REPTIIlA: SQUAMATA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE LAMPROPELTIS TRLANGULUM catalogue of~merican~~~hibi~~~ and ~~~~il~~.can~p&elli,celaenops, conarrti, rlL.rvr~i, elapsoides. gaigeue, gerztilis, hondrrrertiis, micrvpholis, rntrltistrula,nelsoni, oligozona,po!~~zorzu, sinalone, srnithi, st~~arti,~yspih, and iaylori (but see Remark). Williams. K.I.. 1W4. Lampropc~lfistriatrgulutn. Definition. A species of I.mpropeItis with a body and tail Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacepede) color pattern consisting of rings or blotches involving the following Milk Snake sequence starting from the nape: yellow (or white), black, red (or orange, brown, or gray), black. If red (or equivalent) blotches are Colu&ertriarz,q~rlrr~nLacep+de, 17W:H6. 'Type-locality, "America." present, they are completely margined by black pigment, with pale restricted to the vicinity of New York City, New York (Schmidt, pigment surrounding each blotch. The venter in blotched forrns 1053). Holotype apparently non-existent. varies from an almost imrn:iculate white to a checkerboard panern of Ahlabes lriarrg~rlurn:Dumeril. Bibron, and Dunieril, 1854:315. black and white rectangi~larmarkings. The red and white sc;~leson La~npropclti.striangula:Cope, 1861a:256. the b~dyand tail vary fro111having no black pigment on them to being nearly obscured by it. Dorsal scale rows normally range from 19-23 Content. Twenty fivesubspeciesare recognized: Irictng~rlum, at midbody. reducing posteriorly (usually by fusion of rows 4 + 5) to abtro~ma,a~nartra, an~lesinrru, ~rt~rulata, arcifira, blanchardi, 17 or 19. Supralabials usually are 7, infralabinls 9. Preoculars i~sually
rlgure. Lamproputs rmngurum rrom jerrerson Lounty, l~dlana(top) and from Wkaloosa Lounty, blonda (bottom). rhotographs by Suzanne L, and Joseph T. Collins, The Center for North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Map 1. Distribution of Lamnpropt.lti.stl,-~cr~~q~ilrrmin the United Stntc.~.Type-loc:~lities are indicated by circles, other 1ocalities:lre marked with dots. Stars mark fossil localities. 0verl;lpping ranges represent ;trcas of intergradation; the darkly stipled area indicates a region of overlap without intergradation. The black area in western MCxico indicates the range of a subspecies indicated on Map 2. are 7, postoci~lars2, loreals 1 (frequently ;tbsent in inclividuals from (1981) described a color variant L. t. blarrchardi from Quintana Roo, the southeastern United States). Temporals nornially are I + 2 or 2 + MCxico, which was bancled only over the posterior portion of the 3. Ventrals in males range from 154-236, in females from 161-244; body. They also suggested that this pattern is in agreement with a subcauclals in males from 32-63, in females from 31-60. Maxillary possible trend (unpul,lished information) toward a uniform red teeth range from 11-15, the last nvo ;Ire larger than those preceding coloration in populations in the northeastern pnionof the Peninsula them. Adult sizevariesgeographically from small individuals(ca. 500 de Yucatin. Frank (1994) included a table listing characteristic mni) inhabiting the southeastern United States to large individuals patterns of all sul>species. (1500-1900 mm) in southern MCxico and Central America. The head shape in relation to body wiclth variesfrom slightly distinct to distinct. Illustrations. Many photographs of this species have been Tail length averages about 73.5% of total length in niales, 14.4% in published in state and regional guides and in a numbcr of para- females. professional books and magazines; no useful purpose would be served by attempting to list them all. Williams (1988) provided color Diagnosis. Lampmpeltis~rianguhrnzcliffers from L. tuthz.er~i. photographs of abrzorma, amaura, andesiana, anntrlata, arcijia, L. me.ricana, ancl L. uNma in having the head lessdistinct from the campbelli,celmops, dixoni, elapsoides,gaigeae,gentilis, micivpbolis, body. In ;~ddition.this species differs from L. nrlhuetzi (within the mrrllislram, nelsoni, oligozona,polyrona, sitraloae, syspila, ta.ylori, range of the latter) in having less uniform reel rings, oftenol~scuredby anel !~-iaizgulzrm,as well as black ancl white dnwingsof head (dorsal, black pigment middorsally. Another difference between L. triangzihrm lateral, and ventral views) and body pattern of all subspecies. Quinn on the one hand, and L. nrthtwzi and L. mcm'cana on the other, is (1983) presented similar illustrations of the heads of campbelli and that in the latter two the black rings are edgecl with a paler color dixoni, as well asa black and white photograph of campbelli. Markel (usually a pale lime green). Lampropeltis nitb~wzihas a lower ventral (1990) presented color illustrations of all subspecies. Applegate count (182-196) than sympatric L. trinrrg~iltim(196-221). All mem- (1992) showed color photographs of abnonna. amatira, arrnrilata, bers of the mexicana group tend to have considerable gray in the arc@a, campbelli,celaenops, dixoni, elnpsoi&,gentilis. horrdi~~rlsis body colors, such is not so in triang~rlunz,except some triangrrhrm (recldish and tangerine phases), sinaloae, syspila,syspila x trinngzrlum in the northeastern United States. Lunzprupeltis triangriltini differs intergrade, taylori, and triangulum. Shaw and Campbell (1974) from L. zonata in that the white rings widen laterally in the former; included a color photograph of celaenops. Linzey and Clifford (1981) from L.pyromelana in havinga black, black and white, or red snout, presented color photographs of elapsoides, triangtrhtm, and a rather than white. LamptvpeItisp~omeI~~nahas46-85 white rings on triangulrrm x elapsoides intergrade (formerly "temporalis"). body, more than L. triangrilum (10-32). Both L.@mmeIana and L. Englemann and Obst (1981) included color photographs of arcijera, zonatrr have a higher ventral scute number (213-238, and 194-227, annulala, elapsoides, nekoni, and triangulum. Applegate (1992) respectively) than any of the adjacent western United States members contains color photographs ofabnonna,amarira, annulala, arcifera, of L. triangukrm (174-208). Idmpropeltis triangrrlum differs from camphdi, dixoni, elapmides,gentilis, hondumis,sinaloae, syspPIIa, both L. calligm!er and L. getula in having an alternating pattern of and ta.ylori. Frank (1'994) presented color photographs of abnorma, white (yellow), red and black rings or blotches, the latter reaching the amaura, annulata, campbeNi, elapsoides, gaigeae, honclzrremis, ventrals or nearly so, and in having the posterior two maxillary teeth multistram, nelsoni, sinaloae, stuarti, syspila, laylori, triangulum, longer and stouter than the preceeding teeth. and a triungulum x elapsoides intergrid; (formerly "temp&alis"). Tryon and Murphy (1982) included blzrck-and-white photographs of Descriptions. Williams (19%) provided detailed descrip- hondumis juveniles. Conant (1975) andconant andCollins(l99l) tions of all sul>species. Quinn (1983) named and gave detailed illustrated in color all the eastern and central United States subspe- descriptions of L. t. campbelli and L. t. dixoni. Powell and Parmerlee cies. Stebbins(l985) included a colored illi~stntion.Behlerancl King Map 2. Distribution of Lampmpeltist~iattgul~~min M6xic0, Central America, ancl northern South America. Type-localities are indicated by circles, other localities are marked with dots. Overlapping ranges represent areas of intergraclation. The black area is includecl in Map 1.
(1979) have color photographsof all United States subspecies. Smith Kuntz (1986), Dixon (1987). Perez-Santos and Moreno (1988, 1991), and Brodie (1982) included color illustrations of triangtrlum, Lazell (1989), Dundee and Rtasman (1989), Holman et al. (1989), ehpsuiab,andsyspih. Ashtonand Ashton(l981) iUustratedehpsoicles, Redlnondet al. (1990), Roth and Smith (1990), MeadetlWl), P6rez- including both the common :~ndyellow color phases. Vogt (1981) Higareda and Smith (1991), Chiszar and Smith (1992). Mendoza presented color photographs of juvenile and adult triangrrlum, as Quijano and Rodriguez Yaiiez (1992), Sinchez-Hernindez ancl well as an adult with eggs. Kundert (1984) contains excellent color Ramirez-Bailtista (1992), Hunter et al. (1992). Collins(1993), and Blair photographs of annrrlafu, arciJra, and nelsoni. Wilson and Meyer et al. (1994). Mount (1975) gave precise localities for Alabama, (1985) presented hondurmis in color. Obst et al. (1988) included including details on three subspecies whose ranges converge in the color photographs of annulata, elapsoidcv, sinaloae, syspila, and northern part of the state. /riangulum. Coborn (1391) included color photographs of~tnttzclata, campbelli, elapsoides, genrilis, hondurer~ris,sinaloae, syspila, and FossilRecord. LampropeNistriungulum has been recorcled triangulttrn. I'owell and P:~rmerlee(1981) provided line drawings of from the Pleistocene of Florida, Georgia, Kansas. Missouri, Texas, a color variant of blanchardi. Additional illustrations ;Ire in numer- and Virginia; and the Pliocene of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas ous state and regional field guides. (sources are given in Williams, 1988). Meylan (1982) added another Florida Pleistocene record. Mead ancl Phillips (1981) recorded a Distribution. Lampropeltis triunguktm is one of the most Recent occurrence (2000 BP) in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. widely distributed of all snake species, ranging from 48"N latitude to nearly 4's latitude, a distance of almost 3600 airline miles. The Pertinent Literature. Wright and Wright (1957) included species ranges from south-central and southeastern Ontario and information on descriptions and natural histo~yof U.S. populations. soi~thwesternQuebec southward throughout most of the Unitecl The most recent and complete reviews of the species were those of States east of the Rocky Mountains, noithward through Near Mexico, Willlams (1978, 1988). Greene (1979) reviewed Williams' (1978) southern Colorado, and northern Arizona into the Great Basin in monograph, and Frost and Hillis (1990) were highly critical of the Utah, and southward into Mexico, excluding most of the Chihuahua taxonomic approach in Williams'study. Quinn (1983) described two Desert, all of the Sonoran Desert, and all of the Baja California new subspecies and presented descriptions, comparisons. and ecm Peninsula. The range cvntinues southward through Central America logical and reprocluctive information. Garstka (1982) revived L r'\ into Colombia, Ecuador, and eastward into the Cordillera de la Costa r~lthveni as a separate species; Williams (1978) had placed this of Venezuela. organism in the synonymy of L. t arciJiera. \Vilson and Meyer (1985) The maps in this account were compiled primarily from Will- presented a different approach to the infraspecific taxa in this species, iams (1988) and updated from the following sources: Vcrrnersch ant1 recognizing four subspecies rather than the 25 presented in this account. They also presented, utilizing Williams'(1978) and Quinn's The name dixoni is a patronym honoring James R. Dixon, "who has (1983) data, another interpretation of head and body pattern. Cox contributed greatly to our understanding of Mexican herpetology." (1982) argued against considering femporalis a synonym of The name elapsoides is derived from the Greek word Elaps, which in triatigulum. Iverson (1977) suggested that Williams (1970) was in combination with the Greek Y-~idRF1)means "like or resembling", error in stating that mztltistrafa has an orange snout, instead stating perhaps in reference to the similarity of this form with Elaps (= that the snout is light cream mottled with black and occasionally Micnrnrs). The name gaigeae is a patronym honoring Helen T. flecked with orange. Gillingham et al. (1977) presented data on Gaige, who collected the type. The namegentilis isderived from the courtship and copulatory behavior. Fitch (1981) commented on Latin, meaning "of the same race orclan", presumably in reference to sexual size differences. Groves and Assetto (1976) gave information itsrelationship toothermembersofthespecies. The name bonciummik on egg laying in captivity. Rarten (1981) reported on courting, egg is based on that of the country of Honduras, which encompasses a laying and size, hatching, juvenile size, and shedding. Miller and significant pan of this subspecies' range. The name microphol$ is Gra11 (1978) and Herniann (1979) gave information on copulation, derived from the Greek mikros, meaning "small," and the Greek egg laying and size, hatching, and size of hatchlings. Tryon and pholis, meaning "scale", apparently in reference to the small dorsal Murphy (1982) presented information for captive specimens on scales of this form. The name multislrala is derived from the Latin copulation, gestation period, egg size, neonate length and weight, mullus, meaning "many," and the Latin slratum, meaning "layer," and food items. Tryon and Hulsey (19761, Kardon (1979). Dloogatch apparently in reference to the number of dorsal scale rows present. and Zaremba (1981). and Frank (1994) reported on reproduction The name nekoni is a patronym honoring W.W. Nelson, collector of and/or propagation of captive specimens. Tryon (1984) and Michaels the type, as well as many other important specimens from Mexico. (1989) reported multiple clutches, and the latter also noted delayed The name oligozona is from the Latin words oligos, meaning "few," fertilization in a captive colony. Whipple and Collins(1988) reported and zorrus, meaning "zone," apparently referring to the low number the first complete clutch record forgentilis. Henderson et al. (1980) of bands or rings that typifies this race. 'The namepolyzona is formed presented a study of aggregatingbehaviorand exploitation of subter- from the Greekpolys, meaning "many," ancl the Greekzmw, meaning ranean habitat by gravid females. Carpenter and Ferguson (1977) "a belt or girdle," apparently in reference to the high number of rings summarized the literature on behavior. Mitchell and Groves (1993) or bands typical of this subspecies. The name sinaloae is for the reported oophagy in a specimen. Weldon et a1.(1993) reported shed Mexican stateof Sinaloa, which encompasses the major portion of the skin-eating in the species. Some inform;~tionon habitat and ecology range of this form. The nilme smithi is a patronym honoring Hobart is provided by Fitch and Fleet (19701, Mount (1975), Lee (1980), M. Smith for his early work on L. triangtrlum and for his many acts Brown and Parker(19821, Campbell and Christman (1982a. b), Fitch of aid and friendship to legions of herpetology students. The name (1982), Dyrkacz (1977), Campbell and Vannini (1989), Johnson stuarti is a patronym honoring L.C. Stuart for his important contribu- (1989), and Gibbonsand Semlitsch (1991). Gregory(1982) presented tions to the herpetology of Guatemala, an area into which stuarti information on hibernation. Fitch (1992) provided information on ranges. The name syspila is derived from the Greek sys-, meaning the relative abundance and trapping me!liods for an eastern Kansas "together," andpilus, meaning "cap," apparently in reference to the population. Doveetal. (1982)and Mauu(1982) discused water loss. similarity in snout (top of or "cap") pattern to that of others of the Avery (1982) summarized information on field body temperatures. species. The name taylori isa patronym honoring Edward H. Taylor, Christman (1980) analyzed geographic variation patterns for Florida designated "our friend ancl teacher" by describers. specimens. Mendoza Quijano and Rodriguez Yariez (1992) gave a maximum size record for female smifhi. Greene and McDiarmid (1981) discussed mimicry. Dyrkacz (1981) and Blair et al. (1994) reported on albinistic specimens. Bowler (1977) and Rundquist Coluber~riangtiltimLacepPde, 1788:86. See species synonymy. (1981) gave data on longevity for eight subspecies. Saiff (1975) Psezidoelaps Y Berthold, 1842: 23. Type-locality, "North America." .- described the preglottal structure. Bechtel and Rechtel(l981) indi- Holotype unknown. cated the presence and position of iridophores in the dermis. Oldak Ophiboluseximiirs: Baird and Girard, 185587. Williams (1971) con- (1976) showed differences in the scent gland lipids from those of sidered this name a nomen dzrbium, McCoy (1972) considered closely related species. Gabe (1970) presented information on the this name a synonym of L. triangulum triangulum. adrenal gland, and Clark (1970) on the parathyroids. Price and Kelly Opbibolusclericr~Baird and Girard, 1853:88. Type-locality, "Clarke (1989) gave a general description of the dors;tl scale County, Virginia." Lecrotype, National Museum of Natural His- microdermatoglyphic pattern. Dowling and Maxon (1990) discussed tory (USNM) 2380 (designated by Rlanchard, 19211, an adult relationship with Stilosoma. Applegate (1992) detailed general care male, date of collection unknown, collected by C.B. Kennerly and maintenance of captive milk snakes. (examined by author). Williams (1978) considered the lecto- type to be a L. I, ~riangulumx L. f. elapsoides. Remark. Collins (1991) and Conant and Collins (1991) Ablabes triangulum: DumCril, Bibron, and DumCril, 1854:315. implied that this widely distributed taxon may constitute a species hmpropelfistriangtila: Cope, 1861a:256. complex. Coronella &ma: Jan, 1863237. Opbibolus doliatzcs Iriangulus: Cope, 187537. Etymology. The name triangulum is derived from the Latin Opbibolus doliatus clericus: Cope, 1888:383. meaning "triangle," in reference to the shape of the anterior edge of Ophibolr*~doliatuscollaris Cope, 1888:383. Type-locality, "Elmin. the first blotch. The name abnorma is from the Latin meaning Stark County, Illinois." Lectotype, National Museum of Natural "deviating from the type," in apparent reference to its divergence History (USNM) 2433 (designated by Blanchard, 1921): an adult from other members of the species. The name amatira is derived male, date of collection unknown, collected by E.R. Boardman from theGreek word amauros, which means dark ordim, apparently (examined by the author). in reference to the numerous black rings. The name andesiana 1s Opbibolus triarzgulus triangulus: Garman, 1892:295. der~vedfrom the word Andes, in reference to the mountains in which Coronella triangulum: Boulenger, 1894:200. the forni occurs, plus the collective plural suffix -&nu. The name Ophibolusdolia~ustemporalisCope, 1893:1068. Type-locality, "De- annulala is from the Latin word annularis, which means "ringed or laware." Holotype, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- annular," and is in reference to the ringed or banded condition of the phia (ANSP) 3597, a male, age status and date of collection un- color pattern. The name arcijera is formed from the Latin arcus, known, collected by Mr. Drexler (not examined by author). meaning "arch," and the Latin -Jim, meaning "to bear," apparently Thisspecimen is a L. 1. triangulum x L. I. elapsoides intergrade, referring to the arch-like effect on the lateral aspects of the body fde Williams (1978). caused by the black pigment crossing the red rings middorsally. The Lampropetis rlolbla triangula: McLain, 1899:3. name blanchardi is a patronym honoring Frank N. Blanchard, an Osceola doliafa friangula: Cope, 1900:885. early and major contributor to the knowledge of the genus Osceola doliata collaris: Cope, 1900:887. Lampropeltis. The name campbelli is a patronym honoring Jonathan Osceola doliata clerica: Cope, 1900:888. A. Campbell, collector of most of the typeseries of this subspeciesand Lampropellb r~oliattcrcollarist Hay, 1902:W. "an ardent and competent field biologist." The name cefaenops may Lampropeltis doliatus clericust Fowler, 1907:181. be derived from the Greek word ceheno, which means "black or Lampropelfistriangtilum triangzilum: Stejneger and Barbour, 1917:89. n dark," and the ending -ops, meaning eye. The name conanfi is a patronym honoring Roger Conant for hisearly work on L. triangulum Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having the and his many other contributions to Nonh American herpetology. first blotch extending onto the head, forminga light colored "Y" or "V" in its center (usually on nape). The hotly pattern consists of a dorsal The white scales are cxtensively black-tipped. The red body rings row of large, black-bordered, gray or brown blotches (red in juve- number from 24-37 ( x = 30.7). Temporals usually are 2 + 3 (occasion- niles), usually extending to the 3rd or 4th scale row on each side, and ally 1 + 2 or 2 + 2). The dorsal scale rows usually are 19 at midbody. a ventrolateral row (or tworows) ofsmall, irregularly-shaped blotches on each side, alternating with the dorsal blotches. The dorsal body 5. Lampropeltis triangululum annulata Kennicott blotches range in number from 24-54 ( x= 36.7). The ventral surface has rectangular hlack marks, often arranged in checkerboard pattern. Lampropeltis annukzta Kennicott, 1861:329. Type-locality, "Mata- Temporals are normally 2 + 3. The dorsal scale rows at midhody moros, Tamaulipas, Mexico." Holotype, Academy of Natural usually are 21. Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP) 3613 (originally USNM 4239), collected by Lt. Couch (not examined by author). 2. Lampropeltis triungulum abnorma (Bocourt) Coronelladoliala coqjttncta Jan and Sordelli, 1865:livr. 14, pl. 6, fig. c. Type-locality, "Brazil," undoubtably in error. Holorype des- Coronellaformosa anomala Bocoun, 1886:614 (see discussion of troved. this name in Williams, 1978:208). ~~hibolksdoliatrts atzrrulalus: Yarrow, 1883:90. Coronellaformosa ahorma Bocourt, 1886:pl. 39, figs. 4-4c. Substi- O~hiholuslrian~iilrrrn annulatirs: Garman. 1883 (1884):156 rute name for Corotlella formosa anomala l3ocourt, 1886. &ronella anrzuialua: Ghther, 1893, in 1885-1902:109 (part). Type-locality, "Haute Vera Paz" (= Alta Verapaz, Guatem;~la). Osceola doliata annulatrrs: Cope, 1900:895 (part). Holotype, Museum National dVHistoireNarurelle 88-129, an Osceola doliara conjuncta: Cope, 1900:896. adult female, dateof collection unknown, collected by M.F. Bo- Lampropell& triangulum annulala: Blanchard, 1920b:j. court (examined by author). Lampropeltis doliata arztrulata: Klauber, 1948:ll. Lampropelfistriangulum ahnorma: Smith, 1942:201. Lampropeltis doliata ahnorma: Klauber, 1948: 11. Dehition. This subspecies is characterized by having a black snout and head. The infralabials are mostly black; the remain- Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a der of the throat and chin are white with scattered black flecks. The broad white hand which usually crosses the posterior edge of the red rings reach only the the lower edge of the first scale row or to the internasalsand the anterior half of the prefrontals. The black pigment edge of ventrals, being intern~ptedby black pigment, which com- on the head extends from the whitesnout band to the posterior fourth pletely crosses the ventral surface. The red ancl white scales are not of parietals and is complete across the venter. Red and white scales black-tipped. The red body rings range in number from 14-22 ( x= on the dorsu~nusually have distinct black tips. The red body rings 17.6). Temporals normally are 2 + 3 or 2 + 2. The dorsal scale rows range in number from 20-31 ( x= 25.0). Temporals are usually 2 + 3. usually are 21 at midbody. The dorsal scale rows usually are 23 or 21 at midbody. 6. Lampropeltis triangubrm ardfera Werner 3. Lampropeltis triangubrm amaura Cope Lampropeltis micropholbarcifera Werner, 1903:250. Type-locality, Lampropellisama~~raCope, 1861a:258. Type-locality, originalentry "Mexico." Williams(1978) considered the restriction to Necaxa, of type reads "?Mississippi," restricted by Schmidt (1953) to thc Puehla, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950) to be incorrect. vicinity of New Orleans, Louisiana. Williams (1978) suggested Holotype, Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique that the type-locality 1x considered as unknown, inasmuch as 9.422, an adult female, dateof collection and collector unknown the characteristics of the holotype do not agree with data taken (examined hy author). from specimens from New Orleans and vicinity. Holotype, Na- Lampropeltis triangulum arcea: Smith, 1942:198 (pan). tional Musei~mof Natural History (USNM) 5282, an adult male, Lampropeltis arcifera: Engelmann and Obst, 198193. date of collection, and collector unknown (examined by au- thor). - Defhition. This subspecies is characterized by having a Ophibolus doliatus amaura: Cope, 187536. black snout with small amounts of white flecks on the nasals and Ophibolus doliatusparallelus Cope, 1888:385. Type-locality, origi- loreals. The head is black posteriorly. The first hlack ring usually nally listed as "Gainesville, Florida," is undoubtedly incorrect; touches the angle of the jaw or is less than one scale long posteriorly see Blanchard (1921) for discussion of this probable error; the and iscomplete in a broad straight bandacross the throat. The red and type-locality must be listed as unknown. Holotype, National white scales are not black-tipped. The red body rings number from Museum of Natural History (USNM) 10544, a young adult 19-31 ( i= 21.9). The temporals usually are 2 + 3. The dorsal scale female, date and collector unknown (examined by author). rows are 21 at midbody. Osceola doliata parallels: Cope, 1900: 893. Lampropelris triangttlumamaura: Stejneger and Rarbour, 1917:90. 7. Lampropeltis triungubrm blancbardi Stuart Lampropeltis doliata amaura: Klaulxr, 1948:ll. Lampropeltispo!yzona blanchardi Stuart, 1935c:2. Type-locality, Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a "Valladolid Trail near Chichen Itzi, Yucatan, Mexico." Holo- black and white mottled snout. The remainder of the head usually is type, National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 68239, a black. The red ringson the body are separated at the edge of ventnls young male collected 13 Febn~ary1930 by F.M. Gaige (exam- by a black border on each side; the midventral area is white. The red ined hy author). rings are rarely separated or reduced middorsally by black pigment. Lampropeltis lriangulum blancbardi: Dunn, 1937:8. The red body rings range in number from 13-24 ( x= 16.2). The red and white scales are not black-tipped. Temporals usually are 2 + 2 or Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a 2 + 3. The dorsal scale rows usually are 21 at midbody. black snout and head (pigment completely covering parietals). The chin is usually black. The first black ring frequently connects 4. Lampropeifis triungubrm andesiana Wilhms middorsally to black pigment on the parietal or beginsone and one- half to two scale lengths posteriorly. The first black ring is complete Lampropeltis triangzclum andesiana Williams, 1978:231. Type-lo- ventrally, broadly crossing the throat on small anterior ventrals. The cality, "the hills nearCali, Valle, Colombia." Holotype, National red scales are distinctly black-tipped. Black tipping may be present Museum of Natural History (USNM) 151732, an adult female or absent on the white scales. The red body rings number from 14- collected in the fall of 1962, received by Dr. W.A. Thomton, col- 21 ( 1 = 17.1). Temporals usually are 2 + 3. The dorsal scale rows are lector unknown (examined by author). 21-23 at midbody.
Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a 8. LampropeWs trlangutum campbelli Quinn white snout with narrow, black margins on posterior edge of scales. Thesupralabialsare white with black posterior margins. The remain- Lampropeltistriangulum campbdi Quinn, 1983:116. Type-locality, derofthe head has black pigment on most of the frontal, supraoculars, "4.8 km. S Zapotitlhn, Puebla, MCxico, elevation 1680 m." Holo- and anterior half of the parietals. The first black ring begins on the type, University of Texas at Arlington Museum (UTAM) 4822, a posterior portion of the parietals or less than one scale length juvenile malecollected 23 August 1775 byJ.A. Campbell (exam- posteriorly. The red scales are unmarked or slightly black-tipped. ined by author). Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a LamppeItiselapso2desvi~inianaBlanchard, 1920~2.Type-locali- black snout with white pigmentation forming a rather ty, "Raleigh, North Carolina." Holotype, National Museum of indiscrete,mottled band that involves various portions of the Natural History (USNM) 21163, an adult male collected 16 June internasals, most of the prefrontals, and the anterior edge of the 1893 (examined by author). frontal. The pale band curves across the frontal forming a "U". The Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides: Conant, 1943:7. red scales are not or only slightly black-tipped. The white scales are Lamppeltis doliata doliata: Klauber, 1948: 10. not black-tipped. The red rings on the body range from 14-22 ( x = 16.8). About one-half of the red body bands are incompleteventrally. Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a red The temporals normally are 2 + 3 (less commonly 3 + 3 or 2 + 4). The head with a black line across the posterior portion of the parietals. dorsal scale rows are 21 or 23 at midbody. The body pattern consists of rings usually complete across the venter. The red body rings range in number from 12-22 ( x = 16.1). The red 9. Lampropeltis trianguhrm celaenops Stejneger and white scales lack black tips. The temporalsusually are 1 + 2. The dorsal scales are in 19 or 17 rows at midbody. Lampropeltispvrrhomeleana celnenops Stejneger, 1903:153. Type- locality, "Mesilla Valley, Dona Ana County, New Mexico." Ho- lotype, National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 22375, an adult male, date of collection unknown, collected by H.B. Lane Lamppeltislriangulumgaigeae Dunn, 1937:9. Type-locality, "Bo- (examined by author). quete, Chiriqui Province, Panama." Holotype, University of LampropeItis~me~celaenops:Stejnegerand Barbour, 1917:W. Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ) 57967, an adult male Lampmpeltis doliata cekamops: Tanner and Loomis, 1957:15. collected 24 March 1924 by H.T. Gaige (examined by author). Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops: Stebbins, 1966:16. LampropeIIis doliata gaigeae: Taylor, 1951:104. Lampropeltis triangulum gaigeae: Smith, 1958:223. Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a L[ampropeItisl.driaguluml. gaigae: Frank, 1994:22. Lapsur. black and white mottled or occasionally a completely black snout. The remainder of the head is black. The black rings are expanded Dehition. This subspecies is characterized by having a middorsally, but usually do not cross the red rings. The red rings are head and Imdy pattern that is gradually obscured by dark pigment interrupted below by black borders on the edge of the ventrals and ontogentically. Large adults are uniformly black. Where panern is by a midventral light area. The red and white scales are not black- still evident, a white band crosses thesnout, usually on the prefontals. tipped. The red ringsklotches range in number from 17-25 (z= The first black ring connects to the black pigment on the head 22.1). Temporals usually are 2 + 3 or 2 + 2. The dorsal scale rows middorsally across the white ring, or begins one to one and one-half usually are 21 at midhody. scale lengths behind the parietals. The first black ring is broadly complete acros. the venter, usually on two rows of gulars and the 10. Lampropeltis triangulum conanti Williams anterior ventral. The red body rings number from 17-22 ( ?= 19.7). The temporals usually are 1 + 2. The dorsal scale rows are 19 at Lamppeltislriangulumconanli Williams, 1978:189. Type-locality, midbody. "Sierra Madre del Sur, vicinity of Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexi- co." Holotype, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 14. LampropeCHs hjangubrm gentikIs (BaM and Giiard) (UMMZ) 85762, an adult male, date of collection unknown, col- lected by W.W. Brown (examined by author). Ophibolusgentil6 Baird and Girard, 1853:90. Type-locality, "north fork of the Red River, near Sweetwater Creek, Wheeler County, Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a Texas." Lectotype, National Museum of Natural History (USNM) black snout. The remainder of the head is black posterior to a point 1853, designated by Blanchard (19211, an adult male collected ranging from the middle to the posterior fifthofthe parietals. Thechin on 14 June 1852 by R.B. Marcy (examined by author). is usually black. The first black ring begins one and one-half to three Ophibolusgrucilis: Hallowell, 1856247. Lapsus. scale lengths posterior to the parietals and is incomplete ventrally or Ophibolt~sdoliarusgentil&: Yarrow, 1883:90 (part). narrowly connected across the first ventral. The red scales are not to Coronella gentilis: Boulenger, 1894:201. moderately black-tipped. The white scales are usually black-tipped. Osceolu doliata gentilk Cope, 1'900:894. The red body rings number from 12-20( x = 16.1). Temporals usually Lampropeltis doliatusgentilis: Ellis and Henderson, 1913:91. are 2 +3. The dorsal scale rows usually are 21 at midbody. Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis: Stejenger and Barbour, 1917:30.
11. Lampmpeltis trlangurum dixoni Quinn Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a black and white mottled snout. The remainder of the head is black Lampropeltis rriangulum dixoni Quinn, 1983:127. Type-locality, with a few scattered white flecks, especially between the eyes. The "4.7 krn WJalpan, Queretaro, MPxico, elevation 625 m." Holo- red body rings are normally interrupted by black pigment midventrally; type, TCWC 29504, an adult female collected 27 July 1969 by some red rings are crossed by black pigment middorsally, especially C.A. Ketchersid (examined by author). posteriorly on the body. The red body rings range in number from 20- 32 ( 1= 25.6). The temporals normally are 2 + 2 or 2 + 3. The dorsal Dehition. This subspecies is characterized by having a scales are 21 at midbody. blacksnout with the black ending on the posterior halfto fourth of the parietals. The red body bandsare short, less than 2 scale lengths long. 15. Lampropeltis thngukrm bondurensis Wilhms The red and white band scales are not black-tipped. All the red body bands are incomplete ventrally and many are incomplete dorsally. Lampropeltislriangulum hondumb Williams, 1978:212. Type-lo- The red body rings range in number from 20-22 (?= 20.8). The cality, "Cukra, Departmento de Zelaya, Nicaragua." Holotype, temporals are 2 + 3 or 3 + 3. The dorsal scale rows are 21 at midbody. American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) 12676, an adult female collected 15August 1916, collector unknown (examined 12. Lampropeltis triangubrm elapsoides HoIbrook by author).
Coluberekqxdides Holbrook, 1838:123. Type-locality, "South Caro- Definition This subspecies is characterized by having a lina and Georgia." Holotype unknown. broad, white band on the snout involving the posterior border of Cakzmaria ekzpsoides: Holbrook, 1842:119. internasals and most of prefrontals. The remainder of the head is Osceokz elapsoides: Baird and Girard, 1853:133. black to the posterior fourth of the parietals. The first black ring Ophibolus doliatus doliatus: Yarrow, 1883:89 (part). begins one and one-half or more scale lengths posterior to the Ophiboltcs doliatus coccinafi: Yarrow 1883:90. parietals, the ring usually broadly complete across throat. The red Ophibolus doliatus elapsoides: Garman, 1883 (1884):65. scales lack black pigment or are slightly black-tipped; white scales are Ophiboluscoccineus: Rrimley, 1905:152. slightly to moderately black-tipped. The red body rings number from Lampropeltis doliatus coccinew: Wright and Bishop, 1916:142. 13-26 ( ,y = 17.1). Temporals usually are 2 + 3. The dorsal scale rows LamP+Opelris ekzpsoides: Stejneger and Barbour, 1917:88. usually are 21-23 at midbody. Lampropeltis elupsoides elapsoides: Blanchard, 1920a:2. 16. Lampropeltis trianguhrm micropbolis Cope huantepec" and "western slopes of Guatemala." The type-lo- cality was restricted toTehuantepec by Smith andTaylor (1950). LampropeltismicropholisCope, 1861a:257. Type-locality, "Panama." Syntypes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHM) 6083, Holotype, Academy of Natural Sciencesof Philadelphia (ANSP) 4428,88-126-128(total of 5specimens;all examined by author). 3427, a young male, dateof colection unknown, collected byJ.L. Williams (1978)designated MNHN 6083, an aclult male, as lecto- Leconte (not examined by author). Dunn (1937) presented acle- type, date of collection unknown, F. Sumichrast, collector. quate reasons for accepting ANSP 3427 as the holotype. LampropeltLc triangulum oligorona: Smith, 1942:201. Coronella doliataformosa Jan and Sordelli, 186j:livr. 14, pl. 4. fig. Lampropeltis doliata oligorona: Klauber, 1948: 11. "B". Type-locality unknown. Holotype unknown, not at Vien- na as indicated by Blanchard (1921). Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a Opbibolia micropholis: Cope, 1871 :200. black snout. The remainder of the head is black to the posterior edge Ophiholw doliatuspolyronw: Cope. 1887:78. of the parietals. The first black ring begins one-half to three scale Coronella micropbolLc: Peracca, 1896:9. lengths posterior to the parietals and is complete across the venter, Lampropellis triungi~lummicropbolis Dunn and Bailey. 1939: 18. usually on two rows of gular scales. The red and white scales are Lampropeltis doliata micropholis: Klauber, 1948:ll. distinctly black-tipped. The white rings occasionally are almost obliterated by black pigment. The red rings number from 10-16 ( F = Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a 12.5). Temporals usually are 2 + 3. The dorsal scale rows are 21-23 whitesnout with narrow black scale margins, usually on anterior and at midbody. posterior margins. The supralabials usually are white with black posterior margins. The remainder of the head is black to the middle 20. Lampropeltis trianguhrm polyrona Cope or posterior third of the parietals. The first black ring begins one-half to three scales behind the parietals. The red scales are i~nmarkedto Lampropeltispolyrona Cope, 1861a:258. Type-locality, "Cuatupe, moderately black-tipped. The white scales are heavily black-tipped. nearJalapa, Veracruz, Mexico." Holotype, Academy of Natural The red body rings number from 10-18 ( E= 13.8). The temporals Sciences of Phiadelphia (ANSP) 9770, an aclult male, date and usually are 1 + 2. The dorsal scates usually are 21 at midbody. collector unknown (not examined by author). Opbibolouspolyzona: Cope, 1870:162. 17. Lampropeltis triangulum multistrata Kennicott Coronellaformosupolyrona: Rocourt, 1886:615. Opbiholus doliatus polyronus: Cope, 1887:78 (part). Lampropeltis multistriara Kennicott, 1861328. Type-locality, "Fort Coronella micropholis: Boulenger, 1894:205 (part). Lookout, Nebraska," now in Lyman County, South Dakota. Ho- Oseola doliata polyzorm: Cope, 1896: 1023. lotype, National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 1842, Coronella micropholispulyrona: Gadow, 1911: 117. a young male, clateofcollection unknown, collected by Lt. War- LamP+Opeltispolyrorrapo~yzom:Snlart. 1935b:32. ren and F.V. Hayden (examined by author). LampropeIIis triungtrlum polyzona: Dunn, 1937:1. Lan~propeItLcmlrNistsrata:Cope, 186lb:566 (Cope noted that the Lampropeltic doliata polyzona: Klauber, 1948: 11. multistriata of the original description is a misprint for mulfi- strata). Dellnition. This subspecies is characterized by having a Opbibolus mt~ltistratzrs:Cope, 1875:36. narrow pale hand on the snout, which crosses on or near the Coronella mullistrata: Werner, 1929:129. prefrontal-internasal border or with white on the first supralabial and Lampropeltis doliata muNistratcc: Tanner and Loomis, 1957:12. posterior segment of the nasal, often extending onto the lateral edge Lampropeltis tria~zgulummutistrata: Stebbins, 1966:161. of the prefrontal-internasal margin. The remainder of the head is Llan~pmpeltisl.tlriunguluml. mtrltistriata: Frank, 1994:22. Lapsus. black. The first four infralabials often are black. The first black ring generally begins on he parietals or not more than one-half scale Definition. Thissubspecies is characterized by havinga light length posteriorly. A large black blotch or blotches usually occur cream-colored snout mottled with black (occasionally flecked with ventrally in the red rings, but rarely separate them. The red body rings orange). The head has black pigment on the parietals and the number from 15-25 ( F= 19.1). The red scales are heavily black- posterior edges of the frontal and~;~ralabials.The first black ring is tipped. The white scalesare often nearly obscured by black pigment. incomplete. not crossing the venter. The red (or orangish) blotches Temporals usually are 2 + 3. The dorsal scale rows usually are 23 or or incdmplete blotches Gnge in number on the body frGm 22-32 ( F = 21 at midbody. 27.1). The midventral surface usually is pale or po.sses.ses a few scanered black marks. The overall amount of black pigment on the 21. Lampropeltis trfanguhrmsinaloae Williams body is reduced in comparison to adjacent subspecies. The temporals usually are 2 + 3 or 2 + 2. The dorsal scale rows are 21 at midbody. Lampropeltis friarzgulumsimbae Williams. 1978:167. Type-local- ity, "32.4 miles north of Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico." Holotype, 18. Lumppeltis triangulum nelsoni Blanchard Los Angeles Counry Museum (LACM) 38529, an adult female collected on 9 July 1962 by R.M. Davis (examined by author). Lampropeltistriungulumnekoni Blanchard, 1920a:6. Type-locality, "Acambaro, Guanajuato, Mexico." Holotype, National Museum Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a of Natural History (USNM) 46552. an aduG malecollected in Oc- black head and snout with varying amounts of white mottling on the tober 1892 by E.W. Nelson (examined by author). rosml, internasals, nasals, and lorcals. The first black ringtouches the Lampir~peltistriangulum scbmidti Stuart, 1935a:l. Type-locality, angleof the jaw or is positioned less than one scale length posteriorly. "Tres Marias Islands, Mexico." Holotype, British Museum The first black ring crosses the throat, forminga "V." The red rings are (BMNH)81.10.1.97, an adult male, date ofcollection unknown, complete around the body with only scanered amounts of black collected by Mr. Forrer (examined by author). pigment ventrally. The red and white bands are not long. The black Lampropelfisdoliatus schmidti: Klauber, 1948:ll. body rings are twoortwo and one-halfscales long, shortening to one and one-half to two laterally. All the rings are complete around the Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a body. The last two red rings on the tail are obscured by black white snout from mid-prefrontals anteriorly; a small amount of pigment. The red body rings range from 10-16 ( F = 12.9) with scattered black pigment may be present. The remainder of the head scanered black pigment midventrally. The red and white scales are is black. The first black ring usually is more than one scale length not black-tipped. Temporals usually are 2 + 3. The dorsal scale rows posterior to the angle of the jaw, and generally is incomplete or usually are 21 at midbody. narrowly connected across throat. The red and white scales are not black-tipped. The red body rings range in number from 13-18 ( i= 22. Lampropeltis trianguhrm smitbd Williams 16.0). The temporals usi~allyare 2 + 3. The dorsal scale rows are 21 or 23 at midbody. Lampropltis triangulum smitbi Williams, 1978:159. Type-locality, "the Xilitla region, San Luis Potosi, Mexico." Holotype, Louisi- 19. Lampropeltis triangulum oligorona Boucourt ana State University Museum of Zoology (LSUMZ) 274, an adult male, purchased on 5 May 1947 by M. Newman from a native Coronella/ormosa oligorona Bocoun, 1886:614. Type-locality, "Te- collector (examined by author). Definition. This sulxpecies is characterized by having a snakes. Spec. Ecl. Herpetocultural Libr., Lakeside, California. black and white snout, with the anterior portions of the internasals, Ashton, R.E.,Jr. ancl P.S. Ashton. 1981. Handbook of reptiles and am- prefrontals, nasals, loreals, and preoculars white, and the posterior phibiansofFlorida. Part 1.Thesnakes. Windward Publ., Miami, portions black. The supra- and infralabials also have white anterior Florida. edges and black posterior edges. The first black ring usually begins Avery, R.A. 1982. Field Studies of body temperatures and thermore- on the posterior tip of the parietal or < 1 scale length posteriorly. The gulation, p. 93-166. In C. Gans and F.H. Pough (eds.), Biology red rings are complete around the body, with black pigment usually of the Reptilia, Vol. 12. Physiology C, Physiological ecology. scattered ventrally. The red body rings number from 19-30( I = 23.8). Academic Press, New York. The red and white scales are moderately black-tipped. The temporals Baird, S.F. and C. Girard. 1853. Catalogue of North American reptiles ilsually are 2 + 3 or 2 + 2. The dorsal scale rows are 21 at midbody. in the museum of theS~nithsonianInstitution. Part 1. Serpentes. Srnithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C. 23. Lampropeltis triangulum stuarti Williams Banen, S.L. 1981. Reproduction ofLampr0pelfisft~ngzrlumelapsoi& from Onslow County, North Carolina. Herpetol. Rev. 1262. Lampropeltistriangulumstriarti Williams, 1978:217. Type-locality, Bechtel, H.B. and E. Bechtel. 1981. Albinism in the snake, Elapheoh- "Finca Lo.; Cedros (100 m): Tecla, Depal-tmento La Libertad, El soleta. J. Herpetol. 15397-402. Salvarlor." Holotype, Nan~r-Museumand Forchungs-lnstitu~ Behler, J.L. and F.W. Klng. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to "Senckenberg" 43166, an adult female collected on 17 October North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New 1950 by E. Fischer and R. Mertens (examined by author). York. Berthold, A.A. 1842. Ueber verschiedene neue oder seltene Amphi- Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a bienarten. Abh. Kon. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen pt. 1:l-28. black snout with a narrow, white hand usually forming a "V." The Blair. K.B., H.M. Smith, and D. Chiszar. 1994. Albinism and distribu- relnainderof head is black. The first black ring begins at the posterior tional recordsfor LampmpeNis trianguhtm (Reptilia: Serpentes) edge of the parietals or one to two scale lengths posteriorly. The first in Panhandle Texas. Bull. Marylanrl Herpetol. Soc. 30:l-5. black ring usually touches the angleof the jaw and iscornplete across Blanchard, F.N. 1920a. Three new snakes of the genus Lampropeltis. the throat on the gulars and one to two ventrals. The red scales are Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (81):l-10. without black pigment or are slightly black-tipped. The white scales -,192011. Asynopsisof kingsnakes,genus Lampropeltis Fitzinger. irsually are moderately black-tipped. The red body rings number Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (87):l-7. from 19-28 ( I=22.8). Temporals usually arc 2 + 3. The dorsal scale -. 1921. A revision of the king snakes: genus Lampropelfis. Bull. rows usually are 21 at midbody. U.S. Natl. Mus. (114):l-260. Bocourt, M.-F. 1886. ~tudessur les reptiles. Mission scientifique au 24. Lampropeltis triangulum syspila (Cope) Mexique et dans I'Amerique Centrale. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris. Opbihohu-doliafuss~~spilaCope, 1888:381. Type-locality. "Richland Boettger, 0. 1898. Katalog der Reptilien-Sammlung in der Sencken- County, Illinois." Holotype, National Museum of Narural His- bergischen Narurforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt a. M. 11. tory (USNM) 13380, an adult male, date of collection unknown, Theil (Schlangen). Gebriider Knauer, Frankfurt a. M. collected by R. Ridgeway (examined by the author). Boulenger, G.A. 1894. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum Opbi~~oltlsdoliat~ucollaris:Cope, 1888:383 (part, one of thesyntypes (Natural History). Vol. 2. Trustees of the British Museum (Nam- is a syspila). ral History), London. LampropeIIL~doliafa s~~spilusHay, 1892:516. Row1er.J.K. 1977. Longevity of reptiles and amphibians in North Cor~nellatriangulum collaris: Boettger, 1898:72. American collections. Soc. Stud. Amphib. Rept.,Herpetol. Circ. Osceoln doliata syspila: Cope, 1900:891. (6):1-32. Lampropeltis triangulrtm syspila: Kuthven, 1919:3. Brimley, C.S. 1905. Notes on the food and fceding hahits of some American reptiles. J. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 21:149-155. Defdtion. This subspecies is characterized by having a red Brown. W.S. ancl W.S. Parker. 1982. Niche dimensions and resource snout and heacl cap, sometimes with sc:rttered black tlecks or with a partitioning in a Great Basin desert snake community, p. 59-81. dark chevron on the posterior edge of the prefrontals. A black band In NJ. Scott, Jr. (ed.), Herpetological communities. U.S. Dept. occurson the posterior portion of the parietals or the parietals may be Interior. Wildl. Res. Kepon 13. covered :rlmost entirely with black pigment. A single row of black- Campbell, H.W. and S.P. Christman. 19822. The herpetological com- bordered red dorsal t)lotches reaches the first scale row on each side, ponentsof Florida sandhill and sand pine scrub associations, p. occasionally reaching the edge of the ventrals. A ventrolateral row of 163-171. In N.J. Scott, Jr. (ed.), Herpetological communities. small, alternating blotches may occuron each side, usually involving U.S. Dept. Interior, Wildl. Res. Report 13. the first scale row and theedge of the ventrals. when present. The red -and -. 1982b. Field techniques for herpetofaunal community body blotches range from 16-31 ( x = 23.1). Temporals usually are 2 analysis, p. 193-200. In N.J. Scott, Jr. (ed.), Herpetological corn- + 2 or 2 + 3. The dorsal scale rows usually are 21at midbody. munities. U.S. Dept. Interior. Wildl. Res. Report 13. Campbell, J. and J.P. Vannini. 1989. Distribution of amphibians and 25. Lampropeltis triangulum taybrf Tamer and Loomis reptiles in Guatemala and Belize. West. Found. Vert. Zool. 4:l- 21. Lampropelti.rdoliata tavlor? Tanner and Loomis, 1957:31. Type-lc- Carpenter, C.C. and G.W. Ferguson. 1977. Variation and evoloution cality, "from approximately 2 miles north of Alpine, Utah County, of stereotyped behavior, p.335-404. In C. Gans and D.W. Tinkle Utah." Holotype. Brigham Young University 10533, an adult fe- (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 7. Ecology and behavior A. male collected 24 May 1951 by W.W. Tanner (examined by au- Academic Press, New York. rhor). Chiszir, D. and H.M. Smith. 1992. LamP+Opelfisfriangtilumcehops Lumpropeltis rriangtrl~lmufahnesis: Tanner and Banta, 1966:125. (New Mexico Milk Snake). Herpetol. Rev. 25124. Lnps~scrzlami. Christman, S.P. 1980. Patterns of variations in Florida snakes. Bull. Lamp~upeNisfrianguh~tn fa-ylori: Stebbins, 1966:161. Florida St. Mus. Biol. Sci. 25:357-256. I2impmpeItis fa)~lori:Collins, 1991:43. Clark, N.B. 1970.The parathyroid, p. 235-262.In C. GansandTS. Par- sons (eds.), Biology of the reptilia, Vol. 3. Morphology C. Aca- Definition. This subspecies is characterized by having a demic Press, New York. black snout or pale snout with black on the medial margins of the Coborn, J. 1991. The atlas of snakes of the world. T.F.H. Publ., Nep- prefrontals and internasals. The red rings are separated ventrally by tune City, New Jersey. black pigment. The black pigment frequently crosses the red rings Collins.J.T. 1W1.Viewpoint: a new taxonomic arrangement forsome rniddorsally. The red blotches range in number from 23-34 (x= North American amphibians and reptiles. Herpetol. Rev. 22:42- 29.1). The temporals normally are 2 + 3or 2 + 2. The dorsal scale rows 43. normally are 21 at midbody. -. 1993. Amphibians and reptiles in Kansas. 3rd ed., rev. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub. Educ. Ser. (13):~~+ 397 p. Literature Cited Conant, R. 1943. The milk snakes of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Proc. New England Zool. Club 22524. Applesate. K. 1992. The general care and maintenance of milk -. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, hhs- Gaclow, H.F. 191 1. Isotely and coral snakes. Zool. Jahrb. 31:l-24. sachusetts. Gannan, H. 1892. A synopsis of the reptiles ant1 amphibians of Illi- -and J.T. Collins. 1991. Reptiles and amphibians of eastern ancl nois. Illinois Lab. Nat. I-list. Rull. 5215-388. central North America. 3rd ecl. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Garman, S. 1883 (18%). The reptiles and batrachians of North Amer- Massachusetts. ica. Pan I. Ophidians. Mem. Mus. Con~p.Zool. 8:l-185. Cope. E.D. 1Wila. Catalogue of the Colubridae in the museum of the Garstka, W.R. 1982. Systematicsofthe nic.sicuna speciesgroupof the Academy of Natural History of Philadelphia, with notesand de- coubrid genus Lan~pmpeltiswith an hypothesis mimicry. Rre\,i- scriptions of new species. Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. 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