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The Role of Ex Situ Seed Banks in the Conservation of Plant Diversity and in Ecological Restoration in Latin America

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The Role of Ex Situ Seed Banks in the Conservation of Plant Diversity and in Ecological Restoration in Latin America See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239793379 The role of ex situ seed banks in the conservation of plant diversity and in ecological restoration in Latin America Article in Plant Ecology & Diversity · June 2012 DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2012.713402 CITATIONS READS 25 1,469 3 authors: Pedro Leon Patricia Dávila Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 61 PUBLICATIONS 395 CITATIONS 95 PUBLICATIONS 2,383 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Manuel Lima Federal University of Amazonas 4 PUBLICATIONS 47 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Project MGU - the Useful Plants Project View project Science-Based Conservation of tree species in Mexico View project All content following this page was uploaded by Pedro Leon on 04 February 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Plant Ecology & Diversity iFirst, 2012, 1–14 The role of ex situ seed banks in the conservation of plant diversity and in ecological restoration in Latin America Pedro León-Lobosa,b*, Michael Wayc , Patricia D. Arandad and Manuel Lima-Juniore aBanco Base de Semillas, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Vicuña, Chile; bCentro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, La Serena, Chile; cRoyal Botanic Gardens Kew, Ardingly, UK; dFacultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México; eCentro de Sementes Nativas do Amazonas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brasil (Received 10 February 2011; final version received 16 July 2012) Background: Over half of the world’s primary forest and a quarter of the world’s plant species are found in Latin America. As a result of the limited protected areas and significant degradation of terrestrial ecosystems, seed banks provide an efficient component of integrated plant conservation strategies, chiefly due to their relatively low cost and massive storage capacity for genetic resources. Aims: We analyse the role that ex situ seed banks play in the conservation and reintroduction of threatened species, and in supporting ecological restoration programmes in the region. Methods: An analysis of the second National Reports on the state of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture showed that most countries in the region had the capacity for seed conservation. Using three case studies from seed conservation programmes in Mexico, Brazilian Amazonia and Chile, together with the global Millennium Seed Bank Partnership, we review the status and potential of these initiatives for conservation of plant diversity. Conclusion: The collection, conservation and use of seeds from arid and semi-arid biomes is highly effective; however the higher frequency of recalcitrant seeds in humid tropical forests requires a greater investment in research to underpin large-scale seed banking. In order to safeguard native species and provide adequate diversity of seeds for habitat restoration programmes, we anticipate the need to strengthen the capacity of the region’s seed banks for preservation, research and propagation of native species. Keywords: desiccation-tolerance; gene bank; genetic diversity; germination; germplasm; plant conservation; threatened species Introduction Assessment 2005). Although the underlying causes of The majority of plant species are capable of surviving biodiversity loss recognised by the Global Biodiversity as seed for many decades in dry, cold conditions. This Outlook (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological capacity enables plants to withstand extreme environments Diversity 2010a) need to be addressed, seed banking is a and permits wide seed dispersal through time and space necessary and cost-effective complement to in situ con- (Priestley 1986; Kermode 1995), increasing the probabil- servation of wild plants, and it provides a vital source ity of seed survival and the establishment of new plants. of material to assist in ecological restoration of damaged The ability of seeds to survive in storage (i.e. longevity) and degraded habitats (Maunder et al. 2004). For exam- has been successfully applied by gene banks worldwide for ple, Thuiller (2007) estimated that the climate profile for the preservation and exchange of crop genetic resources species may move the equivalent of 500 km towards the threatened by genetic vulnerability. In the second report poles or 500 m to higher elevation over the next century on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources (FAO – although such estimates, based on temperature niches, 2010), genetic vulnerability was a concern for 60 countries, do not take into account the adaptive capacity of species. of which, for example, Costa Rica reported that Phaseolus Given the urbanisation and fragmentation of native habi- and Sechium species were subject to severe genetic erosion. tats, active translocation may be required for many species. One of the responses by gene banks worldwide to this threat Seeds for translocation should be provided by ex situ seed has been a 20% growth in the number of ex situ crop collec- banks. tions between 1996 and 2008, either through new collecting Using three case studies from seed conservation pro- and/or through duplication of existing collections. grammes in Mexico, Brazilian Amazonia and Chile, Seed banks are valuable for preservation of genetic together with the global Millennium Seed Bank Partnership diversity of non-crop plants threatened by ecosystem and (MSB Partnership), we review the status and potential land use changes, overexploitation, invasive alien species, of initiatives for conservation of plant diversity and its pollution and climate change (Millennium Ecosystem application in ecological restoration across the continent. *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ISSN 1755-0874 print/ISSN 1755-1668 online © 2012 Botanical Society of Scotland and Taylor & Francis http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2012.713402 http://www.tandfonline.com 2 P.León-Lobos et al. The biology of seed banking harvested at around 20% moisture content or below are very Based on their tolerance to desiccation, seeds can be likely to show orthodox behaviour (Hong and Ellis 1996), > divided into two main groups: orthodox (desiccation tol- but not all species that shed seed at 60% moisture content erant) and recalcitrant (desiccation sensitive). Orthodox are likely to show recalcitrant storage behaviour. seeds survive drying to below ca. 7% moisture content Collectors of seed from wild species need to assess the and tolerate subsequent rehydration without significant frequency of empty or insect-infested seeds, which can be loss of viability (Roberts 1973). Their longevity increases a problem in families including Asteraceae and Poaceae. in a predictable way as seed moisture content and stor- Physical quality assessment is achieved at large seed banks age temperature are reduced (Ellis and Roberts 1980). such as the MSB Kew by X-ray imaging, which gives excel- Consequently, orthodox seeds are suitable for storage in lent detail of seed structure (Linington et al. 1995), but in most seed banking facilities. In contrast, recalcitrant seeds the field a simple cut-test of a sample of seeds is usually cannot tolerate removal of bound water without viability effective for assessing all but the smallest seeds. loss and show signs of dehydration stress when ‘free’ water Although the distribution patterns of wild plants can be is being removed (Pritchard and Manger 1998; Pammenter very variable, careful seed sampling from at least 50 indi- and Berjak 1999). Recalcitrant seeds cannot therefore be vidual plants randomly across the extent of a population dried and stored in conventional seed bank facilities. Some is estimated to capture 95% of the non-rare allelic diver- tropical fruits show a type of seed storage behaviour inter- sity present in most plant species (Brown and Briggs 1991), mediate between orthodox and recalcitrant seed such that and more intensive sampling will ensure that the allelic fre- conventional gene bank storage at −20 ◦C can be harmful quencies characteristic of the population are reflected in the (Hong and Ellis 1996). sample. The preserved seed collection is therefore capa- Desiccation tolerance is acquired continuously during ble of re-establishing the source population in the event development and maturation of orthodox seeds on the of catastrophic loss, and in most out-crossing species is mother plant as a normal terminal event in their develop- also representative of the genetic diversity of the species. ment (Kermode 1995, 1997). Seeds undergo a gradual tran- As the intermediary between the original field collecting sition from a desiccation-intolerant to desiccation-tolerant event and many ultimate users, seed banks have a responsi- state (Hong and Ellis 1992; Sun and Leopold 1993; Ellis bility to conserve this diversity by operating to applicable and Hong 1994; Vertucci and Farrant 1995). In general, collecting and curation standards (e.g. Rao et al. 2006; desiccation tolerance is acquired in the early or mid-point ENSCONET 2009) which include maintaining essential in the seed development process. Together with the ability data associated with the collection or regeneration event, to germinate, desiccation tolerance increases to a maximum and holding data from the research, testing, trialling and at the end of the maturation phase, before seed shedding, at propagation undertaken with the material.
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