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Coherence and Effectiveness of Eu Foreign Policy: the Cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo

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Coherence and Effectiveness of Eu Foreign Policy: the Cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo DENIZ MUTLUE R R COHERENCE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EU FOREIGN COHERENCE AND EFFECTIV POLICY: THE CASES OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, AND KOSOVO A Ph.D. Dissertation by ENESS ENESS DENİZ MUTLUER OF EUOF FOREIGN POLICY Bilkent University POLICY 2018 FOREIGN Department of International Relations İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara November 2018 To my family COHERENCE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EU FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASES OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, AND KOSOVO The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by DENİZ MUTLUER In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA November 2018 ABSTRACT COHERENCE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EU FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASES OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, AND KOSOVO Mutluer, Deniz Ph.D. Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Dimitris Tsarouhas November 2018 This thesis aims to analyse the coherence and effectiveness of the European Union (EU) foreign policy by focusing on two crucial cases that shaped the emergence of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the Union: Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo. Has the EU foreign policy been coherent and effective in Bosnia and Kosovo? The concept of “coherence” has high explanatory power to analyse the relationship between the EU institutions, the EU member states, and the EU foreign policy instruments. Accordingly, this research examines the coherence of EU foreign policy instruments used in Bosnia and Kosovo by developing a new analytical concept: “perceived coherence” which focuses on the degree of receptivity amongst local agents regarding the coherence of EU policy instruments applied in their country, namely the EU accession process, the CSDP missions and mediation. After analysing the coherence of the EU foreign policy in Bosnia and Kosovo, this study focuses on the factors that come into play between coherence and effectiveness. Keywords: EU foreign policy, policy coherence, policy effectiveness, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo. iii ÖZET AVRUPA BIRLİĞİ DIŞ POLİTİKASININ TUTARLILIĞI VE ETKİNLİĞİ: BOSNA HERSEK VE KOSOVA VAKA INCELEMELERİ Mutluer, Deniz Doktora, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Dimitris Tsarouhas Kasım 2018 Bu tez, Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) dış politikasının tutarlılığını ve etkinliğini, AB’nin Ortak Dış ve Güvenlik Politikası’nın (ODGP) doğmasında kritik bir rol oynayan, Bosna Hersek ve Kosova vakalarını ele alarak incelemektedir. AB dış politikası, Bosna Hersek ve Kosova'da tutarlı ve etkili oldu mu? “Tutarlılık” kavramı, AB kurumları, AB üye ülkeleri ve AB dış politika araçları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için en uygun kavramların başında gelmektedir. Bu araştırma, Bosna Hersek ile Kosova'da kullanılan AB dış politika araçlarını, yeni bir kavram olan “algılanan tutarlılık” kavramını kullanarak analiz etmektedir. Algılanan tutarlılık kavramı, AB’nin üçüncü ülkelerde uyguladığı dış politika araçlarını, yerel aktörlerin bakış acısıyla ele almaktadır. Bu tez ayrıca, tutarlılık ve etkinlik arasında “doğrusal” bir ilişki olup olmadığını inceleyerek, tutarlılık ve etkinlik süreci arasında ortaya çıkan faktörler üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: AB dış politikası, politika tutarlılığı, politika etkinliği, Bosna Hersek, Kosova. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to start by expressing my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Dimitris Tsarouhas for guiding me patiently during the whole writing process of this research. I will never forget his incredibly valuable support and encouragement. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis committee members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevilay Kahraman, Assist. Prof Dr. Onur Işçi, Assist. Prof Dr. Berk Esen and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zeynep Arkan. I also would like to thank Prof. Dr. Jan Orbie from Ghent University for his help during the research period I spent in Belgium. I also want to express my sincere gratitude to Krenar Gashi, for putting me in contact with numerous civil society members in the Western Balkan region. Finally, I would like to thank all of my friends and mostly my parents, my sister and my dear wife Julia for their never-ending support, patience, and love. There are no words to describe my gratefulness for their support. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... III ÖZET .................................................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... VI LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................. IX LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... XI CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 1.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.............................................................................. 2 1.1.1 Defining coherence .................................................................................. 2 1.1.2 Types of coherence................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 Degrees of coherence ............................................................................... 6 1.1.4 Coherence-effectiveness relationship ........................................................ 7 1.1.5 How to define and measure effectiveness of the EU’s Foreign Policy? ..... 8 1.1.6 Contribution to the existing literature ..................................................... 10 1.2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................. 12 1.2.1 Research Questions ................................................................................ 12 1.2.2 Usage of the comparative case study method .......................................... 12 1.2.3 Reasons for case selection ...................................................................... 13 1.2.4 Methods and sources to be used .............................................................. 16 1.2.5 Limitations of the study .......................................................................... 17 CHAPTER II: ANALYSING EUROPEAN FOREIGN POLICY: A LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 18 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 18 2.2 LITERATURE ON THE FORMAL GOVERNANCE IN THE EU FOREIGN POLICY ....... 20 2.2.1 Literature on the Evolution of European Foreign Policy ......................... 21 2.2.2 The Emergence of the Common Foreign and Security Policy ................. 24 2.2.3 “What Type of Power the EU is?” .......................................................... 26 2.2.4 Strategic Culture and the European Foreign Policy ................................. 29 2.2.5 The Concept of “Actorness” and the EU Foreign Policy ......................... 31 2.2.6 Emerging new European Foreign Policy actors: the EEAS and the HR/VP ....................................................................................................................... 33 vi 2.2.6.1 Principal-Agent Theory and the EEAS and the HR/VP .................... 40 2.2.6.2 Literature on the impact of the EEAS and the HR/VP on improving the coherence of the Union’s external action ............................................... 41 2.2.6.3 Literature on the Record of the EEAS in International Crises ........... 44 2.3 LITERATURE ON INFORMAL GOVERNANCE IN EU FOREIGN POLICY ................. 46 2.3.1 Literature on the Relationship between the EU and Local Actors ............ 51 CHAPTER III: EU FOREIGN POLICY COHERENCE AND EFFECTIVENESS IN BOSNIA ............................................................................................................. 53 3.1 THE EMERGENCE OF EU FOREIGN POLICY IN BOSNIA ...................................... 54 3.1.1 War in Bosnia: EU’s first major foreign policy test ................................ 55 3.1.2 Dayton Agreement and its impact on the EU foreign policy in Bosnia .... 56 3.1.3 EU-Bosnia relations after Dayton: first steps towards Europeanization ... 59 3.1.4 Stabilization and Association Process (SAP) .......................................... 60 3.2 EU CONDITIONALITY AS FOREIGN POLICY IN BOSNIA ..................................... 61 3.2.1 Conditionality Process in Bosnia ............................................................ 61 3.2.2 EU actors’ role in the EU Foreign Policy in Bosnia ................................ 65 3.2.3 Coherence of the Union during the EU Police Mission (EUPM) in Bosnia ....................................................................................................................... 67 3.2.3.1 Background of the initiation and the evolution of the EUPM ........... 68 3.2.3.2 Institutional coherence of the EU during the EUPM......................... 71 3.2.3.3 Horizontal coherence of the EU during the EUPM ........................... 75 3.2.3.4 Vertical Coherence of the EU during the EUPM .............................. 76 3.2.3.5 Perceived coherence during the EUPM ...........................................
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