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(EIA) in Malaysia: Social Conflict and Credibility Delft University of Technology An Institutional Analysis of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) In Malaysia: Social Conflict and Credibility Bin Md Saman, Nor DOI 10.4233/uuid:77ccc563-247b-4fe7-ba0c-a475f5eda853 Publication date 2016 Document Version Final published version Citation (APA) Bin Md Saman, N. (2016). An Institutional Analysis of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) In Malaysia: Social Conflict and Credibility. https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:77ccc563-247b-4fe7-ba0c-a475f5eda853 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. An Institutional Analysis of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) In Malaysia: Social Conflict and Credibility Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben; voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 7 juli 2016 om 10:00 uur door Nor Hisham BIN MD SAMAN Master of Science (Planning), School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia geboren te Kedah, Malaysia i This dissertation has been approved by the Promotor: Prof.dr.ir. drs. P.P.S. Ho Composition of the doctoral committee: Rector Magnificus chairman Prof.dr.ir. drs. P.P.S. Ho Delft University of Technology Independent members: Prof.dr. M.P. van Dijk Erasmus University Rotterdam Dr. A.F. Correljé Delft University of Technology Prof.mr.dr.ir. J.A. Zevenbergen University of Twente Prof.mr.dr. E.F. ten Heuvelhof Delft University of Technology Prof.dr. W.K. Korthals Altes Delft University of Technology © 2015 Nor Hisham Bin Md Saman. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission from the publisher Keywords: Institutions, EIA, Social Conflict and Credibility ii Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Research ................................................................................1 1.2 Research Concepts and Angles ............................................................................4 1.2.1 EIA ...........................................................................................................4 1.2.2 Land Rights ...............................................................................................6 1.2.3 Assessing EIA Performance: Between Effectiveness and Credibility .................6 1.3 Research Framework: Institutions, Property Rights, EIA Implementation, Conflict and Credibility ..........................................................................................................9 1.4 Research Setting: Approaches, Designs and Strategies ........................................ 15 1.4.1 The Two Case Studies .............................................................................. 17 1.4.2 Fieldwork and Survey Management ............................................................ 17 1.4.3 Instruments, Validity and Reliability ........................................................... 22 1.4.3.1 Reliability of the Quantitative Data and Findings .................................. 23 1.4.3.2 Reliability of Qualitative Data and Findings .......................................... 24 1.5 Ethical Consideration in Conducting the Research ................................................ 25 1.6 Thesis Layout and Line of Argument .................................................................. 25 2 Environmental Impact Assessment at the International Level: Concept, Stakeholders’ Attitudes and Development Trends .................................... 28 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 28 2.2 EIA: The Cardinal Features ................................................................................ 29 2.2.1 The Origin of EIA ..................................................................................... 29 2.2.2 Founding Purposes of EIA ......................................................................... 30 2.3 Strengths and Drawbacks of EIA ........................................................................ 33 2.3.1 Strengths of EIA ....................................................................................... 33 2.3.2 Drawbacks of EIA ..................................................................................... 35 2.4 Actors’ Attitude Regarding EIA ........................................................................... 41 2.4.1 Actors’ Attitude Regarding EIA in Developed Countries ................................ 41 2.4.2 Actors’ Attitude Regarding EIA in Developing Countries ............................... 45 2.5 Rent-seeking: How Does It Compromise the EIA Rules? ....................................... 48 2.6 The Expansion of EIA Worldwide ....................................................................... 50 2.7 The Development Trends in IA .......................................................................... 53 2.7.1 Social Impact Assessment ......................................................................... 54 2.7.2 Sustainability Assessment (SA) .................................................................. 56 2.8 Synthesis of Concluding .................................................................................... 57 3 Environmental Impact Assessment in Malaysia: Administrative, Strengths and Limitations, Support and Opposition and Its Developmental Trends ................ 60 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 60 3.2 Development of EIA in Malaysia ......................................................................... 61 3.2.1 The Existence of EIA Prior to the Order 1987 .............................................. 61 3.2.2 The Emergence of Formal EIA through the Order 1987................................ 65 iii 3.3 General Actors and Their Roles in the EIA Process in Malaysia .............................. 66 3.4 The EIA Process in Malaysia .............................................................................. 68 3.5 The EIA Procedures in Malaysia ......................................................................... 69 3.5.1 The Preliminary EIA Report ....................................................................... 70 3.5.2 The Detailed EIA Report ........................................................................... 71 3.5.3 The EIA Review Process ............................................................................ 72 3.5.4 The Actors Involved in the EIA Review Process ........................................... 72 3.5.5 Post-monitoring and Audit ......................................................................... 75 3.6 The Basic Statutory Requirements of EIA in Malaysia ........................................... 76 3.6.1 The Basic Statutory Requirements of EIA ................................................... 76 3.6.2 The Basic Statutory Requirements of Public Participation in EIA ................... 78 3.7 Administrative Arrangements for EIA in Malaysia ................................................. 79 3.8 Limitations and Drawbacks of EIA Implementation in Malaysia ............................. 81 3.8.1 Ambiguity in EIA Legislation ...................................................................... 81 3.8.2 Ambiguity in the Prescribed Activities ......................................................... 82 3.8.3 Problem of Enforcement – Conflict of Interest ............................................. 82 3.8.4 Limited Powers of the Department of Environment ...................................... 84 3.8.5 Low Commitment of State on Environmental Issues .................................... 85 3.8.6 Weak Public Participation Practice .............................................................. 86 3.9 Arguments For and Against the Formalisation of EIA in Malaysia ........................... 88 3.9.1 An Aid to Decision-Making ......................................................................... 89 3.9.2 The Need to Address Environmental Matters As Early As Possible ................. 89 3.9.3 EIA as a Stumbling Block to Development .................................................. 90 3.9.4 EIA as a Window Dressing or Symbolic Law ................................................ 91 3.9.5 The Presence of EIA is too late to Influence Decision-making ....................... 94 3.9.6 EIA as a Tool to Challenge the State Administration .................................... 94 3.10 The Development Trends of IA in Malaysia ......................................................... 95 3.10.1 Social Impact Assessment ......................................................................
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