamentals 148 4.8.1 Pelargoniums cultivated in pots 148 5 Appendices 151 5.1 Appendix A: General information 151 5.2 Appendix B: Summary table of crop nutrient demand 152 5.3 Appendix C: Summary of nutrient content of crop tissues 154 4 | Guidelines for Experimental Practice Authors Samih Abu Baker, Jordan. Is a full professor at the department of plant production and protection, Dean of Faculty of Agricultural Technology at Al Balqa` Applied University. He is involved with studies related to sustainability of agriculture and organic farming research aspects. [email protected]. Ingrid Bender, Estonia. A researcher at the Estonian Crop Research Institute. Her work focuses on vegetable breeder seed production, breeding, variety trials and organic trials in greenhouse and open field. ingrid.bender@ etki.ee. Stella Cubison, United Kingdom. An associate of Garden Organic (formerly HDRA) and fruit researcher. She currently works on an organic fruit farm and is experienced in trials work (varieties, pest and disease monitoring), specialising in apple and strawberry production. [email protected]. Justine Dewitte, Belgium. Works at the Vegetable Research Centre East Flanders (PCG) where she is researcher and advisor. Her work focuses on practically oriented research of organic vegetables under protection, and aromatic plants. [email protected]. Martine Dorais, Canada. Senior Research Scientist at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and adjunct professor at Laval University. She currently works on organic sustainable production systems for horticultural crops. [email protected]. Jacques Fuchs, Switzerland. Has worked in the Department of Crop Sciences of the research institute of organic agriculture (FiBL) in CH-Frick. He is specialises in the biological quality of compost, compost utilization and development of compost based products. www.fibl.org, [email protected]. Pedro Gomez, Spain. His main expertise is conservation and development of vegetables varieties in Mediterranean greenhouses at Andalucía Institute of Agricultural Training and Research (IFAPA). pedro.gomez.j@ juntadeandalucia.es. Nikki Jennings, United Kingdom. A breeder at the James Hutton Institute in Scotland. She currently works on the commercial raspberry breeding programme and has experience in variety trials and protected cropping. Frank Kempkes, The Netherlands, Works for over 20 years at Wageningen UR greenhouse horticulture, the department of greenhouse technology. His work focusses mainly on energy saving techniques, covering materials and greenhouse climate. [email protected]. Robert Koch, Germany. Works at the State Horticultural College and Research Institute in Heidelberg. His work focuses on practically oriented research of organic ornamentals crops and herbs. [email protected]. Martin Koller, Switzerland. Works in the extension service of the research institute of organic agriculture (FiBL) in Frick. A main focus is on-farm experiments on plant protection, variety trials and organic fertiliser testing in vegetable and ornamentals crops and herbs. www.fibl.org, [email protected]. Jérôme Lambion, France. Works at GRAB (Research Group on Organic Farming) in Southern France, as a researcher. His main focus is on-farm experiments on crop protection, especially functional biodiversity and biological control. Gerben Messelink, The Netherlands, is research entomologist at Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture. His work focuses on evaluation of natural enemies and the development of biological control systems for pests in greenhouse crops. [email protected]. Carolyn Mitchell, United Kingdom. A researcher at the James Hutton Institute. Her work focusses on developing sustainable pest and disease control in perennial and arable crop production. Guidelines for Experimental Practice | 5 Wolfgang Palme, Austria. Head of department of Vegetable Growing at the Horticultural College and Research Institute in Vienna. His work focuses on vegetable diversity, variety trials and sustainable organic production alternatives. [email protected]. Virginia Pinillos, Spain. Professor in the Department of Agronomy at the University of Almería. Her work focuses on flowering and fructification of Mediterranean and subtropical fruit crops, and currently, her main research is on protected fruit crops. Karin Postweiler, Germany. Works at the Experimental Station for Vegetables Queckbrunnerhof, Schifferstadt (DLR Rheinpfalz). Her main focus is on trials in organic fertilizers, weed control, crop care ([email protected]).
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