237 238 rhenium resources in Arizona, there appear to be a few hundred tons Schwartz, G. M., 1953, Geology of the San Manuel copper deposit, Arizona: U.S. Geo!. Survey Prof. Paper 2;)0, 6u p. of this metal that are associated with the molybdenum resources. The Thurmond, R. E., Olk, J. F., Komadina, G. A., Journay, J. A., Spaulding, E. D., production of rhenium may be expected to increase considerably. and Hernlund, R. 'V., 1958, Pima, three-part story, geoiogy, openpit, milling: Mining Eng., v. 10, no. 4, p. 4u3-4G2. SELECTED REFERENCES U.S. Hureau of Mines, 1!J67, I1Iolybuenum, in Minerals Yenrbook, 1!JG6, Volume I-II: U.S. Bur. Mines, p. 331. Anderson, C. A., Scholz, E. A., and Strob£'ll, J. D., Jr., 1955, G£'ology and ore --- 1068, Rhenium, in Commodity Data Summaries: U.S. Bur. Mines, p. d('posits of the Bagdad area, Yavapai County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Shrvey Prof. 124-125. PaJlpr 278, 103 p. Cooper, J. R., 191'iO, Johnson Camp area, Cochise County, Arizona, in Arizona zinc and lead deposits, Part I: Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. 156, p.3().-39. NIOBIUM AND TANTALUM Creasey, S. e., 10;)0, Geology of the St. Anthony (Mammoth) area, Pinal County, Arizona, in Arizona zinc and lead deposits, Part I: Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. (By R. L. Parker, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.) 156, p. (;3-84. Creasey, S. C., Rnd Quick, G. L., 19f.ifl, Copper deposits of part of Helvetia mining INTRODUorION district, Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1027-Jt~, p. 301-323. Dings, :\1. G., 1951, The Wallapai mining district, Cerbat Mountains, Mohave Niobium (columbium) and tantalum are rare metals that have be County, Arizona: U.S. Geo!. Survey Hull. 97B-E., p.123-162. Engineering and Mining Journal, 1968, Markets: Eng. Mining Jour. v. 169, no. come increasingly important in modern technology; they are useu in 2, p. 21-25. certain elect.ronic, nuclear, chemical, and high temperature metallurgi Granger, H. C., and Raup, R. H., 1002, Reconnaissance stUdy of uranium deposits cn,} applications. Both metals are used for vacuum tube elements, super in Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Hull. 1147-A, 54p. Hamilton, Peggy-Kay, and Kerr, P. F., 1959, Umohoite from Cameron, Arizona: conductors, and corrosion-resistant equipment and laboratory ware, Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, p. 124B-1260. and as constituents in high temperature nonferrous alloys. These IIpikes, V. C., 1921, Gold, silver, ropper, lead, and zinc in Arizona, in Mineral metals, in the form of ferrocolumbium or ferrotantulum-columbium, Resourcps of the United States, 1018: U.S. Gool. Survey, pt. I, p. 329-368. are used in the manufacture of special types of steel. Niobium and Hess, F. L., 1HZ1, Molyb
27.1 16 ~ (U.S. Bur. Mines, 1956-67) and can be expected to continue to follow this trend in subsequent years because of the increasing domestic con sumption of these metals. The U.S. niobium-tantalum production Data from: Minerals Yearbook, 1953-66 I reached a peak qf 428,347 pounds of concentrates in 1958, most of (U.S. Bur. Mines). [Annual volumes ·which came from Idaho placers. Such production, however, amounted for years indicatedJ 14 - to only a tenth of that year's domestic consumption. No domestic pro duction has been recorded since 1959 except for a small amount of material stockpiled by two pegmatite mines in South Dakota in 19GG (US. Bur. MUles, 1956-(7). Domestic consumpt,ion of niobium and tantalum is supplied almost entirely by imports from Canada, South 121- America, Africa, and Asia. Arizona, with a total production close to 3,000 pounds of niobium I- United Stotes imports tantalum concentrates, ranks sixth among the states as a producer of these elements. Even so Arizona has produced only about 0.2 percent .... of the Nation's toial production, and the State's total production is an :: 10 I- .... exceedingly small fraction of the Nation's annual consumption (Bar . :.... ton, 1962, p. 83) . lI) :\.... World production o OCCURRENCE AND U BE z :> a.o _ Niobium and tantalum do not occur in nature as free metals, but are IL found commonly together as constituents of minerals that are com o e l ll) pounds .of niobium, tantalum, and oxygen with subordinate amounts z of titanium, iron, manganese, rare earths, uranium, thorium, and other o United ..J metals. Important ore minerals are columbite-·tantalite (Fe,Mn) (Nb, ..J Stotes ...... ::l! production :: Ta) 200; pyrochlore NaCaNb20 oF; yttrotantalite (Fe, Y, U) (Nb, :: Ta)04; microlite (Na,Ca)2Ta200(0,OH,F); euxenite (Y,Ca,Ce,U, ...... :." .': Th) (Nb,Ta,Ti) 206 ; fergusonite (Y,Ca,U,Th) (Nb,Ta,Ti) 0 ; and :: 4 ::: samarskite (Fe,Y,U) 2(Nb,Ti,Ta) 207, Niobium and tantalum are also .... contained in various amounts in titanium minerals-sphene, rutile .... '.' ::: ...... (ilmenorutile), and ilmenite (Palaehe and others, 1944) . :;:: .... :.- :~:, Contrary to general opinion, niobium is a fairly common element in 4 .,. the earth's crust; it is about as abundant as cobalt and more plentiful .••. ;::: than lead. Tantalum is much scarcer than niobium but more abundant :: m!1n~ :: than antimony, silver, or gold. However, compared with other .••. valuable elements whose crustal abundances are less than mobmm or .... tantalum and which tend to concentrate in discrete ore bodies, concen tra,ted deposits of niobium and particularly tantalum are scarce. Niobium and tantalum minerals are found in certain granitic rocks :: and pegmatites, alkalic rock complexes and carbonatites, and placers :: . ! derived from these rocks. Some granite masses contain disseminated columbite-tantalite, euxenite, or other niobium-tantalum-bearing min o :::: ..; .... :!!: ...... ? ;:...... erals as primary rock constituents and in some places weathering and 1953 /954 1955 1956 1957 1958 /959 1960 1961 1962 1963 /964 1965 1966 fluvial processes have concentrated these minerals into commercial de posits. Granite pegmatites are well known for their concentration of FIGURE 35.-World and United States production and U.S. imports of niobium and tantalum concen.trates, 1953--66. rare minerals, including minerals of niobium and tantalum, but the erratic distribution and small tonnage of these minernls in pegmatites commonly exclude pegmatites as a large source OT supply. Even so, peg matites are the principal source of the world's tantalum. Large low-grade deposits of niohium occur in alkalie ro('k complexes and related carhona.tltes in many parts of the world. Some multi- 241 242
million-ton deposits are kno"'n in central Africa, southeastern Canada, -----.-,-----j110' Norway and Brazil, and at least fin~ alkalic complexes wi,th car ! ~q I bona.tites have been found ill the Unitell States. None has yet been dis I '~. : l'o\'cred in Arizona. ARIZONA OCCURRENCES o I 'w Pegmatites ha\'e lwen the only commercial source of niobium tantaluIn minerals in Arizona up to the present time. The most well I I , known niobilllll-tantalllm-bpal'ing /lpg-matites are in the 'Vhite Picacho I district. (.Jahns, 19fi2) and in the Aqua,rills ClitYH district of the I u :\
" Aquarius Hange. These 11l1
PLATINUM·GROUP METALS 1900, the discovery of large platinum deposits in the region of Cataract. (By F. L. Stubbs, Arizona Bureau of Mines, Tucson, Ariz.) Canyon on the Colorado River was announced, but cOltld not he verified (Blake, 1900). Several years later persistent rppOl·tH of an INTRODUCTION oc.currence near Indian Garden in the Grand Canyon led to several detailed examinations of the area by F. L. Ransome and H. G. Fer The platinum group of metals comprises platinum, palladium, guson, and, though special care in sampling and aRsaying- was uRed, rhodium, iridium, osmlllm, and ruthenium, of which J?latinum is the no platinum was detected (Mining Sci. Press, 191H). OCrUrrelleeS of most important. Of these metals, osmium genern,lly IS alloyed with platinum also have been reported in the San Domingo placers in iridium and is referred to as osmiridium. The platinum-group metals Maricopa County, and near Prescott and near Columbia in Yavapai occur chiefly as natural alloys of various proportions and to a lesser County (GalbraIth and Brenmm, 1959, p. 5). Columbia was II village extent as sulfides amI arsenides. All of these metals are rn,re, expensive, on Humbug Creek west of the Tip Top mine and town (Granger, and posseRS individual properties that. make them uniquely attractive 1960, p. 339). However, no record of platinum production hom these for cprtain uses in highly developed technology and for use in jewelry areas has been found, nor is there any record of platinum having !J(1en and for decorative purposes. paid for by buyers of gold from Arizona. Platinum and pallaoium a,re the most abundant and most widely Erroneous reports of the presence of platinum-group metals often uRed of the g-roup; the other four metalR are mainly used as alloy modI stem from the difficulties in detecting them. Assay for rlatilll1l11 and fiers with platinum or palladium. High meltingpomts, corrosion resist pa,lladium, even for amounts tha.t. woidd conRtitute ore, IS mllch more ance, and catalytic properties of these metals have many industrial difficult than for gold. Theother four metals in the group are even more f.1'pplica!,ions. In recent years the chemical, petrole~m, and electrical difficult to determine. Even reliable and experienced assayerR have been mdustrles accounted for about 80 percent of the platmum-group metals deceived into reporting nonexistent platinum. On the other hand, it is used in theUnited States (U.S. Bur. Mines, 1968, p. 112). not likely to he missed if present and looked for. A new method for the There ~as ~een minor production of the pl~tinum-group metals determination of low concent.rations of palladium, platinum, and from CalIforma and AlaSKa, but present domestlC production, mostly rhodium (Ha.ffty and Riley, 19(8) may help alleviate this problem. from copJ?er smelters, is insignificant when compared with domestic A number of metals and minerals have been mistaken for platinum c0!lsu~ptlOn. The platinum-g-"roup metals have important defense ap group metals dueio some of their properties. Amongthem are "chilled" plIcatIOns which has induced governmental rp~c:;trictions on their use birdshot (lead alloyed with arselllc) , lead fragments from other during wartime; platinum, palladium, and iridium are classified as sources, specular hematite in small flakes, and old ama,lgam. Any of strategic and aTe stockpiled (Ware, 1965, p. 717). these materials may be found in some panned concentrater-;, and if the In 1966 the United States consumed 1,675,795 troy ounces and im sample has been roasted in the presence of carbon, metallic iron or other ported 1,431>,017 troy ounces of platinum-group metals; the imports, metals may ha,ve been formed. All of these materials may be surpris valued at $83,410,000, were supplied by the U.S.S.R. (33 percent), ingly resistant to acid tests and even some gold-silver alloys are nearly United Kingdom (30 percent), Canada (11 percent), and other sources insoluble in aqua regia. (26 pe~cent) (U.S. Bur. Mines, 1967, p. 342-344). Because of the difficulty in detecting the platinum-group metals and .Platmum-group metals are found mostly in geologic association because of their probahle scarcity in Arizona and elsewhere, ellution iR 'wIth mafic and ultramafic rocks (peridotite, norite, dunite) or in advised in accepting any unconfirmed reports of their presence. placer deposits derived from primary sources. Important deposits of th(113e metals are found in placers derived from ultramafic rocks in SELECTED REFERENCES !,he U.S.S.R., in ultramafic igneous rocks of the Bushveld complex Blake, W. P., 1900, Does platinum occur in Arizona?: Eng. and Minin~ .Tour., m the Union of South Africa, with nickel-copper ores of the Sudbury Feb. 24, v. 69, p. 224. i~ Ga'lbraith, F. W., 3d, and Brennan, D. J., 1959, Minerals of Arizona: Arizona Univ. u1t.ramafic complex Canada, and in gold placers at Goodnews Ba.y, (Tucson), Phys. ScI. Bull. no. 4, 116, p. Alaska. Large depOSIts of these metals have never been found in the Granger, B. H., 1960, Will C. Barnes' Arizona piace names: Arizona trniv. (Tu~ mafic and ultramafic complexes in the United States. son), 519 p. Haffty, Joseph, and Riley, L. B., 1968, Detenninatlon of pal1'adi11l11, platinnm and rhodium in geologic materials by fire a!'say and emission li'pectro~raphy: REPORTED OCCURRENCES AND OUTLOOK Tainnta, v. 15, p. 111-117, Pergamon Press, New York. Mining and Scientific Press, 1919, No platinum in Grand Canyon: :.\lInll1~ Sel. Only. a fe',V oc.currences of platinum-group metals have been re Press, San Francisco, Feb. 8, p. 185. ported m ArIzona. These occurrences, however, are doubtful and the U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1967, Minerals Yearbook, Volume I-II, 1966: U.S. nur. potential .for .findin~ plnt.inu~-grouP.m~tals !n Arizona is poor. Two Mines, 1352 p. Ware, G. C., 1005, Platinum-group metals, in l\Iineral facts and problems: tr.R. small pl'rIdotJte bodIes occur m assoclat.Ion WIth other lower Precam Bur. Mines Bull. 630, p. 711-719. brian roeks in northeastern Maricopa County ('Wilson and others, Wilson, E. D., Moore, R. T., and Peirce, H. W., 1957, Geologic map of Mnricopn 1957), but no platinum-group metals have been found in them. About CouIllty, Arizona: Arizona Bur. Mines (scale, t :375,000) . 245 246
RARE EARTHS AND THORIUM The rare-eart.h ind~lstry has developed largely around the Ceri11l11 group elements obt.amed from monazite and hastnnesite, "'hil'h are (By J. W. Adams and 1\1. H. Staatz, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.) converted into It va.riet.y of products, including oxidc's alld £alts of the .elements in va,rying deg-rees.of purity, andlllisch met.:d which is INTRODUCTION a mlXture ofthe rare eluths 111 thmr metallic state. The rare-earth metals and thorium are hereby treated together as For some industria.l uses materials containing sC\'eral of thc 1'llre they are commonly associated in nature 'and are interrelated eco ea.rths as roughly Sel?ara!ed fractions 'are sat~sfa('.tory, others rt:qu!1"C nomically. I~lO(!llcts of ]ugh purl~Y. flw d\vc]opml'nt, of JOn C'xel.\ll1lge anll lIquld The rare-earth metals comprise the 15 elements having atomic num IqUld solvent ext.rnd,lOn tcelull<]ues for the separatIOn of rare-cart·h bers 57 to 71, ine1uding lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium elements has nUlde high. purity met:tls 1\ml ('olllpo11l\(ls ayailahle at (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), euro ~rea.t1y reduced cost. 'VIthin the past few ycnrfol a good pa,rt. of the pium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tob) , dysprosium (Dy), Indl~stry has b~en tlevotp~l to supplying these pu rifletl matel'iaIs pri holmium (lTo), erbium (Er), thulium ('I'm), ytterbIUm (Yb), and marly for use 1l~ elec.trol1lc apl,ll.Icn.tlOllS, notably as the rell-procluciug lutetium (1,u). One of these elements, prometlllum, has been known phosphor used III color televunon tuhcs, IIncl to a. It'&spr exteut in only aS'l1n artificially produced isotope until its recently reported dis fluorescent lights. This phosphor, introclucell in 1!l(\-!-, l'au he cither covery in the rare earths recovered from apatit~ in Finland (U. S. eu~·opium-act.iy~tc\dyttrium vauadate 0.1' europi11ln-ar.ti vnt cd yt.trium Bur. Mines, 1965). Yttrium (Y), with atomic number 39, is also OXIde (Chern. I<"'llg. Nmvs, !l16!), AdoptIon of the I'l\rt'.-l'nrth phosphOl' classed with the rare earths because of its chemical similarities and has ere!1'ted ~Ul unpreccdented ~lemalld for both yttriuJll and t\I11'opium, geochemical affinities. clon~estlC sl~lpments of these III 1966 being ahout 125,000 pOl11Hls of . The first seven elements listed above (La through Eu) are included yttrIUm oXldealld 12,000 pounds of europium oxide (Chem. Eng. m the cerium group of rare eart.hs, so called because cerium is their News, 1967). most abundant member. The remaining eight elements (Gd through Other important. applications of t.he rare earths inclucle tlw use of I.-u) , together with yttrium, are called the yttrium group. The two ~Ilol'e-earth oxides. i~l glass ,Polishing, 1'llI'~\-ea.rt.l1 chlorides as ('atalysts groups are also referred to, respectively, as the "light" and "heavy" 111 pet.roleum refillIng, OXIdes and ftuol'ldes 111 cores of ('arbon arc cl~ctrodes, and as misch metal in spal'ldng flints awl lllchlllurlYY. rareearths. amoun~s gl:~ss, The properties of the members of the two groups of rare earth ele MIll?r Iwe used in ceramic glazes, in ('('rta,in typps of ments are.sufficiently distinct to cause one group to predominate over and In synthetIC garnets. Hare ~arths pro.duced in the United St·ates are derh'ed chicHy from the other In most minerals, even though all 01' nearly all are ordinarily present. bastnl1;e~nte ore mmed .from a large l'lu:honatite clepo-sit. at Mountain Pass In Sun Bernarelmo Count.y, CalIf. (Olson, anel othcrs, 1%4' OCCURRENCE AND USE Evans, 1966).. Additional amounts ('ome from imported monazite. antI The rare earths are found in a large number of minerals, only a few from stockpIled ra.re-ea.rth-rich residues deri\'cc1 in the late 1050's of which have been found in sufficient concentration to be used as from the processing of Idaho euxenite ( ?) for niobium. _ ores. One ,~idely used source material is monazite, a rare-earth phos '.I;'ho~·ium is ~ he~vy, sof~, ~uct.ile, silver grlty, rRelioacti\'e metal. phate that IS also an important ore of thorium. Another is bastnaesite It IS hIm urannllll III that It IS the parent of a serief> of radioaetive a rare-earth fluocal'bonate, that has a slightly higher rare-earth con~ decay pr?c1~cts en(~ing i.n the stabl~ isotope of leatl. I~et'ause of this tent than monazite, but contains little or no thorium. Both monazite characterIstIc thorlllll1 IS It potentml som'l'e of a.tlmlI<~ ener ARIZONA OccunRENCEs :Most of the thorium lmd rare-earth occurrpnces in Arizona are in pcgmat.ites. These are commonly dikelike bodies tha,t range from a few inches to thol1SHIHls of 1'('('t in length. Most pegmatities are gra nit.ic in composition, having as tlH'ir dominant. minemls, quartz, fplll·· spar, and mica, but are r:lmraderized hy large but extremely variable grain silm. Pegmatit('s are gplH'I'ally eOllsidpred to represent. the erys tallization product of residual magmas alHI as su('h may ('ontain concent.rations of a nlllllhcr of elements whose propmtir.s inhibit their entry into the minera,ls of eal'1iel' fornwd roek8. The rare earths and thorinm are IUlIong thpse elements and appear in lwgmatitps in a nllmber of minera.l specil's in which ,thl'.y a.}'(~ ml}jor constituel}ts. AI though theRe millcmls llIay be vaJuahle ore, thmr oecurrence III peg tIl(~ir matites is gcnerally too spa.rse to warrant, recovery. l 'he occur I'ences of rare earthR and thorium in Arizona are shown in fig. 37 allll listed in tahle 20. The most. notahle rare-earth-bearing pr.gmatite occurrence so far fOlllld in ~\rizona is that at the Hare Metals mine (Heinrich, l!)()O) in the .\ whm'p s(\y(\l'lll tons of ytt,rotantalite [(Fe.,Y,U) (Nb,Ta) 0 4 ] were 01>· ta.ined during intermittent mining of the deposit. Other rare-earth and thorium minemls such as monazite, gadollllit.e, euxenite, allanite, ltnd ehevkinite have b{'('n found in pegmatites in the Aquarius Cliffs arpa (Kauffman and ,Tafl'pe, 1!)4J); Galbraith and Brennan, 10!)!); and Heinrich, W(0) . •\. vcry large pe~J')lIatit.e mined for feldspar in the Cerhat. Hange ahollt. /) miles·north of Kingman (No. fi) contains allanite that is IO~'all'y ahun~lant. in the foot~ndl zoll,e of the deposit. A 1;>art.ial al:a]~sis oi- t.hls allallltr. showpd that. It, contallls '2.7 percent. thorIUm (IfemrlCh, 11160, p. 1()) . A pegmat.ite on the 1\fincral X claim (No.7) near Kin~na.n iR note worthy as IJeing one of the fmv localitir.8 in the Unit.f'll Stntr.s ill whieh the rl\rp yttrilim siliea.h', thalcllite, has been found (Galbraith and EXPLANATION Brpnnan, 1I);)!), V. 1m; I~ahst.~nc11Yoodh(?uRe, 1V(4):. . 6,9 A hlack nlllltiple OXide. mmcral, pORslbly euxPIllt.e, IS found 111 ROlltH .1 Occurrence In pegmat I te Occurrence in metamorphic pegmatiteR in granite ahout /) miles Routh of 13u('keye in 1\fari('opa or group of pegmat Ites rocks County (No. 1!l). This mineral is found as minute erystals aRsociatec1 .8 .13 with smoky qllart7" fpl(h:par, hiotitp, magnetite, and sparse xenotime. Occurrence in vein or Occurrence in recent or Hare-('arth-I>earing pegmatites han\ a.lso been found about. 8 mi Ips stockwork fo.. 11 placer southwest, of Buckeye. . 0 15 OtlIPr ppgmatites that reportedly eontain rare-e.ltrth. or t.horium Occurrence in concretions hl.'al'ing minerals haw heen found in 8m'eral localities in Arizona. (Numbers refer to locslltles listed In table 20 and dllcu..ed In text) Tlwse i!1<'11Hlp the Cottonwood C'r{'pk aJ'ea (No. /)), the Hillside and Qua.rtz MOlllltain claimR (No.4), RIHI t.he Signal dist.rict, (No. 10) in FIGURE 37.-Rare earths and thorium in Arizona. ~[oha"e COllllty; the Ppeplps Yallpy mine (No. U) ill Yantpai County; the Lignrht district. (No. ~1) in "limn ('ollnt.y; Papago 1YpllR (No, 2iJ) in Pima County; and tIl(' Lneky Strike elaim (No. 20) in Graham Count.y. 249 250 TABLE 20.-Rare-earth and thorium occurrences in Arizona tween a steeply dipping sh('ar 11l1d a peg-matit.£'. The thorium mineral, 1. Virgin Mountains 13. Chemehuevis district uranothorite, is found erratically scattered in this vein. 2. Black Mountain Trading Post 14. Peeples Valley mine Small amounts of thorium and rare ('arths 'are found in t.hree other 3. Blendlnll. claim 15. Diamond Butte areas. The Blendina claim (No.3) has spotty radioactivity along the 4. Hiilllide and Quartz Mountain claims 16. Wiilban~ prospect walls of a quart.z vein cutt.ing metamorphic roeks (Olson and Adams, 5. Cottonwood Creek area 17. Valcarce claim 6. Cerbat Range 18. Scott Lode l1Hl2, p. 2). Radioactivity is due to monazite. The, ",Villbnnks prospeet. 7. Mineral X claim 19. Buckeye area (No. Hi), Yavapai County, is on a fine-grained mafic dike t.hat. cuts 8. Uranium Basin 20. Lucky Strike claim It fine-grained g-ranite. Minor thorium is reported assoeiated with 9. Aquarius Cliffs 21. Llgurta district limonitp, hematite, and barite in this dike (Olson and Adams, 1D62, 10. Signal district 22. Quljotoa Mountains 11. Bechetti lease 23. Papago Wells p. 3). The Rcott Lode (No. 18) in Yuma County neal' the town of 12. Farview claims 24. San Xav~er Mission Quartzsite is on a half-mile-long qll11rt.z vein mlt.ting biotite schist.. Radioaetivity occms in several smnH areas in the schist within () feet Rare-ellrth minerals, most commonly m~Hl~zite., may occ~r .in con of the walls of the vein. Thorite was identifie<;1at. one of these areas. centrations in metamorphic rocks or Ill.blotIte-r.lCl~zones In ~gneous The amount of thorium is small, ho,,,ever, as a 4-foot chip SIU!lpll' rocks. One such deposit has been found III th!3 Vlrgm .M:o~llltallls e~ across the most radioaetive urea contained only 0.027 pereent thorll\m. of Mesquite, Nev. (No.1) where a layer III PrecambrIan gram~e Holocene and fossil placers are the principal source of rare-earth augen gneiss contains xenotime and monazite. A sample from tIllS thorium minerals in many pltrts of the world. In Arizona, how layer, which is 6 feet wide and has been traced along the outcrop for ('vcr, all known placers are small. Detrital monazite is found in crys 100 feet, is reported by E.•J. Young and P. K. Sims (1961, p. 274) to tals as mueh as 0.5 inch across in the Chemehuevis mining dist.rict contain 5 percent xenotime and 2 percent monazite. (No. 13), Mohave County. It. is sparsely scattered through stream Vein de;I?osits containing thorium and rare earths are known at gravels in an area of about 2 squar~ miles fOverstreet, 1967, p. 113). 11) eight localIties. The largest of these is the Bechetti lease (No. A second placer of Holocene age IS 11 mIles soutlm'est of the San where a northeast-trending limonite-hematite quartz vein contains Xavier Mission (No. 24) on the Cottonwood Ranch, J>imlt County. copper, rare-earth, and thorium minerals in fhis dike (Olson and H('l'e in an area at It·ast. s(weralmiles across, hlack sands in dry stream Adams, 1062, p. 3). The vein is 25 feet wide and 1,000 feet long. Oc heds are sliO"ht.ly radioaetiv(l. 'I'h(~ radioaet.ivity is dlle to small amounts currences of rare eal'ths and thorium are ermtic but selected samples of allanite~which occurs principally. wit~l q\ll\rtz. and magnetite a~d contained as much as 0.9 percent rare earths and 1.5 percent thorium. lesser amounts of sphene, apatite, dlOpslde, lnotlte, garnet., and zIr Four 8- to 9.5-foot chip samples contained betweffil 0.02 and 0.43 per con. In nort.henstern Arizona in two places 5 and 9 miles nort.h of cent thorium. the Black Mountain Trading Post (No.2) black sand laminae as About 4 miles south of the Bechetti lease are the Farview claims much as 6 inches thick are exposed in sandstone of the Toreva For (No. 12). Here a stockwork of mineralized fractures cuts green meta mat.ion (Murphy, 1956, p. 5). These lami.n~e are similar t~ the nlllch volcanics. This stockwork, which is 60 feet wide by at least 100 feet larg-e.\' titaniferous fOSSIl plaeers ()('eU\'\'IIlI! to the east., III western long, is filled with veinlets of quartz, limonite, hematite, siderite, New Mexico, whieh also contain minor monazite. . dolomite, magnetite, and small amounts of thorite. Radioactivity of One other occurrenee of rare earths in sedimentary roeks has be('n this stoekwork is variable, but a 3-foot sample cut across the most reported (Gastil! 1D54) neal: Diamond nutte in ?entral Arizona (No. radioactive part contained only 0.026 percent thorium. A second prob 15) where xenotnue occurs ll1 the outer part. of Ironstone concretIons able stockwork lies on the Valcarce claim (No. 17) near Cave Creek in the middle member of the DrippingSpring Quartzite. (Olson and Adams, 1962, p. 3). Here thorite was found in fin altered I\ron., 15 fe('t by 25 feet, in IHot.ite granite. OUTLOOK Veins containing rare-earth nnd thorium minerals replace t.he coun try rock in two areas. One of these is in the Quijotoa Mountains (No. The g('IH'l'al small si7.e and low g-rade o~ the known thorium and 22), Pima County (Pabst. and Thomssen, 1959; 'Williams, 1!)60) where rare-(larth deposits in Arizona, tog-ether WIth mueh larger rcsou:ces quartz monzonite adjacent to mafic dikPs has been changed to a rock and hiO"her-O"ra(le unworkcd deposits in ot.her parts of the TTllIted made up mainly of albite with considerable epidote. The rare-earth Rtat('s,~ug-g~st. that little if any will be produced in the neal' future and thorium-bearing mineral, davidite, ~ssociated with sphene, cal unless larg-er and higher-g-rade del?osits are disc.overed. .. cite, chlorite, quartz, magnetite, fluorite, rutile, and anatase, is found AHhouO"h not. all rarc-('arth mmcrals contam suffiCient. thormm or locally in 11, zone 1 to 4 feet thick and about 100 feet Iong-. The, thoriu!,!l 1l1'animu to be appreciably radioactive, radioactivit.y i~ still a m~)st. content of the davidite is low, and a 4-foot long sample of the vem vnluahle O"uidc to the dis('O\'N'Y of rnre-earth and thOI'IUlll cl('l)OsltS. contained only 0.006 percent thorium. Allanite, a complex silicat~ con Deposits in layered metamorpllic r?cl~s, such I~S in thp; Virg-in. l\foun taining rare earths, makes un 2 to 40 percent of another geologICally tains (No.1), could he of eeonomJe mter('st If ~UffiC.H'lltly rwh an.c1 (No~ similar deposit in the area. On the Uranium Basin elaims 8) in extensive, and they may be present but unrecogmzed 111 metamorphIC Mohave County, granite has been replaced in a 25-foot interval be- 251 252 terrane elsewhere in the State. These deposits are best found and ex Silver has a long history of use and probably was one of the first plored with the aid of radiation detecting eqnipment as they are apt me.tals worked by man-artifacts of silver have been found at archeo to be otherwise indistinguishable from surrounding rocks. logicnI sites in Asia Minor dating from ~ooo to 2500 B.C. (H.yan, 1965, p. 810). Because it is easily worked into attractive forms, one of t.he SELEOTED REFERENOES early uses for silver was in the fabrication of items of personal jewelry Baroeh, C. T., 11)66, Thorium, in Minerals Yearbook, 1005, Volume I: U.S. Bur. and objects of art, such as chalices and candelabra. This nsc persist.s Mines, p. 917-922. t.o the present, and considerable quantities of silver are still used in Chemical and I~ngineering News, 1965, Rare earths: Chern. and Eng. News, v. 43, silver plate, flatware, and jewelry. no. 19, p. 78--92. -- IH67. Rare earth industry still expanding: Chern. and Eng. News, v. 45, Silver also hns served as a base for monetary systems since early no. 25, p. 46-48. in its history. The Greeks nsed silver obtained from islands in the Evans, J. R., 11l66, California's Mountain Pass mine now producing europium Aegean Sen, for coinage in about 700 B.C., and the power and prestige oxide: California Div. Mines and Geology, Mineral Inf. Service, v. 18, no. 2, of t.he city-state of Athens can in part be attrilmt.ed to the wealth p.23-32. Galbraith, F. 'V., 3d, and Brennan, D.•J., 1059. l\HneralRof Arizona, 3d ed., rev. : garnered from the silver mines of Lanrium during the fifth century Arizona Univ. (Tucson) Bul!.. v. 30, no. 2, 116 p. B.C. (Rickard, H):~2, p. ~M, 3(7). 'With the rise of the Roman Empire, GasUl, G. R., 11l:>4, An occurrence of authigenic xenotime: Jour. Sed. Petrology, that. nation also established silver as a monetary base and it has been v.24,no.4,p.280-281. important ever since, both for coinage, and ns a backing for paper Heinrich, E. W., 1!J60, Some rare-earth mineral (lepositR in Mohave County, currency. In ID34 the United States WIthdrew gold coinage from circu Arizona: Arizona Bur. l\Iines, Min. Technology ser. lIO. 51, Bull. 167, 22 p. Kauffmlln, A.•J., Jr., and Jaffee. H. W., 1940, Chevkillite (tscheffkinite) from lation and stopppd its monetltl"Y use In domestic financial affairs. Arizona: Amer. l\Hneralogist, ·v. 31, p. ti82-tiRR. Silver was retained as t.he basis for it.s monetary system. As a part of Murphy, .J. F., HmO, Preliminary report on titanium-bearing sandstone in the San this net,. a gnaranteed Trl'asllry price for domestic mined silver ltlso was .Tulin BaRin and adjacent arpas in Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico: U.S. est.ablished. As a result of this action and because the guarantRed price Geol. Slln'ey open-file rplJort. Ol~on, .J. n. and Adams, .J. W.• 1062, Thorium and rare earths in the TTnited was higher than t.he world price, the Treasury became the II1ltjor pur States exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii: U.S. GeoI. Survey Mineral Inv. Re c'haser of domestie silver, and this situation prevailed until 1!)n8. As a sources Map l\IR-28. consequence, large stocks of silver in excess of monetary requirements Olson, .J. C., Rhawe, D. R., Pray, L. C., and Sharp, 'V. N., 1054, Rare-earth mineral were built up. . d£>posits of the Mountain Pass district, San B£>rnardino County, California: U.R. G£>oI. Survey Prof. Paper 261. 75 p. In addition to its use·afl a monetary metal, silver has many impol'lt.ant. OverRtrel't. "r. C., 11l67. The geologic occurrence of monazite: U.S. G£>oI. Survey industrial applications. In 1D6n, industrial consumption in the Unit.ed ,Prof. Paper :130. 327 p. St.a.tes was 1~7 million ounces (U.S. Hill'. Mines, 1V67, p. 352). The use Pahst. Adolph, and 'YoodhoURe. C. D., 11)64, Thal£>nite from Kingman, Arizona was distributed approximately as follows: 30 percent in the forll1 of [abs.] : GeoI. Soc. Anwrica, Special Paper 82, p. 200. Pahst, Adolph. and Thomss£>n, R. W.. 11)59. Davidite from the Quijotoa l\Iountains, silver salts int.he manufacture of photographie materials, 25 percent in Pima County, Arizona [abs.J: GeoI. Soc. America BUll., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, the electronic and electrical industries, ]2 pereent in silver solders and p.1739. . brazing alloys, ] I) percent in the manufact11l'e of suc.h items as batteries, U.S. Bur£>au of Mines, 1905, Rare-earth elements, in l\Iineral Trade Notes: U.S. mirrors, missiles, n,nd medicnJ and dental supplie.c;, and t.he remaining Bur. Mines, v. 60, no. 3, p. 22-23. Williams, R. A., 1960, A n£>w occurr£>nce of allanite in the Quijotoa Mountains, ] 8 percent in the nrts for such thing-s ns jewelry and silverware (Eng-. Pima County, Arizona: Arizona GeoI. Soc. Digpst, v. 3, p. 47-51. Mining ,Tom., 1!)f)f). Young. E. ,T.• and Rims. P. K., 1961. P£>trogrnphy and origin of x£>notime and In t.he years following 'lVorld 'War II, indufltrial consumption has mOTlazlte conc£>ntrations, Central City diRtrlct, Colorado: U.S. Geo!. Surv£>y steadily increased and the world price has inrt:eased apace. In 1!)1)8, Bull. 1032-F, p. 273-297. when the world price reae-hed the guarlUlteed Treasury pric~, t.he excess Treasury stocks were offered for sa.le, ann by 1!)fl1 stocks 111 exress of SILVER monetary requirements had been exhausted and it waH nee-essary to stop (By Rkhard T. Moore and Georg£> H. RoS('veare, Arizona Bureau of Mines. fnrtJler sa.}rB. In the meantime, the consnmption of silver in coins was Tucson, Ariz.) also increasing, pa.rtly tllrough the inereased use of vending machines. A comr.arison of production with monetary aml industrial consump PnOPERTIF.S, U RE, AND MARKET CONDITIONS t.ion of sJIver in the United Rtates for the ]!)1J!)-(J7 period (n.R. Hm. :Mines, 1958-67, ] !)68) is shown in fignre 38. Ohvionsly, domestic pro Siker is a very dnctile and malh'able metal having a high specific onct.ion hns not lwarly kept pnre with demand, and in rec·rllt. years it gra,·it.y (10.1) ann the capability of being polished to a high. luster. hns been necessnry to import large cllJllntities of si!vrr. Important. Ot.hPl'· physicaI properties of impo~t~nce to indust~i.al users meh~de sonrces a.nd percrntage of imports dnrillL! the ]f)f)3-(i() prriOfI "-P1'l~ high electrical ann thennal comluctlVlty and the ahlhty to alloy With Canada (33 percent), Peru (21 percent), Mexico (17 percent), Repnb other metals to form strong, high-temperature solders and brazing lie of South Africa. (7 percent), and approximately 24 otlwr rOllntl'ies metals. (22 percent) (U.S. Bur. Mines, 1968; Ryan, 1965, p. 815). In lD65, 253 254 ot ably have not accounted for more than 8 percent of the silver produced Data from (I) Minerals Yearbook, < in J\rizona in any. sing-Ie ye?-r. annual volumes for the years 1955-66 (U. S. Bur. Mines, 195B-67) SIlver productIOn m Arlzonrr, however, has not alwrrys been depend and (2) Commodity Data Summaries, ~nt upon base-metrrl mining. "BonanZlt" silver deposits had as much for the year 1967 (U. S. Bur. Mi ne s, 400 196B, p. 1311) mfluence upon the errrly development of Arizonrr as did crold and during t.he 1878-91 period, the value of silver produced exce~ded that (J) w of gold by more than $28.9 I!lillion (Elsing and Heineman, 1936, p. u z 14). As early as 1530 Spa1llsh explorers trekked northward from ;:) Mexico into what is now Arizona in serrrch of silver aud gold which 0 300 were reported to occur in rrbundrrnce 'in the Seven Cities of Cibolrr. >- repo~s 0 According to most (e.g. Anderson. and Crerrsey, 1958, p. 85), 0: I- however, It WllS not unbl1583 that Alltolllo de Espejo made the first u.. discovery of silver ore in Arizonrr near the headwaters of the Verde 0 200 River, probrrbly rrt what wrrs to be the future site of the United Verde (J) b.ase-Jl?etal Jl?ine. During the su?ceeding 1~5 years, Spanish expedi z tIons mtermlttently penetrated mto what IS now Arizona but little Q ...J is recor~ed concerning their mineral discoveries rrnd only what can ...J be consl.dered legends hrrve been passed down concerning these i 100 explorabons. According to an unpublished mrrnuscript by J. B. Tenney from ,~hich the f~llowing .histor~crrl sketch lrrrgely hrrs been rrbst~llCted, I adre EusebIO FranCISCo Kmo, who for 30 yerrrs had been active in ~:he development of the Pa,pago Country, mentioned in his writings 10 Q) (J) (\/ 10 lD m 1795 ~he mining of rich silver .ores, 'yhich were probably from 10 10 10 lD lD lD lD (J) (J) depOSIts m the Santa Rl'ta Mouutams. "Vlth the exception however of .the c!i;>C0very of the famous Bolas de Plrrta silver deposit at YEARS f\rlzonac. III north.ern Son~r~, !n 173~, little mining act~vity occurred III the ArIzona l'~g!on and VICllllty nntl11825; the emphasls was on agri }I'muRE 38.-Production and ('ousumption of silver in the United States, 1955-67. ct~1t~ralrr!1d relIgIOUS development under the influence of the Spanish mlSSlOnal'les. Congress, in nn attempt. to alleviate the critical silver shortage, passed The yerrr 1825 marked the entrance of the first American scouts into legislaHon drastically reducing the silver ('ontent, of onr coins. The J\-rizona and th~ beginning ~f an em of intense prospecting for 1'>re l'psn1ts of this aetion arc dearly shown in figure a8. In spite of t:hese CIOUS motals wInch lasted untIl the early 1900's. On the basis of reports efl'or:ts to relieve the siln~r shortage, however, U.S. consumption in 1967 that filtered out of the territory telling of the occurrence of rich was st.iIlmore than six times as great as produetion. mineral deposits, men such as the Pattee brothers rrnd Paulene Wrerrver enter~d rrnd prospected the northern prrrt of the region, rrnd in 1848 . :Most domestic s~1 \'er is produeed as It byproduct of ba,se-metal mining AmerICan troops under the ~ommand of Kearney were garrisoned in III the 'Vestem States and, cOJlsequently, ,the qnantlty produced is dependent upon base-metal requirements and is not. particularly the southern part of the terrItory where many of the soldiers actively responsive to the demand for silver, as shown in n!,rtlre 38. engaged in searching for precious metals. In 1854 Charles Poston began prospeet.ing for gold and silver near Tubac and in 1856 the Santa Rit!\' si~ver miJ!e was ,opened in that area. As prospectors entered the PRODUOTION AND HISTORY !'cglOn m ever ll~creasmg llUJ~bers, the tempo of exploration increased :\rizona, wit.h eight of the twenty-five leading silver producing m the Santa Rltrr, Patagoma, and Cerro Colorado Mountrrins' the m111(1S in t.he Nat.ion in 19(i(i, has ranked second or third amOlW the Mowry lead-silver mille in the Patagouirr Mountrrins was discover~d in state;s in.the p.roduct.ion of silver since 1958, and the pattern otpro 18.58, and by 1859 the Heintzelmrrn mine in the Cerro Colorado Moun ~uctIon III ArIzona III recent years demonstrates the dependence o'f tlllns l.lrrd been discovered .rrnd was yielding rich silver ore. SIlver upon hase-metal product.ion. Since 1950, over 90 percent of the Dnrmg' t.he 18(i1-71 perIOd, Federal trool>S were withdrawn be silver produc{'d in the State has been as rr byprodud of copper (80 cause of .tl!e Civil 'Val', and increased raiding by hostile Indians percent), lead-zinc (10 percent), and complex copper-leac1-zinc (4-5 cansed ml11111g to almost. cease. Typical of this period. the entire stair percent) ores. In the past 20 years siliceous gold and silver ores prob- of the Santa Ritrr mine, 'with the sole exc.eption of RaI>hael Pumpelly, 255 256 SILVER PROOUCTION (MILLIONS OF OUNCES) who narrowly eseaped, was massaered. The raids eontinued until 1871, Of (It ...., (Q when Federal troops were again permanently stationed in the region IB70. ( and afforded the miners and settlers a measure of protection. I Between 1871 and 1878 many of Arizona's bonanza silver deposits were discovered. III 1874 Globe became all important silver eamp, the ~ ~-. Richmond Basin district north of Globe was opened, and the Mc ~ ------Craeken silver mine in the Owells district, Mohave Count.y, was dis IBBO covered. The Silver King mine was located by Mason and Copeland in 1875 and in the same year the first claim was staked on the Magma vein, then known as the Silver Queen. In 1876 the United Verde ore body was discovered, or perhaps rediscovered, by M. A. Ruffner, and t.he rich lodes in the 'Wallapal district, Mohave Count.y, which were first worked in 1864, were major silver producers. Also in 1876, Lieu tenant Rucker and an army scout, '\Vi11iam Dunn, of Fod. Huachuca, made the first. location in the Hisbee district on silver-rich iron crop pings along the Dividend fault-although copper was known to be 1900 present in the district., it was of little interest at thattime. By 187l) silver was established as the major metal in Arizona. Tombstone, which had been discovered by Ed Schieffelin during the previous year, was a robust. mining camp and for the next 12 years the bonanza silver deposits were the sites of booming mining communi ties. In 1882 over 5.8 million ounces of silver, more than t.1uit produced in any previous year, was mined (Elsing and Heineman, 1936, p. 15). Accorchng to .J. B. Tenney (unpub. ms.) the Richmond Basin district produced over $il.5 million worth of silver between 1878 and 1893, and, in 1887 the Reyme.rt mine, near Superior, produced 22,827 ounces ofsilver from 849 tons of ore (Blauvelt., 1889). In 1893 silver was demonetized and prospectors turned their atten tion to gold. During the next few ~ears the rich silver deposits played out, and after 1903 the bulk of ArIzona's silver production came from base-metal orcs, principally the large disseminated eopper deposits. Siliceous gold-silver ore, and lead-zinc ore alternated in second place for a number of years, but the siliceous ores have not been important sources ofsilver since 1950. In 1916 Arizona's silver production amounted to 7.2 million ounces and exceeded the previous record high, made in 1882, by 1.4 million ounces. Annual production since 1916 has ranged between 2.1 million and 9.4 million ounces (see fig. 39). Total production for the 1850 1950 l!)()7 period is e.c:;timated to be about 397 million ounces, valued at $324 million (Elsing and Heineman, 1936; U.S. Bur. Mines 1935-67: Lar < 1> son and Henkes, 19(8). r c: TYPES OF DEpOSITS '" ..... Silver has been produced in Arizona from deposits in 60 mining dis PRICE ~ PER OUNCE trictsl or groups of districts, as shown in figure 40, and a brief geologic deSCrIption of each is given in ta:ble 21. These deposits can be grouped I I o ~ ~ § geologically into three main classes: (1) siliceous vein depOSIts, with I970J---'!''----l'---;'----!--'--\---4---t---4---+-- ~ ~ ~ or without base-metal sulfides, (2) high-grade sulfide deposits, earry VALUE (MILLIONS OF OOLLARS) ing principally either lead, zinc, or copper wit.h silver as an accessory metal, and (H) low-grade disseminnted copper deposits, in which FIGURE 39.-Arizona silver production, 1870-1966. silver occurs as a t.race metal but from which It is economically recov erable, because of the largetonnages of ore treated. 258 -"--",,,""",-;110· TABLE 21.-8ilver Districts in Alrizona o l,~ I '~ Principal silver Locdity producing mines, date References to No. in County and of d1acovery( ), and Mode of occurrence morl(! of l HR. 40 district yea;~o~~c~~~:~~Pal occurrence o '", Cochhe r Bisbee Nunerous mines Early production from oxidized Hogue and \li18on, (Warren) (1876), ailver zone of sil1ceoua fissure 1950, Rans01lle, production 0.5 veina in the Dividend fault 1904. u to 3 milUon zone. Veins contained silver oz.. per year chloride, native ,old and sil dnce 1905. ver, and lome bale-metal oxide minerals. More recent pro "'0" duction u byproduct from mu live copper lulfide replace ....'" ~ ment badin localized along fault And fracture zonn in Paleozoic ltmelltone, and fro. the db.eminated copper por phyry of the Sacramento and Lavender ore bodies. Huachuca ManU. (Panama) Argentlferous, lead-zinc and WUson, 1951a. (Hartford) (c& 1865) 1924-28. lead-copper 8ulfide replace State of Texas, ment deposUe in Paleozoic 1943-47. limeatone, alon8 eaat- and Araahtiee, 1940-45, northeaat-trendina faulte 1948-49. and fractures. Tombstone Num.roUB mines Silver-lead-copper sulfide re Butler and (1877). 1879-86. placement bodies donR narth-' othen. 1938. Steady production eaat fissures in Paleozoic and (100,000-200,000 Heliozoic limestone and Lara oz. per year), mide-aBe dikes. Anticlinal 1887-1940. More rolls in favorable. has t rocka recent production acted as local traps for .poradic. Illneral-bearing solutions. Silver haUdes IDlportant in the oxidized. near-surface "bonanzall deposita. Turquobe Silver R111., Tom Irregularly shaped eilver-lead Wilson, 1927. (Courtland Scott, Hystery, and rerlaeelllent bodies along Gleuon) Ileftance, (877) I fractures and mlnor fnul ts in 1883-93. Steady, Nnco I.1ruestone. lIigh silver moderate product values restricted to oxidized ion, 1893-1926. zone, mofltly in cerargyrlte More recent pro (sUver chloride), posEJibly Iluction flpor.die. derived from oxidation of ,. arRentiferouB galena. o Swisshelm Swisshelm (ca 1880), Siliceous gold-silver-lead de Galbraith and 1918-21, 1944,53. posits in fissure veine and Loring, 1951. Four Hone, 1921 replaceruents, and lead-silver 29. Scheerer sulfide replacement deposits EXPLANATION (troup. 1924-26. in Naco Limestone along northeaat- and northwest Production in mi 11 ions of troy ounces trending fnctures. Larger and better-grade deposita ~'7 occur iumediately above a diorite porphyry sill. More than 50 10 to 25 Pearce COlJlmOnwealth (l89S) , Siliceous Mold-.iIver ore in Ariz. Bur. Hino!oa .' 1895-1929. fissure veins and narrow re- fUe data. ()3 18)47 placement hodies in Tertiary 25 to 50 to 10 andesite and rhyolite breccia. 0 10 California Paradiae (ca 1875), I.ead-sUver and lead-copper 00. Less than (Chidcahu.) 1880-82., 1904-06. silver replacement deposits in lIilltop, 192"..28, irregular Inaases associated (Numbers refer to districts I ;sted in table 21and mentioned In text) 1952-53. with monzonitic to dior! tic dikes intrusive into Paleo zoic limestone. Locally, pipes FIGURE 40.-Silver in Arizona. or chilllOeya of 11\888 ive sul fides, 1 to 6 feet in diameter, follow fractures outward from the dikes in the liDlel!l tone a. much a8 50 feet. 259 260 TABLE 21.-Silver Districts in Arizona-Continued TABLE 21.-Silver Districts in Arizona-Continued Pdndpal .Uver Prine1pal 1111 ver Loe.Itt,. productD. II'l1nu, dau Referencea to Locality produe1nR 'II'linea, date References to No. In Count, and of dhc.overy( >. and Hode of oc-currenee IBOde of No. in County and of dheove.ry( ), anti Hode of occurrence lIlode of fi«. 40 dhtrlet "1!·;;o:~c:~~:~}Pal occurrence fiR. 40 dbtrlct YU;~o:~c~~~:~}Pal occurrence Cochbe-Con GUh"Ull tfnued 15 Aravdpa Head Center, Grand Vdn depolliU cOMht ofr (1) Sbon., 1964, Do. C.bez.. Co""t (1890), 1890 QwIru vdn8 contalntnlt ....11 WUaon and Reef, Grand Centul. quartz: with lead and zinc 8ul p. 125. (Tevhton) 91. Hueot, 1908 concentratlontl of Roid and othera, 1934, Iron Cap, Arbona fide. alon~ low-dlpp!nl f8ulta 28. aUver ••aociated vith hue p. 111-121; (ea 1810), 1915-31, that cOfl1ll.only have libeatone aet.l aulfidea, end contaet ArilE. Bur• 1941, 1941-51. In one or both walt.; (2) • eta-arphic e.opper l!Iu1flde re Hinn file quartz-epeeu1flrite-fluorite plaUNDt badin In Pahozoic data. aulUde depoatu a1on~ IlIteeph li.atone adjacrnt to diorite dipp1ns: breccia reeh; and porphyry diku which intrude (3) narrow quaru .u!flde fia the Uautone alon~ a lEone of aure veIna that fill faulta law-anile f.ultinl. and brecciated fBult zone. in volcanic rocke. Cocbt-e RepubUc-Cop".r ztnc-copper-.Uver .nd lead cooper, 1950. (John.on) Chlef-Ma-.oth aUver .tneraIe In both tabu Greenlee (1881), 1905-28, lar and pipelike replacement 1944-63. PoobO TABLE 21.-Silver Districts in. Arizona-Continued TABLE 21.-Silver Districts in Arizona-Continued Principal dIver frincipal a1lver LouUty productnR fIIlnea, date R.eferencell to Locality producing lIlinu, date Referencea to No. In CountY' And of dhcovery ( ). and Hode DC occurrence lIode of No. in County .nd of dhcovery ( ), .nal Hade of occurrence InOde of 111. 40 diatrict yean of prtnc}pal occurrence f1~. 40 dhtrlct yun of principal occurrence production.! production.!..1 Mohave-Contin Pi..--Continued ued )l Baboquivari Allhon, Iowan, Gold Sil1ceoua aold-.11ver f"aure WH.on and otheu, 22 San Fu.nctaco United F../Iau.t"1l, Tn.. Stltceoua Inld ft.-ure vetns ~naolfte, 1923: Unl (c. 1890). ve1u in l.ln.etanorpho.ed to 1934, p. 180. (OatNn) Reed, Cold Road ellrry low .Uver vlll1uu. \oIllaon and 1895-1J8, InterDli t .chhtoae Cretaceou.(?) ahale, (ea 1860), 1903-4) Vein- _trike north1Jeaterly, otheu, 193ft, tent dnce ~1)28. con8lo.-erlte, Mnd quartzite dip between bn dellreee and p. 80-100. vertical and cut Tertiary Jntrucled bv dJkea of Jl;nnlte volCAnic rocka. and diorite porphyry. Vein. dip froa 15 to 90 de8reea. 2) Katherine tc..thel'1ne (1900). S111c.o~ lold-.1lvlt-r atf'1nfler Wilaon and II1Rh-Rude dIver occur. in 1900-30. ve.lnl, tn a .one bO feet wide, othere, 19)4, area. containing ahundant 1ft80Rane.e and iron oxJdel. cut Jl:ranUe. Zone .trike. N. p. 101-108. 60· r.. and dip. about vuti Artvaca Cerro Colorado caUy. 32 Lead-.ilver .nd copper-.Uver Arh. Bur. Hine. Cerro 26 Ajo Hew Comella (A1o) SUver produced .. byproduct of Cll1ul" 1946. 35 lIelvetia NarraRan.ett, Copper Contact .etUlorphlc copper de Creoaey .nd (ea 1850), 1924-61. copper .intol in dhae.inated World, Roaeaont poaite in Paleozoic 11l1lelltone. Quick; 1955. copper porphyry tn quart. MOn and Hohawk, Silver Chalcopyrite .nd pyrite prin I:ODttl. Spur (ca 1860). cipal .etalUferou8 alnerah: 1680-89, 1899-1929. azurite, ••hchite, cuprite, 21 Gundaht Cunallht (1818), Oxidiud had-ather ainerala in Ariz. Bur. Hinee and chde.nthite occur in the 1881-84. • UinoUl veina in aunite. Hie data • oxide cone. Velna atrike N. 20·-30· E. and dip 50·-60· IN. Pinal Creany _ 1950a. 28 Coh3hl Several alll.all pro Stlver..tead-lIold aineut. ln fh Do. 36 KalllDloth St. Anthony (Ha!llJlOth), Early production from Ha..oth and duceu (ea 1850). lure veln.. in Jl:ranite and ande San H.Ilnuel Uti79) , Col11n. vein.. oxtdhed upper 1961, 1961. tnteniUeDt. aite flow•• 19)5-47, 1956-61. part of velna contained Kold aUver and leBd-vanadate 29 SUver Bell hlperhl, [1 Tiro, Stlver a. an acceellory lIlneral in RIch.rd and aolybdate .tnerah in a 8an8ue Silver 8ell (1865), copper and copper-zinc tactlte Courtrlaht, of quart:t, chlorite, Ipec.ular ite. b.rite, aod fluorite. Ore 1904-29, 1941-48, replacement depo.lta In 11_ 19~4. 1954-61. atone. Early productIon frc. lDinerali in unoxldized lover oxidiZed parta, later produc p.rt of vein. Include 8alena, tion fro. auHide and enriched Iphalerite. and chalcopyrite. aulftde parte of the replace Sllver Ipparently in R.Illena. IDl!!nt hodlea. Production alnce Recent production ...in1y from 19$4 principally fro. 1aw-sude di...eainated copper porphyry db.eabated copper depoai t. in of the Siln Hanuel are hody. ..nlonite Intru.iv••• ]() Sierrita Sun.hlne, Banner (el Arlentiferoua ~alen. in Uuure Ariz. Bur. Hine. (PapIlRo) 1855), 1885-92, vein. In and near contact of file data. 1929-30. 1bantone with andeaite and Irauite. 263 264 TABLE 21.-8ilver Di8trict8 in Arizona-Continued TABLE 21.-8ilver District8 in Arizona--Continued rrtndpal dIver... Prtndp"l .Uver LocaUty produdnR llII.lne8, fiau Referencea to Locality producing mine., date References to County lind Nn. in founty and of dhcoverv( ). ,lind Hode of occurrence lIIode of No. in of dlscovety( ), and Hode of occurrence mode of dhtrict fiR_ 40 rlhtrtet 1·1l;:o~~c:~~~~}Pal occurrenr:e f1~. 40 yell;:o~~c~~~~~}pA1 occurrenc:e rtnnl__rnnttn_ Sl'lntll Crur- oed Continued 37 SllIddle Htn. Ad.1U!tt. S"drlle Ar~f!nt Herou. lIl.hna 1n II Ranp;Uf! Rollt, 192). Hount"", Uttle or qUArt.. , hartte, and ealcLte 43 Numeroua mineR t.end-l!Iilver fhsurI! veIns In Schrader, 1915, TnlUlun (ell ]ft75), In ft••ure ve Inll thnt c:ut Cre (l85a), lntendt P.deozoic ftedilllentAry rock. p. 292-J48. 1922-27, 1933-37. t.C:~OU!l 'mc1e1llte. Vein II tent. 1858-P)67. And In Hnoz-olc intrusive SB\All and intermit strike from ust to N. J5° F.., HfNry mIne probllhly Tock9. ContAct-metlunorphic de~rt!t!S. tent dncl! 19)7. and dip ho. 60 to qO the MSt nouble. depolllf t. occur In the "'8lJhin~- ton Carnp-Ou'1uesne port or the 38 Hineral Creek Ray Sllve:r-Lf!Ad (CII LeAd-iii her· odde on ln Huun Arh. Hlnlnl .Jour. dfstrict. 1870), 1917-30. vdn!l snd ehll11ney. lOC:IIlhed 191Ai RansOlle, hy. 1911-67. IIlonB fractures ln limestone. 1919. 44 P.lIlllletto Three-R, ftull1on, Siliceous Ar'ttentHerou8 lead ore Schuder, 1915, HaJor produdlon .1nct! 1911 .. Palmetto (1879), oceun in fissure veins in p. 279-292. byproduct (rom to"'"'Rude dh intermittent, 1909 quartz monr:onite, nnd r:opper ae.dnateft c:opper depoll1t. 30. mlnerah, \lith minor llIilver, occur in .tockworks In shl!tU:r 39 Pioneer Silver J:.tn~ (t81]) , At Nllver l(fn. ort': IIIheut. are Blake, 1883; zonefll in ~ran1te porphyry, 1875-89. 19n-W. tn ••tocltvorlt of qUllnl- veln Bhuvelt, 1889; Rf!)'1IM!rt, tntet'1llt leU In "Hered porphyry and Short and 45 Oro Dlnnco HontAnA (IRn), 1909 Cold and dIver vith bBlle-Mtal F'ovler, 1951. tent. 1881-]9JO. Sneludf! IItrOIlPyerite, tetra othen, 1?4J: 18, 1928-30. 1934 lIulfides in t'luart:r: R"nRue fill HJo".., 1914-67. hedTite, Illlhnll, Itnd .phltler WUaon, 1S-SO • 49. £inure veins that cut diorite lte; native dIver OC:CUflt ftnd conRlonerllte. Principal In the oxffle lone. The H"1II11.1 Yein, .trike eaftterly And dip depo.lt c:on.hte of rpI'Jace .bout ~OO n. "'ent hodle. of IIr~entlhrou" e-~ehl b•• .ulfide••lon8 the Yavapai Hap;t118 and Koerner fBuit :tone. "hh:h cut Plnd Schlet, dla 46 Tip Top TIp Top (1875), !Hlver-Rold-qun.rtz fblJure vdn Llndltrtm, 1926, blt.I!, And Palf'orole 11.~ 1875-83, 1934-40. cut" «unite nnd pef!1'lntlte. p. 181. etone. nil! Re)'1llert h a rrindgal vein strike,. !t. Uuun Ydn that cute rind 500 _60 E, And dips 6.5 0 _700 ~chlet. The veln ..ter1al NU. neloW' the oxtdi7.erl r:one, con" leu of horn d lver, ore IlIinera19 Include BPhaler- Ialen., and .n~le"te In ite, bornite, and ~IIlena. qUArtz ."hlue. reck, Crown Kinp;, !HUceoul .Uver-~old fh"ure LJndRt'en, 1926, 40 Cu. Grande Vekol, Grut r..etern At the 'ekol Ind Cnat r...hrn, Tenn!!" 1934. ',7 Pine Grove veins cut Rrnnodiodte lind p. 160-176. (1879), 1882-?3. lecondarU, enriched, lueltU Tlger-reck r.uke!l. Swastika, 1'15-16. Jock tar rephc::ftM!nt hodlu oceur Brad!IJhav TIRe< (1875), 1875 Ynv:tT'lai Schist. Vetn sveteIM 85. 190J-Z4, 1934 trend N. 100_JOo J::., dll' R:l'lbbtt, Orlnb". et the IntenecUfJIlli of north ton~e Silver Red. 18R3, to nnrthW'eat-trendSnR hul ta 54. fiOu_n° W., And fro," ~ lCJnO-lO, 1923-25. And fracturell with hvonf,le d few Inehn to feet ,",ide. JIIIhll1, r:one. tn. renn"vlvltnhn BA8e-metnl 5ulfitfu occur belO11 lllllutonl!. Ore .lneull in the oJdtfized zone. durf. horn diver, IIr"entHe, lind IIUver-beartnllt tetuhed 48 Alack Canyon Several 811'I811 minn NUl'!lerouft flat-dlppInlt veins which Undgren, 1926, rite. At the JAck RAhhit, (co 1900). 1909-Il, contllin ~old nnd ftilver in n p. 152-159. Orhabll, lind ~tJver lle"f, 1918-24, 1934-49. '1uJtrtz Rllnguc, cut ~t'dnite nnd Ittlver lind ]elld-filllver .,,In''' YJtvapll1 Schist. Veln" motte eral. nccur In nllrrnw re frOIll a rev inchel' to JO feet phcelllent f,odle ... lind in fie", vtde, and locally contain con- flurf' velne wlth quaru lIt"nRue centrations of copper 1'1011 lelld In faulu lind (fllcturu that sulfide•• cut l1rn~"tonl!, Rrllnlte "or ph,rr, linII , lit the ::>Ilver 4? 8inghampton, Stoddllt'll Refllllc:e~nt INlIlBU or qunrtz, LindRren, 1926, Reef, volcanic nova. (co 1900). 1916-19. chalcopyrite, nnd tetrahedrite p. 146-149. in YaYAI'd Schilllt. SanU Cruz 50 nhck IUlts YReRl!C (1890), prior Rornlte, tennntite, cltlcite, :lhd Undftren, 1926, 41 Tyndlltl SIIlero (ell 1700), Ar«f'ntUeroult ~... 1t.'nll aceun In Schrader, 1915, to 1910. qUArtr: occur 1n It fls"urr.. vein p. 97-102. lA80. Hontou, l1uArtz-h"rite ~lInlitue In f1l p. 180-220. tn .ch1:t. Veln lItrlku e.'lIt~ 1902-04, "ander lure vein. that cut {,",eoull dip. 35 5., and hns ;t maximum inB .r~. IlJ17. rockl. Copper-.Uver are "idth of about 7 feet. occura In (h"ure velnll in 18"eOlJ. rock_ and 1111 contar:t 51 Verde (Jerome) United Verde, tr.V.X. ("..old lind dIver in mAssive, iron, Andenon, and ml!ulI'lOrphic nplar:etnent de (1582). 1883-1952. copper, lend, nnd zinc sllHlde Crulley, 1958. POilU", principally tn Palen deroll1ts in schht. (!lee zoic 1 linntone. "Copper") • 42 lIauhftv Numeroull _lnes (eA E88enth.lly ItIUft4! all In Tyndall Schrader, 1915, 52 5t1ver nelt (1867), F:llrly production from Nlny, Cre8lley, 1 qSOb; 1850). tnte""ittent dhttict (No. 41) eJlr:ept not p. 245-279. 1870-RO. Hcr.Ahe fdrl, "lllIll, hllth-Ilulle rfe Ltnd~ren, 192h, 1858-1967. able c:opper-.Uver replAce Gladstone, 1898 posits In the enriched oxidized p. 126-145. ment bodh. are found aha in 191J. tHue Rell, zone" of dl1ceou" (inure rhyolitic to Ilndefl1t1c rocks. 1896-1lJ2fi. Iron velnll snd lenticular repbce Kinlt, 1906-07, 1qUo. ment bodle.. rroduction since 21. 1938-67. 1906 principally II byproduct frofll ausive dnc-lead sulfide ore that occurred in veins and replaceaent bodies at the Iron Kina _ine. 265 266 TABLE 2l.-Silver Districts in Arizona-Continued TABLE 21.-Silver Districts in Arizona-Continued Priac1pd 811ver Princ:1p"l ftt lver productn~ Loc.Ut, producing Iline' date Reference. to Locality mines, tlate Re(errnces to County and t County and of dhcovery( ), .an,1 Hade of occurrence Plode of No. ta. of dllcovery ( ). and Hode of occurrence .ade of No. io fl,. 40 dlltrlet y.an of prtnc1ral occurrence ft., 40 dhtrlct yeAn of prinetpa1 production.!.1 rrol1uctton.J.! YUIl&&--Contlnued 59 Sllver Silver CUp, Red ArRentlferous Ratens, cerargy- Wihon, 193J, (Eur~k.) 53 Walker . Sheldon, Aaulet. War SHver, ,old, and b...-..eUl UDdsren, 1926, eloud, Black. Rock, rite, and oxidhed minerals of p. Sl-J2; 1951c. Turke, Ealh, HOI'••n lulftdu In .Uky, locally p. 109-113, Silver Plurae (ca Iron, lead, Rnd zinc occur in cnek. (1872), 1872-1930. YUBay. quartz sangue that 149-152. 1860), 1860-89, a caldte-fluortte-quart:r- fllled U ..ure veln. In achht 1941, 1947-49. barite BanRue that filb fh- and anehalc Junite. Ruby lure vpins in steeplY dirpinR .Uver, nattve .Uver, and Cau1t zonell, uhich trend froul laId occurred In the upper north-northwea t to north- oxtdiud puta of the vein.; northeast. Faults cut eedi- galen•• tetnhedrlte. and Illentary Behht, Kunlte whtch chalcopyrite urry laId and 11 intrUsive lnto the lIchht, .nver below the oxldhed and andealte, aode.ite tuff, zone. lind trachyte. 54 Do, Orh. Blue Dick, Native 'lIver, azurite, tetra- Lindsren, 1926, 60 Fortuna L. fortuna (ca 1892), Gold-quartz Uuure veina, whi{"h Wilaon, 1933, H.C.4 (1874), in hedrite, and Kahna occur in p. 114-126. 1896-1904. carry .hor 81llOun[1I of silver, p. 193-196. teBittent. ....dve qUlrtz and quartz- occur ln " fault zooe that strikes N. 40 0 E. and dip. barite langue in ftuure veina 0 that cut .chilt and Rreen- 70 SE. Veln ranltes from 1 none, UiAh-sude are re- to 12 feet vide Ilnd cuta eedi Itficted to oddbed zone. mentllry achiat. 55 Eureka UUhide, CoppaI' Kin•• Cold-aUver-r:1nc-had aine-rah Anderaon and ~! Boad.d (1882), occur In fhaure veioa that othera, 1955. Data on history and production abatueted frD1ll Elaine and Heineman (1')36); U. S. Bureau of 1887-94, 1896-1902, cut I'tca .chilt (UUlatde); Hine., Hinerall Yearbook, annual vohnee: and Arhona Bureau of Hlnes file data.' 1934-67...... iv. lulflde replacement bodiel occur in t1euraorpho.ed tuff and nonvo1elnie ClalUC SILIOEOUS VEINS .aUdal (Copper KinR) I and byproduct dIver obtained froc low-Iradl di....inated Silver has been produced from siliceous vein deposits at several lo copper body in quartJ. IIon- lonita (Bold.d). (S.e calities in Arizona, and these veins fall into two principal categories: "Copper") • (1) epithermal gOld-silver-quartz veins, and (2) mesothermal gold 56 HArtinu Octave, CoDIU•• (c:. Cold and dher occur in 111ena, WUlon and othara, silver-quartz veins. Rlch HUl 1860). 1887-1930. chdcopyrite, and pyrite 1934, p. 66-73. (W....r) within ...Inlue of ..,dve, Representative of the epithermal veins are the deposits in the Oat Inyhh-vhite quartz that fUll ftuure ve1u. Vein. man awl ICttlwrille districts, :Mohave County (lig. 40, Nos. 22 and 23). cut quartz diorite and, local- The metallic ore minerals consist of free gold, alloyed with some sil vel', ly, achlat and "run.tone, and atrike N. 70· !. to e••t and and minor amounts of pyrite and occasional blebs of eha1c 58 Buckeye, Flora Araeottferoua Saleoa oecuu In a Wll1on, 1933, taining iron and manganese oxides. Tertutry volcanic flows are the host Te.ple. C••tl. fluorUa-c.lc!tc-barU...quartc p. as-a7) 1951d. rocks for the veins. Do". (186)), IInlue that fUb fl..ure vein. 1810-83. 1890-1920, in atuply dipping fault aonea Mesothermal veins were important sources of silver in several dis 1924-28. 1942-49. that cut Creteceou.e(7) .edt- aentary rock. and diorite par... h,jets in the Bra.dRhaw l\lountains (No. 47) in south-centra.l )Yavapai phyry dikea. Yeioa atrike frOll north-northveat to north- County, in the White Hills district (No. 2G), Mohave County, 1\11<1 tlH\ weat and dip ateep1y. Dos Cltbezas (No.8), Cochise County,":lIld Fortuna (No. (iO), Yuma County. The mineralogy of these deposits g-<,IWI'ltlly is simple. TJH\ Ilw(allir lllilH'!'als illclll lar tabular sha{'es. Host rocks are predominantly Precambrian granite, SUMl\IAUY AND CONCLUSIONS gneiss, and SChIst, although Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and Mesozoic IIltruslVC rocks contain some vein deposits thought to be of this As indicated abO\'e, Elilver prodJuction in Arizona during the last, category. few decades has heen directly related to base-metal mining, parti('u BASE-METAL SULFIDE DEPOSITS larly copper, and t.herll is every indication that sih'er produced as a h,Yprodll('t. of ('opp{'r mining will ('ontinue to acc'ollnt. for a large part Notable quantities of silver have been produced from deposits which of t.ho State's pro(luction. However, the demand fOl' sih'et' is steadily are primarily important as either lead, lead-zinc, or zinc-copper de inereasing and extcllsivl\ exploration prograllls ha\'e heen undednken posits. These OCC~\II' as fissure veins, replacement bodies of massive sul wit.hin re(,{,llt. years. A Ith(Hlgh no significant. new deposits of Elilvcl' hlt\'e fide minerals, and taotite replacements. ye!. heen founcl iJ~ Arizona, It go.od potent ial for new difwo\'~ries docs Argentiferous base-metal fissure veins are prevalent in Yuma eXist, and n. pos~nble key to theil' dlsco\'el'y may hr. found 111 a COIll- County in t.he Castle Dome (No. 58) and Silver (No. 59) districts. parison of the diHtl'ihntion of dpposits of silver ,,:ith t.llOse of Irad. . .l\~etallic ininerals include argentiferous galena, sphalerite, chalcopy . Similar t.~ t.he diHt.~·il)\\tion of lead deposits in Arizona (fig. 27), rIte, and pyrite. Gangue minerals consist of various combinations of SIlver depOSIts occur 111 a hroad belt. eXfending northwesterly from calcite, ankerite, sidel'ite, harite, fluorite, and quartz. The vein material Cochise lw(l Sallht Crllz COllntip.s to Lake Mead on the 1l00,thwest. fills fissures in faults and hreccia zones, and may be continuous along hordl'r of Molut\'e COllnty (fig, 40). Also, 1I similarity ill the elllstering st.rike for several thousand feet or may occur as discontinuous lenses of t.ho deposit.s is appa.rent. within the helt. A large concent.ration of de and shoots. Generally the host rock is igneous or metamorphic. Where posits Ol:.ClllrH in central Yavapai COllllty, where nllmel'OlIS fi!"slll'e veins base-metal fissnre veins cut. sedimentary rocks, such as the deposits in l:Ollt.aining .Iead-Hilver deposits intcl'sect Pl'eeamlll'ian ignl'olls and P'ltleo~oic lim<>stone in the Tyndall (No. 41), Harshaw (No. 42), and metamol'p'hi('. rod, (see '(Geologic map," fig. 5), and a sc('ond concen Patagonia (No. 43) districts, in Santa Cruz County, they commOJlly t/'ation of deposits is ('entered ill Salltlt enlz, western Coehise, and grade into veins containing mainly sulfide minerals and massi~ southeastern Pima Coullties whero the more important. deposits con sulfide replacement. deposits consisHnf(' mainly of galena, galena and sis!; of massive leacl slIlfide replarenl£'nts ill Pnleozoic and Mesozoic sph~lcrite,or sphnhwil,e ·and cJ}alcopYl'lt~. .. licdimentary rocks and from which silver was pro<111cl'd either as a co Silver -also 1S nssoc~lIlh'd wIth lend, ZIllC, and copper In tact.lt.e re pl'Odlll't. 01' an import.ant. bypl'Odllc~t. This lattrl' al'ea is eonsidere(1 plncempnt. hodies. These eontnct. metnmorphic deposits generally are to he plll't.icnlarly favorable for fllrther prospecting beenuse of its po founel in Arizona ns replncements· in }lale07;oic limestones close to tentinl for containing significant. coneealed deposits, cither beneat.h gl'nnitic intl'lIsin~ mnf'lses nnd consist of met.allic. sulfi(l('s, snch as t.he a,lhlvillm flanking the m0\11ltain ma.sses, or heneath postmineral vol galena, Hphnlet'ite, and cha!l'op,Yrite, disspminated in It silicate mix eanic rocks which ('over extensive areas in parts of the region. t IlI'O (~omposed of garn('t, diopsidc, epidote, and va rions amphibole al.Hl pyroxene milll'!'alR. Some of the deposits in the Codlise (No. ll), SELECTED REFERENCES Silver Bell (No'. 2ll), and Pima. (No. iJil) difltricts ltre representative AI1l1l"rRon. C. A., lind GN'IlR{'y, S. G" HliJS, Oeolo~y and ore dep()I~itR of the ,Terome of Ihis type. arell, Yllvllpai Connty, Arizollll: U.H. Gl"ll!. Rur,,!',\' Prof. Papl"r :lm~, lRii p. AIHlerRon, C. A., R!'holz, R A., lind Strohl"ll, .T. n., .Tr., Imi", G('olo~y lind ore de Tho ltigh-gmde or "honanza" silyer depositf'l, which were so pro Jlm:it~ of thp Ba~(llld urea, Yavapai Coullty Arizona: U.S. (h'o!. Sur\'('~' Prof. dud ive dllring the 1R71-R7 pp.riod, resulted f!'Om the oxidat·ion nnd PUP!'r 278, 103 p. sllper,g('ne I'nriclllllent. of silycr-rich hase-metal dcposits of the fissnre Arizolla l\Iinin~ ,TournaI, InlR, Arizona hllR Ilnothl'r proc1ncl"r: Arizolla l\Iillln~ \'ein allll r!'pll\('emp.nt. types. As It rule, the high silveT values were re .Tour., v.l, no. 12,11, 2'k-~, --1919, Operations in Richmond Basin, Gilll County: Arizonll Mining Jour., stricted 10 the npper parts of the deposits, inclllding the oxidation v, :I, no, n, JI. Hi. zone (C'xtellding frolll the wat!'r table, to the sl11'face), and t.he enrich Bancroft, Howland, 1nIL Rl"connlliR.~llnce of thl" Ofe c1epoi 22-21)9 0-00--18 269 270 --- 1950b, Iron King mine, Yavapa'i County, Arizona, in Arizona zinc and Short, 1\1. N., Galbraith, l!'. W., Harshman, Ii]. N., Kuhn, T. H., and "'i1son, }<}, D.. lead depo,;I!,;, Part I: Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. 156, ('hap. 9, p. 112--122. 1!H3, Geology and orB dl'posits of till' Supl'rior mining lII'I'U, Arizona: Ari:r.ona --- 1965, Geology of the San Manuel area, Pinal County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Bur. Mines Bull. 151, lli1) p. Survey Prof. l'uJlt.·r 471, 64 p. Simons, I<~. S., 1!lG4, Glolog-y of thl' KIOIHlykl' lJuudrung-ll', Grahum and Pinul --- 1001, General geology of tile Mamoth quadrangl', 'Plnal County, Arizona: Counties, Arizonll : V.S. 01'01. Survl'y Prof.l'lIpl·r ·HIl, l1a II. --- 1001, General geology of the Mamoth quadrangle, Pinal County, Arizona: Tennl'Y, J. B., 1934, Economic geologieul fl'{'onnaisSl\nl'I' of Cafla flrlllHll' mining Creasey, S. C., and Quick, G. L., Wail, Copper dellOsits of part of Helvetia Mining district, Pinal County, Arizona: Casu GrundI' Cbamhl'r of C(l\IlIllI'I'('(" 24 )1. dlstrlC't, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Surl'I'y Bull. 1021-F, p. 301-323. U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1936-{)1, Minerals Yearbook, 1006-66 [annual volumNI for Dings, 111. G., 1!)-;)(), W'allapal mining district, Mohave County, Arizona, in Arizona the years indicated]. zinc and lead depoHits, l'urt I: Arizona Bur. MineH Bull. 1(';6, chap. 11, p. --- 1958-61, Minerals Yl'arbook, 1955-65, Volume I; anll Minerals YE'arbook, ]3S....H2. ]006, Volume I-II [annual volumes for the ~'l'ar,; inlli(·atl'd). --- lIl51 , The Wallapal mining district, Cerbat Mountains, Mohave County, --- IH61, Silver, in Minerals Yearbook, 1966, Volume I-II: U.S. Bur. Mines, Arlzonu: U.S. Geol. Suney Hull. U1R-EJ, p. 123-1U3. p.352-.'«.I1. Elsing, 1\1. J., und Heine/ll'un, R. }O. S., ]\)36, Arizonu metal production: Arlzonu --- 1008, Sllvpr, in Commodity Data Summaries: U.S. Bur. Mines, p. 134-135. Bul'. lIfitlNI Bull. 140, 112p. Wilson, E. D., 1921, Geology lind ore dl'llOsits of the Courtland-flleeson rl'gion, gnglnperlng and Mining Journal, 1966, Murket guide-silver, in I·J&MJ metal and Arizonll : Al"izonll Bur. Minl's BUII, 123, 11)11. minl'ralmurl,ets: gng. Mining Jour., v. 37, no. 10, p. ]3....30. --- 1933, GE'ology and mineral deposits of sout!wrn Yuma County, Arizona: FOIVIl'r, G. M., 1951, Geology IMontunu mine), in Arizona zinc und lead deposits. Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. 134, 2,'H p. I'urt II : Arizona Bur. 1\Hnes Bull. Hi8, p. 43-49. --- 10rlOa, Pima district, in Arizona zinc llnd lead deposits, Part I: Arizona Galhruith, F. "'., 3d, and I.oring, W. B., ]9lil, Swisshelm district, in Arizona Bur. Mines BulI. 156, chap. 4, p. 3l}-51, zitw und lead l!pposits, Purt II: Arlzonll Bur. Minel! Bull. 158, <'twp. 3, p. 3~6. --- 1!1l3Ob, Supl'rlor area, in Arizona zinc and lead deposits, Part I: Arizona Gllluly, .Jame:'!. 10..16, The Ajo mining dil;trlct, Arizona: U.S. Oeol. Survl'y Prof. Bur. Mines Bull. 100, cbap. 7, p. 84-0R. Puper 209, 112 p. --- 19f11a, Buachu('a Mountains, in Arizona zinc and lead dE'positll, Part II: lIogUl', 'V. G., and Wilson, E. D., 1950, Blsbpe or \Vurr('n district, in Arizona Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. 158, chap. 4, II. 36-40. zinl' und leaddel)Osits, Purt I: Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. tri6, <'lllill. 2, p. 11-2n. --- l!l51b, Empire district, in Arizona zinc and lead dE'l)osits, Part II : Arizona Klprl-wh, G. A.• 1nri1, Seventy-Ninl' mirll' area, in Hannl'r di,;trlet, chap. 8. of Bur. Mines Bull. 158, chap. 6, p. 4l}-rlG. Arizona zinc and lead deposits, Purt II: Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. 158, p. 61 ---1951c, Silver and Eureka districts, in Arizona zinc anlliead deposits, Part HI. II: Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. 1fiR, ch'll)). 9,]1. 83-!>7. --- 1952, Geology of the Tornado-Tam O'Shantl'r Peaks area, Dripping --- 1951d, Castle Dome district, in Arizona zinc and lead dl'posits, Part II : SIlring l\fountains, ArlzoTllI, in Arizona GI'OI. Hoe. Guidebook for field trip ex Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. 1r>8, chap. 10, )I.os-nu. cursiolHl In 1I0ntheni Arlzonu : 'l'ucson, Arizona Opol. Soc., p. l:l7-oo. Wilson, E. D., Cunningham, J. n., mal Butler, G. M., InM, Arizona lode gold mines Larson, L. P., and Henkps, 'V. e., 1!l67, The mineral Industry of Arizona, in and gold mining: Arizona Bur. 1\fines Bull. 131, 261 p. Minl'rals Yearbook, ]001i, Yoluml' III: U.S. Bur. Mines, p. 81-113. --- 1068, Mineral production In Arizona in 1967-preliminnry annual fig ures: U.S. BUI1. Mines Mineral Industry Surveys Arl'a RelIt, (prelim.), 4 p. :Lewis, A. S., Hl20, Ore deposits of Cave Creek dlstl1lct in Arizona: Eng. Mining TIN Jour., v. 110, no. 15, p. 713-116. Lindgren, Waldemar, 1005, The COPIll'r deposits of the Clifton-Morenci district, (By H. Weslioy Peirce, Arizona Bureau of Mines, Tucson, Ariz.) Arizona: U.S. Gool. Survey Prof. P·uper 4il, 375 p. --- 1926, Ore dppollits of the .Jerome and Bradshaw Mountains quadrangles, INTRODUCTION Arizona: V.8. GffiL. SurvPl' Bull. 1H2, 192.p. lAnes, H. h, 1940, Mining and milling methods and r.osts at the Ash Peak Cltssit.erite (Sn02), a heavy dark-hrown to bl:wk tin oxide, is the mine of the Veta Mines, Inc., Duncan, Arizona: U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. t.in-bearin~ ID 7119, 26 p. only mineral of commercial importaIH·I\. The Unit.ed St.at.es Mining World, 1959, How Western Oold mines uranium In Grand Canyon: is the world's lltr~e8t. lIser of tin and is tot.ally de.jwndt·nl upon foreign Mining World, v. 21, no. 1, p. 32-35. sources of supply; t.hus, tin is designatell n sf l·att·gic nmttwinl, and Petl'rson, N. P., 1002, Geolo~y and ore deposits of the Globe-Miami distriet, stockpilel], Prineipal uses arc in tinplnte, soft solder's, bronze and Arizona: U.S. 01.'01. Survey Prof. Paper 342, 151 p. Ransome, l!~. I•., 1904, The geology and ore dl'posits of the Bisbee quadranglp, brass, babbitt, alld t.ype metal. About·, TABU; 22.-7'itaniulII occllrrenccs in Arizona "e.-cent content Locality County and Titanium. :-lOt in CeolORV of occurrence n.... mineral_ Tita fiR. 41 Iron nh.. Apache Black Htn. I1menitc Ancient beach placen 1n No No Rogers and Tradtn~ Upper Cretaceous .and data data Jaster, Post stone. 19b2. p. 2. Cochise oraJt:oon Htn. do. With magnetite OJnd spec 44.6 0.2 lI.rrer, 1964. uhr to earthy herut he p. 22-24. In copper ore; contAct metamorphic replace mcnts of P.leozoic limestone near 8 ....01t1c tntru.tve,. r,th Iron Ktnjt do. ,",'lIh twm.uilr JIlJ ~1'11lC" m,l,l:' ]9.0 8.1 Harrer. 1964, aroup lIrlllt' itlld l.m""lUt" 11\ .... J\'..SJJl 42.0 9.8 p. 42-44. Sc-un .IoXI hltmJlltl1l {Prt"l,un btl.II.}. I.UUO (t-t·e ..-ttlt: ..,..I flh'rt' dun 1 ~ n\llt·~ IUIII't. U1 •• ~h'H·tluJru'(t'·Jrkum und .lOhlflt"\t'tIUt·llu·. Pig Iron No data No data. 2].8 5.4 Petereon. depoatt 19b6. p. 11- n, Rogere and .I••tcr. 1962. p. 2. Karlcopa 81g Itorn U.enlte and PlaceT depoatta rans;lng 1/65-69 !/o, ]- Harrer. 11)64. district tHanUe:r frOla a few feet to moTe 0.8 p. 11. oua "SRet than 100 het thiCk, it. covertnR 6,000 acres i ugnetHe and ilmenite conlltitute 3-1 percent of aUuvlulll. Whi te Tank IlDlcnite Oc:cura 1n Precambrian 5.6 0.16 lIarrer, 1964. Hta. guina and quartr:-1ll1ca IIchist and 1.18 p.-I1-12. lntcr pesmatite as Inter RfOWths srovth. up to 1/2 inch ",Uhin In diameter and .egre IIlalnettte: Astiona up to aeveral Inehu 1n dlau.eter. no. do. do. 118.7 no. Pinal EXPLANATION 6-7 Red Rock Titaniferoll.!l Alluvial dcpoaltll with 20.8 Z,l Peterson. Florence iIlagnetlte dlllselllinated and .trat 19b6, p. 11 .9 Oracle and ilmen itted lIlagnet tte de 12, Rogers Jet. Ite depoa1ta. occur in and .Ja.t.er. Ti hoi Uti occurrence about 800...lle-illquilre 19b2. p. 2, area. lIarrer. 1964. (Number refers to locellty li,ted In table 22) p. 87-90. no. do. do. U62.8 Liz. ]_ no. FIGun~; 41.-'l'itUlliullI in Arizollll. 6].28 2.8 275 276 TADI,E 22.-Titafl.i,lm~ occurrences in Arizmw-Continued TUNGSTEN (By S. W. Hobbs, U.S. Geological Survey, Dl'nver, Colo.) ",ercent content Locality County and TIUnlU!f1l No. in GaolOIY or occurrence n .... .foerah PROPERTIF..S, USF.., AND MARliNI' CONDITIONS H~. 41 I ron Tungsten is a metal whose strategic value depends mainly on the un lIsual phy'sical and mechanical properties of the element" it.!'> alloys, F.urelul dh IlMenite lind ntllcontlnuOUII If!ntic.ular !!60.0Q- !/8 • 20- Ro"'t'n and and eertam special compounds. In pure form, tungsten is light gray, trlct, titlinUer hodha about 20 feet 62.02 9.80 Juter, very heavy, and has the highest melting point of the metals, aboilt Houldf!T OU8 mllKnet thick and .ever_l hm IIJ62. p. 2; Cuek It. dred het 10nll In • lIArrer, 3,410°0. (6,170°F.). Tungsten alloys and carbides are notable for Milholland Rahbro tu.. up to 4,000 1964, p. 114. Creek feet "ide lind 4 .1lu th.ci: extreme hardness and weal' resistance, and part.icularly for re lonll. t.n.mmg hardnc..c;s at elevated temperatures. do. MII"nettte-rlch laye.n and Jl60.48_ !/o.O.5 nllrrer. 1lJ64 , Pure or nearly pure tungsten metal is important in electric lig-hting, dh"efllnatlon. in .llu 60.70 p. 115-116. Y!I. with U.enIU:, electronics, and electrical contact, applications. However, over 70 pet· hf!'l!Ultltf!, quartz, feld eent of domestic consumption is in alloy tool steel and t.ungsten c:' " IIpar, flteA. aece,..ory clay. and ~l'Irnet and bide used for cutting edges, dies, drill bits, wear-resistant machlHe traces of IIpec:uhrite, eptdoh. and zircon. parts, tire studs and other appJieations where extreme hardness is Yue. desirable. Some is also used for high temperature application in various aspects ofspace technology. to Hope Tltenihrou. TtuniferOld rLlkOetite J/ 62-68 !/0.9- lI.rn.r. 1964. ••BoeHte conuttutu 3-4 per 1.0 p. 131. U.S. consumption in l!J65 was 1:3,868,(}OO pounds of contained tung u:nt. Incl11y 10 per sten. Domestie mine shipments totaled 7,56(j,000 pounds, and imports cent of alluvllJr11. for consumption :1,618,000 pounds (U.S. Bur. Mines, 1965). Alt.hough t,he U.S. tllngstRn mining industry has operated continuously (except for 1921 and 1922) for over ()O years, t,he rate of production has l'I\nged widely as a result of price flnctuat.ions. Quotations for domestic tung States, there appears little likelihood that any of the Arizona occur sten in 19M were $1£i to $lfI per short ton unit of W03 , in contrast to rences will be exploited within the lH'xt two decade.'3, except, in the event, a Government stockpile price of $()3 in 191>1-1>6 and a war-induced it. of It national emergency. However, since placers with iron and titanium prico of $81> in 191(i. Tho pric.e throughout l!J67 was $43 per un !niner.als have been f~und in m~ny places, it is possible that economic Out.put is quite sensitive to price, a,nd at the lower rates prevaili "g I1memte pIncer deposIts also eXISt. On the other hand, with no known since 1956, few tungsten mines in the Unit.ed States have been ni;1O anorthosIte bodies in the State, the chance.'3 of a large titanium lode to eompete consistently on the open market with foreign producers deposit being fotlnd areslight. .(Stevens, 1965, p. lOCH). However, a large domestic productIve capac Ity was demonstl'l\ted twice in the last, 21> years under eonditions of SELECTED REFERENCEB special need or ineentive: in 194-3-45, to fill he:wy demand of the war effort; and 'between 1950 and 1956 under the influence of the price AJiderson, C. A., Scholz, E. A., and Strobell, .T. D., Jr., 1955, Geology and ore incentive of the GO~'ernment stoekpiling program during- the Korean deposits of the Bagdad area, Yavapai County, Arizona: U.S. Geo!. Survey Prof. Paper 278, 103 p. crisis. In 1955, production reached an aJltime peak that was nearly Harrer, C. M., 1004, Reconnaissance of iron resources in Arizona: U.S. Bur. four times the average annual production of the immediate postwar MineR Inf. Circ. IC 8236, 204 p. l~eriO(~, Ifl46-f)(). In 1f)1>6, nearly 600 producers reported some produe Incrcasln~ :Moorc, It. T., 11m3, l\Iinernlll and metals of Intl'rest-rare and radio t,lOn; Il1 191>8, after th~ removal of Gov~rnment price support., only adive minerals: Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. 163, Mineral Technology Ser. 47, 40p. two prOChH'l'.\'S W(fre al'tlve (IT.S. Bur. 1\[lI1es, 1\"158, p. 1227, and 195fl, l'etcrllon, E. C., 1Voo, Titanium resources of the United States: U.S. Bur. Mines p. lOlll). These data illustrat.e dramatically the fad. that the United Inf. Circ. IC 8200, 65 p. States has a suhstantial supply of tungsten avaiJa,ble if the need WP 1' Ro~ers, C. L., and Jaster, 1\1. C., 1962, Titanium in the United States: U.S. Geol. rant.., the priee that is \lec~sary to cxt,raet it., Surn'y l\lIneral Inv. Resource Map, MR-29. Schlain, David, 1004, Corrosion properties of titanium and its alloys: U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 619, 228 p. .MANNF..R OF OCCURRENCE ~talllper, ,J. W., 1005, Titanium, in Mineral facts and problems: U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 630, p. 971-900. Tungsten minerals are widely distributed in various roc,k types of the e:ufh's ernst, hnt for the most pa.rt, are g-cnc.t.icnlly associated with igneous rocks of granitic composit.ion. Ahout. 14 ininerals contain ~,ll1l~rsten ns an essential component, hut of t,hese the only commercially Important ones are those of the wolframite g-roup, ferberite, Fe1V04 , 277 278 wolframite, (Fe, Mn)'VO., and hueunerite, Mn'VO., and scheelite, 19(0), and contributed during this time 2.27 percent of the national Clt'VO., Although the wolfrumite group is economil'ally most impor outJ!ut. The Borhma, Ct.tmI!O Bonito, Litt}e Dragoon Mountains, Las ta,nt in the world as It whole, scheehtc has accountcd for nca.rly three GUlJas, !Uld Hultcl~uca dlst.rlc;ts have cont~'lbuted,the great bulk of this fomths of the U.S. output. productlOll; of tIllS produetlOn, the Borlltnn mme has yielded more U.S. deposits include: quartz yeins thut contain minl'l'llIs of the wolf than the combined output of the rest of the State. mmito group, scheelite, 01' both; contact-metamorphic deposits con taining seheelite in association with garnet and othel' silicates formed AmzONA DEPOSITS at. places a,]ong contacts of grnnitic intrusiyo rocks with invaded lime st()n~; hydrotherml~l ,Tungsten minerals in Arizona hav~ been found in n variet.y of modes and d,issemin!tted deposits ot &?heelite llnd ,wolf Ol'CUI'I,(I~lee, p)'(}d~Ct.lOll III of, hut n.1I of the to date has come from quartz ranute assocmted WIth ot.her economIc IlIl1lerals Igneous, sedllllcn velll~ tary, and metamorphic rocks. Some tungsten-bearing minerltls have and Irregular replacements III metamorphic and pI utonic rocks ul80 been found in pegnmtites Imd as concentrlttiollS in placer deposits, IUld 11l small amounts from placer deposits in the Lit.tle Dl'llgoon and In a few places, tJlIll-,rsten-bearing iron and manganese oxides have been qamp yVo(xl distriels. Hm:dl lunolluts of sclwelite have ·been reported worked, as nt Golconda, Nev. III tactlte at .Tohnson (Hess and LltrSen, ID22) nnd at ot.her pl:tces in Most tunl,rsten ores contnin only sma.ll amounts of the ('ommon the State, nut none has bcnn mined, Tungsten Ims n.lso been detected in small amounts in manganese minernls that form sma.ll veins in gmnite tungsten minerals. The content of ,VOa in ores minell for the metal ~lltS ranged from 0.25 percent to more than 10 percent, but. the average conglomerate, Itnd Tertiary volcanic rocks (Hewett nnd :F'leischer' 'pro~ably 19(0). ' IS between 0.5 and 1.0 percent. At the Climax molybdenum l~ation o~ ~uld mme In Colorado, hueunerite, which is present in parts of tlIB gre~lt The of most the tungsten districts, mines pl'ospeets m?lybdenite ore body in amounts far below the grade that eould be from whICh some product.lOn has been reported are shown in fin'ure 42 and of these the If> more importltnt ones are listed Itnd idcntified by milled for tungsten alone, is produced liS It byproduet. Because of the yery large tonnage of ore processed, the ClilTIltX mine is one of the lead mnp number. More thun 80 other occurrenC{lS lire shown but not iden concentl'l1t~,s tified. ,Much ,of th~ information ?n ,the l~>ca,t.ion, pl·odlH·t.ion, and mg" producers of tungsten in the country. l~elntlOns To meet requirements for sale and utilization, most .f.lIn~sten ores geologIC of tungsten depOSIts 111 Arlzonlt hns been tltken frolll tho excellent hl1ll~t.in by ~ilson (1041), from the .Minel'll! Resource must be concentrated to 60 to 70 percent of ,VOa before utilization. The concentrate aJso m~st meet .low tolerances of such impurit.ies as tin, Mnp on tungsten m the Ulllted Stlttes by Lemmon and 'l\veto (1!J62) and fl~m th~ detniled compilations of infolTIlution on tungsten occllr~ copper, nrsemc, ant.lmony, bIsmuth, molybdenum, phosphorus sulfur rence~ l~nd, Il;nd zinc! each of which may be injurious for particul'ar uses: 111 ArIzona by Dale (1959, 1961), and by Dale, Stewart, llnd Sch~hte (calcIUm tun~stu.te) forms It gradational series wit.h powellite McKmney (1960). Mos~ o! the deposits, including.several of the more productive ones, (calcIUm molybdate) nnd may contain varying proportions of molyb ~gneous Som~ scheelit~ occur III and metamorphIc rocks of Preca.mbrilUl ag-ll. A few denum and tung;:;ten. concentrates, especinlly from con loc~hzed betw~en tact-metamorphIc ore bodIes, contam as much as 5 pereent of molyb a;-e along fault; the Precambrian complex Itnd ~ombil~ecl ~ .a.leo~1C roc~s or III the I aleozolC rocks, whereas It few ot.hers are in denum chemica,1ly if!- the,scheelite, 'fhe molybdenum must, be lx>d~es reht,te~ ~he remLittle Dragoon Mountains in 1898 and the first Igneous roeles, that ,:ere, intruded during the Laramide orogeny, p~odl}ction of tun~rsten ore in Arizonlt was apparently from this dis A~ the Borlana ~me m M?have County (No.1, fig. 42), both wolf ra~1l0 trICt III 1900. The Additional tungsten production from the Boriana mine is unlikely although other small mines and prospeots in the district may contill1o to yield small amounts. In the Campo Bonito district in Pinal County (No.4, fig. 42) sche~ lit.e occurs in faults and shear zones cloooly related to the Mogul fault and subsidiary structures that separate Precambrian granite on the north from upper Precambrian and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks on the south. The highest concentrations of the ore arc localized in frac turefl and breccia zones that intersect limeRtoneR or impnre carbonate bearing layers in the sedimentary sequence (Wilson, 1941). Three mines, the Bonito (Maudina), Pure Gold and Morning Star have pro duced most of the ore from the district which totals nearly 25,000 units ofWOa• The Las Guijas district in Pima County (No.7) includes a series of tungsten-bearing quartz veins that cut granite within nn nrea nbout 3 milefl long and half It mile wide. These veins contain local concm, trations of huebnerite, pyrite, chnlcopyrite, sphnlerite, nnd galena, and occasionally a little schee1it.e. The veins range in thickne1ls from a few inches to 20 feet, and pinch nnd swell nlong the strike and dip. In plnces they occupy the same :fracture1l with lamprophyre dikes. The huebnerite ore shoots nre irregular and apparently shallow, and are separated by long stretches of harren veins. The more important mines include the General Electric group of veins, Pauli vein, Zappia group, and a :few others. Total production has been in excess of 20,000 units. Veins similar to thoRe in the LaR Guijas diRtrict const.itnte two parallel vein zoneR in the Little Dragoon Monntains in Cochisc County (No. I)). These zones, oaeh from 150 to 1,000 feet wide, are compaRed of a number of narrow veins eontaining- sporadic tabular crystals or blocky masses of huebnerite that, range from a fraction of 1m inch to several inches in diameter. The huehnerit~ore occurs in sm~' 11 shoots of irregular shape, size, and'distribut.ion. Most shoots mcasure only a few feet horizontally and vertically. No vein has been explored to vertical depths of more 'than 150 feet, prohably hecause the surface workings were not profitahle enough to eneourage deeper exploration. An estimated 21),000 unitR have heen produced from this area. About half of this production came fmm Rurfaec placer deposits northeast of Bluebird Hill. The erratic distribution and generally small size of .1 all the ore Rhoots in the widely seattered veins of this district, will prob Mor. than 50,000 unlta W03 100 to 1,000 uni h W03 ably always restrict produetion to Rmall intermittent. operations. Ahout 12,000 units of "VO~ have heen produeed since lln() in t.he .6 X 1.000 to 50.000 un Ito WOa l ... than 100 unih WOa TIun,ehuc,a MountainR, CochiRO Count.y-almost. all from the TungRten (I nc1 udel lome wi th no Reef mine (No. fi). Scheelite ore containing from o.!) t.o 1.0 percent recorded productl on) "'VO~ (Humber. refor to dl.trlch and mines II.tad below and reforred to In ta.t) is found in irregular shoots within a l]ullrtz vein that. follows bCfl ding in t.he Abrigo LimeRtone. Quartz outside of the ore Rhoots is b:, f' I Borlana 10 Tip Top 2 Aquariu. Range 11 Oold Cliff ren except for loeal traceR of Rcheelitc. Small concentJ'Htions of schee11tc 3 Black Pearl 12 Jackpot and Velma ~ Campo Bonito (Quartzite claim.) havo been fonnd in mnny other quartz veins in the Huachuca Moun 5 Little Dragoon Mh. 13 Nighthawk, Colorado, (Primos) and While Dike (ain1'1 and some have been·productive. 6 Huachuca Mh. 14 Samsel. Westlake, 7 lao Gull.. and Bobtail mine. 8 Dutch Flat IS Black Gold OUTWOK 9 Zannaropol11 Tungsten minernls, in most occurrencm;, are eharaderistically erratic FIOURE 42.-Tungsten in ArIzonra. and Rpott.y in distribut.ion, and the controls that. localizo the oro shoots arc obscure and poorly understood. This generally is as true of the few 281 282 large continuous ore shoots (as at the noriana mine) as it is of the URANIUM "more usual small shoot, pocket, or mineral grain. The erratic pattern (By A. P. Butler, Jr., and V. P. Byers, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.) of ore distribution seems to be more pronounced in Although the first ('crtnin idcnlification of a manium mincral in DEPOSITS IN AmZONA rock ot I~('r Ihall IJ<'g"ma,titl' in A rizollll waR ahlmt UIl:3 (Grl'gOl"y, 1n17). no uranlllm 01'1' was mll1Nluntil tn42. From t1ll'n nntil the end of l11H lJmnilllll d('Jlosits in Arizona occur in rockR haying 11, wide range in ahollt 11 ,noo Ions of IIl'1lniUm-nlllHdium orc WHS llIill('d fr011l dPpORits ngo and lithologiC; t,ype. Tho dp,pmdtR n.re of t.wo general t.ypes, pene in A pHd\(: County pf'imHl'ily for \,:ll1Hdilllll. whidl was ill g"I'PHt, de concordant, a.l111 Vl'I11R, and are d('~qcribed helow, manel dUf'lIlg the pHrly pad, of "-'ol'ld "THI·I I. TIll' dplllalHI fof' \'a The mORt. al~IIIHlaI~t. and 1l10S~ g('n~rally prodnetive are t.he petll'con Ilaelillm diminish('(1 ill l!IH, amI thl're \\"lIS a 11111 ill millill TABLE 23.-URANIUM ORE PROOUCTION IN ARIZONA, 1942-£6 g-m,do of ore mined hns been n.bout 0.29 percent UJOR• The mineral assemblages range from fairly complex to fairly simple Ore Value' Ore Value' (shorllons)1 (shorllons)' depending on the relative contents of uranium and vanadIum, t,he relat.ive Itbundance of copper in some deposits, and the degree of oxi Vear: Vear: Little Colorado River, but some are scattered along t.he outcrops of )]·4":-- .. !..1~__ _ II/" III' 110' the Chinle Formation from northeastern Mohave Count.y (No. 11, ~ /; if'" --'----~;r--~-,-••()-.-:-.--G2--; '. I roo" ~q , ,/ IHonument ~ ()!O \ :--- fJJ fig. 43) to southeastern Apache Count.y (No.8, fig 4~). ]n the l\[oulI 'I : J' IJf' f Valley I fl~~~r~~~;t"3 I ment. Valley area, all t.he deposits, induding the two largrst iu the I -. ,: I 'area .! 7.· I t'.. IO~ Chinle, the Monument. No.2 (No.3, fig. 43), alHI the l\foonlight. (No. 'I :12 Nes~~5 I _ , .. ,.po) 0!. _ :'! Black I.ukachukal: ~,_~'" ~q~9, ~t> ll~ti. 4), are in the Shinarump Member as are ot.her smaller deposits. They 1/1 14. () .. (v' . 1 oarea t(). area, are grouped in a poorly defined northwesterly tl'l'IHling b(·Jt· nrar tlw " til J.'~ 'v'I~ '" ~-.~ \ ('''''I I 6 • , norJlCast pinchout of the member (Finch, 1f1!l9; Johnson aud Thor ~<)r ~''ti~ ~, r~ M • I A<> C N 0 i ' I r. ' darson, 1IHi6). In the Cameron arra (No.9, fig. 43) numl'I'OUS slllall ~o P(~trifird i 1 9"i1 () I and medium-sized deposits are in the Forest and Shinarump ~ ~ _.. C.:ameron area t~~ u Members (Chenoweth, in Akers and others, 19(2). - \ "b i \!>: ? . ,i -, "~,. ,.i Tho dl'.posits in the Monument Valley art>ll lire vllI\lIdifm'ous, the \ , U30~ ·· ",oo." '. Ii i, I hI""" ".'1. 'Oi" ".,. ratio of V 20 r to ranging up to 4.6 to 1 (,Tohnson 'l\.nd 'l'hordar ~ r~··~ 35" I, lII": I Q. son, 1!Hi6, p.1I25) wlwrrasin the Cameron area vanadium is distinetly t IS,' I !- I ! jI! < ••.. 0. '\- ~ \! I ' .c . ,.-i ,!' .• () subol'dinaf(,tollranium (Aust.in, 19M). ~ eonsl'quen(~e \ 16 ., i I! Z '. Ii < All the del)Osits of any in the l\[orrison Fonn:tt ion arc '$- 'I tit t AV A P -lo\\ Ii' I ' 1° •• , " • ill \. .'- , ...... ", 1,'1 i : i ",.•• 08 in the Salt. ",Vash Sandstone Memher. 'l'his IllCmIWI' is prrsrnt. in the "'.. ,.,/' A { I '\. .r~ , ', -. .... , 17 , •. , <-( I .'. ,,,,',-' I I tlOrthrA\st ('orncr of the St·at('\ in t·he vi<'inity of thl?' Cllrrizo and Lulm /'-' .::-", vrl..·-)t18 1" ...."'-(v I! J' -'I .i I i chukai l\fountains (Strohell, 1!l!)(l), lind on the nOl'tlwast alHI east. .;; ! ""4' ,- If • J' I _ ,Sierra Anchaj I : sides of Black Mesa. It. consists of lenti('ular lenses of sandstone illt('\)· '" ~---J~-~\. ·,; -I ~ltI--_'~ .re~O.'~:! I': . I bedded with mudstone (Craig and otlH'rs, 1!J51l). 1n tl)('. vir.ill it)' of the •! I ,. " .l'iI l'iI_"- '. • 22 ' , I ---19,- - graphically, and each averages about 2.5 feet in thickness. Only the which was a source of high-~rade copper ore (King and Henderson, upper bed 'has been productive. The ore is vanadiferous and carnotite 1!)53j Hill, 1!H3), and the COPJJer House prospect (No. 14, fig. 43) is the only identified uranium mineral. (Meehan, It .T., 1!)53). At the HIveI' View deposit in the Cameron area The Masterson group (No, 17, fig. 4a) (Reyner and Robison, 1956) (No, l), iig, 43) uranium has been mined frol11 brecciated sandstone and t.llC Lucky Folll' deposit (No. ·17) (Hobison, l!l5(H») nre similltr of the Shinarump Member of the Chinle Formation which collapsed t.o the Ul'llllhim Airc hllt. less well explored and prohably smaller. downward to /ill a piprlike st~rud.l1l'e at t.he stratigraphic position of Other lIIostly minor eOllcclltl'lltiom; of 111'alliuIll minel'llls arc present the underlying Moenkopi Format.ion (Chenoweth and Blakemore, in hc TABLE 24.-Miscellaneous uraniferous vein deposits in and adjoining Ihe Basin c1mracleristics sununarized ill table 24-. The l'HlIge of ('ha\·ad.eristie,l.j and Rangc province, A.rizona among the produeti\'c deposits is also representat i\'e of the llumerous unprodueti\'l~ deposits shown by llllllumbered symbols in figure 4:3. In LoeaUty Ho. dividual deposits are briefly described in preliminary re('OJlnaiSBance Count, and na_ 0' depodt Rderenee. I. HI. 43 reports that the U.s. Atomic Energy Commission has released ill open file.s eaeht.. REsouRm~s 29 Sur No.1 Uunlua-bcarlnl veln at NfKln of Iol. L. Chenoveth. oral ..fie 4th in lunite of P...u .... co.-un., 1968. I~nergy brian allta. As of .January 1, 1!)()7, the U.s. Atomic Commission esti mated that uranium rpserves in Arizona, minable und<'.[" present and . WI.""lll COU" I:ona In Irantta conealn• Htller and Robllon, unnophallll, lutunite, and po..tbly 19)5. immediately prospective conditions, were about 125,000 tons of ore uranln1ta. t.lmt :tvera.ged at least 0.4 percent Ui)B' Nearly all this reserve is in H.u~cop. the Colorado Plateaus provinc,c, mostly in the Chinle and .Morrison 19 Honuhoe .roup HlnnaU.ud 10US- tn N£-S\l·trendin~t Robtaon, 19S5a. Format.ions, and in the Orphan mine. This ,amount. is only enough to ne.r-vertical hult CUlttns aunite; uran1ua .tnenl not support mining for about two years at the 1!)(i(i rate of mining. Hc Id••tllled. serves have diminished steadily from nearly 1.2 millioll tons at the 21 Lucky Find KfOUP t\l.t1c dike In Pucaabrian ,rani U Rohlaon, 1956a. beginning of l!)(iO. The decrease is :t result. of mine depletion accom h bncchted and alner.U.nd at iotanlcUon with hult. Autunite panied by laek of incentive for exploration most of the tUlle since }fHiO. pr•••nt. 'l'his trend could be reversed as t.he mar/mI,. for uranium becomes more 20 Kanley and IUekle I roup Hlnnalh:ed .hur aona at lnter- flwora.ble, for the reselTes represent only a pa.rt of the resource pot.en ..etion of NE- and N\l... trendlnk .hean In Pnc••brlan IraalU con tin!. The undiscovered pOl·tion of this potent inl is est.imated to be talna fluorite, calctta, and yellow uran1,* .lnara1. at least two t.imes as large as the pOltion all'ea.dy discovered. The undiscovered resources probably are most.ly ill' t.he Chinle and HohavA Morrison Formations and in collapse breccia pipes like that at the 15 O• .oent. .ine v.in in fault cutttni arentu, ILArt and Hatland, Ind••, and .chht of Prec:aftlbrhn 1953. Orphltn mine. The Shinarump Member and the lower part of the a •• contdn. lold- and 111ver Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formllition nnderlie a large area hartnl an'Dopyrll., pyrlt~. and • loor chalcopyrite. Probable in northeast Arizona. on the nort.heast side of the Litt.1e Colorado River. unnlnit. d.....lneted • .anl other or••In.ral•• The most fltvorable pInces to explore for deposits are probably neal' pinchouts of the Shinarump Member such as those postnlated by PI.. St.ewart, Poole, and 'Wilson (1957, fig. 23). (',oncealed deposit.s may 25 Blick Dike cbtu Altered lone in H,.oEoie .ne1adc GunKer and RauPt lraniu at ..rlltn of .dle dlka I 1962. also be present in unexplored pads of arcns underlain by t.he Morrison contain. probable pitchblende Format.ion in the northwest Carrizo (No.2) and the Lnkachulmi aceOlipenvlnl .ultlde atneul. and fluorit•• Mountn.ins IU'ens (No.1), and in rocks of Cretaceous age in the HInck 24 Linda Lee elat•• StUf'll, dlpptnl veln In arknae nul' Robhan, 1955b. Mesa area (No.6). . contact \lith ltuottie roek con The known minera.1ized hreceilt pipes, sueh ns the Orphan, have all uina hematite aceo.panted bv [orb,roUe and IUNIlte. been exposed by erosion. Other similar hut unexposed pipes may be ~.nt. Cruz present. in the Kaibnb and Co('onino Plat('IUlS. Deposits in the Chinle and in brerci:t pipes will be difficuJ.t. and cost.ly 28 DurantlJlll, cl.... Arko.ie .andatone eoc1oud 10 con Robhon. 195'. Ilo.erat. of Cretacaoue ase ..nd t.o find. Throughout much of t.he area where the lowe\' part of the dhplaced by hulu contain. dh youn~er lerdnlted kuoliU. uunophane, Chinle is present it is coveredhy 2,000 to 4,000 feet. of rocks. and autunite. Vdn ch..Ulea The brecem pipes are relativply slllall targets :t few hundred t.o 1,000 tion qUeitlonabh. feet in diameter. Conditions would hlwe to be at least a..'l favorable for 26 Vatnlete of uranlu" nlineral. In h ••e lII.tal vein .nela.cd in diorite of exploration as those in the mid-1950's to st.imulate search for these Cutauou.(?) a~e. deposits. 27 IJhUe Oak property Steeply dlppln. ,hear zone In Cranser and Raup, The tonnage of known margina1resources is about t.hree I, inw..'l that. of rhyolite of Cretaceous or Tertiary 19b2. a~e eontalna oxidlu:d lead ore and reserv('..'l. Part. of these r('Rour('('s are in depoRits that. were minable when • eeondary uranium .1nerala ....101y ~ ••ollte and uranophaoe. incent.ive prices and bonus('s were in efl'('et, hut not minnble t hereafter. Examples are some smaller s<:att.ered peneconcordl\llt deposits in vnri- 'Yavapal fn~uft· 16 HUlside mine \t"1l1 III ,i;:IIIJ'slln'r'llll\-It",hl \In- III "lml.ll Andeuon, Schoh, and 5 Atomic T~llPrA"Y Commission, Prpss Rp!t>u;;p 44fl, GrfilHl .Junction, Colo., ~t'ru'! n.R. YJ\AjlAI (Ptn;lmllnalllltll..tll) 4/iIlUUI\ Strohell t 1955; pill hblt'llJt'. IfulIrHt"• .tnJ St'4unJ.f)· UUIUUIIl Wright, 1950. lind 'Vashington, D.C., Sept. 9, 1966. l.rb.IO.11t'\ 291 292 ous fonm~tions and rein deposits in the nrippin~ Sprin~ Quartzite. ,1011l180n, H. S., ,Tr., and Thordarson, 'VlIliam, 1006, Uranium deposits of i hI' han~qualified Monb, Monticelio, White Cl1nyon, and Monument Valley districts Utah and Partcomnsts oero('!;: too ]ean in uranium to for ])\ll'chase Arizonll: U.s. Gpo!. Snrvey Bul\. 1222-H p. 1-53. under the pri('e Scll(,{]U]PS in pfTed up to t!Hi~. ~ome of this ]ow-~rade ·Kln~, K N., and Henderson, .T. G., In,,:!, CO)lper Mountl1ln mine, Mohan! Connty, materia] adjoins ore in many deposits and an appreC'iah]e amount· is in Arizona: U.A. Atomic Energy ComIll, Prelim. Reronn. Rep!. R-R-llV. failing,.; lIlld miJl('ralize(1 ro('k at. the IIills;llc mine (No. 16, fig. 4:3). *Meehlln, R. ,I., 1V,..1, COPlx'r Honse No. I, Mohnve Connty, Arizona: U.S. AtomJr Energ-y Comm. I'rpllm. Reeonn. R{'pt. R-R-l3!i. 80mc of these kno"'n marginal resources ('ould be exploit.cd if the MlIIer, R. D., 1!Xi4, Copper-nrl1ulum depositR at til{' Ridenour minI', Ilunlllpl1i price for Ill'ltlliUIll equa]ed or excecdel] t.1w maximulll of the late 11)!,iO's, Indian RpoorvaUon, CIlPonino ('()\lIIt~·, Arizonll, pt.. 1: U.s. .\tondc E'tlf'rg-y aIHI. addit ionn] Ilmrginal resources probahly It 114" Ill" 112" Ill" 110· __ _ _ ~ VANADIUM ~1:r' ~:';:~~t~~:~e~ ~-.~~- ~i·'\. (By It. 1'. Fischer, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.) "'IT -. - .. - "1-· - :;:: II 3 -r' ' II -I ,- ; II .. ( Carri~o Mountains ar~a .. INTHODUC'l'ION , I 1 1. , i ~ l:i. ,.0 -~ Chilchmbito area I· , The eOJHHlmption of Yluladium in the United States has increased \(-~\}1...J1t~ J•• (CO o' 4,. '-T \ t;"'""·' 0 I 'w \ appree'iahly in recent years; it averaged slightly less than 2,000 ShOIt. \ M 0 H A ~ E l___ -. I tOilS It year durillg the 1\)50's, was 2,015 tons in 1%1, and 5,,181 tons in ~i 0 llHHi, according to figures published by the U.S. Bureau 01' Mines. fJ.. l:i. ,_ i CO,' co.. I \ " About HO pm·(·(·nt of the nllladilllll cOllsulllt'd has /!OIW into pn/!ill(~ering', f-· \; j .~., l:i. I! 1 > I I st.rllctul'lIl, aJl(1 tool stpels, ",hpI'l' it is used as an alloy to cOlltrol g'l'lIill ,! " I I '.-. ":...." ,.,,~ I I, ••- size, illlpart tOUg'lllWSS, lwe] inhibit. fat.igue. The Ot]Wl' principld elonH's \ ~ tie uses have 'been in nonferrous alloys and chemiea Is. K '1''''-'''' I, ,) I i ,...•• "\ , i !. I i. \.~-~'t.. : Becaus(\ l1lost of the valllllliulIl-bearing' ores l1linpel in Arizona han' !, \.,,(' 1.. r " 'z"""~' \' I bePIl shippPII to lIIith.; outside of till' State anelillilled ",ith ores I'rolll I ..... ¥_j I i,' « ~ \ i Y A V A P \' i otlwr sonl'l'es, an PXII<'t. fig-nrc 01' the vanadiullI re('o\'preel from Arizoll:l ."'~II i " • I ,>'J'J'''',' ~.I ,'I'. /" I U 4', I r•• I ores is IlOt llvailable but. it. probaLly alllounts to IlParly 35 million pounds , 'i r "'. . \\. ,:~(,~., I , ),~:!~,,-,y--,( , ) )'. -, ~-J ~ V,,05 (near]y 10,000 short. tons V) contltined in coneent.mte..'l. This 1 / j i j j (_)6. ! represents a little more than one-tenth of the total domestic production ,..(, 'L 1\. / --" '" I , I i-.- "b.78 Slightly more than 90 percent. of Arizona vanadium output has Vanadium·uranium deposits• in sandstone come from vanadium-uraniulll deposits in SIUldstone in t,he northeastern part. of the Sta((l. Some of {hese deposits wm'e mined for vanadium l:i. alone during 'Vodd 'Val' II, but the bulk of the vanadium has come as Vanadate deposit or occurrence II coprodud. with uranium during the 1950's and 1960's. 'I'he symbols (Productive deposits are shown in solid black) shown in fig'urc 44 represl'nt, groups of deposits and are taken from Finch (1967, pI. 1), who identifies the individual localit.ies. These FIGURE 44.-Vanadlum in Arizona. deposits have yiehled ore an.'raging' 1 pl'l'cent. or more \,:,0". Similar deposits of uranium in sandstone in ot her parts of northel'll Arizona (fig. .J.:l) [uranium map] lmre a vanadium content that is too low to make its re('overy profitable. The lJroductive vanadium-urunium deposits are in the Morrison FormatIOn of Jurassic age in the Carrizo Mountains (Stokes, 1951; 295 296 Dodd, 1D5n) and ChiIchinbHo areas and in t.he Chinle FOl1llll'1 ion of Triassic age ill thl' 1\Ionllllll"nt Valley area (Witkind, 1956; Malan, C'rpn~er. S. C.• 1!l'IO. Geolo~y of the St. Anthony (Mammoth) area. Pinal County. ]!)(iR) , Apadll'. and NavlLjo COllnties. The host rocks are lenticular Arizona. in. Arizona zinc and lead deposits. rt. 1 : Arizona Bur. Mines. Geol. Ser. heds of stTParn-lkpositc(! sandstone thaI. contain l'atlH'r alJ1lTldant. no. 18, Bull. no. U.r,. p. (',.1-&1. (,~l~'honillcd Dorld, 1'. H.• 1m....;, SOllie f'xamples of uranium deposits in the UpIWr .Turassic plant .fossils. Pl'imary ore minerals consist. of oxides and Morrison forll1ation on the C'JOlorndo Plateau, in Page. L. Ro. and others [emn s~l~cat('.s of .n~nadl1lln an~1 lImnium; all of these except t.he nl1111(lilllll pilpl's). Omlrihutilms to the I{eolog-y of uranium and thoriulll by the United sJ1Il'atf's oXldl7,e to a \':lI'wl.y of secondary Illint'ra.ls. The ort'. 1l1il1l'l':lls Slat.f's Gf'ologieal Ruryey m\(1 Atomic Enf'rgy C'AJlI1mlssion for the United illlrregl~:lte the sa.ndstonc :l11l11'<'placp Hw.'plant, f<,>Ssils, forming tahulal' l'\a~i()ns Inl!'rnationnl ('onferl'lH'e on ('eaeefnl Uses of Atomic I'Jnergy. Gf'nc"a, S\\'llzprlnnd. l!lriii: U.S. GNI. SllrYf'Y Prof. Paper .100. p. 24:{-2H2. ore hodIes llmt he nearly pamllel to the uelhlllJO' of the sandstolll'. Finch, ",V. 1., .H H17 , Ol'ology of I'pil{pnetic uranium deposits in sandstone In the Thpse hodips a \'Pmge a few feet thick and rang-It'from sUlall massI's fTni!.ed Statps: U.R. Gpo\. Survey Prof. raII('r r"lil, 121 p. Ollly IL 1'ew f('(,t, a('.mss, containing only a' fpoW tons of ore, to bodie,c; Galbraith. I", ",Y., :Id. and Brl'nnan. D..T.• l!lriU. lI:I1neralfl of ArIwnn 3(1 I'd. re- se\"(;r:tl hUl1d)'{'(1 fpel. across, r.ontaining thousands of tons of OI'P. Ol'e vl1 this application it has adequate strength characteristics, good cor Virtually all of thc zircon consumcd in the Unitcd States is pro rosion resistance and a very low absorption power for slow neutrons d\!ced llS a coproduct or byproduct during" the processin~ of helwy (Eilertson, 1965b, p. 1108), which is essential to the maintenance of mrneral bellch sands for the recovcry of rutile and ilmenite. The sand a chain reaction. is usually mined wit.h dredges and treated by conventiona,] gl'llvity The incl'eased demand for high purity metal resulting from its met!lOds, such as Humphrey spirals, and finally separated with electro .nuclear applications prolhpted the construction, in 1950, of the first stahc lind electromagnet.ic separators into the various heavy-mineral major plant in the world for the production of zirconium. This plant fmctions. at Albany, Ore., utilizes the Kroll process wherein zirconium tetra ZIRCON IN ARIZONA chloride IS reduced with magnesium to zirconium metal. By 1957, six plants had been put into pro o 'w o I EXPLANATION Placor dopoll to .' " x· Occurrence (Nulllbers refer to, tocalltll!ll listed In text) }l'IOURE 45.-Zlrcon in Arizona. 302 de\'eloped, and alumina and potassium slIlfate were prOlhH:ell expel'i ull'lltally frolll tIl<' alunitp of the l\far'ysnl1(~ tlppositH, SinN\, tIw war H fp\\" t.llOusall(l tons of alunite for fertili"el' waH l))'odll<:ed frolll the NONMETALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES OTHER THAN :\farysndo deposits. The)'p has bel'n no other ahlllite lJl'odu<'tioll in 'tIl<' 1Tnited States. FUELS .\hmite is used in otlll'r countries fOf" se\'(lJ'alllllrposes. Potash alulll ALUNITE aud potassium sulfah'·hanl been made from alunite in Italy and Ne\\" South 'Vales, Australia, alld uSNl in agrieulture and in tlie ellPlllieal (By S. n. Keith, Arizona Bureau of Mines, Tucson, Ariz.) . in Alunitc was identified by Schradel' (llH4, W1G) in thc wnlI rock relle<'l in parI. the rclatin>, ahundaneps of the various mincI·:t1s (BowlrR, of the l~n'ning Htar prospect of the Three R Mining gronp, il mileR In;)!), p, 1H-(i;n and in part the ('(lIIsidemble ditl'crelH'es of the minerals f-:outh of Patagonia, ~lll1t:t ('ruz Count.y (SK cor" T. 22 S., It H, E.). ill IIcxibilily, tellsile strength, /'('sistaIH'c t6 chemieal corrosion, resist The alnnit i?,ed WIll'S, l'onsisting of pinkish alunite and quart?', )'rsulted alH'e 10 IWIlt, plpcll'ieal cOlldlll'lance and othet, pl'opel'ties (Budollet, frolll th". allp)'ation of orthrwlase {plllspar in j)l'gmatit.ic gra.nite along IfH,l) thaI. atred SIW(~itic. utilit.,y o/'easeof /JIanufa<'lu/'c. fhe wall of a snlfirll' n'in. The ?,One may 1m sen'ml feef, ,ride and in VaJ'iat ion in 0111\ ph,Ysi('al pl'ope\'ty Iwrmits difJ'p\,PIII. loIs of It plal'ps may contain as mll<~h as :10 per('('nt alunite. Alnnite also was speeifk asl)('stos JlJillPral to be used in divprse products. For insl:u\('c, notl'rl in strol1g1y pyriti?,pd ?,OJl('S ill the same area. No l\nalYRcs 0)' ('hrysotile thaI. can he (\cxe(lrcpC11tpdly like a thread of silk, willlOut pstilllal('s of tOl1llage han' IH'('11 made..\Jullite has heen i(lent.ilil'r! also hl'PHkillg, is dpsigllatrd as soft. asbeslos and if lon~ cnough the fibrils in Silla II d issem il1ated amounl s in t he nil ered wall rocks of lIIany sulfide ('an ho ]>\'()('cssed into tpxtilcs; ill ('olltraRt, ('hrysotile thaI. is harsh, 01' rlp.posits in Ariwl1a, and reports of this type of occurrencc are incl'('as resilipnt, like a hroo/JIstraw wlH'1I flpxed, is unsuitahle to tpxtile use hut !I1g. 1loweHr, such O(TUlTenCCS are more of mineralogic than economic Inay exhibit, filtrnl ion chal'l\derist.ics-Iar·kiJ1~ in the soft, fiber-that. lIlterpst. espeeially pnhalH'(l its mallufndure into asbestos-cP/JICllt produeff-:. OUTLOOK .\slw..<;I-c1.", then, is not. It sillglc ('onJlll(J(lity but. n group of physically similar ('ommodilips that are fahJ'icated, dependillg on sppeiH(' chal' The Jlossibilit ies for mining alunite in Ariwlla has attracted little aet.erist.ics, inlo a wide spectrum of products, which we accept. as C01l1 interest. in re('Pl1t years, The known deposits, principally at. Sugal'loaf Illonpla('~ ~vithollt. fully apl)J'('('iating how cssl'nt ial ashl'stos is in Bntte, a/'e too slllall to sen'c as the raw material for 1111 aluminum nHHlel'll 1I\'1Il~':lIld tpchnolog'y (Bowles, WilD). illllm;try, allli the "alne of the deposits for othcr uses is decreased hy In IH'('parat,lOn fo!' marlmt, aRhestos fibl'rs are sepamted from en Iheir low gmde aIHI high sodinm content. Some possibiljty renJainR ('losing rock and ill('11l