J o u r n a l o f A d v a n c e s i n S o c i a l S c i e n c e a n d H u m a n i t i e s

JASSH 5 (9), 1063-1083(2019) ISSN (O) 2395-6542

A Holistic Approach to Beach Development in Badagry Local Government in : A Case of Whispering Palm Beach Resort

Aina, Christopher Olayinka, PhD Associate Professor of Tourism and Events Management, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria

DOI:10.15520/jassh58449

ABSTRACT The study was carried out to investigate the issues surrounding the planning and management strategies adopted in Badagry Local government Area for coastal tourism development, with a view to recommending appropriate sustainable measures that will facilitate effective coastal zone development. This work was based on primary data and supported by secondary data. The primary data were collected during field investigation in Badagry Local Government Area of State with the aid of questionnaire and interview methods. The secondary data were obtained from both official sources (government agencies) and non-official sources (libraries, the internet and newspapers), to include, population statistics, tourist inflow, etc. In this research, both in-depth interviews and informal interviews were conducted amidst staff of tourism related institutions, such as, hotels, beach development offices, tourism boards and agencies to investigate the different impacts of coastal tourism in Badagry, opinions of tourists and agencies (stakeholders) and the need for proper planning and management. As the sample size of this study is large, the questionnaires were specifically used to gather views from a large number of tourists regarding beaches and coastal zones in Badagry. In order to effectively assess the impact of tourism activity management on the stakeholders, the likert scale pre-coded responses were included in the questionnaire. A total of 100 copies of the survey questionnaire were administered within the Badagry community among host members, tourists, the hospitality

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related outfits, government and private agencies operating within the area. Data from the questionnaire were analysed by various statistical tools in the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS Version 20.0, 2011). Data were further analysed using correlation analysis and the one-way ANOVA.The study found that, there is significant relationship between coastal tourism management and tourism planning at Whispering palm. It, also, found a positive correlation with all the independent variables. This reveals that any possible change in socio- economic factors will lead to development of the local community. The study concluded that, any increase in the economic wellbeing of individuals in the community or any significant social change through tourism activities will directly have positive influence on local community development. The study recommended sustainable coastal zone management and planning; provision and implementation of policies and plans for sustainable tourism;effective governance structures and relationships;sustaining coastal tourism development through Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); and supporting host community livelihood through coastal zone products.

Keywords: Beach Development, Sustainable Tourism, Environmental Impact Assessment

INTRODUCTION where religious presence and socio-cultural Africa has a meaningful share in the values had not encouraged the area to be growing international tourism trade in terms known as a leisure site. Nigeria is also rich of both tourist’s arrival and departure. The in handicrafts and sculptures, historical importance of Nigeria’s tourism industry monuments, arts, sports, places of beauty, lies in its tourism resources generating socio-cultural events, parks, museums, foreign exchange (UNWTO, 2011). One of relaxation sites, waterfalls, resorts, hotels the main factors behind the success of and other accommodation facilities among Nigerian tourism is the natural beauty. The others. It also has abundant cultural and country is located along the South Atlantic historical heritage which is one of the Ocean and it is blessed with a wide range of critical factors for developing rural and water resources. Being a coastal country, it urban tourism in the country. has a wide range of beaches and other There are different types of tourism; marine beauties. Up to the 18th century, the one of the most is coastal tourism. It is based coastal area had been a mere landscape, on a unique resource combination at the

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interface of land and sea offering amenities 2001).It’s true that the coastal tourism may such as water, beaches, scenic beauty, rich result in increase in employment terrestrial and marine biodiversity, opportunities and that can be an economic diversified cultural and historic heritage, benefit, even attracting job seekers from healthy food and, usually, good outside the local community. But in lean infrastructure. It includes a diversity of seasons and other tourism crisis, can see activities that take place in both coastal mass scale unemployment leading to social zones and coastal waters, which involve the consequences (UNEP Division of development of tourism capacities (hotels, Technology, Industry and Economics, resorts, second homes, restaurants, etc.) and 2006). support infrastructure (ports, marinas, During tourism development, the supply and fishing and diving shops, and other facilities, demand concept will force the cost of basic like outdoor sittings). products and services and real estate to Coastal tourism is the largest segment of increase, rendering them inaccessible to the global leisure tourism, with much tourism local population, resulting into an increase development concentrated along coastlines in the cost of living (UNEP Division of for the past 60 years (Hall, 2001; Honey and Technology, Industry, and Economics, Krantz, 2007; UNEP, 2009; Jones and 2006). Influx of tourists can always alter the Phillips, 2011). Coastal tourism is founded traditional culture of the local community to on the unique resource combination at the render vulnerable changes, posing risk to the interface of land and sea, with high demand loss of a community’s structure and amenities including beaches, rich marine indigenous identity, intra-community and terrestrial biodiversity, and scenic conflicts between generations, genders, beauty (UNEP, 2009). Coastal tourism races, and classes, and can make local embraces a range of activities that take place resources inaccessible to the native within the coastal zone and offshore coastal population (UN Atlas of the Oceans, waters, including recreational 2004).The growth of tourism in coastal areas boating/sailing, coast-and marine-based has reached its peak in recent decades. The ecotourism, cruises, swimming, economic importance of coastal tourism is beachcombing/walking, surfing, recreational unquestionable, although, there is no fishing, snorkeling and diving (Hall, analysis forecasting what would be the

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direct share of coastal tourism in the tourism producing an increased amount of waste and sector, or its likely contribution to the other pollutants (Burke et al., 2001; UN economy as a whole. Since coastal tourism Atlas of the Oceans, 2004). Other major is a common type of tourism in Nigeria, it is environment issues, aside pollution are land therefore apt to examine the current situation degradation and land-use change, which in a holistic manner. results in habitat and biodiversity loss, Nigeria is endowed with water resources, directly from the construction of tourist but these resources still pose problems in the facilities and infrastructure through the region. Some of the problems of the clearing of mangroves, wetlands, and country’s coastal areas are water pollution beaches, and the extraction of building which includes water contamination, toxic materials (UN Atlas of the Oceans, 2004) or substances, oil spills, air pollution and due to increased intrusion in the sensitive sewage pollution (Okeke, 2003).Nigeria is a coastal ecology. coastal country where coastal tourism is It is important to note that in case of beach very popular. The government of coastal or shoreline tourism development, like states like Rivers, Delta and Lagos construction of ports and resorts on the encourage the private sector to co- beach, the destruction of natural barriers and participate in tourism development. Since changes to sediment flow patterns, 1987 when the Tourism Policy accentuates coastal erosion (UN Atlas of the was formulated, emphasis has been on Oceans, 2004). Unregulated and Coastal tourism development. Indeed, the uncontrolled tourism development, policy specifically identified Tourism Zones especially coastal tourism activities along all of which are along the coast. and within the coastal environment is always Water resource is certainly degraded primarily responsible for the destruction of qualitatively by pollution and quantity wise aesthetic value of physical beauty of the through over withdrawal and abuse. Often, coast (Burke et al., 2001; Gössling, 2002; the local sewage infrastructure has no such UN Atlas of the Oceans, 2004). capacity to bear with the tourist population, The study area, (Badagry Local Government particularly during the peak season for the Area) being part of Lagos, former capital tourists, and on the other hand it is also city of Nigeria, has attracted millions of directly affected by cruise tourism people the area of business, leisure and other

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purposes. This resulted in the coastline Chukwubuike Oguh (This day Live, 2011). being over-congested during the holidays, Many people in Nigeria and around the and important festivals like the Black world know Badagry town in Lagos State as Heritage Festival etc. The infrastructural a slave port through which slaves from West facilities such as good road network and Africa were transported to the Americas and parking spaces are not enough to meet the the Caribbean. But, in recent times, demand of the coastal region. This research especially with the planned development of work therefore, will examine the issues the town into a tourism and recreational surrounding the planning and management center by the Lagos State Government, the strategies adopted in Badagry Local fishing and agricultural town is fast growing government Area for coastal tourism into a commercial and residential area. development, with a view to recommending Though the 2006 national census estimated appropriate sustainable measures that will the population of Badagry to be about facilitate effective coastal zone 241,000 people, but the Lagos State Bureau development.The following hypotheses were of Statistics survey revealed a figure far tested in the course of this research: above this (380,420) as seen on table

Ho1: There is no relationship between 1.1.Much more people today now call status of physical planning and the Badagry home, the countless number of management buses and saloon cars at Mile 2, of coastal tourism development in Lagosmoving people through the hour-long the study area. journey to Badagry is a testament to this

Ho2: There is no significant relationship fact. between the status of physical Badagry is known to be at a distant location planning and the management of on the outskirts of Lagos. Some even doubt coastal tourism development in the its association with the largest city in terms beaches. of origin. This ancient town of Badagry was founded around l425 A.D. Before its The Study Area: Badagry existence, people lived along the Coast of The ancient and rusty town of Badagry, Gberefu and this area later gave birth to the formerly a slave port, is evolving into town of Badagry. It is the second largest vibrant commercial centre, reports commercial town in Lagos State, located an

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hour from Lagos and half-hour from the Whispering Palms is a conference resort Republic of . The town of Badagry is centre occupying about 3.24hectares of land bordered on the south by the Gulf of Guinea located in Iworo, Badagry LGA. The resort and surrounded by creeks, islands and a lies on the Lagoon and typifies the beauty of lake. The ancient town served mainly the the area’s cool Atlantic breeze, silica sands, Oyo Empire, which comprised Yoruba and palm trees and chirping birds. . It was discreetly sectionalized with children Badagry is an historic city which grew in playing ground and recreational facilities for response to the three independent slave children. Section for bar and restaurant were activities in Nigeria. Today, the Aworis and provided and effectively staffed. Attractive Eguns are mainly the people who reside in guest houses of different status are also Badagry as well as in Ogun State in Nigeria available, while another area beside the and in the neighbouring Republic of Benin. lagoon is separated to accommodate The name originated from the fact that the interested tourist who likes to play with people of Badagry’s means of livelihood are plastic paddle canoe. The whole sites are full farming, fishing and salt making due to the of trees which form different sections of availability of trees and presence of ocean canopies to make the area very attractive water respectively. The natives believed that and cool to relax (Plate 1.3). In terms of Badagry was founded by a famous farmer security, Whispering Palm is secured with called Agbedeh who maintained a farm security men and other security gargets to which became popular it was named after protect lives and properties. Settlements in him. The word Greme meant farm in Ogu the site area include; Epe, Iworo, Ajido, language and a visit to Agbedeh’s farm Mike, Ilado and Aradagun. brought about the word and Agbedegreme Whispering Palms offers ecological, beach and its usage meaning Agbedeh’s farm. It and aquatic tourism where tourists can view was then coined to Agbadagari by the some of the exotic animals and birds in its Yoruba inhabitants and later corrupted to mini zoo. Sun and sand, a host of colorful Badagry by the European slave merchants beach umbrellas dot the beach front. The before the end of the seventeenth century. outdoor setting and relaxation arena is very appealing and beautiful. Beach huts, The Whispering Palm Beach numerous mini gardens that host various

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Nigerian carvings and artworks, including peacocks. The road within the resort looks bronze heads of various Yoruba deities dot fascinating as it lined with palms kernel the landscape of the resort. Hotel residue. The entire environment is quiet with accommodation at Whispering Palms ranges stunning ambience and a contrast to the from luxury to simple but very nice and maddening crowd and noise of the busy clean rooms. The landscape of the resort was Lagos metropolis. On offer also is a choice beautifully designed with lush vegetation of cuisine from Nigeria to Continental- with everywhere and largely dominated by palm exotic dishes like coconut shrimps, Spanish trees. The resort has lots of seating along paella, Cantonese chicken, Ogbono spiced the water’s edge, a swimming pool and a with Ugu and bitter leaf etc. zoo with monkeys, crocodiles, turtles and

Plate 1: The Whispering Palms Beach Source: Reconnaissance Survey, 2019

The Coastand Growth of Coastal that extends from the shoreline to the first Tourism major change in terrain features. About The coast is a distinct feature of the earth two-thirds of the world’s population lives where land, sea and air meet (Carter, 1988). within 400km of the coast (Hinrichsen, It can be defined as a strip of land of 1998). Humans are highly dependent on indefinite width (may be several kilometers) coastal resources (Harvey and Caton, 2003)

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and consequently settlements, food swimming, recreational fishing, snorkeling production, communications, tourism and and diving (Hall and Page, 2006). Travelling recreation are concentrated there (Smith and for leisure has a history dating back to about Nicholls, 2003). Coastal uses largely fall 4,000 B.C. with the invention of money and into four categories: resource exploitation the development of trade (Goeldner and (including fisheries, forestry, gas and oil and Ritchie, 2003). The height of early tourism mining); infrastructure (including was reached during the Roman era (31 B.C. transportation, ports, harbours and shoreline to1500s) (Hudman and Jackson, 1994). In protection works); tourism and recreation, the late 1800s and early 1900s, modern and the conservation and protection of tourism such as seaside and mountain resorts biodiversity (Kay and Alder, 2005). Many became fashionable places for the wealthy human activities continuously influence or (Hudman and Jackson, 1994) while in the even change the physical environment of second half of the nineteenth century large- the coasts. The coast is subject to a range of scale seaside resorts sprouted in many increasing human pressures from urban locations as recreation in the coastal zone development and waste disposal to (Nordstrom, 2000). Nowadays, mass recreational activities (Harvey and Caton, tourism is deeply embedded in normal life. 2003). There are many different forms of mass The coast is a major tourist destination, and tourism, but the most common are still tourism is an important driver for coastal sunshine/seaside tourism and winter sports changes nowadays. The concept of coastal tourism (Shaw and Williams, 2002). tourism embraces the full range of tourism, leisure and recreational activities that take METHODOLOGY place in the coast and offshore coastal This work was based on primary data and waters (Hall and Page, 2006). These include supported by secondary data. The primary the development of accommodation, data were collected during field restaurants, food industry, second homes in investigation in Badagry Local Government the coast, infrastructure supporting coastal Area of Lagos State with the aid of development as well as tourism activities questionnaire and interview methods. The such as recreational boating, coast- and secondary data were obtained from both marine-based ecotourism, cruises, official sources (government agencies) and

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non-official sources (libraries, the internet planning and management. and newspapers), to include, population The questionnaire survey is the most statistics, tourist inflow, etc. Data from efficient and effective tool for collecting these sources were integrated as population-based information. It is a tool necessary.There are many data collection for gathering information that is not methods and while each method has available from published sources (Mc strengths and weaknesses, there is no one Lafferty, 2003). It can gather information “best” survey method. In this case, the best from large samples, especially large and approach to research is a combination of diverse populations, where face to face methods (Ronald and Johnny, 2005). Both interviews are impossible; it can also secondary data and primary data were incorporate both open and close-ended applied in this research while interview and questions (Parfitt, 1997; McLafferty, 2003). questionnaire surveys were used to collect As the sample size of this study is data. large, the questionnaires were specifically The primary sources of data collection used to gather views from a large number of include, interviews, questionnaire tourists regarding beaches and coastal zones administration and reconnaissance survey. in Badagry. The questionnaire was also Interviews have been described as used as a tool to gather public and tourist “conversations with a purpose” (Cloke et al., opinions on issues bothering on the planning 2004). Its purpose is to “give an authentic and management of the coastal zones. In insight into people’s experiences” order to effectively assess the impact of (Silverman, 1993 quoted in Cloke et al., tourism activity management on the 2004). In this research, both in-depth stakeholders, the likert scale pre-coded interviews and informal interviews were responses were included in the conducted amidst staff of tourism related questionnaire. This allows individual to institutions, such as, hotels, beach express how much they agree or support a development offices, tourism boards and particular settlement or activity. This agencies etc to investigate the different method also ascribes quantitative value to impacts of coastal tourism in Badagry, quantitative data to make it amendable to opinions of tourists and agencies statistical analysis. A total of 100 copies of (stakeholders) and the need for proper the survey questionnaire were administered

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within the Badagry community among host members, tourists, the hospitality related RESULT OF DATA ANALYSIS FOR WHISPERING PALM RESORT outfits, government and private agencies operating within the area. Gender Distribution of Respondents This research also utilized a mix of The study on gender distribution of purposive and convenience sampling in respondents in Whispering Palm Beach order to conveniently administer Resort revealed that, majority (56%) of the questionnaire to tourist visit the beaches. respondents were male while 44% were Purposive sampling was used to specifically female. This implies that more male visits target tourists visiting the Coastal region, the Whispering Palm Beach and engages (study area), especially as they arrive at the more in coastal tourism activities compared beach. Data from the questionnaire were with their female counterparts. It is also analysed by various statistical tools in the important to note that male visitors were Statistical Package for the Social Science seen alone and relaxing at the beach, but (SPSSVersion 20.0, 2011). For the survey most of the female tourists came to the on tourists at the beaches, the popular tourist beach in company of their male friends, activities was further analysed using several relatives and husband. statistical procedures. To test for Data on age of respondents indicates that relationships between two sets of majority (56%) of the respondents was less observation, and to measure the amount of than 30years of age, while 26% were similarity and variations, correlation between 31-40 years of age. This result analysis was applied.It was also applied to implies that majority of the respondents fall determine if these tourists with different below 40years of age. Further revelation demographics background have different from the data shows that people from responses for the facilities and service of the 40years and above seldom visit or engage in beaches, hotels and restaurants. The one- coastal tourism activities, especially the way ANOVA was also used to test for active coastal tourism activities like, differences among three or more swimming, fishing, boating and surfing. independent groups, as applicable in the The data on income distribution of type of data gathered and the hypothesis to respondents as shown on table 4.25 revealed be tested. that majority (80%) of the tourists earn

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more than N100,000 income per month, 6% and secondary school certificates. The result earn between N10,000 – N50,000 per month implies that all respondents were literate while 14% of the respondents earned less which has facilitated easy response to than N10,000 per month. The result further questions asked during the survey. Though revealed that many of the respondents can some of the tourists or respondents do not be grouped under the high and average have formal education, all the respondents income earners in relation to the civil were aware of the benefits of relaxation after service minimum wages rating. The a hectic day work. implication is that many of the tourists are Data collected on residents of respondents economically buoyant to pay for the cost of revealed that a greater percentage of the transportation to the beach, gate charges tourists (52%) visit the Whispering Palm (which is N1,000 per head) and other Beach Resort from within Lagos, 16% were entertainment expenses within the beach came from within Badagry area 18% came resort, such as accommodation, which cost from outside Lagos, and only 14% claimed between N3,500.00 (for Hostel they reside outside Nigeria.This result Accommodation) and N35,000.00 implies that the beach resort do attracts (Executive Suite) per night. foreigner visitors/tourists in good number to The data education level of respondents the study area. This may be as a result of the shows that 58% of the respondents are availability of standard coastal tourism graduates of Higher Institutions, 20% had facilities within the resort vis-à-vis the Secondary school certificate, while 14% had management and maintenance culture of the no formal education. 8% had primary school resort.

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4% 8% 12%

Very High 28% High 48% Uncertain Low Very Low

Fig 1: Perceived Quality of Transportation to the Coastal Area Source: Field Survey, 2019

Visiting heritage sites eg Museum

Visiting local people

Enjoying Village Life

Fishing

Wildlife Observation

Enjoying Local Cusine

Photography

Sailing

Beach Combing

Beach Sports

Swimming

Viewing Sea

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Very Important Important Neutral Not Important Not Very Important

Fig 2: Beach Activities and Participation Priority Source: Field Survey, 2019

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Figure 2 shows that 34% of the respondents activities. It was also observed from the are not interested in the sea viewing while result that 54% of the respondents are 52% of the respondents admitted that beach interested in local cuisine, while others viewing is important for recreational or (26%) are more interested in observing leisure activities within the beach. 46% love wildlife activities. Finally the distribution swimming activities, while 44% of them chart also revealed that 70% of the showed no interest, many of the respondents respondents showed interest in visiting in this cadre confessed their phobia for heritage site e.g. museum and other historic water. Majority (50%) of the respondents sites, while few of them see such site as engages in sport tourism, 26% are more being boring to their social life. This is interested in beach combing and just 20% clearly represented graphically in figure showed their interest or love for sailing 4.20. Table 1: Assessment of Beach Management and Tourism Activities S/N Statement % % % % Agree % Strongly Disagree Neutral Strongly Disagree Agree 1 Sea water temperature 2 4 34 46 14 suitable for swimming 2 Litter is commonly seen on 2 20 32 34 12 sea water 3 Oil from fishing boats is seen 12 26 36 16 8 on the sea water 4 No dangerous rocks in the 8 20 28 32 12 sea 5 The sandy beach clean 0 34 24 28 14 enough to lie on 6 Waste water is discharged 34 32 12 20 2 into the sea 7 Beach is dirtied by sea 10 32 30 22 6 grasses 8 The beach is dirtied mainly 16 40 24 16 4 by the litter 9 The beach material does not 4 28 30 20 18 hurt the feet 10 There is pollution from 4 18 32 26 20 vehicles 11 The air on the beach is fresh 0 4 32 38 24 12 The vegetation on the dune is 4 14 42 32 8 not trampled by tourists 13 The beach is crowded 0 8 14 44 34

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Source: Field Survey, 2019 The data on table 1 indicated that majority drains with the beach. 32% of the (46%) of the respondents are of the opinion respondents disagree that the beach is dirtied that sea water temperature during the day is mainly by sea grasses, while 22% of the suitable for swimming as compared to (2%) respondents supported the fact that dirts of the respondents who strongly disagreed. mainly accumulates from the sea grasses and This data further revealed that many of the trees around the beach environment. respondents admitted that (46%) surface Pollution from vehicles was also a major litter is commonly seen on the sea water, concern to the tourists as many of them are which some (22%) disagreed. Further of the opinion that smokes and other revelation from the survey shows that oil pollution from vehicles constantly pollutes from fishing boats is commonly seen on the the natural air within the beach sea water, while is physically noticed when environments. Dirts from vegetation cover swimming. Majority of the respondents also and shrubs especially the dried and withered agreed that the beach environment is weeds are also considered as major constantly maintained and facilities provided pollutants, especially when they find their are well managed. The distribution chart way to the water surface and sea shores. (figure 3) also shows that (66%) of the respondents strongly disagreed that waste RESULT OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING water is discharged into the sea from the Ho1: Examine the status and standard of host community as they argued that there are physical planning and management of no physical sewage or unchanelled linked coastal tourism development in Badagry. F-Test Two-Sample for Variances Coastal Tourism Management Tourism Planning Mean 28.54 27.38 Variance 57.26 31.08 Observations 100 100 df 99 99 F 1.84 P(F<=f) one-tail 0.001 F Critical one-tail 1.39

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Source: Underlying Data from Field Survey, 2016

The table above revealed that, the mean compared to the value of Fcritical = 1.39 based scores of coastal tourism management is on = 0.05 and degree of freedom at 99.

28.54 and the tourism planning is 27.38. Since∝ the value of Fcal> (F(crit) the null Also the variable for the coastal tourism hypothesis is hereby rejected and accept the 2 management 1 = 57.26 while the Tourism alternative hypothesis. We hereby conclude 2 planning 2𝛿𝛿 = 31.08. The difference that there is significant relationship between between the𝛿𝛿 means of the group shows that coastal tourism management and tourism the coastal planning variable performed planning at Whispering palm. better than those of coastal tourism Hypothesis Two

management in the beach. A matched of F- Ho2: There is no correlation between the test was run to see if there is no significant level of socio-economic characteristics and relationship between coastal tourism the contribution of coastal tourism to host management and tourism planning in community development.

Badagry the Fcal = 1.84 thus value is Bivariate correlation matrix of all the variables Local Household Education Community Variables Gender Age income Education background Occupation Development gender 1 age 0.76 1 Household income 0.40 0.30 1 education 0.60 0.49 0.89 1 Education background 0.80 0.75 0.63 0.85 1 occupation 0.90 0.80 0.51 0.78 0.92 1

Local Community Development 0.60 0.45 0.52 0.60 0.59 0.58 1 Source: Underlying Data from Field Survey, 2016

The Bivariate correlation matrixshows the variables considered with 0.05 of correlation co-efficient matrix for the six significance. This results show positive

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correlation with all the independent All the coastal tourism stakeholders were variables. This reveals that any possible established in the traditional political and change in socio-economic factors will lead economic systems with each of them to development of the local community. working within the same environment. The implication of this result is that any Institutional responsibilities are not clear- increase in the economic wellbeing of cut. The government agencies are less individuals in the community or any concerned about the proper and quality significant social change through tourism development of the coastal resources and activities will directly have positive coastal environmental management, but influence on local community development. dwell more on revenue generation from the developments. The shortcomings have in a DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS large extent encouraged the privately owned The coastal environment including coastal coastal resorts to operate with fear of the tourism within Badagry Local Government law. has developed since the era of slave trade in The coordination of the coastal zones from Nigeria. Many issues have emerged from the Lagos State Ministry of Tourism Arts and study that threatens future development of Culture to the local government is not coastal tourism development in Badagry effective. Although the State Ministry of Local Government Area of Lagos State. For Tourism Arts and Culture is regarded as a instance, overused coastal resource and powerful administrative agency to look after unused coastal resources exist together; the state’s coastal environment and its tourism planning and government affairs, among other things, there have been regulations are generally lacking; multiple no meaningful or noticeable impacts of coastal resource use conflicts among effective coordination, monitoring and different sectors are serious, such as the management of these coastal zones in conflicts between different land users and Badagry Local Government. The lack of an other coastal resort resources, exist due to effective and organized management lack of cooperation and communication gap mechanism have restricted implementation among the stakeholders-government, private of integrated coastal zone management agencies and the tourists. (ICZM) in the study area.

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Effective tourism planning in the study is CONCLUSION not visible in many of the beach The research has demonstrated the need for development as beaches grows and develop responsible and sustainable coastal tourism in haphazard manner, while management of development, planning and management in same becomes practically ineffective. The Badagry Local Government Area of Lagos common people have no chance to State. This also requires a coherent tourism participate in decision making and planning policy framework to guide and drive action of coastal tourism development activities and appropriate bodies to see that the planning because the policy made seldom policies are implemented. To strengthen involve them. In addition, the current expert- policy frameworks for sustainable coastal oriented planning teams are short of experts tourism, it should be ensured that with multi-disciplinary background. development policies accurately identify the Furthermore, a gap still exists between role of sustainable tourism and that planning and implementation of coastal sustainability aims are mainstreamed in tourism development in the study area. updated tourism policies. Similarly, coastal The Tourism Laws as provided in the tourism opportunities and challenges should Nigeria Tourism Master Plan which is be clarified in national tourism policies and supposed to be a guide to tourism strategies. Specific emphasis needs to be development in Nigeria is still not fully placed on destination-level sustainable implemented as the final draft is still under tourism planning and action, and wider review. The Nigerian Tourism Development policies and legislation needs to be pursued Corporation (NTDC) charged with the to support transparent land use planning and responsibility of developing, monitoring and tourism development processes. promoting tourism related development in One of the primary requirements for Nigeria has not been able to perform effective structures for sustainable planning effectively due to factors like political, and management of coastal tourism is the cultural and financial. real participatory engagement of different Another major findings as stated in the stakeholder interests at all levels, while objectives of this research work is to clarifying roles and responsibilities and identify existing and potential tourism sites ensuring sufficient capacity to deliver. within the study area. Strong liaison and coordination should be

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maintained between government ministries, System Theory and Motivation Theory. departments and agencies on tourism and The SCZMP model will assist destination environment issues, and the private sector managers to identify appropriate coastal should be encouraged to engage with resource location, best use and strategic sustainability, for example through public- development and management options that private coordination bodies. The will increase the community adaption and development and operation of multi- total acceptance of the project that affects stakeholder destination management bodies both the community members and the can be seen as a key to effective sustainable management agencies through full and tourism governance and management at active involvements of all stakeholders. destination level. ii. Provision and Implementation of Policies and Plans for Sustainable RECOMMENDATIONS AND Tourism PLANNING IMPLICATIONS A common emphasis in the development of The following recommendations are made policies is placed on good governance. This with a view to achieve sustainable coastal research work is suggesting a strict tourism in Badagry Local Government Area implementation of existing Tourism in particular and Nigeria in general. Development Policy and plans to guide and i. Sustainable Coastal Zone control the development of tourism related Management And Planning activities in Badagry Local Government.A This research work is recommending the positive relationship between the public and adoption of Sustainable Coastal Zone private sectors is universally underlined. In Management and Planning (SCZMP) in the many of the countries, there is an emphasis planning and management of Coastal Zones on community engagement in governance and Beaches within the study area and and for business expansion to bring across Nigeria for optional use of coastal opportunities for local people. More resources endowments and their formally, the policies are often made to sustainability for the benefit of all tourism provide a basis for decentralization stakeholders.The model was design programmes, placing more power and according to the principle of citizen responsibility in the hands of local participation, Stakeholders approach theory, government, with recognition of a parallel

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need for institutional strengthening and managing sustainable tourism at theLocal capacity building. The full implementation Government level. This is very important for of tourism policy and plan will further the sustainability of the tourism empower the Local Government areas and development in terms of tackling issues of also encourage the Local Community (host planning, development, control, enterprise community) to jointly develop and manage engagement and community benefit, coastal tourism activities in the study area. especially at the grass root level. The provision and implementation of iv. Sustaining Coastal Tourism physical development plans in form of Development through EIA master plan, structure plan and or layout The extent, size, nature and location of new plan is also recommended as a compulsory tourism development on the coast has a activity during the development of any fundamental effect on the impact of the coastal tourism destination. Such plan will sector on coastal environments and be subjected to approval criteria by communities. Selecting and using appropriate units of the Ministry of Land management tools effectively to influence and Housing and Urban and Regional development is of utmost importance to the Planning for approval before the Sustainability of Coastal Zone Management commencement of such project. and Planning Model (SCZMP) as proposed in figure 6.1. All the key Environmental iii. Effective Governance Structures protection laws in Nigeria stipulated that any and Relationships development which is likely to have a All the coastal zones, both government and significant environmental impact should be privately established in Lagos State are subjected to Environmental Impact under the Ministry of Tourism Arts and Assessment (EIA). Consequently, Culture, , Lagos. It was discovered that undertaking an EIA of any coastal tourism Badagry Local Government Council has no development and other major developments department in chargeoftourism development within the coastal environment will not only monitoring within the Local Government protect the coastal environment but also Area. It is therefore essential to suggest the ensure the sustainability of coastal tourism establishment of effective coastal tourism in such destination. management structure for delivering and

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i. Supporting Host Community Environments: An Introduction to the Physical, Ecological and Cultural Livelihood through Coastal Zone Systems of Coastlines. London; New Products York: Academic Press.

A key requirement for sustainable coastal Goeldner, C.R., and Ritchie, J.R.B. tourism is for the local communities along (2003).Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: the coast to gain benefit from the industry, WILEY. thereby helping to alleviate poverty, Hall, C.M. (2001). Trends in Ocean and improving livelihoods and encouraging Coastal Tourism: The End of the better management and conservation Last Frontier? Ocean and Coastal Management 44(9-10): 601-618. practices by the communities. Hall, C. M., and Page, S. 1. (2006).The Some of the coastal areas are low lying and Geography of Tourism and Recreation: Environment, Place, and relatively fertile, with established Space. (3,d ed.). London; Abingdon, subsistence agriculture. In order to Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge. strengthen the social and economic Harvey, N., and Caton, B. (2003).Coastal opportunities and benefits of the local Management in Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. people, this research work recommends the exploration of coastal tourism related McLafferty, S.L. (2003). Conducting questionnaire surveys. In N. Clifford, businesses (including agriculture) for both and G. Valentine (Eds.), Key local and international markets. This will not Methods in Geography (pp. 87-100). London: SAGE Publications. only enhance the economic wellbeing of the members of the host communities but will Nordstrom, K. F. ( 2000).Beaches and Dunes of Developed Coasts. New further boost trade and communication York: Cambridge University Press. within the tourism sector. Okeke, I.C., (2003).Coastal Challenges and

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