DOI: 10.21276/haya

Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences ISSN 2415-623X (Print) Scholars Middle East Publishers ISSN 2415-6221 (Online) Dubai, United Arab Emirates Website: http://scholarsmepub.com/

Review Article

Plant Derived Rajandeep Kaur1*, Tushar Matta2, Harpreet Kaur3 1Louis Riel School Division, Winnipeg, Canada 2CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jalandhar, India 3Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab

*Corresponding Author: Rajandeep Kaur

Abstract: Phytochemical study of medicinal is essential to determine the presence of active constituents in them. Alkaloids, the largest class, are the most important from medicinal point of view. Alkaloids are low molecular weight nitrogen containing compounds and are typically alkaline. Approximately more than 2000 alkaloids have been isolated so far. They are found in those parts where there is great vitality and growth. The medicinal use and their biological source along with family has been discussed in their review. Keywords: Alkaloids, Phytochemical, Isolated, Biological, Family.

INTRODUCTION (orange). Most alkaloids are weak bases but some of the Man is dependent on medicinal plants for alkaloids such as Theophylline are amphoteric. Many health and food needs since ancient times. The alkaloids dissolve poorly in water but readily dissolve traditional practice of medicinal plants for healing and in organic solvents such as diethyl ether & chloroform. averting illness has become predominant in almost Alkaloids forms salts of various strengths & these salts every house hold [1]. It is necessary to study medicinal are usually soluble in water & ethanol and poorly plants to advocate the use of herbal medicines and to soluble in most organic solvents. regulate their possibility as a source for new drugs. Plants are an extensive source of medicines. Today Classification of alkaloids [7] abundance of drugs are derived from plants eg. The alkaloids are classified into number of from , Aswagandha modes and means: from Withania somnifera, Atropine from Atropa belladona, Reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina etc. Biosynthetic classification Medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites and The precursor from which alkaloids are essential oils of therapeutic importance, because of their produced in the plants biosynthetically ie. Alkaloids safety; besides being economical, efficient and their derived from same precursor but poses different effortless availability [2]. The secondary metabolites taxonomic distribution and pharmacological activities. function as defense means and are present in plants only Eg. incidentally and are not of pre-eminent connotation for a) alkaloids derived from plant life [3]. The phytochemicals like alkaloids, b) alkaloids derived from lysine flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids etc are known c) Pyrrolidine derived from ornithine to show medicinal activity as well as exhibit d) Phenylethylamine alkaloids derived from physiological activity. Among 100 plant families tyrosine approximately 2000 alkaloids have been isolated [4]. (e) Imidazole alkaloids derived from histidine Alkaloids are a part of chemical defense in plants and are defined and cyclic compounds containing nitrogen Chemical classification in a negative oxidation state. About 60% of plant This is the most common and widely accepted derived drugs are from alkaloids [5]. mode of classification of alkaloids according to the presence of basic heterocyclic nucleus. Properties of alkaloids [6] Eg. Most alkaloids contain oxygen in their a) Pyrrolidine alkaloids ie hygrine molecular structure & are usually colorless crystals at b) Piperidine alkaloids ie ambient conditions. Oxygen free alkaloids are volatile, c) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ie Senecionine colorless oily liquid eg. ; some alkaloids are d) Tropane alkaloids ie Atropine colored eg. (yellow) and e) Quiniline alkaloids ie Quinine 158

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f) alkaloids ie Morphine g) alkaloids ie Boldine h) Indole alkaloids ie Ergometrine i) Imidazole alkaloids ie Pilocarpine j) Diazocin alkaloids ie Lupanine k) Purine alkaloids ie Caffeine l) Steroidal alkaloids ie solanidine m) Amino alkaloids ie Ephedrine n) Diterpene alkaloids ie Aconitine

Pharmacological classification The alkaloids are also classified on the basis of pharmacological properties such as , antimalarials, anticholinergics.

Eg. a) Morphine as b) Strychnine as reflex excitability c) Lobeline as respiratory stimulant d) Boldine as laxative e) Aconitine as neuralgia f) Pilocarpine as miotic g) Ergonovine as oxytocic h) Quinine as antimalarial i) Ephedrine as bronchodilator

Taxonomic classification Alkaloids are classified on the basis of their respective distribution in a variety of plant families.

Eg. a) Cannabinaceous alkaloids from sativa b) Rubiaceous alkaloids from Cinchona & c) Solanaceous alkaloids from Atropa belladonna, Datura candida, Nicotiana glauca, Withania somnifera.

In a present review article an attempt has been made to study the various alkaloids isolated from different plants and their pharmacological importance.

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Table-1: List of alkaloids from different plants

Sr No Plant Common Family Natural Alkaloids present Biological activity Reference name habitat 1 Adhatoda Vasaka Acanthaceae Asia Vasicine; Vasicinol; Antibacterial, antiulcer, [8] vasica Vasicinone; Adhatodine; antitubercular, antiallergic, Vasicinolone; Anisotine; respiratory conditions, Peganine rheumatic pain 2 Aegle Indian bael S.E Asia Aegeline; Marmeline; Antiinflammatory, [9-12] marmelos Shahidine; Skimmianine; Ethyl antimicro, anticancer, cinnamamide antioxidant 3 Aframomun Melegueta Zingiberaceae West Africa 10,12-dihydroxy-18-ethenyl-4- Anti-inflammatory, [13,14] meleguata pepper pyrido-β-carboline antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, neuroprotective 4 Ageratum Billy goat Asteraceae Tropical Lycopsamine; Anti-inflammatory, [15] connyzoides weed America Dhydrolycopsamine; Acetyl- antifungal, antibacterial, lycopsamine antipyretic, analgesic 5 Ailanthus Tree of Simaroubaceae China, Taiwan 4-hydroxycanthin-6-one; 9- Antibacterial, antiviral, [16-18] altissima heaven hydroxycanthin—6-one; 10- antioxidant, antidiarrhoel, hydroxycanthin-6-one; 11- antiinflmmatory, antipyretic, hydroxycanthin-6-one; Canthin- analgesic, anticancer, 6-one; 1-methoxycanthin-6-one; antiparasitic 4-methoxy-1-vinyl-β-carboline 6 Ailangium Sage Alaniaceae India Proteometine; proteometinol; Anti-inflammatory, [19-21] lamarckii leaved Alangine; Tubulosine; analgesic, diuretic, alangium Alangiside; Isotubulosine; rheumatism, leprosy Psychotrine; Salsoline 7 Albizia Peacock Fabaceae Madagascar; Budmunchiamine K; Antimalarial, antimicrobial, [22,23] gummifera flower Africa Budmunchiamine G; 9- cytotoxic, skin disorders, normethylbudmunchiamine K stomach disorders 8 Ancistroclad Kardal Ancistrocladaceae India Isoancistrocladine; Antimalarial, antimicrobial [24-26] us Yaoundamine heyneanus 9 Annona Sugar Tropical N-nitrosoxylopine; Antitumor, antidiabetic, [27,28] squamosa apple America; Roemerolidine; Duguevalline antimalarial, antipyretic, Indonesia; antiulcer, antiseptic, Thailand antidiabetic 10 Argemone Flowering Widely Berberine; ; Antipyretic, analgesic, anti- [29,30] mexicana thistle distributed sarguinarine; Optisine; inflammatory, antidiabetic,

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Chelerytherine antibacterial, antimalarial, anti HIV, antiasthmatic 11 Arisarum Friars cowl Aracaceae N. Africa; Bgugaine; Irniine Antibacterial, antifungal [31] vulgarae Europe 12 Aristolachia Manchuria Aristolochiaceae China; Korea; Manshurienine A & B Antiinflammatory, diuretic, [32-34] manshuriens n pipewine Siberia antibacterial, antineoplastic is 13 Altonia Red leafed Indonesia; Yohimbine; Cathafoline; Febrifuge, Vermifuge, Skin [35-36] angustiloba pulai Malaysia; Cabucraline; Vincamajine; diseases Normacusine B; Lochnerine; Alstophylline; Macralstonine; Villalstonine 14 Alstonia White Apocynaceae Indian sub Echitamine; Tubotaiwine; Anticancer, antiasthmatic, [37] scholaris cheese continent ; Echitamidine; antiinflmmatory, wood Alstonamine; Rhazmanine; antifertility, antitubercular, Strictamine antimalarial, imunostimulating, hepatoprotective, 15 Aspidosperm ------Apocynaceae South & Ellipticine Anticancer [38] a williamsii Central America 16 Aspidosperm Quebracho Apocynaceae Brazil Ramiflorines A & B Antibacterial [39] a ramiflorum 17 Atropa Deadly Europe; N. ; ; Anti-inflammatory, [40] belladonna nightshade Africa; West Tropine; Belladonnine; antiasthamatic, analgesic, Australia Apoatropine; Neuralgia, rheumatism, Hydroxyhyoscyamine; peptic ulcer disorders Norhyoscyamine 18 Bacopa Brahmi India Plantaginaceae Brahmine; Herpestine; Antidepressant, [41,42] monneira Hydrocotyline; Dihydrocotyline antiparkinson, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, cardiovascular 19 Magellan Agrentine; Chile Berberine; ; Antibacterial, antipyretic, [43,44] microphylla barberry Calafatine; Palmatine; anti-inflammatory, diarhhoea protopine; ; ; Isocorydine; Thalifendine; jatrorrhizine 20 Berberis Barberry Beriberidaceae N.W. Africa; Berberine; Jatrorrhizine; Analgesic, antipyretic, [45,46] vulgaris W.Asia; Palmatine; Berbamine; antimalarial, antimicrobial,

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S.Europe Berbanine antiulcer, anticoagulant 21 Bleekeria Apocynaceae Fiji Ellipticine; 9- Anticancer [47-49] vitensis methoxyellipticine; Isoreserpiline; Carapanaubine 22 Boerhavia Tarvine Nyctaginaceae Asia; Africa; Punarnavine; Tarvine Anticancer, [38,50] diffusa S.America hepatoprotective, analgesic, antidiabetic 23 Brasicca Cabbage Cruciferae Europe [pyrrolidine,1-(1-cyclohexen-1- Anticancer, antidiabetic, [51,52] oleracea yl-] antioxidant, antiasthmatic 24 Bryophyllum Miracle Crassulaceae Madagascar Briofilin; O- Anticancer, antimicrobial, [53,54] piñata methylsolanoscapine hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anti- inflammatory, wound healing activity 25 Cannabis Marijuana Cannabaceae Central & Cannabisativine; Antitumor, diuretic, [55-57] sativa S.E.Asia Anhydrocannabisativine antipyretic, analgesic, antiemetic, antiparasitic 26 Cammellia Tea tree Theaceae SE Asia Caffeine; Theobromine Anticancer, antioxidant, [58,58] sinensis antidiabetic 27 Cananga Ylang ylang; Annonaceae Indonesia; Sampangine; Liriodenine; Antidiabetic, anti- [60] odorata Perfume tree Malaysia; Lysicamine; Copyrine inflammatory, antioxidant, Phillipines antimicrobial, antiulcer, antipyretic, spermatotoxic 28 Camptotheca Cancer tree Nyssaceae China Camptothecin Anticancer [61,62] acuminatea 29 Capsicum Sweet Solanaceae Central & ; ; Asthma, cough, arthritis [63,64] annum peppers S.America ; 30 Carica Pawpaw Caricaceae Tropical Carpaine; Pseudocarpaine Antitumor, antimalarial, [65-67] papaya America antiulcer, hepatoprotective, antifertility, antifungal, antihypertensive 31 Casimiroa White sapote Rutaceae Mexico; Edulein; Scopoletin methyl Anticancer, antiepileptic, [68,69] edulis Central ether; Zapoterin; Casimiroedine; anticonvulsant, America Isoimpinellin antihypertensive 32 Cassytha Love wine S.E Asia; Actinodaphnine; cassythine; Anticancer, antioxidant, [70,71] filiformis Australia; Dicentrine diuretic Africa 33 Catharanthu Tiny Apocynaceae India; Sri ; Vindoline Antioxidant, anticancer [72,73]

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s pusillus periwinkle Lanka 34 Catharanthu Madagascar Apocynaceae Tropical & ; ; Antitumor, antiviral, [74] s roseus periwinkle Subtropical Anhydrovinblasine; Vindoline; antidiabetic, antibacterial, regions of Catharanthine; Ajmalicine; antifungal, antihypertensive world Serpentine 35 Centaurea Mountain Asteraceae Europe; Montamine; ; Anticancer [75,76] Montana blue N.America Moschamine; Cis moschamine; Cis centcyamine; Centcyamine 36 Centaurea Asteraceae Schischkinnin; Montamine Anticancer [77,78] schischkinii 37 Cephalotaxu Cowtail pine Cephlotaxaceae Japan Harringtonine; Isoharringtonine; Anticancer [79,80] s Homoharringtonine; harringtonia Deoxyhomoharringtonine 38 Chelidonium Swallow Papaveraceae Asia; Europe Sanguinarine; Berberine; Antiulcer, antitumor, [81-83] majus wort Stylopine; Protopine; diuretic, aniviral, ; ; antibacterial, antifungal, antiasthmatic, bronchitis, jaundice 39 Cinchona Cinchona S. America Quinine; Quinidine; cinchonine; Antimalarial [84,85] officinalis bark Cinchonidine 40 Citrullus Bitter apple Cucurbitaceae Asia 2-(nonan-8-one)-(1H)-4- Anticancer, antipyretic, [86,87] colocynthis quinoline; diuretic, antitubercular, 2-(nonan-8-one)-4 antiulcer, antiasthmatic, methoxyquinoline hepatoprotective 41 Broom India; Shaheenine; Cohirsinine; Diuretic, analgesic, [88] hirsutus creeper Pakistan; Hirsutine; Jamtinine; Cohirsine; antidiabetic, anti- Tropical Cohirsitine; Haiderine; inflammatory, antimalarial, Africa Isotriboline; D-triboline; DL- cardiotonic, antimicrobial coclaurine

42 Cocculus Snail tree Menispermaceae China; Japan Isococculidine, isococculine, Diuretic, vermifuge, muscle [89,90] laurifolius coccuvine, stepharine relaxant 43 Cola Cola nut Malvaceae Africa Theobromine; Caffeine; Kolatin Anticancer, antimicrobial, [91] acuminate anti-inflammatory 44 Colchicum Meadow Colchicaceae Europe Colchicine, colchicoside Muscle relaxant, treatment [92] autumnale saffron of gout 45 Convolvulus Field Convulvulaceae Asia; Europe Tropine; Pseudotropine; Laxative, diuretic, purgative [93,94] arvensis bindweed Tropinone; Hygrine; Cuscohygrine

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46 Coscinium Yellow wine Menispermaceae S.E Asia Palmatine; Jatrorrhizine; Antitumor, antidiabetic, anti [95,96] fenestratum Calumbamine; berberine inflammatory, hepatoprotective 47 Crinum Cape lily Africa Lycorine; 1-O-acetyl lycorine Antitumor, antiviral, [97,98] powellii antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic 48 Croton Forest fever Euphorbiaceae Africa Julocrotine; Penduliflaworisin Anti-inflammatory, [99] sylvaticus Antipyretic 49 Cryptolepis Nibima Periploaceae W.Africa Crytolepine; Quindoline; Hypotensive, antipyretic, [100,101] sanguinolent Cryptolepinoic acid; antiviral, antibacterial, a Cryptolepinoate; Methyl antimalarial, antidiabetic, cryptolepinoate anti-inflammatory 50 Cynanchum Apocynaceae Tropics & 7-methoxytylophorine; 7- Analgesic, antifungal, [102,103] komarovii Subtropics methoxytylophorinen-oxide anthelmintic, antidiarrheal 51 Cynanchum Paniculate Apocynaceae China; Korea; Antofine Antitumor, anti- [104] paniculatum swallow Japan inflammatory, wort root neuroprotective 52 Cynanchum White Apocynaceae Tropics & 13-alpha antofine; Anticancer [105,106] vincetoxicum swallow Subtropics 13-alpha-6-O-desmethyl wort antofine 53 Datura Downy Solanaceae America, acetylcopine; Scopolamine; Analgesic, antipyretic, [107,108] innoxia thorn apple Asia, Africa Hyoscymine antispasmodic, antiasthmatic, antidiarrheal 54 Datura metel Devils Solanaceae India Hyoscyamine; Hyoscine; Antiviral, anticancer, [109] trumpet Littorine; Valtropine; Fastusine; antiulcer, antifungal, Fastusinine; acetoxytropine antimicrobial, antispasmodic, hypoglycemic 55 Dichrostach Sickle bush Fabaceae Africa Bisnordihydrotoxiferine Antibacterial, anthelmintic, [110,111] ys cinerea anticonvulsant, diuretic, purgative, laxative 56 Dictaminus Burning Rutaceae Asia; Europe; Haplopine; Robustine; Anticancer, diuretic, [112,113] albus bush N.Africa Dictamine; γ-fagarine abortifacient, antiseptic, vermifuge 57 Corkwood Solanaceae Australia Hyoscyamine; scopolamine; Cancer therapy, motion [114,115] myoporoides Butropine; apoatropine; sickness Valtropine; 6 β- hydroxyhyoscyamine 58 Ephedra Ma Huang Ephedraceae China Ephedrine; Pseudoephedrine; Anti-inflammatory [116,117] sinica Methylephedrine; Norephedrine;

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Norpseudoephedrine 59 Ervatamia ------Apocynaceae India Camptothecin; Pericalline; Antibacterial, antifungal ------heyneana ; 9-methoxy camptothecin 60 Erythrina Tigers claw Fabaceae East Africa; 10,11-dioxoerythratidine Antibacterial, antifungal, [118] variegate Indian sub diuretic, anticonvulsant, continent; N. antiangiogenic Australia 61 Evodia Wu Zhu Yu Rutaceae China ; Rutaecarpine; Antitumor, anticancer, [119-121] rutaecarpa Dehydroevodiamine; uterotonic, anti- Evodiakine; 2-undecyl-4(1H)- inflammatory, quinolone antinociceptive 62 Ficus Weeping fig Moraceae Asia; Salsoline; Reticuline; Anti-inflammatory, [122] benjamina Australia Anabasine; Matridine; antimalarial, antimicrobial, Ajamalicine; Columbamine; antipyretic, antinociceptive Laudanosoline; Isoclaurine 63 Ficus Gobla Moraceae Asia Hispidacine; Hispaloscine; Antineoplastic, [123,124] hispida Ficushispimine A,B & C; cardioprotective, anti- Ficushispidine; O-methyl inflammatory, antibacterial, tylophorodinine antiulcer, antidibetic, antihepatitis 64 Fissistigma ------Annonaceae Malaysia Liriodenine; Oxoxylopine; -(- Antiplasmodial, [125,126] latifolium )Asimilobine; -(-)anonaine; antibacterial, anticancer, Columbamine; Lysicamine; -(- antifungal, antidepressant, )Remerine antioxidant 65 Fritillaria Thunberg Liliaceae Asia Dongbeinine; Dongbeirine; Antitussive, [127,128] thunbergii fritillary Zhebeinine antiinflammatory 66 Fumaria White Papaveraceae Asia; Africa; Reticuline; Pallidine; Protopine; Skin disorders, rheumatism, [127,130] capreolata ramping Europe Coclaurine; antioxidant, parkinsons fumitory Dehydrocheilanthifoline 67 Gentiana Griseb plant Gentianaceae Asia Gentianine; Gentianadine Antibacterial, antifungal [131,132] olivieri

68 Glaucium Yellow Papaveraceae Europe; ; Catalane; Anticancer, antibacterial, [133] flavam horned mediterranean Oxoglaucine; Pontevedrine antifungal, analgesic, regions antiinflamamtory, antioxidant, hypotensive, antitussive 69 Glaucium Red horned Papaveraceae Europe; N Corydine; Isocorydine; Anticancer [134,135] grandiflorum poppy Africa; SW & Protopine; Methyl ;

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Central Asia Isocorytuberine 70 Helotropium Indian Boraginaceae Asia Helindicine; Lycopsamine Antibacterial, antitumor, [136,137] indicum heliotrope antifertility, uterine stimulant, anti- inflammatory, diuretic 71 Hernandia Lantern tree Hernandiaceae Throughout S-ovigerine; S-N-methyl Antiplasmodic [138] nymphaeifoli tropics ovigerine; S-; S- a hernovine; S-N-hydroxy ovigerine 72 Easter lily Amaryllidaceae Central & S. 3-O-acetyl-narcissidine, Antitumor, antiviral, [139] puniceum America; Lycorine, Pancratistatin, antimalarial West Indies Nasciclasine 73 Hippeastrum mavem Amaryllidaceae Brazil Homolycorine; Hippeastrine; Antitumor, antidepressant [140,141] vittatum Montanine; Vittatine; Ismine,Lycorine, vittacarboline, Pancracine; Hippadine 74 Holarrhena Kurchi bark Apocynaceae Africa Holarrhesine; Holadienne; Antimalarial, antidiarrhoel, [142,143] floribunda Conessine antidiabetic, antidysentry 75 Hydrastatis Golden seal Ranunculaceae Canada, Berberine; Canadine; Antifungal, anti- [144,145] Canadensis United States Hydrastine; Hydrastinine; inflammatory, anticancer, Palmatine hepatoprotective, antiparasitic 76 Hyoscyamus Egyptian Solanaceae Asia; Europe Hyoscyamine; Scopolamine; Analgesic, antispasmodic, [146,147] muticus henbane atropine; homatropine; littorine; acaricidal tropine; pseudotropine; hygrine; norhygrine 77 Hyoscyamus Henbane Solanaceae Asia; N. Hyoscyamine; Scopolamine Hypotensive, vasodilator, [148,149] niger America analgesic, anticholinergic, spasmolytic, bronchodilatory, 78 Jatropha Purging nut Euphorbiaceae Mexico, 5-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one; Antiviral, antiHIV, [150,151] curcus Central Pyrimidine-2,4-dione antitumor, antifungal, America antiulcer, wound healing activity 79 Lantana Wild sage Verbenaceae Asia; S. Lantanine; Lantadine; Antimicrobial, antipyretic, [152] camara America Camerine; Micranine; antioxidant, wound healing, Isocamerine antihyperglycemic 80 Ligularia Golden Compositeae East Asia Ligularine; Clivorine Anticancer, diuretic [153] hodgsonii queen; Leopard

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plant 81 Spice bush Lauraceae Asia Dicentrine; Dicentrinone; Antiplatelet activity [154,155] megaphylla reticuline; Northalifoline; N- methyl nandigerine 82 Litsea Brown beach Lauraceae India; China; Boldine; Litseglutine A & B; Antidiarrhoel, antidysentery, [156,157] glutinosa Malayasia; Laurolitsine wound healing activity Australia 83 Lycopodium Ground pine Lycopodiaceae Asia; America; Clavolonine; Lycopodine; Hepatoprotective, anti- [158] clavatum Europe; Africa Dihydrolycopodine; inflammatory, analgesic, Lycoflexine; Acetyl dihydro antiviral lycopodine 84 Lycoris Hurricane Amaryllidaceae East Asia Lycoramine; lycorine; Tazettine; Expectorant, emetic, [159] radiate lily Ismine; Homolycorine; anticancer Lycoramine N-oxide; Caranine; Galanthamine; Ungerine; Hippeastrine 85 Macleaya Plume poppy Papavaraceae China; Japan ; Protopine; Antimicrobial, anti- [160,161] cordata Chelidimerine; Macleayine; inflammatory, antitumor, Norsanguinarine; anticancer Sanguidimerine; 86 Mahonia Takeda Berberidaceae N.E. India Berberine; Jatrorrhizine; Anticancer, antimicrobial, [162] manipurensi Palmatine; Oxyacanthine antioxidant, antiproliferative, s anti-inflammatory 87 Meiogyne ------Annonaceae S.E. Asia Oxoaporphines; Liriodenine; ------[125] virgata Lanuginosine; Asimilobine; Lysicamine; Anonaine; Remerine; Nornuciferine 88 Mitragyna Kratom, Rubiaceae S.E Asia Corynoxine; ; anti-inflammatory, [163,164] speciosa Thang Speciogynine; Paynantheine; analgesic, muscle relaxant Corynoxine B 89 Morinda Indian Rubiacaee S.E. Asia Prexeronine Anticancer, antidiabetic, [165,166] citrifolia mulberry antitubercular, antibacterial 90 Murraya Curry tree Rutaceae India; Sri Murrayacine; Murrayazolidine; Anticancer, antimicrobial, [167,168] koenigii Lanka Mahanimbine; Isomahanine; antiinflamamtory, Girinimmahanine; Koenimbine antidiarrhoel, antioxidant 91 Nauclea Bur tree Rubiaceae S.E. Asia; Naucleficine; Naucleactonine; Antimalarial [169,170] orientalis Australia Naucleaorals A & B 92 Nicotiana Tree Solanaceae S. America Anabasine; Nornicotine Antibacterial [171-173] glauca

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93 Ochorasia Elliptic Apocynaceae Australia Ellipticine; Methoxy ellipticine; Anticancer [174,175] elliptica yellow wood Elliptinine; Isoreserpiline; Cathenamime; Pleiocarpamine; Apparicine; Epchrosine; Tetrahydroalstonine 94 Pachysandra Allegheny Buxaceae SE United Pachysamine H; Pachysandrine ------[176] procumbens states B 95 Papaver Red poppy Papaveraceae Europe; N. Rhoeadine; Isocorydine; Antimutagenic, anti- [177,178] rhoeas Africa; W. Coptisine; Stylopine; N- inflammatory, antidiarrhoel, Asia methylasimilobine analgesic, antiulcer 96 Papaver Papaveraceae Eastern Morphine; ; Analgesic, antitussive [179,180] somniferum poppy Mediterranean 97 Passiflora Blue passion Passifloraceae S. America Harmol; Harmine ------[181] caerulea flower 98 Passiflora Apricot vine Passifloraceae United States Harmine; Harmol Anxietic disorders [181] incarnata 99 Peamus Boldo Monimiaceae S.America; N. Reticuline; Sinoacutine; N- Anti-inflammatory, [182,183] boldus Africa methyl coclaurine antipyretic, anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective 100 Peganum Wild rue Zygophylaceae S. Asia Harmine; Harmaline; Harmalol; Antitumor, anti- [184,185] harmala Harmol; Tetrahydroharmine inflammatory, antiparasitic, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antimicrobial 101 Peganum Luo Tuo Nitrariceae China Luotonins C & D; Harmine; 3- Antileishmanial [186] nigellastrum Hao phenylquinoline; Pegamine β-D- glucopyranoside; 2- deoxypeganylacetic acid 102 Physalis Ground Solanaceae India, Withaminimim; Phygrine Diuretic, analgesic, [187] minima cherry Australia antipyretic, antimalarial, antiulcer 103 Piper Piperaceae India ; Methylpiperine; Hepatoprotective, [188] longum Piperlongumine; antiasthmatic, anti- Piperlonguminine; Piperettine; inflammatory, Asarinine cardiovascular 104 Piper Piperaceae S. India; Piperine; Paprazine; Antimicrobial, aphrodisiac, [189,190] nigrum Tropical Cepharadione A; Pellitorine; carminative, stomachache, regions Sylvamide antiseptic, diuretic 105 Pigeaon Apocynaceae Curine; Evonine; Voacamine; Purgative, cardiotonic, [191,192] alba wood Tubocurarine chloride; hypotensive, diuretic, Syrosingopine antimicrobial

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106 Plumeria Crows Apocynaceae Mexico; Plumericidine, Plumerinine Antibacterial, anti- [193,194,19 rubra flower Central inflammatory, antifungal, 5] America antipyretic, bronchitis 107 Prosopis Bayahonda Leguminoseae Mexico; Juliflorine; Julifloridine; Antibacterial, antitumor, [196,197] juliflora blanca S.America Julifloricine; Juliflorinine; antifungal Juliprosinene; 3-oxojuliprosine 108 Prunus Peach Rosaceae India; China; Persicaside Anthelmintic, insecticidal, [198,199] persica Nepal; Japan; sedative, diuretic, Korea expectorant, antipyretic 109 Rubiaceae Brazil Calycanthine; Isocalycanthine; Analgesic [200,201] colorata Chimonanthine; ; Quadrigemine C 110 Rauwolfia Indian Apocynaceae East Asia Reserpine; Yohimbine; Antihypertensive, cholera, [202,203] serpentina snakeroot Sarpagine; Serpentine; epilepsy, stimulate uterine Deserpidine; Ajmalicine; contractions Ajmaline; Ajmalidine 111 Rauwolfia Poison Apocynaceae Tropical Sarpagan; Picrinine; Antimalarial, [204-207] vomitoria Devils Africa; China; Akuammiline; antipsychotopic, coughs, pepper Bangladesh Heteroyohimbine; Yohimbine; skin infections Aricine; isoreserpiline; Rauvoxine; Rauvoxinine 112 Rhizoma Huang Lian Ranunculaceae China Berberine, Palmatine, Antihypertension, [208,209] coptidis Epiberberine, Coptisine, antihyperglycemia, anti- Jatrorrhizine, Magnoflorine inflammatory 113 Rouvolfia Quinine tree Apocynaceae Tropical & S. Strictamine; Sarpagan; Antimycobacterial [207,210] caffra Africa Akuammicine; Indolenine; Corynane; Peraksine; Yohimbine; Suaveoline; Heteroyohimbine; Oxindole 114 Samanea Monkey pod Leguminoseae America Pithecolobine 1,2 Antibacterial, antifungal, [211,212] saman antimycobacterial 115 Sanguinaria Blood root Papavearceae N. America Sanguinarine; Chelerythrine; Antibiotic, anticancer [213,214] Canadensis Sanguilutine; Chelilutine; Allocryptopine; Sanguirubine; Chelirubine; Protopine; 116 Senecio Silver dust Asteraceae Mediterranean Senecionine; Seneciphylline; Anticancer [215] cineraria region Jacobine; Otosenine; Jacoline; Jaconine; Usaramine; Doronine; Senecionine 117 Sida acuta Wireweed; Malvaceae Pantropical Quindoline; Cryptolepine Anticancer, antipyretic, [216,217]

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Kharenti distribution antiulcer, antibacterial, antimalarial, anti- inflammatory 118 Sida Flannel Malvaceae India Ephedrine; Pseudoephedrine; Analgesic, anti- [218] cordifolia weed Vasicinol; Vasicinone; N- inflammatory, hypotensive, methyl-tryptophan hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic 119 Skimmia Japanese Rutaceae Japan, China; Skimmianine Sedative, anticonvulsant [219] japoinica skimmia S.E Asia 120 Solanum Bittersweet Solanaceae Asia; Europe; Solanine; Solasodine; β- Cytotoxic, antibacterial, [220,221] dulcamara N. America solamarine antiviral, antiallergic 121 Solanum Love apple Solanaceae Asia Solasonine; Solamargine; Anti inflammatory, [222,223] khasianum Khasianine anthelmintic 122 Solanum Petty morel; Solanaceae Asia; Africa; Solasodine Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, [224,225] nigrum Black night Europe antipyretic, antibacterial, shade antitumor 123 Solanum Winter Solanaceae Solacasine Anticancer, antiviral, [226] pseudocapsi cherry plant antihypertensive, cum hepatoprotective, antimicrobial 124 Solanum Turkey berry Solanaceae Asia; Africa; Solasodine; Solasonine; Analgesic, anti- [227,228] torvum Australia; Solamargine inflammatory, antidiabetic, America antihypertensive, antibacterial, antiulcer 125 Solanum Yellow Solanaceae Asia Solasodine; Solasonine; Anti-inflammatory, [229] xanthocarpu berried Solasurine; Solanine; Solanidine anticancer, anti allergic, m nightshade antifertility 126 Sophora Shrubby Fabaceae Asia ; Sophocarpine; Antitumor, antiviral, [230,231] flavescens sophora Sophoridine; Isomatrine; antiarthritis Mamanine; Sophoranol; Oxymatrine 127 Stemona ------Stemonacaee S.E Asia Stemocurtisine; Anticancer [232] aphylla Oxystemokerrine 128 Stephania ------Menispermacea Japan Berberine; Aromoline; Antiviral [233] cepharantha e Cepharadione A & B; Liriodenine; Lysicamine; Isoboldine 129 Stephania ------Menispermaceae Asia; Australia Stephanine; Glabridine; Antimicrobial, hypotensive, [234] glabra Palmatine; Stepharanine; analgesic, antipyretic, Dehydrocorydalmine anticancer, antidysentery

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130 Stephania Snake vine Menispermaceae S.E. Asia; Jatrorrhizine; Stephasunoline; Antispasmodic, [235] japoinica Australia 16-oxoprometaphanine; 16- antiasthmatic, kidney oxohasubanonine disorders, antidiarrhoel 131 Stephania Han Fang Ji Menispermaceae China; Japan Tetrandrine; Fangchinoline Anti-inflammatory, [236,237] tetrandra antitumor 132 Tabernaem Pin wheel Apocynaceae S.E. Asia Cononitarine B; Conophylline Anti-inflammatory, [238] divertica flower antimalarial, antidiarrhoel, antidysentery, analgesic, antipyretic 133 Tabernaeum Pinwheel Apocynaceae S.E. Asia Jerantinine A,B,C,D,E,F; Anticancer, antimicrobial, [239] ontana flower Lirofolines A,B; Criofolinine; antifungal corymbosa Ervachinine A,B,C,D; Vabosidine A,B,C 134 Thalictrum Leafy Ranunculaceae SE Asia Thalfoliolosumines A & B Diuretic, antiseptic, [240-242] foliolosum meadow rue antibacterial, stomachache 135 Thalictrum Lesser Ranunculaceae S.W. Asia; Desoxythalidastine; Antibacterial [243,244] minus Meadow Europe; S. Isothalisopavine; Thaliadine; Rue Africa Thalicthuberine 136 Tinospora Giloy Menispermacea India; Sri Berberine; palmatine; Antidiabetic, antispasmodic, [245] cordifolia e Lanka; Magnoflorine; Tinosporin; anticancer, antimalarial, Myanmar Tembetarine; Isocolumbin; antiallergic Tetrahydropalmatine 137 Toddalia Orange tree Rutaceae Asia; Africa Nitidine; Magnoflorine; 1- Antimalarial, stomachache, [246-248] asiatica demethyl dicentrinone; bronchial pains Isointegriamide; 8-acetyl norchelerythrine; 8- methoxynitidine 138 Tridex Tridax daisy Asteraceae Tropical Akuammidine; Voacangine; Hepatoprotective, [249] procumbens America Echitamine; Angustifoline; antidiabetic, anti- Crinamidine; Echitamidine; inflammatory, hypotensive, Nitidine; Trigonelline; Ellipcine wound healing 139 Tylophora Indian Asclepiadaceae Asia; Africa; Tylophorine; 3-O-demethyl Antiasthamatic, anti- [250] indica ipecac Australia tylophorinidine inflammatory 140 Tylophora Asclepiadaceae Asia; Africa; 13-α-tylophorine; 13-α-7-O- Anticancer [251] tanakae Australia desmethyl tylophorine 141 Uncaria Cats claw Rubiaceae S & Central Pterodine; Isomitraphylline; Antiinflamamtory, [252,253] tomentosa America Uncarine F; Mitraphylline; antineoplastic, antimicrobial, Isopteropodine antioxidant 142 Voacanga Diola Apocynaceae Africa Voacafrine; Voacafricine; Anti-inflammatory, [254,255] africana Voacamine; Vobtusine; antigonorrhoel, antifungal

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Vobasine; Voacangine; Epiibogaine; Voacangine hydroxyindolenine 143 Withania Indian Solanaceae India; China; Tropine; Pseudotropine; Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, [256] somnifera ginseg Nepal Withanine; Withananine; hypnotic, aphrodisiac, Visamine; Withasomnine; uterine tonic Pseudowithanine

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Table-2: Classes of different alkaloids

Sr No. Class Alkaloid

1. Quinazoline Vasicine, Vasicinone, vasicinol, vasicinolone alkaloids 2. Quinoline Skimmianine, Psychotrine, Punarnavine, Camptothecin, Quinine, Quinidine, alkaloids Cinchonine, Cinchonidine, Haplopine, Robustine, Lantanine, Luotonin C, Luotonin D, 3. Pyrrolizidine Lycopsamine, Echinatine, Helindicine, Ligularine, Clivorine, Senecionine, alkaloids Jacobine, Usaramine 4. Pyrrolidine Bgugaine, Irniine, Hygrine, alkaloids 5. Tropane Hyoscyamine, Belladonnine, Apoatropine, Litorine, Fastusine alkaloids 6. Isoquinoline Alangine, Tubulosine, Alangiside, Salsoline, Yaoundamine, Isoancistrocladine, alkaloids Berberine, Jatrorrhizine, Columbamine, Calafatine, Palmatine, Protopine, Reticuline, Scoulerine, Berbamine, Berbanine, Sanguinarine, Stylopine, Chelidonine, Coptisine, Shaheenine, Cohirsine, Hirsutine, Jamtinine, Haiderine, Liriodenine, Coclaurine, Catalane, Pontevedrine, Oxoglaucine, Corydine, Hydrastine, Norsanguinarine, Camerine, Asimiboline, Anonaine, Coptisine, Noscapine, Curine, Aromoline, Tetrandrine, Fangchinoline, Thalidasine, Thaliadine 7. Indole alkaloids Yohimbine, Normacusine B, Alstophylline, Tubotaiwine, Alstonamine, Rhazmanine, Bleekerine, Catharanthine, Serpentine, Montamine, Moschamine, Centcyamine, Schischkinnin, Cathenamine, Voacamine, Calycanthine, Chimonanthine, Yohimbine, Reserpine, Sarpagine, Akuammicine, Lirofolines A & B, Criofolinine, Vabosidine A-C, Ervachinine, Akuammidine, Vobasine 8. Steroidal Dongbeirine, Zhebeinine, Dongbeinine, Holadiene, Holarrhesine, Conessine, alkaloids Pachysamine B & H, Khasianine, Solasodine, Solanidine, Solacasine 9. Aporphine Roemerolidine, Duguevalline, N-nitrosoxylopine, Isocorydine, Liriodenine, alkaloids Lysicamine, Cassythine, Dicentrine, Magnoflorine, Dicentrinone 10. Glyco alkaloids Solanine 11. Amine Tryptamine, Ephedrine alkaloids 12. Beta Carboline Harmaline, Harmalol, Harmine, Tryptoline alkaloids

Structures of Alkaloids: O

N O O O

O Protopine

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O O

O

O N H

Tyloforine

H O H O O O O O O

+ N+ N O H

Magnoflorine Nitidine

O O

+ N

OH NH O O

H Ephedrine Jatrorrhizine

N H

N Anabasine

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O

N H O H N H3CO N H CH 3 Harmaline Anonaine

H H N H O N H N N H O Harmine Matrine

O

O O

O

O O N H H H C O 3 N+ O O O O O Sanguinarine Thaliadine

O

O O N H O O H N HO H OH Antofine Lycorine

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H O O

O

+ N O H

H Laurifoline

N O N H H N

Evodiamine

OH

H3C CH 3 OCH 3 + N O

H N O O H H + H H OH N OCH 3 CH 3 H HO Tubocurarine Salasodine

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OH

NH

H H

N

H N

HO Juliflorine

CH 3O

+ - N OH

CH 3O OCH3

OCH3 Palmatine

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OH N

C2H5

N H N

CH 3COO H C2H5

N H CH 3O OCOCH 3 OH CHO OCOCH 3 Vincristine

N N H O CH 3 H N CH 3 O H

H O Lirofoline A Hygrine

O

OH HO N N O

O O Gentianine Reticuline

O H N

N O N OH Quindoline Robustine

O CH 3 H3C N N

N O N N O

CH 3 Caffeine Lycopodine

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N N H H N O O

H O HO Hirsutine Tropine

O

N O H N

N O O CH 3 Cryptolepine Dicentrine

H O O O O O

O O H O N O H N

O H Hydrastine Boldine

N H

O H

HO O O O N H H N H

Phygrine Hyocyamine

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CH 3 CH 3 O O O H3C O O H3C

CH 3 O O O H

+ N

CH 3 Ligularine

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