Lithuanian Energy Institute, 1999 1998 Was for the Lithuanian Energy Institute the Year of Intense Labour and Fruitful Results

LEI- - It 111 LT9900081

UANIAN ENERGY IN

30-41 LEI-98

CONTENTS

Elaboration of Planning Methods for the Energy Sector Development Analysis and Preparation of the National Energy Strategy 2-3 Creation of Planning Methods for Heat Economy and Development Analysis 4-5 Safety and Reliability of Nuclear Power Facilities 6-7 Management of Radioactive Waste and Safety Assesment of the Nuclear Facilities 8-9 Investigation of Energy Efficiency 10-11 Investigations of Water Reservoirs 12-13 Thermal Physics and Hydrodynamics 14-15 Metrology in the Energy Sector 16-17 Investigation of Renewable and Non-Traditional Energy Resources 18-19 Control of Complex Energy Systems 20-21 Research of Refractories and Chemical Stable Materials 22-23 Combustion and Plasma Research 24-25 Finances, Staff 26-27 Selected Publications 28-31 The Institute in 1998: Main Events 32

ISBN 9986-492-51-3 © Lithuanian Energy Institute, 1999 1998 was for the Lithuanian Energy Institute the year of intense labour and fruitful results. Our activities were maximally concentrated on meeting Lithuanian needs in all research directions. Considerable additional non-budget income enabled substantial improvement of supply to laboratories of the state-of-art scientific research equipment and the computer hardware. At present all workplaces are equipped with modern personal computers. The programme of obtaining analytic instrumentation, initiated in the last year, was successfully continued. Links with Kaunas University of Technology and Vytautas Magnus University were expanded and diversified. This enables us to deal with more complex and significant research issues of environmental protection, nuclear safety and material science. The number of workers seeking doctorship has been increasing gradually due to broader collaboration with the Universities aforementioned. At present it equals 18. However, to meet demand for high qualification research workers, presently again rising, and to compensate for older researchers, retiring and becoming pensioners, we must have at least 20 to 25 young researchers seeking doctorship. Last year efforts, presum- ably, will enable us to realise this aim in the nearest two to three years. Among main achievements of 1998 the huge and important set of research works concerning the second Ignalina NPP safety improvement programme and its preparation for obtaining a licence should be mentioned. The total value of works carried out for this purpose reached about 2 million LtL. Intense preparations were carried out and new works were initiated linked to handling spent nuclear fuel and radioactive wastes and to the future shutdown and dismounting of the NPP. This is a very important and long term objective and its success will depend greatly on our level of preparations and readiness for this complex process. I hope the Institute will make its deci- sive and substantial contribution to it. Much time and many efforts were dedicated to improvement of the Lithuanian Energy Strategy Project and its adjustments in consultations with representatives of various institutions. Discussions on this important political expanded widely over Lithuanian borders while preparation and analysis of information for it was the main concern of our energy economists. In 1998 our metrological base was expanded and improved still further. As a result, Heat - Equipment Research and Testing Laboratory was acknowledged attes- tation confirming it being the main Lithuanian metrological laboratory in the field of metasurement fluid and gas flow rate and heat amount. On the whole, the Lithuanian Energy Institute optimistically regards its prospects and future enhances its scientific competence and is ready to solve problems of the Lithuanian power industry, transport and of reducing environmental pollution which are very important for theLithuania. Taking into consideration Lithuania's needs and opportunities the Institute will develop fundamental research in all possible fields.

Jurgis Vilemas Director of the Institute The most important investigations were and to work intensively looking for new for- related to preparation, corrections and im- mulations that better correspond to the pro- provement of the revised National Energy posed principles of the legal and institutional Strategy, discussion of its main statements reforms, environmental requirements, etc. with representatives from ministries and vari- Especially great attention was paid to the ous departments, experts from energy sec- analysis of the power system development tor and society. Seeking to assess wide range and assessment of economic and social of opinions and proposals it was necessary consequences of early closure of the Ignalina to carry out a lot of additional calculations NPR Data base prepared by experts of laboratory was presented to authorities of the Capacity factors Ministry of Economy. It should be helpful seeking to follow process of the NES imple- 201 \4999 mentation, analyze development of the en- 2017/ / ergy sector (even to model aggregated sec- 2016/ <"•-. \2001 SY ^ \ tors and to assess alternative scenarios), 20.5f • I analyze status of the energy sector, etc. As a Jv \ ii;r result of continued assessment of financial 2013V •_/ '/20CW and economic indicators of the Butinge Oil / 2012^ Terminal, statistical parameters of crude oil 2010^;——^ 200 7 production, processing and import/export in various countries were collected and sum-

• - • H/Or -LiihuamsnPpI marized. In addition, analysis of regional - CCOT - Modules I crude oil supply system development was performed, assessment of efficiency of the

Primary Energy Demand in Lithuania

1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 Year Forecast of primary energy :^ Oil products [[T] Natural gas jCoal needs Ignalina NPP being JUJ] Indigenous resources m Hjdio 3 Nuclear ^^ OrimuJsion operated in accordance with the technical project

2-3 Scenario analysis of macroeconomic development, modeling and forecasting of final energy demand; Medium - and long-term energy demand and energy supply scenarios using state-of-the-art optimization models; Energy pricing, calculation of energy tariffs based on economic costs and market principles; Environmental impacts of the energy sector, implementation of pollution abatement technologies and policies; Elaboration of framework of the energy information systems, data collection.

Butinge Oil Terminal operation was presented On the basis of continued co-operation "Complex Investigations of Long Term En- also possibilities and economic parameters with International Atomic Energy Agency the ergy Planning Issues and Methods: Lithuania" of early crude oil export were analyzed. WASP model was implemented. Using this in the Institute of Physical Energetics of model experts of laboratory were able to per- Latvian Academy of Sciences. One of the most important studies perform analysis of different scenarios of the formed in 1998 was "Development of gener- Lithuanian energy system development and Joint studies with experts from West- ating capacities in Latvian power system till to define more exactly economic and envi- ern countries: PHARE Multi-Country 2010". In this study plan of reconstruction ronmental merits of the further Ignalina NPP Programme: Assistance to the Baltic Council and rehabilitation of existing power plants and operation. Three experts of the laboratory have of Ministers' Committee of Energy (1998); construction of new capacities was pre- attended the Interregional Training Course in PHARE Multi-Country Programme: Natural sented. Analysis was based on detailed mod- the USA (Argonne National Laboratory) and gas pricing, tariffs and operational twinning eling of possible scenarios (using a well- have acquired practice for analysis of the (1998); COPERNICUS-INCO project: Keep in known EFOM optimization model). The ratio- energy sector using DECADE model. touch (dissemination and use of the achieved nal structure of fuels, emissions of polluting At present staff of the laboratory con- results) (1997-1998); A study on the cost of materials and recommendations on future sists of 15 employees (8 of them have Ph. D. closure of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant in development of the power sector were pre- degree), they have accumulated good expe- Lthuania, defined as opportunity loss (together sented in this study. Conclusions were for- rience in the modeling of energy sector, fore- with Grufman Reje company from Sweeden) mulated on the basis of performed analysis casting of energy demand, restructuring of (1998); Review of selected costs drivers for using wide range of factors influencing power energy systems, pricing, environment issues, decisions on continued operation of older system development. Experts from the etc. nuclear reactors: safety, upgrades, lifetime Latvian energy system have appreciated the The year was successful from the edu- extension, decommissioning (together with analysis performed in this study and its cational qualification point of view: Vaclovas IAEA) (1998). recommendations. Miskinis has defended his habitation thesis

Adversary of 50 year activities by Energy Systems Research Laboratory Establishment of perming Iscimn&i proniems methods for lies! eeoriorriy sal ssanom

The main attention of the Labora- Further research was performed by nu- tory of Energy Technologies was directed merical modeling of fluid flow in the channels of towards establishment of economic fi- various shapes: nancial model of district heating com- Modified programs package "VITEK" dem- panies as well as preparing necessary onstrate application possibilities for informational basis for application of this modeling fluid entrance into close cavities model with regard to present situation or reservoirs; and needs for prospective planning: Differential analogue of Navier-Stokes dif- Regulations of further development ferential equations of porous system of of energy sector towards energy regular configuration and application pos- conservation were formulated, ena- sibility of such model for modeling thermal bling to form more rational propor- network of complicated configuration were tions of energy sector and state eco- demonstrated. nomics, socially acceptable price levels, investment policy for im- ported and indigenous fuel as well as other macroeconomic links, ex- pressed by statistical indexes; - To justify the advantages of application of Little-Mirrles economic financial model to solve planning tasks for thermal economy, using regres- sion analysis methods for description of state parameters with descrip- tive regulation of parameters; Preliminary mathematical models for household energy demand are prepared, separately for decentra- lised, district space heating, hot water preparation and other needs; Detailed analysis of final energy demand is prepared as well as efficiency of covering this demand in the chain of heat production, trans- mission and distribution with regard to it's relation to power generation in CHP cycle and the use of indigenous fuel. The totality of above mentioned research permits to solve the main prob- Prof. Dr. Habil. Matas Tamonis lems of economic management of town Head of the Energy heat economy. Possibilities of such solu- Technologies Laboratory tions can be seen in the self-financing stud- Fluid flow structure in an open storage calculated Tel.: 370 (7) 753786 ies, performed by the laboratory. by "VITEK" package: a - velocity field at constant Fax:+370{7) 351462 inflow, b, c - velocity field 1 h and 10 h after E-mail: [email protected] inflow of fluids

4-5 Contract financed research works: Educational-awareness activity: Plans for further re-search:

Assessment of energy efficiency in- 17 presentations were made in various To extend the possibilities of established dexes for public buildings and industry seminars to the staff of District heating economic financial model for evalua- according to the requirements and me- companies and municipalities; tion of the impact of heat economy re- thodical references for statistics of Eu- 1 presentation was made at the Interna- construction to enable evaluation of ropean Union. tional Conference of Energy Economists changes of Gross Domestic Product and Customer: Energy Strategy Divi- in Quebec (Canada) and 2 presentations other macroeconomic indicators; sion of Energy Development Department at the International seminar in Jurmala at the Ministry of Economy; (Latvia). To continue research of numerical methods for fluid flow in order to establish Preparing of economic and financial fast algorithms for modelling flow net- measures, the implementation of which works of complicated configuration. would stimulate wider use and con- to She Government: sumption of indigenous fuel. Customer: Energy Strategy Divi- Draft decree on improvement of statis- sion of Energy Development Department tical accountability in existing and new at the Ministry of Economy; buildings and regulation of the report- ing data bases on heat suppliers and Economic-financial analysis of eco- consumers; nomic activity of thermal economy at Draft decree on indigenous fuel, includ- Vilnius Municipality for heating season ing combustible industrial waste, im- 1997-1998. provement of statistical information col- Customer: Department for Energy lecting and the order of its accessibility and Economics at Vilnius Municipality. to public.

Structure of fuel for domestic heating

DPeat S Firewood BUauefied gas Dr. V. Klevas has prepared Q Domestic fuel D Natural gas monography "Introduction of Energy H Other solid tuel Conservation into State Policy", in ECoa which concept of Energy conservation 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 199S 1996 1997 1998 was formulated bearing in mind most Years objective links between energy and economics.

*~**Hpss®ef^ Ignalina Safety Analysis Group (ISAG) ISAG performed detailed Ignalina NPP ACS was founded by the Resolution of the Gov- thermal-hydraulic evaluation (1995-1996). In ernment of the Republic of Lithuania No 1998 members of ISAG successfully com- 272p of March 19,1992, at the Lithuanian pleted ACS and MCC integrity safety evalua- Energy Institute. It was thefirst technical sup- tions; in co-operation with Parsons Power port organization for the Lithuanian Nuclear (USA) performed evaluation and selection of Power Safety Inspectoriate (VATESI) in order the setpoints for the additional reactor shut- to perform deterministic and probabilistic down system DAZ for the Ignalina NPP and nuclear power plants' safety analysis. Right in co-operation with SCIENTECH (USA) and from the beginning, when Lithuania assumed State information technologies institute (VITI) control of the Ignalina NPR in a short time the experts performed DAZ safety assessment. members of ISAG gained experience to work According to contracts with VATESi, ISAG per- with the state-of-the-art computer codes, for formed examination of documents related to the plant thermal-hydraulic and neutronic "Ignalina safety improvement program No physics analysis, provided technical and 2", license for Unit 1 Ignalina NPR switch- scientific advice to the Government of Lithua- overto the uranium-erbium fuel, etc. nia, VATESI and Ignalina NPR as well as became equal partners for West and East ex- In 1998 members of ISAG presented 11 perts and international society. papers in the international conferences, published 24 articles in Lithuanian and interna- ISAG has participated in BARSELINA

project, the first PSA study of the RBMK type Lithuania ;:..•..:'. :- ^.•:L^.::::.'^ .. ..:::::,:::::-. .:..:\^V.

reactors (1992-1996). The group reviewed France '•': ... ::./;..\ :::.:::.::-_.•:-. •. :':• ::.:•'J::./:: ;:. :! >. : "Ignalina safety analysis report", where Belgium : .-.': : ':•: ::: •:- :: ':.:: ::: ::. :'•.'•. :: ::: :• 60 "• Ignalina NPP safety level was evaluated by Ukraine E^V'^-^?.:1*.1'!;-.^''::':: 47 % employing Western methodology, standards Bulgaria i " i :."- O.!" -.:i.l.':: I. ' 46 % and computer codes (1995-1997). Together Sweden :': ::] :: : >: :; ••• ::: ^ ": :• : 46 % Dr.Habil. Evgenij Uspuras Slovakia :;: :• :•; :• :: x y. >: •::::: ::. '.'•'. 45% with experts from Maryland University (USA) Head of the IS AC, Hungary ',; i.'l •! : s-'./i '.:::.: 5 40% Tel:+370 (7) 748725 Switzerland .''': ':.:''..;•.'";.S.;!':'-.-. :•:•: ..;: 40 % E-mail: [email protected] Germany ; L: :'•:';:. :35 %

South Korea :"." iT1'*' :f'«"5':".: 'i 34 %

: : : : : : : Spain i: . ; :v.:. .4 ; ; ,j': 29%

United Kingdom • : •: • >:• '•:••:• 27 %

FinianrJ ::':!' .'.':'. >•:;•:. :•: 27 %

Armenia :•. :.:•.!;..;:•?-:• 26 %

Taiwan , :-:: :: ":::,: 26%

Slovenia 'ft- i'i.'i ;::21 % USA 20 "i

C^ech Republic 19%

Canada '• 4 %

Russia 13%

Argentina 1' °°

Romania 3 '' °°

Mexico 6 s °j

South Africa C3 J

Netherlands 3 9 -

India 2 3 °.

China 1 3 - Brazil ' I ' Electricity generation in Kazakhstan c< o -<. the World by NPPs in 1998 Pakistan 0 6 = 6-7 Analysis of the thermal-hydraulic accident and operational transients in the Main Circulation Circuit (MCC) of the Ignaiina NPP, Thermal-hydraulic assessment of Ignaiina NPP Accident Confinement System (ACS), Assessment of structural analysts of ACS, plant components, piping and other parts of MCC, Development of the entire RBMK-150.0 reactor core model, Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) of the Ignaiina NPP, Assessment of the graphite moderator and fuel channels lifetime and graphite-fuel tube gap closure influence on the pfant safety, Single failure analyses and engineering assessment.

tional journals and editions, published an ex- All workstations and PCs are con- tended and updated version of the "Ignaiina nected to the common ETHERNET local net- RBMK-1500. A Source Book", "A Brief Over- work. LEI local computer network through view of Ignaiina NPP Safety Issues" (in the Lithuanian Academic Computer Network Lithuanian and Russian), E. Uspuras and LITNET is connected to the international A. Kaliatka issued a monograph in computer network INTERNET. Thermophysics series (26) "Accidental From year to year by increasing the Transient Processes at NPP with RBMK- demand and search for the qualitatively 1500" (in Russian). The head of ISAG de- more effective level of problem solving, fended a habilitation work "Modeling of means of scientific work were gradually Transport Processes in RBMK-1500 Ther- improved, however, the gap between capa- mal Equipment". bilities and desires remained. All these projects were performed by This computer, being the most powerful In 1998 purchased IBM RS/6000 SP using the following computer equipment: one in the Baltic states will provide good con- computer is the second-generation parallel ditions for the scientists to perform fundamen- computer system, employing AIX opera- - HP Apollo 9000 Model 720 work- tal science research and solve problems in tional system. The computer placed in LEI station-server, nuclear energy and Lithuanian industry. contains four nodes with 160 MHz POWER - HP Apollo 9000 Model 710, 2SC processors. The entire RAM is 1 Gb. - IBM RISC system/6000 SR IBM RS/6000 SP computer is managed with to perform the following tasks: - IBM RISC System/6000 Model 370, IBM RS/6000 55L computer. SUN ULTRA 2 Model 2300. Analysis of possible thermal-hydraulic and transient processes in nuclear power plants and other utilities; Structural analysis of nuclear power plants and utilities constructions, piping and other elements; Probabilistic safety analysis of increased "high risk level" utilities; Separate system single failure analysis and engineering assessment; Evaluate influence of proposed technical modifications on the technological The part of the RBMK-1500 process and safety of a utility. reactor cooling circuit Review of the Safety Analysis Reports on the Dry Storage Facility with CAS- Assessment of the Long Term Safety TOR RBMK-1500 and CONSTOR of the Existing Storage Facility for Ra- RBMK-1500 casks ( with VATESI); dioactive Waste at Maisiagala // A Analysis of the Data for the Projects Report. SKB, Stockholm, 1998; Related to the Long-term Safety As- Assessment of the Long Term Safety sessment of Radioactive Waste Stor- of the Existing Storage Facility for age Facilities at Ignalina Site and Bitumenised Waste at INPP // A Re- Maisiagala (with SKB, Sweden); port. SKB, Stockholm, 1998; Strategy of the Management of Radio- Management of Shortlived Low-and active Waste in Lithuania (First Gen- Intermediate-Level Solid Waste at INPP // eral Plan, Draft) (with the Ministry of A Report. SKB, Stockholm, 1998; Economy); PHARE project "Technical Support to Law of the Management of Radioac- Lithuania Authorities in Developing the tive Waste in Lithuania (Draft) (with Basic Tools and Methodologies for Pre- VATESI); paring a Preliminary Decommis- General Requirements for the Spent sioning Plan for Ignalina NPP and for Nuclear Fuel Dry Storage Facilities Assessing the Cost Estimation and (Draft) (with VATESI). Funding Needs"; Participation in IAEA Co-ordinated Re- search Program "Improving long term safety assessment methodologies for near surface radioactive waste dis- posal facilities". A proper management of radioactive waste is a new problem for Lithuania. In the Soviet Union it was managed in a central- ized manner, and nothing depended on the local authorities.

'-;•;->:, '•'/;.?,•,. •••-::•'.•:'.

Head of the Thermoh/dromechamcs (THM) Division Prof Dr Habil Povilas Poskas

3-9 Radioactive waste management strategy; Safety assessment of spent nuclear fuel storage facilities; Safety assessment of radioactive waste treatment and storage facilities; Long term safety assessment of repositories for radioactive waste; Assessment of different factors related to decommissioning of nuclear power plants; Environmental impact assessment for nuclear facilities; Conceptual model of the repository for radioactive waste , Creation of legal and regulatory framework for radioactive waste management.

Initially, it was planned to transport the at Ignalina site. The specialists from THM Computer Codes: spent nuclear fuel from Ignalina NPP to Rus- Division were also involved in these activities. sia, but now there is no such possibility. Now Important conclusions were made about SCALE 4,3 (USA), APOLLO 1.PEPIN, all the spent fuel is stored in water pools, limitations and possibilities to transferthese TRIPOLI 3, MERCURE 5 (France) -for that are nearly filled up. To avoid obstacles storage facilities into repositories. These criticality, radiation characteristic's for the operation of nuclear plant it was de- conclusions are very important for the strat- and dose's calculations; cided to construct a new dry storage facil- egy planning and future activities in this field. CASTEM 2000, PLEXUS (France), AL- ity for spent nuclear fuel at Ignalina site. The In 1998 THM Division started new ac- GOR (USA) - for heat transfer, fluid operation of such facility will be started very tivity related with the planning of the mechanics and stress calculations; soon. Construction of such facility and im- decommissioning of ignalina NPR We are DUST, GWSCREEN, GENII (USA) -for plementation of dry storage technology for local Subcontractors to the Consortium NIS- evaluation of nuclide migration from spent nuclear fuel are very important prob- SGN-SKB in the Phare Project. Different storage facilities and dose's to the lems not only for the operator - Ignalina NPR strategies and scenarios for the decommis- population. but also for regulatory bodies - first of all sioning of Ignalina NPP will be analyzed. FASTLite (USA) - for evaluation of fire for Lithuanian Nuclear Power Safety Inspec- In 1998 a lot of attention was paid to and smoke penetration. torate (VATESI), because this will be the first the training of our specialists. They partici- licensed nuclear facility at Ignalina NPR Ex- pated at the workshops and conferences perts from the Division of Thermo- related to the radioactive waste manage- hydromechanics (THM) of Lithuanian En- ment problems. Two persons were for 6 ergy Institute were involved in the licencing months training in Saclay Research Center process. They performed the review of the in France, one - for one month in Sweden. Safety Analysis Report (SAR) and prepared a regulatory document. In 1998 the Divi- sion of Thermohydromechanics was re- sponsible for the review of the SAR on the << CONSTOR RBMK-1500 storage casks. 0,86 v %%. •< In 1998 an important step was made 0.84 in the direction of safety assessment of "V storage facilities for radioactive waste in 082 Migration of the nuclides Lithuania. SKB from Sweden has finished \CA STOR — «el from the repository CO NSTOf three projects related with the long-term \ safety assessment of existing radioactive waste storage facilities in Maisiagala and 0.78

0.76

207.0 0.74 98.2 89.-1 :S0.6 1.8 1)77- 63.0 0.2 0.3 0,1 US 06 0.7 54.2 Water density, gfcm'

Assessment of the criticality in the casks with the spent nuclear fuel

Variation of the temperature in the cask with the spent nuclear fuel purification plants in Vilnius, Kaunas, Alytus, Siauliai cities and in the enterprise "Ekranas" in Panevezys (using water of cooling sys- Gathering, accumulating and analyzing tem) five heat pump compressor-houses may the information on energy resources, be built with the total installed heat capacity efficient production, distribution and of 250 MW. Total project value is 335 million consumption of energy. Rendering in- LtL. Implementation of these projects would formation and consultancies on enable savings of about 221 million m3 of abovementioned questions; natural gas or 217 thousand tons of fuel oil

Investigating the utilisation possibilities and 10833 tons of SO2 would not be released of renewable and waste energy to environment (it constitutes 6.6% of annual sources, disseminating the knowledge norm allowed for Lithuanian ecosystem). on an importance of their utilization in In the abovementioned cities the heat the national economy; pump compressor-houses would be able to Executing energy audits in energy en- produce up to 25% of annual heat amount terprises, industry and buildings; supplied by district heating supply systems Participating in implementing activities and up to 75% of basic heat for hot water of measures defined by energy audits production. Afterthe payback period produc- executed; tion cost of heat produced by the heat pump Participating and implementing the compressor houses would be lowerthan pro- National Energy Efficiency Program; duction cost of heat produced in thermal / - heat amount produced Creating the energy saving standards power plants or boiler houses. After carrying / and legal documents; out feasibility investigation of recoverable Participating in international projects energy resources of Lithuanian enterprises, appointed to increase efficiency of the "Programme of evaluation and of utilization national energy economy; possibilities of recoverable energy resources Arranging seminars, conferences and in industry, enterprises" was prepared. -electricity ^ training courses on the issues of en- Several audits were carried out in a filial® consumed , ergy effective consumption; number of boiler-houses of low capacity. by engine- Executing the publishing work related drive (I) According to audit recommendations the re- y to energy effective consumption and construction works were carried out and 2/3 - reccnetabk heat popularization of new technologies. some are still going on in following enter- SSiSii amount (t/^) prises and buildings: In 1898 ihs Center continued sis State enterprise "Palangos Gintaras", •SffeS- balance activities In thrss main difsciiciis: a children sanatorium in Palanga; : The Closed Joint Stock Company 7 MM-. of heat Works aimed at realisation of National -/;}:0;B pump "Marijampoles Work Exchange Instruc- Energy Efficiency Programme; tion Centre"; Participation in international projects Administration Building of Bukoniai Vil- /%''.:•':•'•:• f'"'';}'?' aimed at enhancement of energy effi- lage Elder; iiiiill ciency; The Joint Stock Company "Melkomsta" Arranging and carrying out seminars, in the Pelednagiai settlement. conferences and training courses on the issues of effective energy consumption. Engineering and economic possibilities In accordance with the second activity of heat pump utilization in the systems of dis- direction in 1998 the Centre participated in 3 trict heating in the largest Lithuanian cities main international projects: are considered. It was established, that re- Networking (Twining Program for En- covering heat from waste waters at water ergy Efficiency Organisation (PHARE

10-11 FEMOPET network opening day at the Institute on April the 10th, 1998 with representatives from Brussels (John Butson, Pirjo-Liisa Koskimaki - in the centre)

Multicountry Energy Programme for 21 tariat was formed and organizational crea- Educational materials (synopses) country); tion works of network began. The main aims were prepared for auditors to evaluate en- The Lithuanian Industrial Energy Effi- of this network are to promote implementing ergy consumption efficiency in industry ciency Network (financed by Norvegian the measures of effective energy in small enterprises and buildings. Two groups of Government, executed together with and middle industrial enterprises. In 1998 38 auditors have been trained and auditors were Norvegian Institute for Energy Technol- industrial enterprises joined the network. given qualification certificates together with ogy); On the basis of the third international the the Energy Efficiency Centre SC of "En- Establishing of FEMOPET network in project Energy Efficiency Research and In- ergy Agency". Lithuania (European community formation Centre together with State Com- Together with the SC "Energy Agency" "JOULE-THERMiE" program, executed pany "Energy Agency" founded joint organi- the Centre participated in the exposition together with 11 countries). zation (FEMOPET - LEI Lithuania), which as "World energy efficiency day" in Austria, winner of international competition became where the best efficient energy use projects a member of the OPET network, founded by in Lithuania were exhibited and a report was The first project was carried out col- the European Commission for the Western presented. laborating with 40 organizations from 21 coun- countries in 1995. In the end of 1997 the Euro- try, working in efficient energy consumption pean Commission expanded activities of the area. According to the task undertaken, in- OPET network in Central and East Europe by formation was gathered about implemented creating 13 new organizations having gen- efficient energy projects in Lithuania and eral title FEMOPET (Fellow Members of the analysis made highlighted the best examples, OPET). which were presented to all project member The aim of the FEMOPET - LEI Lithuania organizations. is active spreading and promoting develop- The aim of the Second International ment of the market of new, modern, efficiently Project is creation in Lithuania of the network using energy technologies in Lithuania. of efficient energy utilization in industry. In 1998 together with the Norvegian Energy In- In 1998 9 seminars (5 of them interna- stitute with approval of the Lithuanian tional, with organizations of Sweden, Ger- Economy Ministry and of the Lithuanian In- many, Poland, Finland, Norway and oth.) were dustrialist Confederation, the network secre- organized and carried out. TIGAT ONS OF WATER RESERVOiRS

The major energy sector related prob- Implementing two-dimension unsteady lems solved at Lithuanian Energy Institute flow module, the Kaunas Sea area effected (LEI) are closely connected with the environ- by Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant (KPSP) mental protection and rational use of natural was investigated. The modelled changes of resources. The Hydroenergy (Hydrology at Kaunas Sea flow structure enable to decide present) Laboratory at LEI was found in 1957 about the impact of KHP on the Kaunas Sea to start the investigation of Lithuanian water hydrodynamic regime. resources. During the 1957-1998 period 18 Also Klaipeda harbour quay construc- doctoral theses have been prepared and suc- tion and farvater dredging were investigated. cessfully defended, 5 researchers working Dispersion of pollutants during plung- here became professors, 2 - corresponding ing of excavated sediments in the Baltic Sea members of national Academy of Science. was studied implementing module of There have been 17 monographs issued by advection and dispersion of "MIKE-21". Con- the laboratory researchers. ditions with the least influence of pollutants The laboratory staff has accumulated to the Baltic Sea environment were deter- hydrologic, morphometric, run-off and water mined. balance data of Lithuanian water bodies (riv- An analysis of run-off and water bal- ers, lakes and reservoirs) and processed it ance of the river Nemunas since 1812 Prof. Dr. Habil. Brunonas by applying mathematical and geographical showed a reduced run-off variation since Gailiusis methods. Using this database and modern 1971 and an increased ground-water supply. Head of the modelling system "MIKE-21", the main task This observation is supported by the studies Hydrology Laboratory of environmental protection - environmental of hydrochemistry of the other rivers. Tei: +370 (7) 753788 impact assessment of human activities - is Amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, chloride E-mail: [email protected] being solved.

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<'''' **';'''' *') Dispersion of plunged spoil in the Baltic sea. a- flow structure under 15 mis wind from south; b and c - variation of pollutant concentration after 0.5 and 24 hours

12-13 Determination of hydrodynamic changes in water bodies due to operation of energy objects and water transport; Impact of regulatory reservoirs on variation of abiotic parameters in aquatic ecosystems; Preparation of national river run-off Cadastre;

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in the rivers are directly related to the river "nutrition". Increased concentrations of the numerous chemical substances do coincide with the changes in river run-off variation in- fluenced by global climate change. The impact of the infiltration characteristics of the river-basin landscapes is observed. The investigation suggests a run-off regulation impact on aquatic ecosystems. During spring, while the reservoirs are being Structure of flows of filled, the supply of the fresh water to the Kaunas Sea two turbines Curonian Lagoon decreases. As a result, the of Kruonis PSP being active Lagoon water level changes deteriorate the KPSP conditions of fish spawning and migration. The run-off regulation reservoirs are very important facilities for water exploita- The first Lithuanian River Cadastre monographs on such characteristics of the tion system being at the same time the big- was compiled more than 60 years ago. It Lithuanian rivers as length and catchment gest threat for environment. Therefore, meth- was constantly updated and corrected. area were published. At the moment the ods for run-off regulation calculation were During 1959-1970 4 volumes of Cadastre Lithuanian River Run-off Cadastre is being developed, the reservoir impact on the rivers were published by Hydrology Laboratory. prepared. The river observations in Lithua- investigated and their water balance esti- In the subsequent decades about 50 per nia were started in 1811. Comprehensive in- mated. Currently, the recommendations for cent of Lithuanian territory experienced dra- formation on water volume in the rivers has construction and operation of river run-off matic changes due to numerous been collected. The data in the Cadastre is regulation reservoirs considering their impact hydrotechnical projects (land drainage, organised to enable the easy calculations on environment are under development. road building, dam construction), the drain- of the average annual, maximal, minimal age network has also seriously changed. yield and run-off distribution for any Lithua- A comprehensive update of the Cadastre nian river. This data is necessary for the has started in 1969. In 1993 the detalisation design of hydrotechnical facilities, and correction of hydrographic data was hydropower plants, road construction, land completed. During the same period 7 drainage and managing water resources.

Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant Lithuanian Energy Institute has accumulated long term experience on heattransfer and flow structure investigations. There are very well known investigations performed under supervision of Prof. A. Zukauskas such as heat transfer of the cylinder and tube bunk's in cross flow in wide range of Reynolds (Re) and Prandtl (Pr) numbers, turbulent transport in boundary layer with and without different impact and for different Pr, heat transfer processes in high temperature Heat transfer variation flows with interaction of convection and ra- caused by natural convection diation processes and with chemical reactions. The laboratory has powerful test rigs that can be operated in wide range of Reynolds Very important investigations of heat numbers. The high temperature of test sur- transfer and flow hydrodynamics were per- faces can be achieved by means of high formed to support design of different nuclear power DC generators. Therefore, the effects reactors and space technologies. To under- of variable physical properties of fluid on the stand and to assess correctly the natural phe- heattransfercan be investigated. The vacuum nomena of turbulent transport in such cases shield insulation of the test sections, the sta- it was necessary to start in parallel the fun- bilized electric current, the precisely control- damental investigations of heat transfer and led fluid temperature atthe inlet create excel- Investigation is carried out in: turbufenttransport underthe effect of buoy- lent conditions for accurate measurements ancy and centrifugal forces. These investi- of heat transfer rates even in the range of low Thermohydromechanics gations are still on the way in the Laboratory Reynolds numbers as well as for long-term Division in the of Heat Transfer of Nuclear Reactors because structural studies of turbulent transport un- Laboratory of Heat Transfer in they are very important for the safety and der non-isothermal conditions. The pressu- Nuclear Reactors reliability improvement of nuclear reactors rized air enables us to study mixed convec- Head of the Division - and other nuclear installations. tion in channels of moderate sizes. The vari- Prof. Dr. Habil. PovilasPoskas Tel.:. +370 (7) 748733 E-mail: [email protected]. ft

Laboratory of Fluid Dynamics in Heat Exchangers Head of the Laboratory - Prof. Dr. Habil. Vladislovas Katinas Tel.: +370 (7) 754034 E-mail: [email protected]

Laboratory of Combustion Processes Head of Laboratory - Prof. Dr. Habil. Anupras High pressure Slanciauskas chamber for Tel.:+370 (7) 753488 investigations E-mail: [email protected] of mixed convection

14-15 Fundamental investigations of hydrodynamics and heat transfer in single phase flows under the effect of buoyancy and centrifugal forces: - experimental investigation of steady-state heat transfer in different channels; - experimental investigation of transient heat transfer in curved channels; - experimental investigation of turbulent structure of the flow; - numerical simulation of heat transfer and turbulent transport; Theoretical investigation of cylindrical bodies in crossflow; Numerical simulation of hydrothertnal processes of Druksiai lake as cooler of Ignaiina NPP; Investigation of transfer processes in the atmosphere.

ation of Grashof (Gr) number can be tested including them into simmulation laser particle displacement and Doppler achieved by regulating air pressure with codes. Influence of the parameters of tur- methods. Experimental and numerical simu- Reynolds number being constant and vice bulence of the oncoming flow on flow sepa- lation data are used not only in engineering versa. Pressure vessel with fixed inside test ration from solid surfaces and on genera- design but also in research of the hydrody- section for investigation of mixed convection of kinetic turbulence energy using zero, namic phenomena. tion in different channels at various first and second order turbulence models. Other very important research direc- orientations in the space was designed. The tion is numerical modeling of motion of the test facilities are equipped with modem data In the Laboratory of Combustion granular material. In collaboration with the acquisition systems as well as computer- Processes continuing works done in the last Karlsruhe Research Centre the programme aided control systems. year following fundamental research direc- package was developed, which enables to tions are pursued: experimental hydrody- calculate way of each granule and its heat Theroretical research of the crossflow namic investigations of the heat and mass exchange with the fluid flowing past the par- of viscous liquids past various cylindrical transfer and their numerical simulation, and ticles. This allows exact enough description bodies of finite length and of infinite length numerical simulation of granular material of heat transfer in the multiparticle systems. has been investigated during last several motion and heat as well as of processes of years in the Laboratory of Fluid Dynamics chemical reactions. 400 in Heat Exchangers. The investigations (tak- The laboratory acquired the most up- ing into account turbulence parameters of to-date on the world scale commercial pro- 200 j the oncoming flow) suplemented experimen- gramme package FLUENT intended for nu- tal data obtained investigating problems of merical simulation of transient heat and hydrodynamic stability of the cylindrical mass transfer. With its helps various sta- structures. tionary and transient flows are calculated, The threedimensional (3D) transfer as well as gas and fuel oil combustion in processes in recirculating threedimensional the primary furnace and burners and heat flows were simulated numerically using exchangers are modeled. At the same time PHOENICS codes. With the support by the in experimental rigs the structures of Lithuanian Science and Studies Fund nu- streams and eddies are investigated using Calculation of stirring merical simulation of hydrothermal proc- of granu/ar material in the rotating mixing drum esses of the Druksiai lake - Ignaiina NPP cooler was initiated. It takes into account influence of wind on the surface heat transfer. The model of turbulence exchanges in the lake was developed. Modeling of the threedimensional two-phase transfer processes also was initiated. Other research direction involves modeling of the transfer processes in problems of environmental protection: dispersion of gaseous emissions from point and line sources and dispersion in the atmosphere of automobile gaseous emissions in the city Numerical simulation of as well as atmospheric turbulence and dis- transient flow using Fluent code persion of solid particles of combustion products in the ambient air. Importance of taking into account turbulence anisotropy in atmospheric and other 3D flows should be emphasized. Various turbulence anisotropy models are set up and Since 1992 the Lithuanian Energy Insti- So the following fields of applied works tute takes active part in establishing system become distinct: of metrology service for measuring liquid and Calibration and verification of flowing gas volume, velocity and flow rate in fluid measuring devices; Lithuania. This is a new field of the institute's Performance of type approval tests of activities, which is closely related to few the measuring devices; most important practical needs: Carrying out examinations, training of State and suppliers/consumers inter- the personal; ests in performance of accounting the Testing, maintenance and adjusting of material and energy resources and in heat equipment; -,;,<•-•;; -•.>":/-••'•';'-'-•••"••.:•. creation of favorable conditions for de- Construction of calibration facilities; veloping manufacture/trade and energy Preparation of standards and norms and saving; their harmonization with EU require- Necessity to assure labour, environ- ments. ment and health security; Tha most impoiian- sppiied works In 1998: Necessity to assure functioning of the legal metrology protecting the rights of Second improved edition of regulations consumers; for calculation of gas losses and con- Necessity to assure of measuring unity sumption for technological needs in and traceability with international stand- "Lithuanian Gas" company; ards. Program for calculation and construction of differential pressure devices; Applied investigations Regulations for verification of domestic gas meters based on probability analysis; On the basis of co-operation with mi- Interfaboratory comparisons; New calibration facility with sonic noz- nistries and industrial companies several fa- 3 cilities were created for calibrations and veri- zles for air flow rates up to 10-15 m /h. fication of gas, water, liquid fuel and heat meters. Research Laboratory aecredaiao fe*d Since 1995 the Institute has joined the From the structural point of view in the research program " National Program for field of applied investigation, laboratory is Foundation of Metrology Service. Project of approaching the position as it is shown in the System Developing", being supported by scheme, which defines LEI relations with the Lithuanian State Science and Studies Fund. metrology and other departments in various On the basis of the results of the program, national economy branches. Government of Lithuania on 1997 05 27 had

Laboratory acreditation field

Physical quantity Measurement range Best measurement capability

Air (gas) velocity (0.2 - 30) m/s ±(2.15-0.56)% Air (gas) volume/flow rate (0.005 - 6000) m7h ±(0.15-0.35)% Water volume/flow rate (0.01 -30) m-Vh ±(0.06-0.086)% Fuel volume/flow rate (1.5- 140) m7h ±0.15% Heal: volume (0.01 - 30) m7h; 3°C

16-17 passed decree No 518 and authorized In- Standard of air (gas) velocity unit In 1998 all components of standard stitute to create and maintain standards as This equipment consist of by aerody- facility for flow rate up to 300 m3/h had been the most important components of the fu- namic tube for creating air flow; reference completed. Calibration uncertainty of sonic ture metrology service system. velocity meters - ultrasonic anemometer for nozzles doesn't exceed ±0.15%. In 1999 there From there, the works in the field of me- measurement velocity up to 20 m/s, Pitot is a plan to extend facility for flow rate up to trology took a turn for an investigation of the tubes for velocity from 10 to 60 m/s and set 1600 m3/h. Then it would be possible to cali- fundamental aspects being related to the few of working standards - various types of ane- brate existing working standards - rotary and important problems: mometers, Pitot tubes and nozzles. turbine meters with nominal flow rate up to 3 Creating national liquid and gas volume, in 1998 the testing and adjustment of 1600 m /h and special profiled nozzles. velocity and flow rate standards and ultrasonic anemometer was carried out. The These working standards are now installed assurance of traceability with interna- anemometer was constructed in the co-op- in aerodynamic facility located in LEI. Test- tional standards; eration with scientists of ultrasonic meas- ing and calibrating of nozzles carried out in Investigation of flows in channel, being urements laboratory of Kaunas University of 1998 had shown that air volume/fiow rate underthe influence of flow disturbances; Technology. It is expected to legitimate ve- measurement uncertainty being no more Investigation of new measurement and locity standard in 1999. ±0.3% can be guaranteed by using them. calibration methods and measures; Investigation of the balance of material Standards of air (gas) volume I flow rats Standards of liquid volume I Us w rate units and energy resources supply and con- units To restore water volume/flow rate, LEI sumption. Two measuring methods being realized has hydrodynamic facility for flow rate up to 3 by 2 different types of facilities are used. It is 30 m /h, based on weight measurement trying to reach traceability and measurement method. In 1998 the reconstruction and im- ranges overlapping as it is shown on the fig- provement works started to extend measure below. urement range, assure the flow stability, in- 3 Since 1997 the Institute has started the Forthe flow rates up to 10(15) m /h, the crease water temperature and weight con- creation of the standards of following units: bell-type prover is used. This facility provides trol accuracy. Liquid (water) volume/flow rate; the flow of accurately determined air volume In 1998 the construction of facility for Liquid (oil and oil products) volume/ through the measurement devices under cali- calibration of light oil meters made a signifi- flow rate; bration. cant step forward. Nominal flow rate of facil- 3 3 Air (gas) volume/flow rate; Forthe flow rates up to 1600 m /h, the ity is expected to be 120 m /h, measurement Air (gas) velocity. aerodynamic facility with sonic nozzles is uncertainty using reference volumes up to 5 constructed. In many foreign laboratories m3 being no more than ±0.1%. Preparation sonic nozzles are used as reference stand- of project for equipment based on weight ards. Using few nozzles being joined in par- measurement was started. Application of this allels, the desirable flow rate can be reached. method for the liquid flow standards makes an increase of measurement accuracy pos- Bell-type prover, 0.005-10 rrrVh, < ±0.1% sible.

Sonic nozzles, 5-1600 nr/h, <.±0.15%

"c | Rotary meter 1-100 m3/h. j< ±0.15%

Turbine meters 50-1600 nr/h, s ±0,2%

Nozzles, 700-6400 m3/h, < ±0,25%

Working measurement devices. ± 1 % Ranges of measurements and uncertainties 10 100 1000 10000 Flow, m3/h Investigations of renewable and non- also solved. Recommendations for renew- traditional energy sources (solar, wind, able energy sources implementation with geothermal, hydro-, biomass, biogas and evaluation of local (conditions) circum- other energy) are carried out in the Insti- stances were prepared and presented. tute. Development of renewable energy Problems of small scale hydropower sources utilization is discussed in the White were investigated by the Laboratory of En- Paper of European Union for 1995-2010 col- ergy Systems Research, and problems of laborating with institutions of East- and geothermal energy - by the Energy Efficiency West-European countries. The Institute Research and Information Centre. joined implementation of national and inter- Three international programmes, re- national programmes. lated to utilization of renewable energy re- Investigations of utilization of renew- sources, are carried out in the Laboratory able energy sources in agriculture were per- of Fluid Dynamics in Heat Exchangers: formed by programme "Solar and Other "Comprehensive Initiative for RES Renewable Energy Sources for Agriculture". around the Baltic States" (carried out This programme is supported by Lithua- by organizations in France, Lithuania, nian State Science and Studies Fund. In this Latvia, Estonia, Poland and Denmark); programme fundamental and applied re- "Development of a Bioenergy Market search works are linked to utilization of so- Development Plan for Central Europa" lar, wind and hydro-energy in rural areas. (carried out by organizations in Eng- These energy resources are under in- land, Holland, Finland, Greece, Esto- vestigation, their calculations methods are nia and oth. states); created, the monitoring stations being cre- Participation in the network "Fellow ated demonstration projects of utilization of Members of the Organization for the alternative energy sources being prepared. Promotion of Energy Technologies" in Issues of environmental protection were consortium with the Polish Baltic Re-

Prof. Dr. Habil. Vladislovas Katinas Head of the Fluid Dynamics in Heat Exchangers Labora- tory Tel.: +370 (7) 754034 Demonstration biogas power plant of Rokai Agricultural Enterprise "Vycia" E-mail: [email protected]

18-19 Assessment of real potentialities of utilization of renewable energy sources, investigation of its reserves and creation of suitable calculation methods; Participation in establishment of monitoring stations and solving of problems of environmental protection; investigation of advanced technologies, their feasibility evaluations and preparation of the demonstration projects; Preparation of projects of the standard documents; Formation of databases, servicing and advising customers.

newable Energy Centre - BREC (FEMOPET solar energy utilization taking into account functions method, chosen for approximat- BREC - LEZ). building orientation and diversity of building ing wind monitoring data, is suitable for vari- These programmes are aimed at materials. ous country regions. considering renewable energy resources in While handling building and operation Computer programmes were develo- the country, and search of effective means problems of the demonstration biogas power ped to calculate integral wind energy param- of intensification of their utilization. Thorough plant in the agricultural Joint Stock Company eters (wind speed, direction, speed profiles, analysis of utilization possibilities for renew- "Vycia" scientific research work was car- wind roses, wind energy, Veibul's param- able energy sources and of modern tech- ried out linked to biogas production and its eters and oth.) and to produce graphical nologies is necessary, which enables to utilization for power purposes. As it is the material. create legal, financial, economic and tech- first power plant of this type in Lithuania, many One of non-traditional energy sources nical conditions for efficient use of renew- scientific and practical problems have arisen is landfill gas. Its extraction and utilization able energy resources. demanding urgent solution and being directly improves management of landfills and envi- Possibilities of wider application in related to efficiency enhancement of biogas ronmental protection. The Institute carries out Lithuania of passive heating systems in build- production from organic waste and to envi- work linked to evaluation of landfill gas re- ings are also investigated by scientists of the ronmental protection. covery and utilization possibilities in Lithua- laboratory. Comparative economic calcula- Wind parameters were measured for nia. The data about the greatest country tions were carried out using numerical simu- evaluation of wind energy utilization poten- landfills and their waste management are lation methods. Influence of orientation of the tial using state-of-the-art instrumentation gathered and compiled. Foreign experience solar heat absorbing surfaces, their geom- corresponding to modem European techni- in this field is analyzed and contacts with etry and thermal parameters, solar radiation cal norms. "Wicom-C" apparatus was used interested parties are established. incidence angles, type of glazing and of other on the sea shore (Giruliai), while in the mid- The primary assessments made using factors on efficiency of these systems is be- dle of Lithuania (Kaunas district) the device data on the Kaunas city Lapiij iadfill have ing considered. Full assessment is sought of "NRG-Systems" was used. shown, that the landfill gas recovery system annual variation of thermal processes of so- In the course of this work wind energy installation and further gas utilization for heat lar energy heated buildings including varia- parameters calculation methods were pre- and electricity generation is feasible from tion due to the changes of geometric and ther- pared and verified, evaluating technical and economic point of view at the present elec- mal parameters of heating system elements. economic parameters of potential wind power tricity and heat tariffs. In addition, installation Possibilities, means and methods of adjust- plants based on data by meteorological sta- of such system would significantly improve ments and control of processes within build- tions and short time measurement data ob- ecological conditions in the district, where ing spaces are also treated. Practical rec- tained by instrumentation aforementioned. It the landfill is situated. ommendations were prepared for maximum was established, that Veibul distribution

Technical data of "WICOM-C" and "NRG Systems" measurement equipment

Wind speed Wind direction

Measurement frequency 1 - 60 seconds 1-60 seconds Measurement range 0.3 - 50 m/s 1 - 360° Sensitivity 0.05 m/s 1°

Range of ambient temperature form 35°C until + 80°C Already since 1970 the Laboratory of System Control and Automation using cal- culating techniques has been working in the sphere of control and automation of energy District heating supply system was facilities. During this period several genera- analyzed as the object of automation. tions of computers have been replaced, Principal control parameters were hence, laboratory specialists have always singled out as well as were established been using the novelties in their work. Per- the parameters that influence the work sonal computers, microprocessor control- of the automated control system and lers and advanced program equipment have determine the state of the system. been used in scientific work since 1989. Mathematical expression of parameters was presented and determined The laboratory comprises a group of the criteria of control. The peculiarities highly skilled experts, performing theoreti- of mathematical modeling of the con- cal research of control systems and opti- trol of heat supply processes were mal control of industrial systems. analyzed; At the moment fundamental and applied researches are carried out in the labo- The investigation of thermodynamic ratory in the area of control and modeling features of principal heat consumers of energy systems. The purpose of this - buildings in which the heating sys- researche is to create mathematical mod- tems are connected to the network of els and technical means of energy systems heating supply was performed. Ther- with estimation of demand-side manage- modynamic models of various types ment, that would be able to optimize the dis- of buildings were formed and the pos- tribution of energy, their control automation sibilities of the automatic control of the and increasing the efficiency of consump- temperature of the room air, were ex- tion. plored, striving to reduce energy consumption for heating;

Power utilities monitoring

20-21 Modeling, design and investigation of energy supply control systems with estimation of demand-side management by using stochastic, hybridic and multicriteria methods of analysis;

Research and optimization of computerized energy accounting and control systems, their technical realization and information about these systems;

Evaluation of consequences of energy control normative documents harmonization of with the EU.

The requirements for the district heat- defined. The requirements forthe com- ing supply systems, which use auto- plex of technical means of computer- mated control, were determined on the ized system were formed and optimal base of mathematic modeling results. structural schemes of control and data The influence of control of district heat- acquisition systems and of entire sys- ing supply system upon the quality of tem were established. temperature regime maintenance of the The possibility of methods of fuzzy set air in the room was explored where theory for minimizing the losses of the room temperature control systems are active power in electric systems and present. optimizing its work according to seve- The principles of computerized struc- ral criteria, when the information avail- ture of district heating supply systems able about the system is limited, unde- formation were analyzed, and the tasks, termined and of non-stochastic nature to be solved by control systems were was analyzed. Services offered:

Introduction in the enterprises of the computerized energy accounting and control system, which will enable to get Internet fully automated information about the To control system consumption of various kinds of energy of the enterprise in the enterprises, monitoring of energy consumption and analysis of data, pre- Interface person - computer pare action of means for energy saving. Audit of energy consumption in enterprises and means for energy saving. To monitoring system Design and installation of control sys- of the enterprise tems for various energy facilities.

Energy accounting and control system fZTTLdl ,^v

The research is directed forwards ma- Research and simulation of steel, ce- terials resistant to high temperature and ramic and polymer composite materials en- chemical influence, their technology and du- able to forecast safe operation time of equip- rability of structural elements. ment and structural elements. It is very im- One of current problems in the science portant in plants of energy and chemical in- of material engineering is creation of specific dustry where accidents caused by cracks in materials and guarantee of functional reliabil- construction elements may bring a lot of dam- ity and durability. Construction materials age to environment. More over, equipment of from composites of steels, polymers and energy and chemical industry is very expen- ceramics became irreplaceable in many in- sive and it has economic benefit to prolong dustrial fields where severe conditions cause their operating life. Under present conditions prompt wear and tear. Because of that, prog- in Lithuania it is very important, when possi- nosis of useful lifetime of mentioned above bilities to invest into new facilities are very materials, which are used in severe condi- limited. tinnc ic a yory important an(j |

22-23 Fundamental research; Applied material engineering; Material technologies; Production of the experimental samples based on developed technologies and created materials; Certified laboratory services in testing of refractories, temperature-resistant plates from calcium hydrosilicate and thermoinsulating materials. Accreditation certificate No LA01.006 given by Lithuanian Nationai Accreditation Bureau con- firms that Laboratory of Material Research and Testing meets requirements of the LST EN 45001.

tions of pure oxides, dolomite, waste of technogenic materials and choosing granulo- metrion of charging, the ceramic materials with porosity up to 50% have been obtained. Primary analysis of these materials has been carried out; it has been prepared to measure permeability of gas against ASTM methodic and radiance as well. The main properties of Research Associate created composites correspond to ones be- I.Lukosiute of the Division ing used abroad. More over, these compos- of Composition Materials ites are considerably cheaper. and Polymer Coatings at the experimental rig of Contract work includes development of investigation of corrosion technical ceramics: production technology of kerns (which are applied to produce equipment for forming of building ceramics); con- indicated that appropriate temperature was energy equipment and predict remaining op- trol of wear resistance of kerns under manu- reached in 2-2.5 hours at power of 25-30 kW. eration life by applying multifactor method. facture conditions; production technology of The furnace will be used to indicate fire re- This method is based on transformation of elements from electrotechnical ceramics for sistance and melt point of materials, fortech- multiplied functions of factors to the limits of low voltage constructions. nological researche and studies of proper- the appropriate actual corrosion rates. The The new project has been implemented: ties of materials, also for certified tests (that method enables to evaluate corrosion rate in high - temperature cryptol furnace (up to require high temperatures). steels under different operating conditions 1800°C) has been designed and manufac- Materials are analysed in order to and to predict operating life of construction tured. Experimental heating of furnace has evaluate condition of structural elements in element. The more information of analyzed process are involved in multifactor formulas the wide and more reliable is the field of their application. In 1998 employees of laboratory published 28 articles in Lithuanian and foreign journals and presented 20 reports in Lithua- nian and international conferences. Polymeric and composite materials created by employees of the laboratory was presented in the exhibitions in Hanover (April 20-25,1998), Balttechnika in Vilnius (May19-21, 1998), Baltic Dynamics in Riga (September 6-9, 1998).

Analysis of macro - and microstresses, qualitative and quantitative x-ray diffraction analysis of materials t? 0 f 11 0 *J 3 i 10 H F 0 3 0 3 i' C 0 The effects of overfire air on NOx reduction in heavy fuel oil combustion were

activity investigated. The NOx reduction technology In the Laboratory of Combustion Proc- was successfully implemented in PTVM- esses the turbulent reacting flows are stud- 50 boiler of Panevezys district heating sys- ied in order to improve fuel combustion effi- tem. It was the first implementation of the ciency and reduce air pollution. The flame overfire air technology in Lithuania and de- control methods are analyzed in point of serves special attention because PTVM-50 view of vortices formation and interaction as type boilers stand out for high NOx and low a basic mechanism of heat/mass transfer efficiency. in turbulent flows. Particle image velocimetry an laser Doppler anemometry techniques are used in flow measurements. Fast grow of heavy fuel oil usage in Lithuania forced urgency to cut fuel losses in boilers and increase emission control. Therefore it is important assist boiler op- erators and supervisory personnel improve boiler efficiencies in their plants; Each autumn the Laboratory of Com- bustion Processes arranges seminar "Efficient Combustion of Heavy Fuel Oil". High interests in the seminar last year indicate advance in self-depend- ence of energy enterprises and initiave of engineers and managers;

7 he structure of burner exhaust jet

Last year the FLUENT code was implemented for prediction of combustion and emissions in three-dimensional geometry of furnace. The CFD code use k^Reynolds stresses and large eddies simulation models. Experimental investigation of influence of air/gas flow pulsation in the burner on for-

mation of N0x was carried out. It ware es-

tablished NOx reduction possibilities depending on fuel/air ratio and parameters of pulsation. Intensive heat transfer in such type of combustion is very attractive and can be used in small boilers. Methods and software for numerical simulation of multi-particle system dynamics are developed in co-operation with Head of jim Plasma Karlsruhe Research Center. The main aim of the project is predictions of waste combustion in rotary kilns. Overfire air reduce ^§>^..;/"E}niail- formation of NO

24-25 Combustion efficiency improvement; Air pollutants emissions control; Waste incineration; Plasma technologies; Dynamics of high temperature flows; Synthesis of new catalytic substances.

Low N0x burners and effective heavy Plasms research chemical and optical properties. Consulta- fuel oil atomizers as well as special tion for using plasma technology. Construc- burning devices for industry technolo- Scientific activity tion and production of high temperature gen- gies are designed, manufactured and erators used in plasma chemistry, metal- installed; In the Laboratory of Plasma Technolo- lurgy, production of building and thermo-in- Estimations of technological feasibil- gies of the Institute research of high tem- sulating materials, neutralization of hazard- ity reduce air pollution, inventory of perature plasma flows and jets in nozzles ous substances and processing of hard ce- emission sources, preparation of of various shapes and size are performed, ramics. The temperature of gases leaving plasma generators reaches up to 7000 K emission regulations for industrial gas dynamics and heat transfer are inves- and the flow velocity approaches velocity combustion technologies are provided. tigated. Arc and plasma jet interactions with of sound. Construction and production of various disperse materials, its possibilities The main projects !as° yean high quality wide power range arc-plasma of plasmatic surface coatings is investi- generators, power sources, equipment for Empirical methods for prediction of gated. Investigations of processing of hard starting-up and controlling. soot formation in heavy fuel oil com- ceramics are performed. The synthesis of bustion and means of its control; new materials and phases of catalytic ma- Mastered lecl'inofagies Portable flue gas analyzer; terials is under investigation. In laboratory equipment: Modernization of burners for GM and In 1998 reactor for incineration of haz- DKVR types steam generators; ardous materials was tested and it's tech- Plasma modification of surfaces and Inventory of air pollution sources and nical characteristics were determined. The plasma spray deposition of thin bar- evaluation of feasibility to reduce emis- reactor fits the environmental requirements rier coatings on construction materi- sion in oil refinery "Mazeikiy Nafta", (hazardous materials being kept in tempera- als, restoration of the mechanically power plant "Mazeikiy Elektrine" and tures above 12006 for more than 2 sec- worn surfaces; sugar refinery "Kedainiy Cukrus". onds) and conditions. Series of experiments Plasma surface activation and plasma were performed by burning organic liquids dry cleaning makes it easy to achieve and solids. Concentrations of combustion good adhesion between solids with dif- products in flue gas of the reactor were de- ferent properties. As the result of dry termined using gas chromatograph cleaning the surfaces becomes clean "Technotest 488". Plasmotron for waste in- of carbon on the atomic level; cineration and neutralization was improved Removing of very thin surface layers using overheated steam as an agent. of materials and changing the wet an- gle allows forming surface areas with New plasma processing equipment for different hydrophilation properties; formation of barrier coatings on the adhe- The high temperature mineral fibre is sive surfaces of construction materials was produced employing plasma techno- completed and mastered. Experimental ele- logy. The ultra-thin high quality threads ments of oxide catalysts were manufactured are obtained with diameter 0.5 -2 m. and properties examined. Cheap local materials are used in pro- Service duction of fibre.

70 MW burner with small NO emission Technologies for plasma modification of surfaces and plasma spray deposition of thin coatings with different mechanical, Lithuanian Energy Institute is the State Research Institute. The Institute funds for scientific and other activities include: state budget subsidies, income from Lithuanian and foreign enterprises for contract works, means received from various Lithuanian funds and from international programms and means received for preparing specialists.

Structure dynamics of income and expenses

Income (LtL'OOO) 1996 1997 1998

Budget subsidies 3614 4887 5337.7 Contracts (incl. subcontr.) 3714 6071 6685.3 Other income 940 1417 1272.0 Total 8268 12375 13295.0

Expenses (LtL'OOO) 1996 1997 1998

Salaries (soc. ben. incl.) 4204 5979 7492.0 3241 ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD Operating expenses 2346 4247.0 Acquisition of equipment 771 1014 1373.6 560 Director - Subcontractors 252 1330.4 10794 Jurgis VILEMAS, Total 7573 14443.0 Academician Prof. Dr. Habil. Tel: +370 (7) 351403 Remainder to end 800 2089 941 E-mail: [email protected] of the year (LtL'OOO)

Deputy Director • Romualdas SKEMA, Dr. Tel: +370 (7) 757405 E-mail: [email protected]

Deputy Director - Rimantas LEVINSKAS, Dr. Tel.: +370 (7) 757771 E-mail: [email protected] ice and Stuc^s l-unci Scientific Secretary - VATESI Birute TESKEVICIENE, Dr. 39% Lithuanian Enterprises Tel.: +370 (7) 763125 E-mail: [email protected] Ministry of Economy Ignalina NPP Accountant General- VandaVILCINSKIENE Other Income Tel.: +370 (7) 757364 State Budget Subsidies i 13% E-mail: [email protected] 10%

26-27 At the end ot 1998 the staff of the Insti- tute included 369 employees among them 8 professors, 12 doctors habilitatus, 22 assist- Prof. Dr. Habil. Brunonas GAILIUSIS, Chairman of the Council, Head of the Laboratory of ant professors, 52 doctors of sciences, one Hydrology; member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sci- Prof. Dr. Habil. Vladislovas KAUNAS, Deputy Chairman of the Council, Head of the Laboratory ences and of the Swedish Royal Academy of of Fluid Dynamics in Heat Exchangers; Engineering, one member expert of the Lithua- Academician, Prof., Dr. Habil. Jurgis VILEMAS, Director, Head of the Laboratory of Heat Trans- nian Academy of Sciences. Part of research- fer in Nuclear Reactors; ers of the Institute lectured in various univer- Ass. Prof. Dr. Anzelmas BACAUSKAS, Deputy Director General of the JSC "Lithuanian Energy", sities. 18 post-graduates carried out their re- Associate Prof, of the Power Systems Department (KTU); search in the Institute while preparing their Dr. Sigitas BARTKUS, Head of the Information Department; doctorship theses and 10 of them passed all Dr. Feliksas BIELINSKIS, Head of the Laboratory of Systems Control and Automation; Or. Algimantas BURBA, Head of the Division in the Laboratory of Systems Control and Auto- exams, two of them defended their theses. mation; Two doctor habilitatus theses were also de- Prof. Dr. Habil. Jonas GYLYS, Head of the Thermal and Nuclear Energy Department (KTU); fended. One researcher was conferred on Prof. Dr. Habil. Vidmantas JANKAUSKAS, Chairman of the State Comission of Energy Resources professor's and two researchers were con- Pricing and Energy Activities; ferred associate professor's titles. In four re- Dr. Rimantas LEVINSKAS, Deputy Director, Head of the Laboratory of Material Research and search activity directions 19 research works Testing; financed by state budget were carried out. Dr. Habil. Vaclovas MISKINIS, Head of the Laboratory of Energy Systems Research; 3 scientific monographies were publi- Dr. Habil. Antanas PEDISIUS, Head of the Laboratory of Heat Equipment Research and Test- ing; shed in 1998 on various subjects in thermal Ass. Prof. Dr. Kazimieras PEJKEVICIUS, Assiociate Prof, of Fluid Mechanics Department (KTU); physics, nuclear energy safety and power Prof. Dr. Habil. Povilas POSKAS, Head of the Division in the Laboratory of Heat Transfer in economy fields, some other scientific edi- Nuclear Reactors; tions also were published. 202 scientific pub- Dr. Viktoras SURVILA, Senior Research Associate of the Laboratory of Heat Transfer in Nuclear lications were published or accepted for pub- Reactors; lication, among them 51 in foreign editions. Dr. Romualdas SKEMA, Deputy Director, Head of the Energy Efficient Research and Informa- In various conferences 197 reports were pre- tion Centre; sented, 56 of them abroad. 20 researchers of Prof. Dr. Habil. Anupras SLANCIAUSKAS, Head of the Laboratory of Combustion Processes; the Institute took part in long term probation Dr. Ricardas SLEZAS, Senior Research Associate of the Laboratory of Combustion Proc- work abroad. esses; Prof. Dr. Habil. Matas TAMONIS, Head of the Laboratory of Energy Technologies; Dr. Birute TESKEVICIENE, Scientific Secretary; Ass. Prof. Dr. Habil. Eugenijus USPURAS, Head of Ignalina NPP Safety Analysis Group; Dr. Povilas VAISNYS, TATENA, Head of Department; Dr. Vladas VYSNIAUSKAS, Head of the Division in the Laboratory of Materials Research and Employees Testing. 500 Dr. Gediminas ZYGMANTAS, Senior Research Associate of the Laboratory of Heat - Equipment Research and Testing. 500 -

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i Employees |S| Scientists 1. ALMENAS K., KALIATKA A., USPURAS E. Ignalina RBMK-1500. 7. BURNEIKIS J. The problem of loss of hydroenergy of the Nemunas A Source Book (extended and updated version) fin English). - LEI - river// Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 1. - R 40-47. Ignalina Safety Analysis Group -1998. -198 p. 8. BURNEIKIS J., STREIMIKIENE D. Evaluation of the effective use of 2. A Brief Overview of Ignalina NPP Safety Issues (inEnglish). - Kaunas: hydropower //Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 1. - R 48- LEI - Ignalina Safety Analysis Group, 1998. -16 p. 51. 3. A Brief Overview of Ignalina NPP Safety Issues (in Lithuanian). - 9. BURNEIKIS J., STREIMIKIENE D. Trends of environmental protec- Kaunas: LEI - Ignalina Safety Analysis Group, 1998. -16 p. tion in the national systems of energetics II Lietuvos ukis (Economy of Lithuania). -1998. - N 3-4. - R 32. 4. BURNEIKIS J., JABLONSKIS J. Possibilities of Utilization of Small Scale Hydropowerin Lithuania (in Lithuanian). - Kaunas: LEI, 1998. - 48 p. 10. DUNDULIS G., NEDZINSKAS L. Brittle fracture evaluation of nozzles II Mechanika (Mechanics). -1998. - N 2. - R 10-14. 5. Environmentally - Adapted Local Energy Systems (in Lithuanian). - Kaunas: LEI, 1998.-80 p. 11. GAILIUSIS B., KOVALENKOVIENE M. Non-uniformity of the Lithua- nian rivers runoff II Aplinkos tyrimai, inzinerija ir vadyba (Environmen- 6. KLEVAS V. Introduction to State Energy Conservation Policy (in Lithua- tal Research, Engineering and Management). -1998. - N 2. - R 3-9. nian). - Kaunas: LEI, 1998. - 224 p. 12. GAILIUSIS B., KOVALENKOVIENE M., KRIAUCIUNIENE J. The im- 7. Lithuanian Science and Industry: Heat Power and Technologies (Pro- pact of Vileikos reservoir on the Neris river hydrological regime II ceed, of the Conf.) (in Lithuanian). - Kaunas: LEI, 1998. - 300 p. Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 1. - R 3-9. 8. USPURAS E., KALIATKA A. Accidental Transient Processes at NPP 13. GAILIUSIS B., KRIAUClONIENE J. Anthropogenic changes of un- with RBMK-15001 Editor prof. J. Vilemas (in Russian). - Kaunas: LEI, even inflow distribution of the Kursiu marios lagoon II Energetika 1998.-195 p. (Heat Transfer, 26). (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 1. - R 19-25. 9. VAITIEKUNAS R Numerical Modeling of Convective Transfer I Editor 14. GAILIUSIS B., VIRBICKAS J., JABLONSKIS J., KESMINAS V, TILICKIS prof. A. Zukauskas (In Lithuanian). - Kaunas: LEI, 1998. - 260 p. (Heat B., VIRBICKAS I, KILKUS K. Preconditions of sustainable develop- Transfer, 25). ment of Lithuanian water ecosystems and their biocoenosis II Regiono 10. VILEMAS J. (Index of works). - Kaunas: LEI, 1998. - 63 p. ekologinis tvarumas istoriniame kontekste (Region Ecological Sus- tainability in the Historic Context). - Vilnius, 1998. - R 56-63.

15. JABLONSKIS J. More precise evaluation of Lithuanian hydroenergy resourcesl/ Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 1. - R 75-83. IN LITr-iUA\MAN 16. JABLONSKIS J. Ground water encyclopedia //Zemetvarka ir melioracija 1. AMBRAZEVICIUS A., VALATKEVICIUS R Heat transfer by flowing of (Agricultural Management and Drainage). -1998. - N 3. - P 106-107. high temperature gases in cooled elements of heaters II Energetika 17. JABLONSKIS J. Even a small river can drive the generator of the (Power Engineering). - 1998. - N 2. - R 53-60. power plant IIZemes ukis (Agriculture). -1998. - N 9. - P 25-26. 2. AMBRAZEVICIUS A., MAKAREVICIUS V., SLANCIAUSKAS A., 18. JABLONSKIS J., JUSKIENE A., TOMKEVICIENE A. New data on the VILEMAS J., ZIUGZDA V. Scientific and organizational work of Acad- rivers in anthropogenic environment of Lithuania II Energetika (Power emician Algirdas Zukauskas and his thermal physics research activi- Engineering). -1998.-N1.-P 10-18. ties in 1947-199711 Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 2. - R5-13. 19. JUSKEVICIUS R., VALATKEVICIUS R Pyrolysis of wood with water steamplasmotron 1/ Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 2. - 3. BANDZA A., NARGELAS A., NEMURA A. Generation and freguency R 88-92. control processes with the influence of characteristics of steam boilers II Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 3. - R 32-38. 20. KATINAS V. Flow and vibration of the banks of heat exchangers in separated flows of fluid //Energetika (Power Engineering).- 1998. - 4. BIELINSKIS E, BURBA A., NAGINEVICIUS R., VRUBLIAUSKAS S. Data N 4.-R 19-23. base for Lithuanian energy sector regulatory documents II Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 3. - R 47-52. 21. KOVALENKOVIENE M., MICKEVICIENE M., PAREIGIS R. Spring flood run-off in Lithuanian rivers II Energetika (Power Engineering).-1998. - 5. BIELINSKIS E, BURBA A., VRUBLIAUSKAS S. Reorganisationalprin- N1.-R 26-39. ciples of the system of Lithuanian energy sector normative documents!! Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 3. - R 39-46. 22. KRAKAUSKAS M., PAZERAITE A. A new pricing model in power industryII Energijos kainos (Energy Prices). -1998. - N 3. - R 5-8. 6. BRAZENAITE J., MAKAREVICIUS V. The influence of corrosion on surface microstructure and static strength of pipelines steel II 23. KUGELEVICIUS J. Automotive fuel business - tendencies and fore- Mechanine technologija: Mokslo darbai (Mechanic Technology: Sci- casts II Lietuvos ukis (Economy of Lithuania). -1998. - N 1 - 2. - R16- entific Works). - Kaunas: Technology, 1997. - Vol. 25. - R 136-141. 17. 24. KUGELEVICIUS J. Lithuanian market of automotive petroleum fuels II 40. STREIMIKIENE D., JANKAUSKAS V. Social costs and economic Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 3. - R 53-57. methods of environment protection in the energy sector II Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 1. - R 52-58. 25. KUKLIAUSKAS A., BRINKIENE K., MALIJONIENE J. Investigation of decomposition of dolomite as raw materials for production of refrac- 41. TAMONIS M., KLEVAS V. Town (region) heating management con- tories, into individual compounds of magnesium and calcium by cept II Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 3. - R 3-13. sulphuric and hydrochloric of their mixtures II Chemine technologija 42. TONKONOGIJ J., AIDUKAS G., PEDISIUS A. The errors of measure- (Chemical Technology). -1998. - N 2. - R 46-53. ment devices for gas accounting II Matavimai (Measurements). - 26. KUKLIAUSKAS A., BRINKIENE K., MALIJONIENE J. The synthesis of 1998. -N 4.- R 15-20. magnesium silicate II Chemine technologija (Chemical Technology). - 43. VAITIEKONAS R, PETKEVICIENE E, KATINAS V. Three-dimensional 1998.-N 3.-R 27-31. numerical modeling of hydrothermalprocesses in the cooling pond II 27. MAKAREVICIUS V., MAKAREVICIUS R. Turbulent boundary layer Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 2. - R 83-87. differential equations depending on one joint coordinate, taking into 44. VILEMAS J. Legacy of the past and Lithuanian energy strategy II account unsteadiness II Energetika (Power Engineering). - 1998. - Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 4. - R 3-10. N 2.-R 108-112. 45. VILEMAS J. Contribution of technical sciences to development and 28. MARCINAUSKAS K. Analysis of the problems of district heating by perfection of Lithuanian energy sector II Development of Technol- local boiler-houses II Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 3. - ogy Sciences: Proceed, of the Conf. - Session of the Lithuanian R 58-67. Academy of Sciences, 9 June 1998. - Kaunas: Technology, 1998. - 29. NAGINEVICIUS R., STREIMIKIENE D. Integration of environmental R 20-23. costs and modeling of sustainable economic growth II Energetika 46. ZABOTKA A., KRlOKIENE R. Quality evaluation of the thermocouple (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 1. - R 59-66. electrode welding II Mechanine technologija: Mokslo darbai (Me- 30. NEMURA A. Real power losses and control losses minimization in an chanic Technology: Scientific Works). - Kaunas: Technology, 1997. - optimal power flow II Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 3. - Vol. 25.-R 142-148. R14-19. 47. ZABOTKA A., KRlOKIENE R., BRAZENAITE J. On the estimates of 31. PEDISIUS N., SLEZAS R. Influence of air and gas/air mixture distribu- probability distribution parameters for strength and thermal stress tion upon no formation // EmQetika (Power Engineering). - 1998. - resistance of brittle materials II Energetika (Power Engineering). - N 4. - R 48-53. 1998. -N 4. -R 59-63. 32. PEDISIUS A., TONKONOGIJ J. Structure of standards for fluid (gas) 48. ZUKAUSKAS A., JACKELEVICIUS B., ZIUGZDA V., STUMBRAS A. stream volume/rate and speed values restoration II Matavimai (Meas- Pollution of antropogenic atmosphere in Lithuania and conditions of urements). -1998.-N 3.-R 17-21. its reduction II Regiono ekologinis tvarumas istoriniame kontekste (Region Ecological Sustainability in the Historic Context). - Vilnius, 33. PEREDNIS E. Passive solar house heating systems IIEnergetika (Power 1998.-R 15-18. Engineering). -1998. - N 2. - R 93-98. 34. POSKAS R Momentum and heat transport in vertical channels in turbulent mixed convection flows II Energetika (Power Engineering). - 1998.-N 4.-R 11-18. IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN

35. POSKAS R, VILEMAS J. Turbulent mixed convection heat transfer in 49. ANDRIULAITIENE R., KVIKLYS A. A thermoinsulating composition of channels II Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 2. - R14-21. a porous mineral and of finely - dispersed polymer particles II Medzia- 36. RUTKAUSKAS A.V., BURNEIKIS J., JANKAUSKAS V., STREIMIKIENE gotyra (Materials Science). -1998. - N1. - R 42-46. D. Creation of economic mechanism of environmental protection II 50. ANlONIENE J., LEVINSKAS R. Analysis of influence of diffusion Regiono ekologinis tvarumas istoriniame kontekste (Region Ecologi- stabilization systems on the properties ofpolyamides // Medziagotyra (Ma- cal Sustainability in the Historic Context). - Vilnius, 1998. - R136-156. terials Science). -1998. - N1. - R 47-49. 37. SAP0G0VAS M., VILEINISKIS V. Numerical methods of solution of 51. AUGUTIS J., KOPUSTINSKAS V. Dynamic reliability assessment of the the neutron diffusion equation II Nonlinear Analysis: Modeling and Ignalina NPP accident localization system II Proceed, of the European Control. - Vilnius, 1998. - N 2. - R 89-95. Conf. on Safety and Reliability - ESREL'98, Trondheim, Norway, 16-19 38. SLANCIAUSKAS A. Eddies as a component of turbulent exchange II June 1998. - Rotterdam, Brookfield, 1998. -Vol. 1. - R 529-536. Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 2. - R 61-66. 52. BALTRENAS R, SPAKAUSKAS V., VAITIEKUNAS P. An analysis of heavy 39. STREIMIKIENE D. Evaluation of economic damage due to atmos- aerosols dispersion II The PHOENICS Journal. pheric pollution related to damage recipients caused by main pollut- -1998. -Vol. 11, N 3. - R 284-292. ants II Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 1. - R 67-74. 53. BRA2ENAITE J., LEVINSKAS R., ZAUAUSKAS A. Application of the 66. KUTAS S., VILEMAS J. Legacy from the past and future energy multifactor method for corrosion process simulation II Proceed, of policy in Lithuania II Proceed, of the 17th Congress of the World the Vll-th Intern. Baltic Conf.: Materials Engineering - 98, Jurmala, Energy Council, 13-18 September 1998. - Houston, Texas, 1998. - Latvia, 24-25 September 1998. - Riga, Latvia, 1998. - R 137-140. R 501-515.

54. BURNEIKIS J., STREIMIKIENE D. Hydroenergy in Lithuania II Pro- 67. MILCIUS D., PRANEVICIUS L.L. The role of surface processes on ceed, of Conf. "HydroVision 98", 28-31 July 1998. - Reno, Nevada, the kinetics of plasma nitriding of solids II Elektronika ir elektro- 1998.-R 10-20. technika (Electronics and Electric Engineering). - Kaunas: Technology, 1998. - N 2(15). - R 56-59. 55. DELAFOND J., JAOUEN M., GONNORDH., DJUKOVV, PRANEVICIUS L, PRANEVICIUS Li. Studies of the electrical conductivity of a - C:H films II68. MISKINIS V. Ignalina nuclear power plant in the Lithuanian power sec- Medziagotyra (Materials Science). -1998. - N1. - R 3-6. tor II Intern. Journal of Nuclear Power. -1997. - Vol. 11, N 4. - R18-21.

56. DZIUBENKO B. V., DREITSER G. A., KAUATKA A. Mechanisms of 69. MISKINIS V., GALINIS A., STREIMIKIENE D. Nuclear energy in Lithua- unsteady mixing of heat carrier with its flowrate variation and flow nia: its role, efficiency and safety issues II Intern. Seminar on Nuclear swirling -1. Calculation methods and experimental study of tran- in Developing Countries: Its Potential Role and Strategies for its Devel- sient processes II Intern. Journal Heat Mass Transfer -1998. - Vol. 41, opment. - Mumbay, 1998. -10 p. N3.-R 645-651. 70. MISKINISV., CHAIKOVSKAM., KAPALAJ., RUDIU., ZELTINSH N. Aktu- 57. DZIUBENKO B.V., DREITSER G.A., KALIATKA A. Mechanisms of elle Wirtschafts - und Energieprobleme der Baltischen Staaten II Semi- unsteady mixing of heat carrier with its flowrate variation and flow nar zur Energiewirtschaftlichen Situation in den Landern Osteuropas. - swirling - II. Results and analysis II Intern. Journal Heat Mass Transfer. - Zittauer, 1998. -15 p. 1998. -Vol. 41, N 3.- R 653-661. 71. MISKINISV., KAPALAJ., KALETA K., KRAWCZYNSKIE., MAKSIMOWICZ 58. GAILIUSIS B., KRIAUClGNIENE J. Anthropogenic changes of hydro- M., MANTORSKI N., MICHNA 0., ZELTINSH N. Mathematisches Mo- logical regime of the Kursiq lagoon in Lithuania // XX Nordic Hydro- dellieren der Rationalisierung von Energieverbrauchsprozessen II logical Conf., 10-13 August 1998. - Report N 44. - Helsinky, Finland, Forschungsthema la 64. - Zabrze, 1998. - 9 p. 1998.-R 63-69. 72. MUZARD S., TEMPLIER C, DELAFOND J., GIRARD J., THIAUDIERE D., 59. GALDIKAS A., PRANEVICIUS L, TEMPLIER C. The composition PRANEVICIUS L, GALDIKAS A. Development of the microstructure changes induced by surface roughening and mixing during the ion of sputter deposited gold on amorphous carbon II Surface Coatings profiling of multilayers II Computational Materials Science. - 1998. - Technology. -1998. - Vol. 100-101. - R 98-102. N 10.-R 134-138. 73. NEMURA A., NAKUTIS E. Deterministic statistical and fuzzy 60. GRIGONIS A., GALDIKAS A., PRANEVICIUS L. The altered layer formation multiobjective optimization of production processes II Informacines

during the reactive ion etching of Ga As in CFfl2 + O2 plasma II Vacuum. - technologies ir valdymas (Information Technologies and Control). - 1998. -Vol. 51, N 2. - R 211-215. 1997.- N 3(6).-R 41-45.

61. GRYBENAS A., MAKAREVICIUS V., SANKAUSKAS G., BALTUSNIKAS A. 74. PEDISIUS N. Wood waste burning experience in Lithuania II Proceed, Analysis of defects formation in field tube II Medziagotyra (Materials of the Energy from Waste and Biomass (Workshop), 9-10 November Science). -1998.-N1.-R 64. 1998. - Tallinn, Estonia, 1998. - R 40-43.

62. JARMOKAS R., BURBA A., SKEMA R. Implementation of energy 75. PEDISIUS A., TONKONOGIJ J., ZIUGZDA J. The effect of turbulence efficiency projects in Lithuania II Proceed, of the Intern. Conf.: Welt on the heat transfer in a plane channel at Re below 2000 II Heat EnergiesparTag World Energy Efficiency Day, 5 March 1998. - Wels, Transfer 1998: Proceed, of 11th Intern. Heat Transfer Conf., 23-28 Austria, 1998.-R 197-199. August 1998. - Kyongju, Korea, 1998. - Vol. 3. - R 139-144.

63. JAZDAUSKAS A., SLEZAS R., SLANCIAUSKAS A., DZIUGYS A. Heat 76. PETERS B., DZIUGYS A. Numerical simulation of particle motion and and momentum transfer by vortex in mixing layer II Heat Transfer combustion in a packed bed II HeatTransfer 1998: Proceed, of 11th 1998: Proceed, of 11th Intern. Heat Transfer Conf., 23-28 August Intern. Heat Transfer Conf., 23-28 August 1998. - Kyongju, Korea, 1998. - Kyongju, Korea, 1998. - Vol. 3. - P 213-217. 1998.-Vol. 4.-R 277-282.

64. KATIIMAS V., VAITIEKUNAS R, ZUKAUSKAS A. Experimental and 77. POSKAS R, BARTKUS G., VILEMAS J. Turbulent mixed convection numerical study of three - dimensional turbulent flow over a rectan- heat transfer in upward inclined flat channel gas flow II Heat Transfer gular prism IIThePHOENICS Journal. -1998. -Vol. 11, N 2. -R187- 1998: Proceed, of 11th Intern. Heat Transfer Conf., 23-28 August 197. 1998. - Kyongju, Korea, 1998. -Vol. 3. -R275-280.

65. KLEVAS V. The economic and legal background of Lithuanian en- 78. POSKAS R, JAZBUTIS B. Experimental investigation of turbulent mixed ergy integration into the European energy economy II Conf. Pro- convection heat transfer in a vertical annulus for aiding flows II Pro- ceed.: Experimenting with Freer Markets: Lessons from the Last 20 ceed, of the 2nd EF Intern. Conf. Turbulent HeatTransfer, May 31 - Years and Prospects for the Future, Canada 13-16 May 1998. - Cleve- June 4 1998. - Manchester, 1998.-Vol. 1. -R2.3-2.8. land, Ohio, USA, 1998. - Vol. 1. - R 225-232. 79. PRANEVICIUS L.L., GONNORD H., MILCIUS D. Effects of bias volt- 91. VALINCIUSV, VALATKEVICIUS R, PRANEVICIUS L L, MILCIUS D.

age and irradiation intensity on the density of a - C:H films prepared The deposition of Al +AI203 coatings employing non-equilibrium by plasma - enhanced chemical vapour deposition II Lietuvos fizikos plasma at atmospheric pressure II Medziagotyra (Materials Science). zurnalas (Lithuanian Journal of Physics). -1998. - Vol. 38. - N 4. - R 377- -1998.-N1.-R 12-16. 383. 92. VILEMAS J., USPURAS E. Evaluation of the RBMK-1500 accident con- 80. PRANEVICIUS L. L, GONNORD H., MILCIUS D. Electrical field in finement system II Proceed, of the Workshop on Severe Accident insulation films grown by plasma deposition II Elektronika ir elektro- Research in Japan (SARI-97), Yokohama, Japan, 6-8 October 1997. - technika (Electronics and Electric Engineering). - Kaunas: Technologija, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1998. - R 419-424. 1998.-N 4(17).-R 46-48. 93. VILEMAS J., USPURAS E., KALIATKA A. Analysis of safety-signifi- 81. PRANEVICIUS L, PRANEVICIUS L. L, DELAFOND J., JAOUEN M., GON- cant events at the Ignalina NPP using state-of-the-art codes II Pro- NORD H. Formation of diamond nucleus in microarcs of a - C:H films ceed, of the Conf. "TOPSAFE'98", 15-17 April 1998. -Valencia, Spain, II Medziagotyra (Materials Science). -1998. - N 1. - R 7-11. 1998.-6 p.

82. RUTKAUSKAS V, STREIMIKIENE D. Development of economic mecha- 94. VILEMAS J., USPURAS E., KALIATKA A. Benchmark analysis of inad- nism to evaluate environmental losses II Ecological Sustainability of vertent ECCS actuation using RELAP and ATHLET codes II Proceed, Lithuania (ECOSLIT) (1992-1997). -Vilnius, 1998. - R 149-161. of the 6th Intern. Conf. on Nuclear Engineering ICONE - 6,10-14 May 1998. - San Diego, California, 1998. - R 1-12. 83. SAVICKAS J., KLEMENTAVICIUS A. Rearrangement of pig-farming systems forbiogas generation in Lithuania II Proceed, of Intern. Conf.: 95. VRUBLIAUSKAS S. The prospects for straw and biogas usage as a Sustainable Agriculture for Food, Energy and Industry. - London, 1998. - fuel in Lithuania II Proceed, of the Energy from Waste and Biomass Vol. 2. - R 970-972. (Worshop), 9-10 November 1998. - Tallinn, Estonia, 1998. - R 93- 100. 84. SIPAVICIUS C., SLEZAS R., VAITIEKUNAS R Investigation of gas stream outflow from conical nozzles in the process of laser cuting II 96. WILKOWSKI G.M., SANKAUSKAS G. Significance of degraded piping SPIE - The Intern. Society for Optical Engineering. -1998. -Vol. 3688. - R program - phase II results for leak - before - break analyses (Review) II 141-148. Mechanika (Mechanics). - 1998. - N 1(12). - Kaunas: Technology, 1998. -R 20-28. 85. URBONAS R. RELAP analysis of flow instabilities in parallel heated RBMK - related channels II Proceed, of the 6th Intern. Conf. on Nu- 97. ZUKAUSKAS A., VAITIEKUNAS R, ZIUGZDA V. Simulation of flow struc- clear Engineering ICONE-6,10-14 May 1998. - San Diego, California, ture and heat transfer in flow past cylindrical bodies with separation 1998.-1-6 p. //Heat Transfer 1998: Proceed, of 11th Intern. Heat Transfer Conf. 23-28 August 1998. - Kyongju, Korea, 1998.- Vol. 3.-6 p. 86. URBONAVICIUS E., PETNYCYTE E., GALDIKAS A. Phenomenological investigation of the thin film growth mechanisms in the early stages IN RUSSIAN of deposition II Lietuvos fizikos zurnalas (Lithuanian Journal of Physics). -1998.-Vol. 38, N 4.-R 369-375. 100. BABENKO V, MUSIENK0 V, KOROBOV V., PEDISIUS A. Selection of 87. USPURAS E., KALIATKA A., VILEINISKIS V. Benchmark analysis of geometric parameters of cavity generating perturbations in the bound- safety - significant events at the Ignalina NPPII Proceed, of the ary layer II Bionika (Bionics). -1998. - Vol. 27-28. - R 42-47. Intern. Topical Meeting on Safety of Operating Reactors, San Fran- 101. ZALIAUSKAS A., LEVINSKAS R. Corrosion underneath polymer coat- cisco, California, 11-14 October 1998. - La Grange, Illinois, USA, ings II Proceed, of the Intern. Scientific-Technical Conf. 1998.-R 253-259. "Baltechmasch-98", 3-15 May 1998. - Kaliningrad, 1998. - R 57. 88. USPURAS E., KALIATKA A., VILEINISKIS V. Benchmark analysis of 102. KVIKLYS A., LEVINSKAS R. Protective and sealing coatings for con- three main safety relief valves LOCA event using RELAP5 and ATHLET crete and metallic structures of nuclear power industry II Proceed, codes II Transactions of the Intern. Information Exchange Forum of the Intern. Scientific-Technical Conf.: Polymer Composites 98, 29- "Analytical Methods and Computational Tools for NPP Safety 30 September 1998. - Gomel, Belarus, 1998. - R 169-171. Assesment", 8-12 September 1997. - Obninsk, Russia, 1997. - Vol. 1. - P. 77-92. 103. URBONAVICIUS E., RIMKEVICIUS S. Thermohydraulic evaluation of two downcommer rupture in drum separator compartment at Ignalina 89. USPURAS E., VILEMAS J. Development and implementation of the NPP II Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. - N 4. - R 43-47. state of the art approach for safety management of the Ignalina nuclear power plant 1/ Proceed, of the Intern. Workshop "East Meets 104. USPURAS E., KALIATKA A. Ignalina NPP safety analysis: modeling of West" on Automated Systems Based on Human Skill, 8-12 September non-design situations II Energetika (Power Engineering). -1998. 1998. - Palanga, Lithuania, 1998. - R 17-20. (Preprints) - N 4. - R 24-36.

90. VAITIEKONAS R, PETKEVICIENE J., KATINAS V. A numerical simula- 105. CESNA B. Experimental investigation of resistance in rod bundles tion of three - dimensional hydrothermal in a cooling pond II The with wire-wrapped tubes in axial flow II Energetika (Power Engineer- PHOENICS Journal. -1998. - Vol. 11, N 3. - R 348-354. ing).-1998.-N 4. - R 37-42. The State Scholarship of High Degree for 1998 and 1999 was granted to Dr. Habii. Antanas Pedisius by the decree of the Prime Minister of Lithuania No 551 of Dec. 18,1997

Government of the Republic of Lithuania by decree No 1501 of Dec. 31,1997 prolonged the Status of Research Institute given to Lithuanian Energy Institute by the decree No 1064 dated 03.11.94

Government of the Republic of Lithuania oy decree No 457 of April 14,1998 granted to the Lithuanian Energy Institute the right to confer Doctor Degree in the field of Technological Sciences, in direction of Energy and Thermal Engineering (06T) for 5 year period

Government of the Republic of Lithuania by decree No 825 dated July 2,1998 affirmed the Main Areas of Research Activities of the Lithuanian Energy Institute

Government of the Republic of Lithuania by decree No 900 dated July 2,1998 granted to the Lithuanian Energy Institute the right to confer Doctor Habii. Degree in the field of Technological Sciences, in direction of Energy and Thermal Engineering (06T)

Prime Minister of Lithuania by his decree dated December 7,1998 granted State Scholarships to young researchers Dr. Gytis Bartkus and Dr. Nerijus Pedisius for the years 1999 and 2000

On Dec. 17,1998 the Science Council of Lithuania confirmed (nostrification) Doctor Habii. Degree in the field of Technological Sciences, in direction of Energy and Thermal Engineering (06T), confered on Vaclovas Miskinis on March 31,1998 by the Institute of Physical Energetics of Latvian Academy of Sciences for his work "Complex Investigations of Long Term Energy Planning Issues and Methods: Lithuania"

On December 29,1998 in Lithuanian Energy Institute Scientific Degree of Doctor Habii. was conferred on Evgenij Uspuras for his work "Modeling of Transport Processes in RBMK-1500 Thermal Equipment"

On May 13,1998 the Senate of the Kaunas University of Technology conferred the title of Professor to Dr. Habii. Povilas Poskas

On May 13,1998 the Senate of the Kaunas University of Technology conferred the titles of Assistant Professor to Dr. Evgenij Uspuras and Dr. Algirdas Kaliatka

On June 22,1998 the Institute conferred Doctor of Sciences Degree on Jurats Kriauciuniene for her geography work "Impact of Large Water Objects on the Hydrological Regime of the Kursiu Lagoon"

On September 25,1998 the Kaunas University of Technology conferred Doctor of Sciences degree upon Evaldas Nakutis for his information engineering work "Fuzzy Optimal Multiobjective Control of Complex Power Systems" On occasion of February the 16 - the 60th anniversary of the Lithuanian State, Director of the Institute was awarded Order of the Lithuanian Magnus Dux Gediminas of the 3rd Grade (the decree of the President of the Republic of Lithuania No 1523 dated February 10,1998}

On November 17 he was granted as Honorary Doctor of Kaunas University of Technology

On June the 10th the Unit of the Network of organizations promoting spread of advanced energy technologies founded by European Commission was organized in Lithuania (FEMOPET-LEi Lithuania)

On November 16th the workshop "Energy Technologies in XXi Century" of the Lithua- nian National Committee of the World Energy Council took place in the Institute

Partly renovated administration-laboratory building Developing of energy economy planning methods, investigation of safety and reliability of power plants, their impact on the environment and efficient energy consumption in context of integration into EU

Investigations in fields of thermal physics, fluid mechanics and metrology

Simulation of complex energy systems, development of their control methods and technologies

Investigation of refractories and chemically resistant materials, their production technologies and ageing of structural elements

Investigation of combustion and plasmic processes in fields of fuel saving, reduction of environmental pollution and thermal decontamination of materials

3 Breslaujos str., 3035 Kaunas, Lithuania Fax: +370 (7) 351271 http://www.lei.lt