DOCSLIB.ORG

Carbon Fraud & Illicit Networks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Carbon Fraud & Illicit Networks Carbon Fraud & Illicit Networks: Risks in REDD+ by Babida David Sepmat Gavara-Nanu Bachelor of Laws (Hons) Master of Laws Thesis Submitted to Flinders University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The College of Business, Government & Law 01st July, 2020 CONTENTS CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... I LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ IV LIST OF PICTURES ....................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... IX ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. XIII CERTIFICATION .......................................................................................................... XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... XVI PREFACE ................................................................................................................. XVIII I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 A THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ........................................................................................... 3 1 Research Aim ........................................................................................................ 4 2 Assumptions and Investigation .............................................................................. 6 3 Significance ........................................................................................................... 7 (a) Original contribution to Green Criminology ...................................................... 8 (b) Indigenous perspective through Grounded Theory........................................ 10 (c) Regional security ........................................................................................... 14 B RESEARCH TERMS, LIMITATIONS & OUTLINE ................................................................ 14 1 Research Terms: Bigmen, Wantok, Nationals, Gorgor, Masalai and Hausboi .... 14 (a) Wantok .......................................................................................................... 15 (b) Bigman .......................................................................................................... 17 (c) Gorgor ........................................................................................................... 19 (d) Masalai and hausboi ...................................................................................... 20 2 Research Limitations ........................................................................................... 20 3 Outline of the Thesis—Setting the Context.......................................................... 21 II RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................................. 24 A THE HYPOTHESIS ...................................................................................................... 24 1 The False Start .................................................................................................... 29 2 The Change in Direction ...................................................................................... 30 B THE INDUCTIVE APPROACH ........................................................................................ 33 C PAPUA NEW GUINEA ................................................................................................. 37 1 Sentral Niu Ailan: A Single Case Study ............................................................... 39 2 Challenges in the Fieldwork ................................................................................ 45 III THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARBON TRADING MARKETS ..................................... 60 A THE KYOTO PROTOCOL—1997 .................................................................................. 61 1 Emissions Trading Schemes, Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanisms ................................................................................................... 63 (a) The Paris Agreement—2015 ......................................................................... 66 (b) Against carbon markets ................................................................................. 67 2 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) ......... 68 B REDD+ IN PNG ....................................................................................................... 74 1 Problems in REDD+ in PNG ................................................................................ 79 (a) Corruption and lack of political will ................................................................. 80 (b) Poor regulatory framework ............................................................................ 83 i 2 Logging and its conflict with REDD+ ................................................................... 92 IV CARBON FRAUD .................................................................................................... 95 A THE EMERGENCE OF CARBON FRAUD ........................................................................ 98 1 Carbon Fraud in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme .................. 101 (a) Hacking and phishing ................................................................................. 103 (b) Value added tax fraud through the ‘carousel’ method ................................. 103 (c) Fraudulent accounting ................................................................................ 106 (d) Ponzi schemes ........................................................................................... 107 2 Corporate Carbon Fraud ................................................................................... 107 3 Carbon Fraud in REDD+ Schemes ................................................................... 108 (a) Peru ............................................................................................................ 113 (b) The Philippines ........................................................................................... 117 (c) Papua New Guinea ..................................................................................... 120 V ORGANISED CRIME IN PNG ................................................................................. 140 A TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME GROUPS .......................................................... 142 1 Weak State Theory, Political Elites and Transnational Organised Crime ......... 142 2 Transnational Unorganised Crime .................................................................... 146 B SCRIPTS FOR REDD+ FRAUD IN PNG ..................................................................... 149 C RASKOLS—THREAT TO REDD+? ............................................................................ 155 1 Structure of Raskol Gangs ................................................................................ 159 (a) Factors needed to commit carbon fraud ..................................................... 161 (b) Other factors: Previous high-level fraud, longevity in gangs and structures 163 D RASKOLS AND CHINESE CRIMINALS ......................................................................... 164 1 Structure of Raskol–Chinese OCGs ................................................................. 167 (a) Planning, coordination and patience and carbon fraud ............................... 176 2 Financial Networks, Logistics and dealing with Law Enforcement .................... 177 E CHINESE CRIMINAL NETWORKS OR TRIADS? ............................................................. 179 1 Illegal Activities ................................................................................................. 186 2 Illegal Logging .................................................................................................. 191 VI REVEALING CARBON FRAUD IN NEW IRELAND .............................................. 197 A DATA & SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS ................................................................................ 197 B DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ....................................................................................... 234 1 NIHT—Carbon Cowboys are Back ................................................................... 234 (a) False promises ........................................................................................... 235 (b) False representations and false marketing ................................................. 236 (c) (Traditional) Welcoming ceremonies and media marketing ........................ 242 (d) False official government endorsement ...................................................... 245 2 Corruption ......................................................................................................... 247 (a) Sentral Niu Ailan Local-level Government .................................................. 248 (b) New Ireland Provincial Government ........................................................... 250 (c) National Government .................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pol I T Ical Reviews ‡ Melanesia 491 Papua New Guinea
    pol i t ical reviews melanesia 491 $LUNR3DSXDKWWSZZZSDSXDEDUDWQHZV swaps in ministerial portfolios, the FRP replacement of two deputy prime min- Pembebasan PapuaKWWSSHPEHEDVDQ isters, and a constitutional blunder in SDSXDEORJVSRWFRP the reelection of the governor-general. In spite of the political rollercoaster, 3ROLWLN,QGRQHVLDKWWSZZZ .politikindonesia.com the Somare government successfully thwarted numerous attempts by the Presiden Republik Indonesia. Opposition to remove Sir Michael KWWSZZZSUHVLGHQULJRLG Somare as prime minister, thus making Radio Republik Indonesia. the government more confident than KWWSZZZUULFRLG ever to assert its grip on power until Rakyat Merdeka. Daily. Jakarta. Online at the national elections in 2012. It was KWWSZZZUDN\DWPHUGHNDFRLG also a year of legal battles and protests on controversial constitutional amend- 5HSXEOLNDFRLGKWWSZZZUHSXEOLND FRLG ments and environmental issues. The concerned public, landowner groups, Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia. and nongovernmental organizations KWWSZZZVHWNDEJRLG have become a fortified mouthpiece of Suara Pembaruan. Daily. Jakarta. Online the people on issues of human rights, DWKWWSZZZVXDUDSHPEDUXDQFRP equality, environment, and the consti- Survival: The Movement for Tribal tutionality of amendments to laws that 3HRSOHVKWWSZZZVXUYLYDOLQWHUQDWLRQDO seem to favor politicians and multina- RUJ tional companies over people’s rights. Tabloid Jubi Online: An Alternative Media Unlike in previous years, these interest LQ7DQDK3DSXDKWWSWDEORLGMXELFRP groups showed the government
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Official Parliamentary Delegation
    The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia Report of the Official Parliamentary Delegation Visit to Papua New Guinea and East Timor October – November 2008 December 2008 © Commonwealth of Australia 2008 ISBN 978-1-74229-021-8 This document was prepared by the Parliamentary Education Office and printed by the Printing and Delivery Services section of the Department of the Senate, Parliament House, Canberra. ii Contents Preface ..........................................................................................1 Membership of the Delegation ....................................................4 1 Introduction ......................................................................... 5 Objectives ............................................................................................5 Acknowledgments ...............................................................................6 Papua New Guinea – background information ...................................13 East Timor – background information .................................................16 2 Delegation visit to Papua New Guinea ................................ 21 Strengthening ties between Australian and PNG Parliaments .............21 Meetings with Government ......................................................................... 21 Parliament-to-Parliament ties ...................................................................... 23 Strongim Gavman Program .......................................................................... 23 Contemporary political, economic
    [Show full text]
  • Proof Papua New Guinea Minutes of Proceedings Of
    55 PROOF 2012 PAPUA NEW GUINEA MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENT No. 8 Friday, 26 October 2012 1. The Parliament met at ten o'clock a.m. pursuant to adjournment. Absence of Mr Speaker: The Acting Clerk having informed the Parliament that Mr Speaker was unavoidably absent, and in accordance with Standing Order 15, the Deputy Speaker (Mr Aide Ganasi) as Acting Speaker took the Chair. Absence of quorum: The Acting Speaker reported to the Parliament that a quorum of Members was not present, and announced that he would again take the Chair, at the ringing of the Bells. Suspension of sitting: At five minutes past ten o'clock a.m., the Acting Speaker left the Chair. Resumption of sitting: At twenty-five minutes to eleven o'clock a.m., the Acting Speaker resumed the Chair, and a quorum of Members being present and in accordance with Standing Order 34, invited Mr De Kewanu (Member for Mendi) to say Prayers. ELECTION PETITION DECLARATION BY THE NATIONAL COURT - STATEMENT BY ACTING SPEAKER: The Acting Speaker presented the National Court Order EP No. 1 of 2012 dated 24 October 2012, which sat as a 56 No. 8-26 October 2012 Court of Disputed Returns in the matter between Mr Tony Aimo versus Mr Ezekiel Anisi and the Electoral Commission of Papua New Guinea, declaring that Mr Ezekiel Anisi had not been duly elected and that Mr Tony Waterupu Aimo was duly elected as the Member for Ambunti-Drekikir Open Electorate. DECLARATION OF LOYALTY AND DECLARATION OF OFFICE: Mr Tony Waterupu Aimo was introduced and made his Declaration of Loyalty and Declaration of Office, as required by the Constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • FIRST DAY 3 August 2012 DRAFT HANSARD Subject; Page
    FIRST DAY 3 August 2012 DRAFT HANSARD Subject; Page No. PRAYERS 1 COMMISSION TO ADMINISTER DECLARATIONS - CHIEF JUSTICE 2 RETURNS OF WRITS 2 DECLARATION OF OFFICE AND OF LOYALTY 7 ELECTION OF THE SPEAKER 7 DECLARATION OF OFFICE AND OF LOYALTY - COMMISSION 9 ELECTION OF THE PRIME MINISTER 10 PRESENTATION OF PRIME MINISTER-ELECT TO THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL 12 SPECIAL ADJOURNMENT 26 ADJOURNMENT 26 PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES CORRECTIONS TO DAILY DRAFT HANSARD The Draft Hansard is uncorrected. It is also privileged. Members have one week from the date of this issue of Draft Hansard in which to mate'coirectioiis to their speeches. Until the expiration of this one week period, Draft Hansard must not be quoted as a final and accurate report of the debates of the National Parliament Cnrrectirmg maybe marked on a photocopy of the Daily Draft Hansard and lodged at the Office of the Principal Parliamentary Reporter, Al-23 (next to the Security Control Room). Corrections should be authorised by signature and contain-liieitame, office and telephone number of the person Iransmitting/making the corrections. Amendments -cannot-be accepted over the phone. Corrections should relate only to inaccuracies. New matter may not be introduced. Sanrfa M. Haro PrinciDal Parliamentarv Reoorter FIRST DAY Friday 3 August, 2012 The National Parliament met at 10.00 a.m., pursuant to the Notice of His Excellency the Governor-General, Sir Michael Ogio, which was published in the National Gazette. The Clerk read the Notice. PRAYERS Rev Qogi Zonggereng, Papua District President of the Evangelical Lutheran of Papua New Guinea representing the Council of Churches to say Prayers: 'This is the day that the Lord has made, a reading from Psalm 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Wantok Namba 1958.Pdf
    Namba 1958 Mas 1 - 7, 2012 28 pes Niuspepa Bilong Yumi Ol PNG Stret! K1 tasol LNG PAPA- GRAUN…Ol papa- Papagraun autim wari... graun bilong malti-bilian-kina PNG LNG Projek long Hela Provins i wet ausait long opis bilong Praim Minista na NEC long Morauta Haus long askim gavman long peim-aut ol mani i kam long Bisnis Divelopmen Gren (BDG), Infra- straksa Divelopmen Gren (IDG), Ministariel Komitmen, na ol MoA fan aninit long Kokopo UBSA na LBBSA. Poto: Nicky Bernard Ritim stori long pes 19... IleksenAja Alex Potabe i raitim rukim 2012 dispela ileksen, Ilek- baikantri i stap longgo Ilektroal hetmun bihain long - dispela Trawen de long PNGEC tasol. Nogat, toral Komisin (PNGEC) i Komisin (PNGEC) na we kisim bek bilong ol rit PNG bai no inap long bilip ILEKSEN 2012 bai go het tok. nogat wanpela man i nap pepa bilong pastaim ilek- long wok bilong PNGEC,” bikos gavman bai brukim Sif Ilektoral Komisina, An- long stopim ron bilong dis- sen bai kamap na makim Trawen i tok. Mama Loa o Konstitusen drew Trawen i tok, pawa bi- pela ileksen bikos em bai 5-pela yia stret.” Em i tok long 2002, sapos ol i tingting long su- long ronim ol ileksen long brukim loa. Trawen i tok Gavana- Morauta gavman i bin kisim “Olgeta det long ronim Jeneral, Se Michael Ogio, i PNGEC i go long kot long ileksen i stap long Mama givim tok orait pinis long surukim ileksen tasol PNGEC i bin bihainim Loa. Olsem na sapos gav- PNGEC long ronim dispela Mama Loa na karimaut man i tingting long surukim ileksen long taim stret, na ileksen long taim stret.
    [Show full text]
  • 453 Proof 2012-13-14-15 PAPUA NEW GUINEA MINUTES OF
    453 Proof 2012-13-14-15 PAPUA NEW GUINEA MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENT No. 99 Wednesday, 11 February, 2015 1 The Parliament met at ten o'clock a.m. pursuant to adjournment. The Speaker (Mr Theo Zurenuoc) took the Chair. Absence of quorum: The Speaker reported to the Parliament that a quorum of Members was not present and announced that he would again take the Chair at the ringing of the Bells. Suspension of sitting: At ten o'clock a.m., the Speaker left the Chair. Resumption of sitting: At fifteen minutes to eleven o'clock a.m., the Speaker resumed the Chair, and a quorum of Members being present and in accordance with Standing Order 34, invited Mr Kila Haoda (Governor for Central) to say Prayers. 454 No. 99-11 February 2015 SUSPENSION OF STANDING ORDERS - ELECTION OF DEPUTY SPEAKER: Mr James Marape (Leader of Government Business), by leave, moved — That so much of the standing orders be suspended as would prevent the Parliament proceeding with the election of a Deputy Speaker. Question - put and passed. DEPUTY SPEAKER - ELECTION: Mr Mao Zeming (Minister for Fisheries and Marine Resources) proposed to the Parliament for its Deputy Speaker, Mr Aide Ganasi (Member for South Fly), which was seconded by Mr Ano Pala (Minister for Justice and Attorney-General). Mr Aide Ganasi informed the Parliament that he accepted the nomination. Mr Sam Basil (Deputy Opposition Leader) proposed to Parliament for its Deputy Speaker, Mr Francis Marus (Member for Talasea), and there being no seconder - Mr Francis Marus declined the nomination.
    [Show full text]
  • Induction Program for Members of the 8Th National Parliament of Papua New Guinea
    centre for democratic institutions Induction Program for Members of the 8th National Parliament of Papua New Guinea 14 – 16 August 2007 | Parliament House, Port Moresby Participants MP Name Province Electorate 1 Fidelis SEMOSO BOUGAINVILLE BOUGAINVILLE PROVINCIAL CENTRAL BOUGAINVILLE 2 Jim MIRINGTORO OPEN NORTH BOUGAINVILLE 3 Michael OGIO OPEN SOUTH BOUGAINVILLE 4 Michael LAIMO OPEN 5 Puka TEMU CENTRAL ABAU OPEN 6 Mathew POIA GOILALA OPEN 7 Paru AIHI KAIRUKU-HIRI OPEN 8 Ano PALA RIGO OPEN 9 John GARIA CHIMBU CHIMBU PROVINCIAL 10 Jim J. NOMANE CHUAVE OPEN 11 Dawa Lucas DEKENA GUMINE OPEN 12 Posi MENAI KARIMUI-NOMANE OPEN 13 Guma WAU KEROWAGI OPEN 14 Joe Mek TEINE KUNDIAWA-GEMBOGL OPEN SINASINA-YONGGAMUGL 15 Jeffery NAPE OPEN EAST NEW BRITAIN 16 Leo DION EAST NEW BRITAIN PROVINCIAL 17 Malakai TABAR GAZELLE OPEN 18 Patrick TAMMUR KOKOPO OPEN Allan Savenat Mesak 19 RABAUL OPEN MARAT 20 Tony Waterupu AIMO EAST SEPIK AMBUNTI-DREIKIKIR OPEN 21 Arthur Tano SOMARE ANGORAM OPEN Michael Thomas 22 EAST SEPIK PROVINCIAL SOMARE 23 Gabriel Lenny KAPRIS MAPRIK OPEN 24 Jim B. SIMATAB WEWAK OPEN 25 Ronald ASIK WOSERA-GAWI OPEN Peter Wararu 26 YANGORU-SAUSSIA OPEN WARANAKA 27 Kondo PATRICK EASTERN HIGHLANDS DAULO OPEN Malcolm [Kela] Roy EASTERN HIGHLANDS 28 SMITH PROVINCIAL Thomson 29 GOROKA OPEN HAROKAQVEK 30 Ferao-Lotz ORIMYO HENGANOFI OPEN 31 Sai Sailon BESEO KAINANTU OPEN 32 Yawa SILUPA LUFA OPEN 33 John BOITO OBURA-WONENARA OPEN 34 Bonny OVEYARA OKAPA OPEN 35 Benny Tipot ALLAN UNGGAI-BENA OPEN John Thomas 36 ENGA KOMPIAM-AMBUM OPEN PUNDARI 37 Philip
    [Show full text]
  • Second-Annual-Parlia
    1 | P a g e 2013-2014 Parliament Performance Report By the OPEN PARLIAMENT PROJECT The Open Parliament Project Steering Committee, Transparency International (PNG) IPA Haus, Second Floor, Lawes Road. Konedobu P. O. Box 591 Port Moresby Papua New Guinea Telephone: (675) 3202182/2188 Digicel: (675) 71924250 Facsimile: (675) 3202189 Email: [email protected] Web: www.transparency.org.pg And The Office of the Speaker and Clerk of Parliament National Parliament Haus Waigani National Capital District Telephone: 3277411 or 3277406 Fax: 3277398 or 3277490 [email protected] or [email protected] www.parliament.gov.pg ISBN 978-9980-89-088-7 © 2014 Transparency International Papua New Guinea. All rights reserved A partnership between Transparency International (PNG), Speaker of National Parliament and European Union to build the Integrity of our National Parliament 2 | P a g e Contents Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 49 2012 No. 6 Wednesday, 24 October 2012 1 the Parliament Met
    49 PROOF 2012 PAPUA NEW GUINEA MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENT No. 6 Wednesday, 24 October 2012 1 The Parliament met at ten o'clock a.m. pursuant to adjournment. The Speaker (Mr Theo Zurenuoc) took the Chair. Absence of quorum: The Speaker reported to the Parliament that a quorum of Members was not present, and announced that he would again take the Chair, at the ringing of the Bells. Suspension of sitting: At fifteen minutes past ten o'clock a.m., the Speaker left the Chair. Resumption of sitting: At twenty minutes to eleven o'clock a.m., the Speaker resumed the Chair, and a quorum of Members being present and in accordance with Standing Order 34, invited Mrs Loujaya Toni (Minister for Community Development, Religion and Family Affairs) to say Prayers. 50 No. 6-24 October 2012 2 QUESTIONS: Questions without notice were asked. 3 EMPOWERMENT OF PROVINCES AND DISTRICTS - MINISTERIAL STATEMENT - PAPER NOTED: Mr Charles Abel (Minister for National Planning and Monitoring) made a ministerial statement informing the Parliament that the National Government would present a Budget that will incorporate the Alotau Accord and the Government's long term strategic plans to empower Provinces and Districts to improve services as the way forward for Planning and Monitoring and the Development Budget to improve government services in all communities throughout the country. Mr James Marape (Leader of Government Business) moved - That the Parliament take note of the Paper. Debate ensued Question - put and passed. 4 HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY - MINISTERIAL STATEMENT - MOTION TO TAKE NOTE OF PAPER: Mr Michael Malabag (Minister for Health, HIV and AIDS) made a ministerial statement informing the Parliament of the commitment of the Government to implement the National Health Plan and its policies for the benefit of all citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • Papua New Guinea
    Papua New Guinea 2016 Country Review http://www.countrywatch.com Table of Contents Chapter 1 1 Country Overview 1 Country Overview 2 Key Data 3 Papua New Guinea 4 Pacific Islands 5 Chapter 2 7 Political Overview 7 History 8 Political Conditions 10 Political Risk Index 27 Political Stability 41 Freedom Rankings 57 Human Rights 68 Government Functions 71 Government Structure 72 Principal Government Officials 84 Leader Biography 86 Leader Biography 86 Foreign Relations 94 National Security 97 Defense Forces 98 Chapter 3 101 Economic Overview 101 Economic Overview 102 Nominal GDP and Components 104 Population and GDP Per Capita 106 Real GDP and Inflation 107 Government Spending and Taxation 108 Money Supply, Interest Rates and Unemployment 109 Foreign Trade and the Exchange Rate 110 Data in US Dollars 111 Energy Consumption and Production Standard Units 112 Energy Consumption and Production QUADS 113 World Energy Price Summary 114 CO2 Emissions 115 Agriculture Consumption and Production 116 World Agriculture Pricing Summary 118 Metals Consumption and Production 119 World Metals Pricing Summary 122 Economic Performance Index 123 Chapter 4 135 Investment Overview 135 Foreign Investment Climate 136 Foreign Investment Index 138 Corruption Perceptions Index 151 Competitiveness Ranking 163 Taxation 172 Stock Market 172 Partner Links 173 Chapter 5 174 Social Overview 174 People 175 Human Development Index 177 Life Satisfaction Index 181 Happy Planet Index 192 Status of Women 201 Global Gender Gap Index 204 Culture and Arts 213 Etiquette 214 Travel Information 214 Diseases/Health Data 223 Chapter 6 229 Environmental Overview 229 Environmental Issues 230 Environmental Policy 231 Greenhouse Gas Ranking 232 Global Environmental Snapshot 243 Global Environmental Concepts 255 International Environmental Agreements and Associations 269 Appendices 293 Bibliography 294 Papua New Guinea Chapter 1 Country Overview Papua New Guinea Review 2016 Page 1 of 306 pages Papua New Guinea Country Overview PAPUA NEW GUINEA Papua New Guinea is a South Pacific island country.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Franco Zocca: APPENDIX: LIFE EXCURSUS of MR BELDEN
    Franco Zocca: APPENDIX: LIFE EXCURSUS OF MR BELDEN NORMAN NAMAH Belden Norman Namah, the fourth of five children, was born on December 30st 1969 in Somboi Village in Bewani area, south of Vanimo. Allegedly his family was originally from Krisa. His father was a SDA pastor, who brought up his children in a strong Christian way. After completing High School in Vanimo in 1985-86 and Sogeri National School in 1987-88, the young Namah joined the PNG Defence Force and quickly rose to the grade of captain. In that capacity he was involved in operation in Bougainville starting in 1993 till 1997. - In March 1997 he played a key part in the Operesen Rausim Kwik (Quick Chase Out Operation) against the Sandline m ercenaries, who were due to take over Bougainville. In July of the same year he was involved with three other officers in an action to obtain by the newly appointed Prime Minister Bill Skate the disbandment of the Special Operation Group, to which the military was hostile. That action was considered a sort of mutiny and Namah with two other fellow officers was tried, convicted and jailed for six years. The following is how he describes the episode: In 1997 when Sir Julius Chan’s government contracted the Sandline mercenaries to wipe out the entire Bougainville people, I demanded Sir Julius to step down and deported the mercenaries from Papua New Guinea. I knew the consequences… For my country I served six and a half years in prison for which I have never asked the people of Bougainville for anything or claimed credit for my actions (quoted by Post Courier May 28 page 3) - However, in another interview with John Eggins during the third episode of the TV program Election Forum, he gave a different version of the imprisonment story: “I was arrested in 1997 and sentenced to 6 and half years in prison with three other companions.
    [Show full text]
  • Papua New Guinea Election Results 1972 – 2012
    Papua New Guinea Election Results 1972 – 2012 Terence Wood The Development Policy Centre The Australian National University Papua New Guinea election results 1972-2012 Terence Wood Terence Wood is a Research Fellow at the Development Policy Centre. This book is an update produced on 27/3/17. The Development Policy Centre is a research unit at the Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University. For more information on the Development Policy Centre, visit http://devpolicy.anu.edu.au/ Citation: Wood, T 2017, Papua New Guinea election results 1972-2012, The Development Policy Centre, Canberra. To access the data that this report is based on visit http://devpolicy.org/pngelections/ Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Papua New Guinea Electoral Commission, Jon Fraenkel, Bill Standish, Colin Filer, Ron May, David Hegarty and Nicole Haley for sharing election data and/or offering advice. I am also grateful to Tatia Currie, Wilma Gillies and Salwa Dastgeer for research assistance. I owe thanks to Jack Corbett, the State Society and Governance in Melanesia program, and the Centre for Democratic Institutions for early support. I am particularly grateful to Professor Stephen Howes and Michael Cookson of the Development Policy Centre for their enthusiastic support of the project. The Development Policy Centre gratefully acknowledges funding from the Australian Aid Program in support of the ANU- UPNG partnership. About This document contains a table of available election results for general elections held in Papua New Guinea between 1972 and 2012. It is drawn from the Development Policy Centre’s Papua New Guinea Election Results Database.
    [Show full text]