HE12903 pr.qxp 17/10/06 15:45 Page i A2 Sociology for AQA Chris Livesey & Tony Lawson Hodder Arnold A MEMBER OF THE HODDER HEADLINE GROUP HE12903 pr.qxp 17/10/06 15:45 Page ii Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: (44) 01235 827720. Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Lines are open from 9.00 – 5.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24 hour message answering service. You can also order through our website www.hoddereducation.co.uk If you have any comments to make about this, or any of our other titles, please send them to [email protected] British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN-10: 0 340 912 553 ISBN-13: 978 0 340 912 553 Published 2006 Impression number 10987654321 Year 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Copyright © 2006 Chris Livesey and Tony Lawson All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Hodder Headline’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made fromwood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Typeset by Fakenham Photosetting Ltd, Fakenham, Norfolk Printed in Spain for Hodder Arnold, an imprint of Hodder Education, a member of the Hodder Headline Group, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH HE12903 pr.qxp 17/10/06 15:45 Page v Acknowledgements While writing can, at the best of times, be a The publishers wish to thank the following solitary experience, a number of people have for permission to use copyright material: helped me through the long, dark, winter TopFoto.co.uk for photographs on p. 7, p. months. 95, p. 228, p.324, p. 386 and p. 503. On a personal level, I want to recognise the Anthony Harvey/PA/Empics for photograph help and support of: on p. 15. Everett Collection/Rex Features for Julia, my wife. photograph on p. 27. Anne and John, my parents. Pier Paolo Cito/AP/Empics for photograph Keith and Kevin, my brothers. on p. 43. On a professional level I’d like to thank Sipa Press/Rex Features for image on p. 48. everyone at Hodder who’s been involved in Francoise Sauze/Science Photo Library for some way in the production of the text. In photograph on p.52. particular, I’d like to acknowledge the help EDPpics/D. Bradley/Rex Features for (and patience) of Colin Goodlad, Matthew photograph on p. 62. Sullivan and Matthew Smith (the person Sinopix/Rex Features for photograph on p. responsible for originally getting this show 72. on the road). TopFoto/Empics for photographs on p. 106 and p. 166. On both a personal and professional level I’d Peter Jordan/PA/Empics for the ‘anti-fox also like to acknowledge (and thank) Tony hunting’ photograph on p. 113. Lawson for his contribution to the text. I’d National Pictures/TopFoto.co.uk for the like to think it’s a much better effort for his ‘pro-fox hunting’ photograph on p. 113. able assistance. TopFoto/UPP for photograph on p. 136. Finally, to paraphrase the mighty Arcade BBC Photo Library for photograph on Fire: p. 142. TopFoto/KPA for photograph on p. 145. Consider this text a tunnel. PA/Empics for photographs on p. 173 and Yeah, a tunnel – From my window to yours. p. 377. Meet me in the middle, the empty middle Ingram for photographs on p. 185 and p. 224. ground. Apichart Weerawong/AP/Empics for And since there’s no one else around, photograph on p. 191. We’ll let our time grow long, Photodisk for photograph on p. 210. And remember everything we’ve come to Removing Unfreedoms know. (www.removingunfreedoms.org) for Chris Livesey ‘measuring unfreedoms’ table on p. 215 v HE12903 pr.qxp 17/10/06 15:45 Page vi A2 Sociology for AQA The Image Works/TopFoto.co.uk for the Richard Young/Rex Features for photograph photograph on p. 235. on p. 460. Dr David Gatley/Staffordshire Record 24/7 Media/Rex Features for photograph on Society for ‘Age-Sex Pyramid for Stoke- p. 463. upon-Trent (UK), 1701’, p. 256. TopFoto/Keystone for photograph on p. 467. Global Forum for Health Research for Oxford University Press for ‘Hakim’s (2000) ‘Yearly health spending per capita’ table on classification of women’s work-lifestyle p. 258 preferences in the 21st century’, p. 490. 20th Century Fox/Everett/Rex Features for photograph on p. 278. All other cartoons are by © Barking Dog Richard Gardner/Rex Features for Art. photograph on p. 294. BSIP, Chassenet/Science Photo Library for National Office of Statistics Material is photograph on p. 306. reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Science & Society Picture Library for License. photograph on p. 366. Professor Jock Young for ‘The square of Every effort has been made to trace and crime’, p. 396. acknowledge ownership of copyright. The Jacquemart Closon/Rex Features for publishers will be glad to make suitable photograph on p. 408. arrangements with any copyright holders Caroline Hodges Persell for ‘Wright and whom it has not been possible to contact. Perrone’s class schema’, p. 457. vi HE12903 pr.qxp 17/10/06 15:45 Page vii About This Book About This Book focus on the most important ideas in a particular area and encourage planned In writing this book we have tried to satisfy examination answers. two main aims: Integrated exercises designed to achieve First, we wanted to retain a sense of a variety of aims (mainly relating to the continuity between this and our previous development of the interpretation, analysis (AS) text in terms of both overall structure and evaluative skills required at A2). These and scope, mainly for the benefit of those exercises involve three main types: students and teachers who’ve used the AS text in their first year of the A-level course. • Warm-up exercises appear at the start of In terms of structural continuity, therefore, a section and are designed to ease the general layout will be familiar to anyone students into a topic by getting them to who has used AS Sociology for AQA think about it in a way that builds on (although it’s not, of course, necessary to their existing knowledge. The basic idea have used this AS text to get the most from here is to identify the knowledge students the A2 text). More specifically, we’ve once already possess about a topic or issue, again chosen to tie the text closely to the something that provides a foundation for AQA Specification (highlighting, where building a more sociological level of appropriate, synoptic links within and understanding. This type of exercise also between the A2 and AS Modules) and serves as a whole-class ice-breaker for we’ve retained the basic structure of the AS each new section of the course. text by dividing the sections into two parts: • Growing It Yourself exercises are more introductory material (‘Preparing the focused and, in general, they’re designed Ground’) provides a general overview of a for small group work. They usually require section and is broadly aimed at students of students to generate and discuss all abilities, while more challenging material information, although, reflecting the (‘Digging Deeper’) is included to both increased demand for evaluative skills at develop the initial material and stretch the this level, many of these exercises require more able student. students to make decisions about the In addition, we’ve retained a couple of information generated through discussion. features we believe worked well in the AS This type of exercise is normally closely text: integrated with the surrounding text and The Key Word focus, whereby the text is is designed to complement student structured around significant concepts – a reading and note-taking by requiring system designed to both help students to vii HE12903 pr.qxp 17/10/06 15:45 Page viii A2 Sociology for AQA them to reflect on – and expand – the feel is generally reflected in the structure of information presented through the text. AQA A2 examination questions). Each exercise has been designed to flow In terms of the latter we decided to add a naturally from the text and generally couple of extra features to the A2 text. requires little or no prior preparation by students or teachers. Having said this, The Potting Shed involves some of the exercises take the form of questions that reflect the structure simulations that require students to take of the smaller-mark exam questions on various roles as part of the overall (requiring students to ‘identify and explain’ discussion process; these, reflecting the something, for example). These short, fact they are slightly more complex than relatively simple, questions have also been the standard exercises, require a relatively designed to help students make synoptic simple level of prior organisation and links between, for example, A2 and AS preparation. modules (once again reflecting the general • Discussion Points provide opportunities structure of the smaller-mark AQA exam for students to discuss or debate different questions). ideas – something we felt would be useful to build into the overall design to help Weeding the Path: The most students clarify and express their thinking significant change between the A2 in a relatively structured way.