What Is a Group of Deer Called?
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O18934 Plard, F., Bonenfant, C. and Gaillard, JM 2011
Oikos O18934 Plard, F., Bonenfant, C. and Gaillard, J. M. 2011. Re- visiting the allometry of antlers among deer species: male-male sexual competition as a driver. – Oikos 120: 601–606. Table A1. Data basis. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) was measured by the residuals of the regression of male body mass against female body mass. Breeding group sizes (BGS) were divided into three categories: group of one or two animals (A), group of three, four and five animals (B), and groups larger than five animals (C). The different mating tactics (MT) were harem (H), territorial (T) and tending (F). Non-available mating tactics (NA) and monogamous species (M) are indicated. Sub-family Genus Species Common name Male Female SSD BGS MT Ref Antler Body Body length mass mass Cervinae Axis axis chital 845 89.5 39 0.58 C F 1,2,3 Cervinae Axis porcinus hog deer 399 41 31 0.07 C F 2,3,4,5 Cervinae Cervus albirostris white-lipped deer 1150 204 125 0.06 C H 1,6 Cervinae Cervus canadensis wapiti 1337 350 250 –0.21 C H 3,8,9 Cervinae Cervus duvaucelii barasingha 813 236 145 0.03 C H 1,3,10,11 Cervinae Cervus elaphus red deer 936 250 125 0.34 C H 1,2,3 Cervinae Cervus eldi Eld’s deer 971.5 105 67 0.12 C H 1,2,3 Cervinae Cervus nippon sika deer 480 52 37 0.1 B T 1,2,3,9,12,13 Cervinae Cervus timorensis Timor deer 675 95.5 53 0.29 C H 1,9 Cervinae Cervus unicolor sambar 1049 192 146 –0.18 B T 1,2,3,7 Cervinae Dama dama fallow deer 615 67 44 0.15 C T 1,2,3,14 Cervinae Elaphurus davidianus Père David’s deer 737 214 159 –0.17 C H 1,2,3 Muntiacinae Elaphodus cephalophus -
An Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationship of Thai Cervids Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of Protein Kinase C Iota (PRKCI) Intron
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 43 : 709 - 719 (2009) An Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationship of Thai Cervids Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of Protein Kinase C Iota (PRKCI) Intron Kanita Ouithavon1, Naris Bhumpakphan2, Jessada Denduangboripant3, Boripat Siriaroonrat4 and Savitr Trakulnaleamsai5* ABSTRACT The phylogenetic relationship of five Thai cervid species (n=21) and four spotted deer (Axis axis, n=4), was determined based on nucleotide sequences of the intron region of the protein kinase C iota (PRKCI) gene. Blood samples were collected from seven captive breeding centers in Thailand from which whole genomic DNA was extracted. Intron1 sequences of the PRKCI nuclear gene were amplified by a polymerase chain reaction, using L748 and U26 primers. Approximately 552 base pairs of all amplified fragments were analyzed using the neighbor-joining distance matrix method, and 19 parsimony- informative sites were analyzed using the maximum parsimony approach. Phylogenetic analyses using the subfamily Muntiacinae as outgroups for tree rooting indicated similar topologies for both phylogenetic trees, clearly showing a separation of three distinct genera of Thai cervids: Muntiacus, Cervus, and Axis. The study also found that a phylogenetic relationship within the genus Axis would be monophyletic if both spotted deer and hog deer were included. Hog deer have been conventionally classified in the genus Cervus (Cervus porcinus), but this finding supports a recommendation to reclassify hog deer in the genus Axis. Key words: Thailand, the family Cervidae, protein kinase C iota (PRKCI) intron, phylogenetic tree, taxonomy INTRODUCTION 1987; Gentry, 1994). Cervids, or what is commonly called “deer,” are mostly characterized The family Cervidae is one of the most by antlers with a bony inner core and velvet skin specious families of artiodactyls, with an extensive cover. -
Fitzhenry Yields 2016.Pdf
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ii DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: March 2016 Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za iii GENERAL ABSTRACT Fallow deer (Dama dama), although not native to South Africa, are abundant in the country and could contribute to domestic food security and economic stability. Nonetheless, this wild ungulate remains overlooked as a protein source and no information exists on their production potential and meat quality in South Africa. The aim of this study was thus to determine the carcass characteristics, meat- and offal-yields, and the physical- and chemical-meat quality attributes of wild fallow deer harvested in South Africa. Gender was considered as a main effect when determining carcass characteristics and yields, while both gender and muscle were considered as main effects in the determination of physical and chemical meat quality attributes. Live weights, warm carcass weights and cold carcass weights were higher (p < 0.05) in male fallow deer (47.4 kg, 29.6 kg, 29.2 kg, respectively) compared with females (41.9 kg, 25.2 kg, 24.7 kg, respectively), as well as in pregnant females (47.5 kg, 28.7 kg, 28.2 kg, respectively) compared with non- pregnant females (32.5 kg, 19.7 kg, 19.3 kg, respectively). -
Review of Asian Species/Country Combinations Subject to Long-Standing Import Suspensions
Review of Asian species/country combinations subject to long-standing import suspensions (Version edited for public release) SRG 54 Prepared for the European Commission Directorate General Environment ENV.E.2. – Environmental Agreements and Trade by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre November, 2010 UNEP World Conservation Monitoring PREPARED FOR Centre 219 Huntingdon Road The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium Cambridge CB3 0DL DISCLAIMER United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 The contents of this report do not necessarily Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136 reflect the views or policies of UNEP or Email: [email protected] Website: www.unep-wcmc.org contributory organisations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply ABOUT UNEP-WORLD CONSERVATION the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on MONITORING CENTRE the part of UNEP, the European Commission or contributory organisations concerning the The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring legal status of any country, territory, city or Centre (UNEP-WCMC), based in Cambridge, area or its authority, or concerning the UK, is the specialist biodiversity information delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. and assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), run cooperatively with WCMC, a UK charity. The © Copyright: 2010, European Commission Centre's mission is to evaluate and highlight the many values of biodiversity and put authoritative biodiversity knowledge at the centre of decision-making. Through the analysis and synthesis of global biodiversity knowledge the Centre provides authoritative, strategic and timely information for conventions, countries and organisations to use in the development and implementation of their policies and decisions. The UNEP-WCMC provides objective and scientifically rigorous procedures and services. -
Chromosome Polymorphism in the Brazilian Dwarf Brocket Deer, Mazama Nana (Mammalia, Cervidae)
Genetics and Molecular Biology, 31, 1, 53-57 (2008) Copyright by the Brazilian Society of Genetics. Printed in Brazil www.sbg.org.br Research Article Chromosome polymorphism in the Brazilian dwarf brocket deer, Mazama nana (Mammalia, Cervidae) Vanessa Veltrini Abril1,2 and José Maurício Barbanti Duarte2 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. 2Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos, Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Abstract The Brazilian dwarf brocket deer (Mazama nana) is the smallest deer species in Brazil and is considered threatened due to the reduction and alteration of its habitat, the Atlantic Rainforest. Moreover, previous work suggested the pres- ence of intraspecific chromosome polymorphisms which may contribute to further population instability because of the reduced fertility arising from the deleterious effects of chromosome rearrangements during meiosis. We used G- and C-banding, and nucleolus organizer regions localization by silver-nitrate staining (Ag-NOR) to investigate the causes of this variation. Mazama nana exhibited eight different karyotypes (2n = 36 through 39 and FN = 58) result- ing from centric fusions and from inter and intraindividual variation in the number of B chromosomes (one to six). Most of the animals were heterozygous for a single fusion, suggesting one or several of the following: a) genetic in- stability in a species that has not reached its optimal karyotypic evolutionary state yet; b) negative selective pressure acting on accumulated rearrangements; and c) probable positive selection pressure for heterozygous individuals which maintains the polymorphism in the population (in contrast with the negative selection for many rearrangements within a single individual). -
Reproductive Seasonality in Captive Wild Ruminants: Implications for Biogeographical Adaptation, Photoperiodic Control, and Life History
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2012 Reproductive seasonality in captive wild ruminants: implications for biogeographical adaptation, photoperiodic control, and life history Zerbe, Philipp Abstract: Zur quantitativen Beschreibung der Reproduktionsmuster wurden Daten von 110 Wildwiederkäuer- arten aus Zoos der gemässigten Zone verwendet (dabei wurde die Anzahl Tage, an denen 80% aller Geburten stattfanden, als Geburtenpeak-Breite [BPB] definiert). Diese Muster wurden mit verschiede- nen biologischen Charakteristika verknüpft und mit denen von freilebenden Tieren verglichen. Der Bre- itengrad des natürlichen Verbreitungsgebietes korreliert stark mit dem in Menschenobhut beobachteten BPB. Nur 11% der Spezies wechselten ihr reproduktives Muster zwischen Wildnis und Gefangenschaft, wobei für saisonale Spezies die errechnete Tageslichtlänge zum Zeitpunkt der Konzeption für freilebende und in Menschenobhut gehaltene Populationen gleich war. Reproduktive Saisonalität erklärt zusätzliche Varianzen im Verhältnis von Körpergewicht und Tragzeit, wobei saisonalere Spezies für ihr Körpergewicht eine kürzere Tragzeit aufweisen. Rückschliessend ist festzuhalten, dass Photoperiodik, speziell die abso- lute Tageslichtlänge, genetisch fixierter Auslöser für die Fortpflanzung ist, und dass die Plastizität der Tragzeit unterstützend auf die erfolgreiche Verbreitung der Wiederkäuer in höheren Breitengraden wirkte. A dataset on 110 wild ruminant species kept in captivity in temperate-zone zoos was used to describe their reproductive patterns quantitatively (determining the birth peak breadth BPB as the number of days in which 80% of all births occur); then this pattern was linked to various biological characteristics, and compared with free-ranging animals. Globally, latitude of natural origin highly correlates with BPB observed in captivity, with species being more seasonal originating from higher latitudes. -
Whole-Genome Sequencing of Wild Siberian Musk
Yi et al. BMC Genomics (2020) 21:108 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-6495-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Whole-genome sequencing of wild Siberian musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) provides insights into its genetic features Li Yi1†, Menggen Dalai2*†, Rina Su1†, Weili Lin3, Myagmarsuren Erdenedalai4, Batkhuu Luvsantseren4, Chimedragchaa Chimedtseren4*, Zhen Wang3* and Surong Hasi1* Abstract Background: Siberian musk deer, one of the seven species, is distributed in coniferous forests of Asia. Worldwide, the population size of Siberian musk deer is threatened by severe illegal poaching for commercially valuable musk and meat, habitat losses, and forest fire. At present, this species is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. However, the genetic information of Siberian musk deer is largely unexplored. Results: Here, we produced 3.10 Gb draft assembly of wild Siberian musk deer with a contig N50 of 29,145 bp and a scaffold N50 of 7,955,248 bp. We annotated 19,363 protein-coding genes and estimated 44.44% of the genome to be repetitive. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals that wild Siberian musk deer is closer to Bovidae than to Cervidae. Comparative analyses showed that the genetic features of Siberian musk deer adapted in cold and high-altitude environments. We sequenced two additional genomes of Siberian musk deer constructed demographic history indicated that changes in effective population size corresponded with recent glacial epochs. Finally, we identified several candidate genes that may play a role in the musk secretion based on transcriptome analysis. Conclusions: Here, we present a high-quality draft genome of wild Siberian musk deer, which will provide a valuable genetic resource for further investigations of this economically important musk deer. -
Identification of the Endangered Small Red Brocket Deer (Mazama Bororo) Using Noninvasive Genetic Techniques (Mammalia; Cervidae)
Molecular Ecology Resources (2009) 9, 754-758 doi:10.1111/j.l755-0998.2008.02390.x MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND DNA TAXONOMY Identification of the endangered small red brocket deer (Mazama bororo) using noninvasive genetic techniques (Mammalia; Cervidae) SUSANA GONZALEZ,* JESUS E. MALDONADO/r JORGE ORTEGA/tJ: ANGELA CRISTINA TALARICO,§LETICIABIDEGARAY-BATISTA,*,**JOSE EDUARDO GARCIA! and JOSE MAURICIO BARBANTI DUARTEg *Unidad de Genetica de la Conservation, Departamento de Genetica, IIBCE-Facultad de Ciencias/UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay, tCenterfor Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, NZP/NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington D.C. 20008, USA, %Laboratorio de Ictiologia y Limnologia, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimico-Biologicas, Escuela National de Ciencias Biologicas, lnstituto Politecnico National, Prolongation de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomds, 11340 Mexico, %Nucleo de Pesauisa e Conservacao de Cervideos (NUPECCE), Departamento de Zootecnia, FCAV/UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil, fCentro Academico de Vitoria. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 55608-680 Vitoria de Santo Antao — PE, Brazil Abstract The small red brocket deer Mazama bororo is one of the most endangered deer in the Neotropics. The great morphological similarities with three other sympatric brocket deer species, coupled with the fact that they inhabit densely forested habitats complicate detection and prevent the use of traditional methodologies for accurate identification of species. The ability to determine the presence of this endangered species in an area is crucial for estimating its distribution range, and is critical for establishing conservation management strategies. Here we describe a fast and reliable noninvasive genetic method for species identification of Mazama species from faeces. -
Activity Pattern of Brocket Deer (Genus Mazama) in the Atlantic Forest: Does Sampling Design Affect the Patterns?
Research Article JOJ Wildl Biodivers Copyright © All rights are reserved by Ana Carolina Srbek-Araujo Volume 1 Issue 2 - September 2019 Activity Pattern of Brocket Deer (Genus Mazama) in the Atlantic Forest: Does Sampling Design Affect the Patterns? Ana Carolina Srbek-Araujo1,2,3,4*, Tayná Seabra1 and Giovanna Colnago Cecanecchia1,2 1Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Biodiversidade (LECBio), Universidade Vila Velha – UVV, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, nº 21, Bairro Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas, Universidade Vila Velha – UVV, Brazil 3Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Vila Velha – UVV, Brazil 4Instituto SerraDiCal de Pesquisa e Conservação, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil Submission: June 25, 2019; Published: September 19, 2019 *Corresponding author: Ana Carolina Srbek-Araujo, Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Biodiversidade, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil Abstract This study aimed to describe the activity pattern of Mazama spp. in an Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil, and to test whether sampling designs, and these included camera trapping installed along internal unpaved roads or in the forest interior. The records of Mazama spp. werethe sampling collected design throughout can affect the theday, recorded with no periods patterns. of Datainactivity, from 4similarly sampling to -
Andhra Pradesh Forestry Project: Forest Restoration and Joint Forest Management in India
Andhra Pradesh Forestry Project: Forest Restoration and Joint Forest Management in India Project Description India’s 1988 forest policy stipulates that forests are to be managed primarily for ecological conservation, and the use of forest resources for local use or non-local industry is of secondary emphasis. In Andhra Pradesh, local people living near forests are forming Vana Samrakshna Samithi (VSS), village organisations dedicated to forest restoration. In partnership with the state forestry department more than 5,000 VSS are working to restore more than 1.2 million hectares of degraded forests. VSS share all of the non-timber forest products (grasses, fuel-wood, fruit, and medicines) amongst themselves, and receive all of the income from the harvest of timber and bamboo. Half of this income is set aside for the future development and maintenance of the forest. In this way the long-term sustainability of the project is protected and government support is only required while the forest returns to a productive state. Ecosystem type The Eastern Highlands Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests are considered globally outstanding for the communities of large vertebrates and intact ecological processes that they support. The region contains 84,000 km2 of intact habitat, some in blocks of more than 5,000 km2. The region is a refuge for many large vertebrates such as wolves (Canis lupus) and gaur (Bos gaurus), and threatened large mammals such as the tiger (Panthera tigris), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), wild dog (Cuon alpinus), chousingha (Tetracerus quadricornis), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), and chinkara (Gazella bennettii). The only endemic mammal is a threatened Rhinolophidae bat, Hipposideros durgadasi. -
Caribou (Barren-Ground Population) Rangifer Tarandus
COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Caribou Rangifer tarandus Barren-ground population in Canada THREATENED 2016 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2016. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Caribou Rangifer tarandus, Barren-ground population, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xiii + 123 pp. (http://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=en&n=24F7211B-1). Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Anne Gunn, Kim Poole, and Don Russell for writing the status report on Caribou (Rangifer tarandus), Barren-ground population, in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This report was overseen and edited by Justina Ray, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Terrestrial Mammals Specialist Subcommittee, with the support of the members of the Terrestrial Mammals Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-938-4125 Fax: 819-938-3984 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur le Caribou (Rangifer tarandus), population de la toundra, au Canada. Cover illustration/photo: Caribou — Photo by A. Gunn. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2016. Catalogue No. CW69-14/746-2017E-PDF ISBN 978-0-660-07782-6 COSEWIC Assessment Summary Assessment Summary – November 2016 Common name Caribou - Barren-ground population Scientific name Rangifer tarandus Status Threatened Reason for designation Members of this population give birth on the open arctic tundra, and most subpopulations (herds) winter in vast subarctic forests. -
Gallina & Mandujano
Mongabay.com Open Access Journal - Tropical Conservation Science Vol. 2 (2):116-127, 2009 Special issue: introduction Research on ecology, conservation and management of wild ungulates in Mexico Sonia Gallina1 and Salvador Mandujano1 1 Departamento de Biodiversidad y Ecología Animal, Instituto de Ecología A. C., km. 2.5 Carret. Ant. Coatepec No. 351, Congregación del Haya, Xalapa 91070, Ver. México. E‐mail: <[email protected]>; <[email protected]> Abstract This special issue of Tropical Conservation Science provides a synopsis of nine of the eleven presentations on ungulates presented at the Symposium on Ecology and Conservation of Ungulates in Mexico during the Mexican Congress of Ecology held in November 2008 in Merida, Yucatan. Of the eleven species of wild ungulates in Mexico (Baird´s tapir Tapirus bairdii, pronghorn antelope Antilocapra americana, American bison Bison bison, bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis, elk Cervus canadensis, red brocket deer Mazama temama, Yucatan brown brocket Mazama pandora, mule deer Odocoileus hemionus, white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari and collared peccary Pecari tajacu), studies which concern four of these species are presented: Baird’s tapir and the white lipped peccary, which are tropical species in danger of extinction; the bighorn sheep, of high value for hunting in the north-west; and the white-tailed deer, the most studied ungulate in Mexico due to its wide distribution in the country and high hunting and cultural value. In addition, two studies of exotic species, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus), are presented. Issues addressed in these studies are: population estimates, habitat use, evaluation of UMA (Spanish acronym for ‘Wildlife Conservation, Management and Sustainable Utilization Units’) and ANP (Spanish acronym for ‘Natural Protected Areas’) to sustain minimum viable populations, and the effect of alien species in protected areas and UMA, all of which allow an insight into ungulate conservation and management within the country.