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Identity and Cultural Drivers in Europe-Turkey Relations

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Identity and Cultural Drivers in Europe-Turkey Relations BETWEEN RAPPROCHEMENT AND REJECTION: IDENTITY AND CULTURAL DRIVERS IN EUROPE-TURKEY RELATIONS EDITED BY SENEM AYDIN-DÜZGIT, ROMANA KÖNIGSBRUN, BAHAR RUMELILI, JOHANNA CHOVANEC Istanbul Policy Center Bankalar Caddesi No: 2 Minerva Han 34420 Karaköy, İstanbul TURKEY +90 212 292 49 39 +90 212 292 49 57 @ [email protected] w ipc.sabanciuniv.edu BETWEEN RAPPROCHEMENT AND REJECTION: IDENTITY AND CULTURAL DRIVERS IN EUROPE-TURKEY RELATIONS EDITED BY SENEM AYDIN-DÜZGIT, ROMANA KÖNIGSBRUN, BAHAR RUMELILI, AND JOHANNA CHOVANEC April 2019 About Istanbul Policy Center Istanbul Policy Center is an independent policy research institute with global outreach. Our mission is to foster academic research in social sciences and its application to policy making. We are firmly committed to providing decision makers, opinion leaders, academics, and the general public with innovative and objective analyses in key domestic and foreign policy issues. IPC has expertise in a wide range of areas, including—but not exhaustive to—Turkey-EU-U.S. relations, conflict resolution, education, climate change, current trends of political and social transformation in Turkey, as well as the impact of civil society and local governance on this metamorphosis. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BY THE ORGANIZERS 4 POSTIMPERIAL NARRATIVES IN TURKISH AND AUSTRIAN LITERATURE: A COMPARISON Johanna Chovanec and Wolfgang Müller-Funk 6 MYTHS AND REPRESENTATIONS: ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN ITALY AND TURKEY IN THE 1950S Lea Nocera 12 “WHERE IS THE DEPUTY OF LEHISTAN?”: TURKEY AND POLAND—VIGNETTES FROM SHARED HISTORY Paulina Dominik 18 CONSEQUENCES OF OTHERING: VIRTUOUS CYCLES AND DOWNWARD SPIRALS IN TURKEY-EU RELATIONS Paul T. Levin 22 CONCISE GUIDELINES FOR A NEW CULTURAL POLICY IN AND FOR THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN Vera Costantini 27 BETWEEN RAPPROCHEMENT AND REJECTION: IDENTITY AND CULTURAL DRIVERS IN EUROPE-TURKEY RELATIONS INTRODUCTION BY THE ORGANIZERS This report contains the proceedings of the expert In 2018, the director of the Austrian Cultural Forum, session of the EUNIC-FEUTURE Stakeholder Romana Königsbrun, served as president of the Conference titled “Between Rapprochement and EUNIC Istanbul Cluster. She managed to secure Rejection: Identity and Culture Drivers in the financial support through EUNIC Global for this Europe-Turkey Relations” held at the Austrian conference and ensured the active participation of Cultural Forum in Yeniköy, Istanbul, on September EUNIC partners and the EU Delegation in Turkey at 14, 2018. the conference. The idea for the conference first originated during By connecting the Horizon 2020 project to the more the research conducted for the Horizon 2020 project concrete and practical cultural work that EUNIC FEUTURE (The Future of EU-Turkey Relations: partners facilitate on the ground in Turkey, an Mapping Dynamics and Testing Scenarios).1 The academic exercise was linked to the work of cultural conference brought together fifteen international practitioners. Enhancing the dialogue between partners to map the dynamics of EU-Turkey rela- academia and cultural institutions was another long- tions across six thematic dimensions (politics, secu- term objective of the stakeholder conference, which rity, economics, energy, migration, and identity), was also meant to feed into the process of updating examine underlying narratives and thematic drivers, the EUNIC 3-Year-Country Strategy for Turkey. substantiate the most likely future scenario(s) and assess its implications, and draw policy recommen- The research within the work package “Culture and dations. Two partners of the project, Koç University Identity” of the Horizon 2020 project FEUTURE and Sabancı University, were mainly responsible was characterized by a comparative approach that for the thematic field of culture and identity, where included an analysis of historical and present identity they sought to analyze and understand the mutual and cultural drivers through sources from the Euro- representations of identity in the relations between pean as well as the Turkish context. The research 3 Turkey/the Ottoman Empire and European coun- findings have shown that identity representations tries since the 19th century through to the present of the respective Other were closely linked to the day. Thanks to the efforts of Johanna Chovanec from political status quo that underlines Europe-Turkey the University of Vienna, who took part in the project relations. The interdisciplinary and comparative as a researcher while based at Sabancı University, outlook of the project also provided the focal point the interest in cultural interaction and identity of the conference: the invited scholars focused on issues in the relationship between the two sides led the linkages between politics and culture while at to a cooperation between these universities and the the same time comparing various forms of cultural Austrian Cultural Forum in Istanbul, resulting in the production in Turkey and European countries. aforementioned conference. The Austrian Cultural Forum is part of the cultural network EUNIC 2 (European Union National Institutes for Culture). 3 Senem Aydın-Düzgit, Johanna Chovanec, Seçkin Barış Gülmez, and Bahar Rumelili, “Turkish and European Identity Constructions in the 1946-1999 Period,” FEUTURE Online Paper No. 15, March 2018; Se- nem Aydın-Düzgit, Johanna Chovanec, Bahar Rumelili, and Alp Eren 1 Grant Agreement Number: 692976, http://feuture.eu/. Topal, “Turkish and European Identity Constructions in the 1815- 2 https://www.eunicglobal.eu/. 1945 Period,” FEUTURE Online Paper No. 4, July 2017. 4 In what follows are the contributions of the participants who took part in the expert session of the conference. The session titled “Representing and Construing the Other: Images of Europe and Turkey in Literature and Arts” focused on how the two sides have been represented in the literature and arts in both settings at different points in history. The contributions by Chovanec & Müller- Funk, Nocera, and Dominik discuss mutual identity representations in the literature and arts at the national level (Austria and Turkey by Chovanec & Müller-Funk; Italy and Turkey by Nocera; Poland and Turkey by Dominik); Levin’s contribution takes a broader look and underlines the history of the role of identity in Turkey-Europe relations with a focus on its contemporary ramifications for the Euro- pean Union’s relations with Turkey; and Costantini moves beyond identity representations to propose guidelines for a novel cultural policy in and for the Eastern Mediterranean. Senem Aydın-Düzgit, Sabancı University Romana Königsbrun, Austrian Cultural Forum Bahar Rumelili, Koç University Johanna Chovanec, University of Vienna 5 BETWEEN RAPPROCHEMENT AND REJECTION: IDENTITY AND CULTURAL DRIVERS IN EUROPE-TURKEY RELATIONS POSTIMPERIAL NARRATIVES IN TURKISH AND AUSTRIAN LITERATURE: A COMPARISON Johanna Chovanec and Wolfgang Müller-Funk 4 The correlations between empires and their lega- have been perpetuated after the downfall of the cies, as expressed in literature and the arts, have empires. Further research issues include analyses been the main focus of study in the framework of of the various constructions of “the Other” as the interdisciplinary research project “Kakanien promoted by the imperial elites in each society, for Revisited”5 (situated at the University of Vienna) example, Orientalized Bosnia after its annexation and the follow-up project, “Post-imperial Narra- by Austria-Hungary in 1878.7 How the concept tives in the Central European Literatures of of modernity has affected politics and framed Modernity”6 (situated at the University of Zagreb). discussions around the binary opposition between Theoretical approaches from postcolonial studies progress and backwardness is another important were taken as a starting point for the transnational topic. In the Ottoman context the notion of Euro- analysis of the imperial complex of the Habsburg peanization was widely discussed in intellectual monarchy and in a comparative view of other circles against the background of the Tanzimat great powers such as the Russian and the Ottoman reforms (1839–1878). Similarly, in the Habsburg Empires, all of which disintegrated in the course or monarchy catching up with modernity and trans- immediate aftermath of World War I. The research forming Vienna into a modern European capital questions of the aforementioned projects address was a common discourse in the second half of the the relationship between the imperial center and 19th century. peripheries as well as how economic dependencies Picking up these debates, literature is an excellent medium to trace back the transition from empire to 4 Johanna Chovanec is a doctoral fellow at the Austrian Academy of nation state, the historical development of images Sciences (ÖAW) at the Department of Comparative Literature at Uni- versity of Vienna as well as a doctoral fellow of the German Academic of the imperial or national Self and its various Scholarship Foundation (Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes). Others, and the cultural and economic relation- Wolfgang Müller-Funk is a former professor of Cultural Studies at ships between the imperial center and peripheries. the University of Birmingham and at the University of Vienna; he is currently a 2019 senior fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences Moreover, and for the framework of this paper most (IWM), Vienna. importantly, novels capture how the empires rever- 5 “Kakanien” is a nickname for the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy coined berated after their
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