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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL published monthly by THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

MARCH, 1952 Volume 29, Number 3

CONTENTS page 15 JAPAN IN TRANSITION by Alice L. Dunning 19 BENJAMIN WICK, SEA-GOING FARMER THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION by Edward R. Norton Honorary President 20 FROM THE DIARY OF CHUHEI MATSUO DEAN ACHESON, Secretary oj State with foreword by Ambassador Joseph C. Grew Honorary Vice-Presidents 23 THAT RICKSHAW INVENTION by Samuel Solcobin THE UNDERSECRETARY OF STATE THE ASSISTANT SECRETARIES OF STATE 24 LOYALTY OF LOCAL EMPLOYEES IN THE FOREIGN THE COUNSELOR SERVICE by Gerald Warner JOHN F. SIMMONS, President WALTER THURSTON, Vice-President 26 EXECUTIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASSIGNMENTS BARBARA P. CHALMERS, Executive Secretary FOR FSO’s by Thomas S. Estes board of directors FROM “IN” TO “OUT” by Rond de Cuir HERVE J. L’HEUREUX, Chairman 27 HOMER M. BYINGTON, JR., Vice-Chairman STUART W. ROCKWELL 31 THE PROMOTION LIST PHILIP H. BURRIS ROGERS B. HORCAN 35 LIFE AT THE PARIS EMBASSY by Martin F. Herz Alternates 50 AU REVOIR TO HARRY HAWKINS V. LANSING COLLINS, JR., Secretary-Treasurer STEPHEN WINSHIP WALTER N. WALMSLEY, JR. departments EDWARD T. WAILES FLORENCE H. FINNE, Assistant Secretary-Treasurer 5 LETTERS TO THE EDITORS journal editorial board 13 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO by James B. Stewart AVERY F. PETERSON, Chairman JOHN K. EMMERSON 21 BIRTHS JOHN DEVINE HARRY HAWKINS 22 THE BOOKSHELF—Francis C. deWolf, Review Editor J. GRAHAM PARSONS Arthur L. Lebel William J. Porter William E. O’Connor Eleanor West LOUIS J. HALLE, JR. RAY THURSTON 28 SERVICE GLIMPSES JOAN DAVID, Managing Editor SUE EILBACHER, Circulation Manager 32 NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT GEORGE BUTLER, Business Manager 34 EDITORS’ COLUMN The AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members, Japan and the United States: A New Chapter active and retired, of The Foreign Service of the United States and the Department of State. The As¬ Joe Green’s Resignation sociation was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be 36 NEWS FROM THE FIELD Story of the Month by Elizabeth Woodbury grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. 48 MARRIAGES, IN MEMORIAM The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is not official and material appearing herein represents only personal opinions, and is not intended in any way to indicate the official views of the Department of State or of the Foreign Service as a whole. The Editors will consider all articles submitted. If accepted, the author will be paid a minimum of one cent a word on publication. Photographs ac¬ companying articles will, if accepted, be purchased at one dollar each. Five dollars is paid for cover pictures. Reports from the Field, although not paid COVER PICTURE: The Willow and the Fountain. (In for, are eligible for each month’s $15 Story-of-the- Month Contest. the garden of the Consulate General at Yokohama.)

Copyright, 1952, by the American Foreign Service Sent in by Leo J. Callanan. Association. Issued monthly at the rate of $4.00 a year, 40 cents a copy, by the American Foreign Service Asso¬ ciation, 1908 G Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Printed in U.S.A. by Monumental Printing Company, Baltimore WISE MEN f0£-\YL\\lL B01P

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4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Pseudonymns may be used only if your letter includes your correct name and address.

FS SUPPORT FOR JOHN SERVICE London, England January 29, 1952 To the Editors, FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: I wish to commend and endorse most heartily the action taken by the Editors of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL in making available to all JOURNAL subscribers the relevant papers in the John S. Service case, and for the intelligent and truly American beliefs expressed in the fine editorial which appeared in the January, 1952, issue of the JOURNAL. ... to do one job well! I am sure that all Foreign Service personnel will be grate¬ ful to the JOURNAL for making the facts of this case known to them, and it is to be hoped that this factual information, It is Grace Line’s job to provide transporta¬ which surely must speak for itself, can be made available to tion service between the Americas, and for as many of the American people as possible. generations it has been Grace Line’s goal to I personally feel that I would like to be able to do some¬ thing concrete in order to make it possible for this case to do this one job well. From the days of the be taken to the Courts, and I feel that there are many other clipper ships, Grace Line has sought to antici¬ loyal American Foreign Service employees and other loyal pate the growth patterns of Hemisphere Americans in all walks of life, who would also wish to join trade with increasingly efficient facilities. in such an effort. I would be grateful for the JOURNAL’S sug¬ gestions as to how such assistance might best be rendered. Today, Grace Line’s fleet of fine modern BETTY ANN MIDDLETON "Santas,” operating on regular schedules, Second Secretary of Embassy provide a dependability of service which has won the confidence of importers and trav¬ EDITOR’S NOTE: The February issue mentioned the Service Fund of which John C. Reid, 306 Southern Building, Washington, is treasurer. elers. By laboring to do a good job in one Checks can be made out “John C. Reid, Treasurer”. sphere of foreign trade, Grace Line is con¬ FOREIGN SERVICE RECRUITING tributing strength and vitality to the whole Fletcher School international trade structure. of Law and Diplomacy, Medford, Mass. REGULAR DIRECT AMERICAN FLAG January 27, 1952 PASSENGER AND FREIGHT SERVICES To the Editors, BETWEEN THE AMERICAS FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: There is no doubt but that there is much uneasiness among FSOs of all grades, and more particularly to my Between New York, Atlantic Ports and N.W.I., Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Canal Zone, knowledge among junior officers, over the projected mass “517” entries into the Service. Personally, until recently, Ecuador, Peru (Bolivia), Chile. I have not been seriously disturbed for I recognized con¬ siderable validity in the twin contentions: (1) that the Between U. S. Pacific Ports and Guatemala, Mexico, Service now needs more strength to handle its increased El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and increasing responsibilities, and (2) that in expanding Panama and West Coast of South America- it should draw laterally on the best men available. More¬ For detailed information address over, “amalgamation,” provided the “career principle” is rigorously and vigorously maintained, seems to me an eminently desirable end. The career principle, of course, is the crux of the matter in giving the Republic the type of Foreign Affairs Service GRACE which may well be essential for national survival. Most of us, in George Kennan’s words, “firmly believe that we could (Continued on page 7) LINE 10 Hanover Square, New York RETIREMENT Takes as Careful Planning as your Career. Winter Park, Florida, is a quiet community of fine homes, Agents and offices in all principal cities a place where you can comfortably strike roots after a life on the move. For information write to Stanley Maynard, P.O. Box 632, 339 Park Avenue, South, Winter Park, Florida.

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6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LETTERS TO THE EDITORS (from page 5) WASHINGTON REAL ESTATE make much more effective use of the principle of pro¬ fessionalism in the conduct of foreign policy.” Certainly less “professionalism” may be disastrous. Clearly, as well, J. F. BEGG, INC. Cable “Begg Washington” in the long run a sound career service requires a constant infusion of new blood by recruitment at the bottom, Dupont 2480 1606 20th St., N. W. progressive in-service-training, and promotion for merit. Mrs. John Murray Begg, President Therefore, the fact that only 56 persons passed the 1951 Mrs. Elbridge Durbrow William W. Sprague written entrance examination is staggering in its implica¬ Mrs. Waller B. Booth, Jr. tions. The more so, because the orals surely will reduce SALES D. C. RENTALS further the eligible list for Class 6 appointment. Subsequent also MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA FARM qualification of the 97 candidates who failed only the PROPERTIES language section many help, but the real problem, as Secre¬ tary Acheson has observed, lies in the steadily diminishing We will find a house for you to rent or buy number of applicants for examination. As a result, the dis- We will handle your property when you are ordered away proportionality between the likely inflow of officers in 1952 at the bottom and laterally via “517,” if not drastically reversed in subsequent years, threatens the basic career principle. For balance an enlarged Service obviously will need more, not fewer, Class 6 probationers each year. A recruiting campaign, though suggested by Congress¬ men, mooted by the Department, endorsed by significant newspapers, repeatedly recommended by the Advisory Com¬ mittee to the Board of Examiners, and declared essential by the Rowe Committee for workable amalgamation, ap¬ to all EUROPE parently remains just talk. Were I still in the field, I would no .finer tray to go assume from the talk that action was being taken. In fact, NEW YORK • COBH • HAVRE• SOUTHAMPTON however, from the vantage point of a University assignment, BREMERHAVEN I have observed with dismay that while the Civil Service, C.I.A., and the Armed Forces are recruiting vigorously Whenever you go to Europe, remember there’s no among Colleges and Graduate Schools, Foreign Service re¬ finer way to go than on the beautiful AMERICA. cruiting is practically nil. I hope this, if true, is true only Here is the utmost in solid comfort, wonderful food, in the New England area, but I fear not. meticulous service. Yours is a lovely, spacious state¬ Indeed, not even the first step of systematically exploiting room. Recreational features vary from quiet lounges, the readily available services of officers on school assign¬ ments (or of officers on leave) appears to have been taken. smoking rooms, broad decks, to a gymnasium and a It is suggested, therefore, that PL and PER devise a recruit¬ tile swimming jtool. There’s no finer living any¬ ing plan, which in the first instance would utilize the services where—afloat or ashore. of these officers. Because of the failure to recruit at the bottom during the In the summer of 1952 the s. s. UNITED STATES war and only inadequately since, a one time lateral entry —largest, fastest, most luxurious passenger liner expansion now appears essential to meet our expanding re¬ ever to fly the Stars and Stripes, will begin service sponsibilities. Thereafter “517” leavening from time to time between New York, Southampton and Havre. may be desirable. If, however, by default, “517’ were to become the normal personnel recruitment policy, short- circuiting universal competitive entrance examinations, in- service-training, and promotion by merit from within, the United States lines consequences may well he incalculably harmful. ONE BROADWAY, NEW YORK 4, N. Y. In the circumstances, may it not be asked: Who and/or what is blocking an effective recruiting campaign? Could it be that “they,” while paying lip-service to the career con¬ Themost Unusual Shopping Service cept, are systematically subverting it? What does “the Department” say? More important, what . • .5% * “ * *1 HZ' Catering to diplomatic personnel of all is going to be done about recruiting new blood through nations and visitors to America. Class 6? % 41V ( Save up to 50% on American made Deane R. Hinton, FSO electric appliances and household items. UJ I 10 or 220 volts for use in any country The picture is not quite as black as Mr. Hinton has mm ( in the world. painted it. The Secretariat of the Board of Examiners Immediate delivery to any recognizes thaf an effective Class 6 recruitment program country with all details of is essential if the career concept of the Foreign Service is to packing and shipping. survive. It recognizes that the normal annual intake of Class 1144 18th St., N. W. 6 officers must be increased from between 60 and 70 to a WASHINGTON, D. C. figure somewhere between 150 and 200. It believes this Cable Address: NEIGH can be done and that it can be accomplished without any STerling 3244 (Continued on page 9) New York Office—369 Lexington Avenue, Suite 302—LE. 2-9554

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8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LETTERS TO THE EDITORS (Iron, page 7) reduction in the high standards of selection which have pre¬ 1 u Serving the Men’s Wear vailed in recent years. Some steps have already been taken Needs of the Depart¬ with this end in view and others are under active con¬ sideration. ment of State and the 1. Last spring regional conferences with college and uni¬ foreign Service versity faculty representatives were held in Washing¬ For Over 50 Years ton, Chicago, Haverford, Cambridge, and Nashville for the purpose of establishing on each campus at least one faculty member who understands the needs of the ‘Washable” Foreign Service and the nature of the selection system HASPEL SEERSUCKER-PALM BEACH and who would, therefore, be in a position to urge In Stock the Year ’Round properly-qualified students to take the examination ARROW — MANHATTAN — VAN HEUSEN and to discourage those not properly qualified. Other McGREGOR meetings were planned for Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Austin, but had to be abandoned, at least HENRY J. GOODMAN & CO. temporarily, because of insufficient staff in the Secre¬ 1707 Pennsylvania Ave., N. W., Washington 6, D. C. tariat. However, the Secretariat has, through cor¬ respondence, endeavored to establish liaison officers in the colleges and universities not covered by regional meetings. There are now a total of 595 liaison officers in 381 colleges and universities, many of whom the Secretariat has reason to believe are actively encourag¬ GOING ing their qualified students to apply for designation to take the Foreign Service officer examinations. The request for application forms at this date far exceeds the response anticipated by the Secretariat. AWAY? 2. The Board of Examiners and the Department have under consideration certain changes in respect to eligibility for the Written Examination and the ad¬ ministration of the examination in Modern Languages. It is expected that some of these changes may be announced in March in sufficient time to affect the number of persons applying for the September 1952 Written Examination and it is possible that they may even affect the intake from the September 1951 Reduce investment cares and worries to a Written Examination. minimum regardless of where you travel by investing in Mutual Fund shares. Your in¬ 3. The published literature in regard to the Foreign Serv¬ vestment will receive continuous supervision, ice officer examination, which admittedly has been of wide diversification and many other advan¬ a forbidding character, is being rewritten. It is ex¬ tages. pected that this material will be available for distribu¬ Mutual Fund dividends currently offer va¬ tion at a date sufficiently early in the spring to affect rious rates of return. Learn how you and your dependents can benefit. Please write or the number of applications for designation for the call us for our brochure and suggestions de¬ September 1952 Written Examination. signed to meet your needs. Unless I greatly misunderstand the policy of the Depart¬ ment, lateral entry under the Section 517 process is by no ROUSE, BREWER & BECKER means considered as a substitute for expansion of recruit¬ ment at the Class 6 level. It is intended that the entire INVESTMENT BANKERS structure of the Foreign Service officer category fee expanded WASHINGTON, D. C. SILVER SPRING simultaneously over the next few years and that Class 6 Wyatt Building 8616 Georgia Ave. recruitment be emphasized to the maximum extent possible STerling 5800 JUniper 7-9500 in the process. It also is intended and expected that by 1954 substantially all recruitment for the Foreign Service will be at the FSO-6 level. Cromwell Riches COMPLETE (Continued on page 11) COVERAGE

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MARCH, 1952 9 ~As>^’

A new speed-up in instrument landings is on the way! It’s due partly to improvements engineered by International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, originators of the famed “ILS” system. The new factor—speed—takes effect in all four control sectors: in point-to-point flight, in the “stack” over an airport, in the actual approach, and in runway traffic on the ground. It’s a part of the government’s forthcoming “common all-weather system,” which promises to increase the arrival-and-departure capacity of existing air terminals by as much as 50%.

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10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LETTERS TO THE EDITORS (bom page 9) NEW LEAVE SYSTEM Wherever you are ... Rome, Italy January 30, 19S2 Wherever you go ... To the Editors, Foreign Service Journal: The Department’s new Leave Law has left many of us here in a state of complete confusion. Can you tell us how it will operate in specific cases? FSS

Editor’s Note: Foreign Service personnel are included in the new Leave Law, which became effective January 6, 1952. A summarization of the new law and its effect on the For¬ eign Service is contained in the Department's Circular Air- gram of January 11, 1952 which is supposed to be circulated to all personnel. The new system reduces the annual leave accrual privi¬ leges and changes leave accounting from a calendar day (seven day week) to a work day (five day week) basis. Three types of leave benefits are available:

1. Annual Leave (a) 13 work days per year for those with less than three years combined military and civilian Federal service. (b) 20 work days per year for those with more than three but less than fifteen years. (c) 26 work days for those with more than fifteen years. Since non-work days occurring during a period ©f leave do not count, the net effect is somewhat more actual leave than the above indicates; previously a non-work day during a leave period was charged as leave.

2. Sick Leave (a) 13 work days a year for all. 3. Home Leave |J You can hear more stations with the new Zenith Super Trans-Oceanic Portable ... and tune them in (a) 5 work days of home leave for each 4 full months abroad for use only in the U.S., its territories and faster and easier! To select the radio band you want, possessions. simply press a button! There are seven different A two year tour of duty, therefore, earns 30 work bands to choose from: six International Short Wave days of leave, but with intervening week-ends the total bands, and famous Zenith Long Distance AM for number of days for leave can run as high as 40 or more Standard Broadcast reception. Easy-to-read dial tells days. Home leave now will ordinarily be for 45 work days (approximately 60 calendar days) but if only 30 you time of best reception ... Spread-Band Tuning days have been earned the additional number of days electronically separates International Short Wave needed to cover a 45 work day leave must come from stations to make fine tuning a simple matter. Works accumulated annual leave. anywhere —on 110-120 or 220 volts AC, DC power Although the problem is still being worked on, it is an unfortunate fact that anyone who had home leave supply — or its own long-life battery. Humidity- orders in 1951 but who was unable to take this leave proofed against loss of sensitivity in any climate. lost the 1951 credit in excess of 180 days accumula¬ Send your order — or write for full details — today! tion of annual leave. Home leave taken in 1952 on the ZENITH RADIO CORPORATION, Chicago 39, Illinois basis of 1951 home leave orders will be charged to the 180 days credit unless the Department is able to obtain approval for use of the 1951 credit in excess of 180 days, or unless an advance of 1952 annual leave credit is approved. No change is required or contemplated in the pres¬ ent policy of issuing home leave orders as soon as pos¬ sible after two years abroad. Both home leave and sick leave can be accumulated without limit. It is important to bear in mind that home leave credit is distinct from annual leave, and if you have no accumulated leave you had better save some of that annual leave in order to have two months at home.

MARCH,1952 11 Uniform Quality

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL when calling on his vice consul, he found him busily en¬ gaged, of all things, in cutting up string beans! (From Twenty-Five Years Ag,o ARTHUR FROST.) by JAMES B. STEWART •

JOURNAL RACING THROUGH URUGUAY: CONSUL O. GAYLORD The new Coca Cola ad in the January recalls MARSH, Montevideo, took part in the First International Au¬ an incident told me by the American Consul in Santiago de tomobile Endurance Test in Uruguay. The “stately Ameri¬ Cuba when I was in that city twenty five years ago. can sedan,” in which he rode as a guest and observer, moved There was a notorious hawker whose daily technique on off the line at exactly 5:36 A.M., took speed, and darted into the “soap box” was to knock a brand of goods until its rep¬ the cold darkness of a southern fall morning. Eleven other resentative bought him off. restive touring cars with purring engines were awaiting Then Coca Cola came on the market in that land of their turns to be away in the contest. On the second day the “Bacardi” and the huckster turned his heavy guns on it. To car ran into a large flock of rheas or wild South American his chagrin, the Coca Cola agent refused to pay him to ostriches. They joined in the race and the driver, “stepping “cease and desist” because sales were increasing daily. How¬ on the gas” attained a speed of 40 miles an hour before the ever, he did make a proposition to the man. ostriches crossed in front of the car and flew across the “I’ll tell you what,” he said, “I’ll give you five dollars for prairie. The first car to arrive in Montevideo was of a well every speech in which you knock Coca Cola.” known American make. • P.S. A friend writes: “Our F.S. class has passed its 25th ABOUT PEOPLE: VICE CONSUL LLOYD D. YATES was anniversary. It was a good one and included CABOT, KEN- visited by burglers. NAN, REBER, SATTERTHWAITE, along with others who haven’t ► DORSEY RICHARDSON, Assistant Chief, Division of West¬ hit the top deck but have had an unforgettable and satisfy¬ ern European Affairs, quit to join a N. Y. banking house. ing time anyway.” ► CONSUL GENERAL THEODORE JAECKEL was greeted at his new post by an attack of the mumps. CONTEST RULES • BRIEFS: The day after the holding of the examination of Manuscripts, approximately 2500 words in length, should deal in a candidates for the Foreign Service, the Department learned serious vein with some subject of foreign relations, either American or involving the relations of some foreign country, be free of information that questions had become known prior to the date set for which is still classified, and be received or postmarked before July 31, the examination and so it became necessary to hold another. 1952. The article may be objective or may advance the personal views ► Some one in the Department wrote concerning a meteo¬ of the author. The contest is open to all members of the Association, rological expedition that a part of its equipment was an subscribers to the Journal and their immediate families. “adenoid barometer.” (Not far off at that!) ONE PRIZE:—A set of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. • DANGREMOND—BRUINS. DOROTHY IRENE DANGREMOND and JOHN H. BRUINS were married at Montrove, N. Y. on August 14, 1926. • A son was born at Durban, Union of South Africa, on February 7, 1927, to CON¬ SUL and MRS. FRANCIS H. STYLES. A son, BENJAMIN, JR., was born at Paris, France, to DIPLOMATIC SECRETARY and MRS. BENJAMIN MUSE. • SERVICE CHANGES, DIPLOMATIC BRANCH: STANLEY HAWKS, Warsaw to Guatemala; JOHN H. MACVEAGH, De¬ partment to Managua; ROBERT M. SCOTTEN, Asuncion to Department; HUGH MILLARD, Berlin to Tokyo. ► CONSULAR BRANCH: MAURICE L. STAFFORD, London to Madrid; LEO J. CALLANAN, Melbourne to Adelaide; JOSEPH F. BURT, Cologne to Berlin; CYRIL L. F. THIEL, Colombo to London. • A VISITING FIREMAN: DICK FORD, Consul, Penang, on his way home on leave stopped off at Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Kobe, Yokohama, Tokyo and Honolulu to greet old friends and acquaintances. Among them were MESSRS. SOUTHARD, BRUINS, LYNCH, MUCCIO, TREDWELL, SHANTZ, FRANKLIN, GAUSS, BUCKNELL, DICKOVER, KEMPER, TURNER, NEVILLE, BALLANTINE and PRESTON. • HARRY COVERT: In his book “Arms Above the Door,” the late CARLTON BAILEY HURST recalled an incident that happened at his post, Lyon, France. On his staff was a vice consul with the curious name of HARRY COVERT.* One day *Try it with a French accent.

MARCH, 1952 13 □ □

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14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL In the course of the next few months Japan will re- may bring the Treaty into force between itself and Japan by assume not only her rights but also her responsibilities as a notification to that effect to the governments of Japan and a member of the family of nations. The tensions existing in the United States not later than three years after the date the world today give Japan the choice of aligning herself of Japan’s ratification. While Prime Minister Yoshida stat¬ with the democratic forces of the free world, accepting the ed on September 8th before the delegates gathered at San position of a satellite to the USSR, or pursuing a middle Francisco that the Treaty “is not a treaty of vengeance, but course in conjuncton with other third force elements. an instrument of reconciliation,” he also indicated certain In the ten years that Japan has been either at war or un¬ points of “pain and anxiety.” These points included the der Allied occupation, the international scene has changed matter of territorial disposition of the Ryukyu Archipelago, significantly. The world has witnessed the creation of the the Bonins, the Kuriles and South Sakhalin; the problem of United Nations and important advances toward the fulfill¬ supporting a population of some 84 million on the four ment of the goals of world peace, security and international main Japanese islands in view of Japan’s loss of the re¬ cooperation. In addition, the Asia of 1941 no longer exists. sources of 45% of her former territory and the fate of more These ten years have seen the birth of new, highly national¬ than 340,000 prisoners of war which the USSR has failed istic states whose people not only vividly recall Japanese to account for or repatriate. aggression but are keen to guard against future Japanese Japan a Part of Free World economic or political expansion. The weak, disunited main¬ land of China in which Japan for fifty years progressively Despite his concern over these problems, the Prime Min¬ expanded its spheres of special interest is now an aggressive ister irrevocably faced the fact that Japan’s future is tied neighbor. The USSR in its occupation of Sakhalin, the to that of the free world, for as he pointed out: “Unfortu¬ Kuriles, and other adjacent islands now exercises control nately, the sinister forces of totalitarian oppression and over former important Japanese fishing grounds to the north tyranny operate still throughout the globe. These forces are and stands poised as a threat less than a mile off the sweeping over half the Asiatic continent, sowing seeds of coast of Hokkaido. On the other hand, the United States dissension, spreading unrest and confusion, and breaking has assumed a policy of positive leadership in the Far East out into open aggression here and there—indeed at the very and has concretely demonstrated its intention to back the free world in the Far East by spearheading the United Na¬ Mrs. Alice Langley Dunning tions’ resistance to Communist aggression in Korea, by grant¬ has just recently returned from Tokyo where she was assigned ing technical assistance to undeveloped countries and by temporarily as Special As¬ signing security agreements with the Philippines, Australia, sistant to the Political Adviser New Zealand and with Japan itself. for Japan, Ambassador Wil¬ It is this world that Japan will reenter when six of the liam J. Sebald. While in Japan Mrs. Dunning consulted following states, including the United States as the principal extensively with members of occupying Power, have ratified the Treaty of Peace signed at SCAP Headquarters, met Jap¬ San Francisco on September 8, 1951: Australia, Canada, anese in governmental and Ceylon, France, Indonesia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, private circles, and observed Pakistan, the Philippines and the United Kingdom. If the conditions in various parts of Japan. She has served in the Treaty has not come into force under this procedure within Department of State since July nine months from November 28, 1951, the date of the de¬ 1945 and is presently an International Relations Officer in the Office posit of Japan’s ratification, any state which has ratified it of Northeast Asian Affairs.

MARCH, 1952 15 door of Japan. . . . When the Allied troops are withdrawn procurement of Japanese goods and services for the United from our country with the conclusion of peace, producing a Nations military forces in Korea and expenditures by United state of vacuum in the country, it is clear as day that this States forces in Japan. This United States procurement for tide of aggression will beat down upon our shores. It is Korea has facilitated the expansion and development of imperative for the sake of our very existence that we take certain basic industries and has resulted in $550 million in an adequate security measure.” In furtherance of this posi¬ foreign exchange income which has materially improved tion, Prime Minister Yoshida, in the light of Japan’s sov¬ Japan’s overall economic position. In the last half of 1949 ereignty recognized in the Treaty of Peace, signed a Security exports averaged $42 million per month, as compared to the Treaty with the United States, whereby, in response to an first half of 1951 when exports averaged $115 million month¬ invitation from Japan, the United States indicated its will¬ ly. The index of Japanese industrial production has also ingness to maintain certain of its armed forces in and about increased sharply, rising from an average index of 80 in the Japan, in the expectation that Japan would itself increasing¬ latter half of 1949 to about 140 at present. ly assume responsibility for its own defense against direct and indirect aggression. For Japan, the Treaty establishes Superficial Advantages of Trade with the Mainland an effective basis for the maintenance of its sovereignty; The temporary nature of United States procurement of for the United States and the rest of the free world, it has supplies for forces in Korea causes many Japanese business¬ the effect of placing Japan’s industrial potential and its men to consider that a key factor for the long-run solution of strategically valuable geographic position within the free Japan’s economic problems lies in trade with the Communist world orbit. The broad context of this Treaty is evidence mainland. Trade with Communist China appears advan¬ of the voluntary agreements being reached between free peo¬ tageous in offering to Japan a convenient source of raw ples to protect themselves from aggressioh. It is a first step materials vital to Japan’s export trade—iron ore and coking toward a pattern for the defense of peace in the Pacific coal. This concept underlies businessmen’s criticism of the area, and an integral part of the system of security being action taken by Prime Minister Yoshida in writing to Mr. developed within the framework of the United Nations Dulles that his government is prepared as soon as legally Charter. possible to conclude with the National Government of China In Japan the approval by the Japanese Diet on November a treaty to be effective in the territory which the National 18, 1951 of the Treaty of Peace and the Security Treaty re¬ Government of China now controls or in the future may flected the general support of the Japanese people for these control, which would reestablish normal relations between treaties and for the government’s foreign policy. In both the two Governments. He also said that his government Houses of the Diet only leftist groups—Communist, left- had no intention of concluding a bilateral treaty with wing Socialists and minor elements—opposed the Peace the Communist regime of China. The supporters of trade Treaty. These groups, however, were joined by the right- with Communist China point out that pre-war trade between wing Socialists in opposing the Security Treaty. Nonethe¬ Japan and what is now Communist China averaged approxi¬ less, the interpellations of government representatives in the mately 17% of Japan’s total but that the present volume of Diet reflected certain apprehension on the part of thinking Japanese as to how these treaties would affect such problems Men and women enjoying the right to vote in Japan, fill out their as relations with the Soviet Union and Communist China; ballots in shielded booths which insure the secrecy of their choice. the impact on the Japanese economy of reparations; the de¬ tails of the Administrative Agreement with the United States needed to implement the Security Treaty, and future Japa¬ nese rearmament.

The Problem of Raw Materials and Markets The key to Japan’s successful emergence from the status of an occupied country to that of a sovereign state and the extent of her contribution to the security of the free world lies in her ability to achieve an economy capable of sus¬ taining the nation and providing an adequate standard of living. With the prospect of an ever-increasing population ex¬ erting strong pressures on her severely limited food and raw materials, Japan will be forced continually to expand its industrial plant and its international trade so that it will be able to import these essentials. In view of the fact that Japan already possesses a large industrial plant operating substan¬ tially below capacity and has an abundance of skilled in¬ dustrial workers, the question of raw materials and markets is vital. The arable land in Japan is limited to 24,140 square miles (17% of a total area of 142,000 square miles—an area less than that of California), hence it is evident that Japanese agriculture already characterized by most intensive Hi . cultivation, cannot be counted upon to raise food supplies significantly. At present Japan imports more than 15% of trade between the two areas is only 1% of Japan’s total its total food requirements in order to maintain a level of trade, being limited to certain types of textiles, bicycles, consumption which, though quantitatively equal, is qualita¬ sewing machines and some food products. To the Soviet tively inferior to that of the prewar period. As population bloc, there is little question but that substantial benefits, pressures increase, food imports and, concurrently, exports both economic and political, would flow from unrestricted to finance such imports must increase. This gap has been trade with Japan. Last November, representatives of the more than filled during the past year and a half because of office of the USSR member on the Allied Council called on

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL members of the Japanese Diet to discuss trade matters. has recommended certain measures against that regime, in More recently, Stalin in his New Year’s Day message made which Japan is now concurring and expects to continue to a hid for the friendship of the Japanese people. concur . . . Japan has undertaken to give the United Nations Trade with Communist China, however, represents a snare every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the and a delusion. Irrespective of how important Chinese trade Charter and to refrain from giving assistance to any State is viewed conceptually by businessmen, many Japanese, in¬ against which the United Nations may take preventive or cluding government officials, have recently discounted the enforcement action.” practical significance of trade with China under present circumstances. It should be noted that the pre-war trade Responsibility of the Free World Toward Japan figures between Japan and China included Japanese invest¬ For the present, Japan must look elsewhere for a solution ments in China and support of their own nationals in that to its fundamental economic problems. The United States area. Despite the imposition in 1950 of security controls over economic aid program for Japan, which totalled more than $1.8 billion over a five-year period and which played an important part in the rapid recovery of Japanese economy, was terminated on June 30, 1951. More attention is being given to Southeast Asia as a source of raw materials and markets. Considerable basic technical development is re¬ quired within the countries of Southeast Asia before the utilization of the material resources of that area can be successful. Japan, as the nation in Asia best qualified to supply the manufactured products required by Asia, is be¬ coming increasingly aware that whatever type of industrial, fishery, and transportation assistance it can render Southeast Asia will, in the long run, increase the economic viability of the entire area. The free world retains a responsibility, too, for Japan’s welfare. Unless the free world is willing to take steps to assure Japanese access to raw materials, and is prepared to accept Japanese exports, and to refrain from imposing dis¬ criminatory restrictions on Japanese trade, it will be increas¬ ingly difficult for Japan to adhere to East-West trade restric¬ tions. Only insofar as Japan is in a position to solve its basic economic problems will it be able to participate in the defense of the free world in the Pacific area. Then, re¬ taining the positive accomplishments of the Occupation toward democratization, it can continue to work coopera¬ tively and constructively with its neighbor nations. Coolies in a rice field during harvest time. The arable land in Japan is limited to an area less than that of California and large fields such as While the security agreement with the United States is this are owned in small individual plots. predicated on the assumption that Japan will assume in¬ creasing responsibility for its own defenses, official Japanese Japanese trade with Communist areas, the economic position Government statements have been more than cautious in sup¬ of Japan has improved greatly, as already indicated. Recent porting rearmament. In answering questions raised in the increases in commercial export indicate a lessening Japanese Diet about the Security Treaty, the Prime Minister stated dependence on United States assistance and special procure¬ that Japan was in no position to rearm and postponed any ment. decision on that matter. In Japan, discussion on rearma¬ This issue of trade with Communist China, at least as a ment centers on two points—first, the legal obstacles and theoretical proposition, may remain a point of contention second, the economic and political implications involved. between business circles and the government. From a prac¬ In Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, the Japanese people tical standpoint, however, it is generally recognized that renounced “war as a sovereign right of the nation” and economic intercourse between Japan and the China mainland pledged never to maintain “land, sea and air forces.” This would inevitably be tied in with political concessions and provision raises thorny constitutional questions which have most Japanese are reluctant to see their sovereignty traded not yet been resolved by the Japanese. Most Japanese con¬ in on satelliteship. It can be expected that the Chinese Com¬ stitutional lawyers believe that an amendment of the Consti¬ munists will continue to hold before the Japanese the tempt¬ tution is required despite General MacArthur’s statement in ing prospect of trade with the mainland. They will capitalize January 1950 that by no sophistry of reasoning can Article upon Japanese sensitivity on the subject because their own 9 be interpreted “as complete negation of the inalienable ability to use resources such as coking coal and iron ore right of self-defense against unprovoked attack.” in no way compares to the economic benefits which would Many Japanese fear that the creation and maintenance of flow from receiving products of Japanese industry in ex¬ an army would intensify Japan’s economic difficulties and change. result in the reduction of an already low standard of living. In any event, the Japanese Government, recognizing the Still others fear that the creation of any type of military force importance to the Soviet bloc of materials of a strategic mili¬ might result in a resurgence of the ultra-militaristic and tary nature, has imposed a complete embargo on the export ultra-nationalistic elements which previously led the Japanese of such items to Communist China or to any other communist nation into disaster. These persons tend to support a neu¬ area. Prime Minister Yoshida pointed out in his letter of tralist course of action and the identification of Japan with a December 24 to Mr. Dulles that the Chinese Communist possible Asiatic third force as a means of avoiding embroil¬ regime “stands actually condemned by the United Nations ment in great power conflicts. of being an aggressor and in consequence the United Nations The Japanese people have indicated their increasing aware-

MARCH, 1952 17 ness of the necessity of rearmament and the need to assist in pation directives in order to incorporate such modifications their self-defense, particularly since the outbreak of aggres¬ as past experience and the present situation might render sion in Korea. While only one political group, the Demo¬ necessary and desirable. Since then there have been indi¬ cratic Party, has formally favored rearmament, it is evident cations in the press that certain elements in Japan are anxious that most Japanese are adjusting themselves to the realities not only to modify the reforms in order to assure their more of the international scene and the inevitability of eventual efficient and workable operation, but also to undermine rearmament. There is almost no evidence of adverse com¬ drastically certain of the basic Occupation-sponsored meas¬ ment against the reported strengthening of the National ures, such as the labor laws, the civil code, the educational Police Reserve, the organization of 75,000 men separate system, the anti-monopoly legislation and the delegation from the regular police force which was authorized by SCAP of certain central government functions to local authorities. in July 1950 to strengthen Japan’s internal security. These proposals have not only aroused certain doubts in foreign countries as to Japan’s long-term adherance to Effect of Reforms democratic principles but have also created fears in the The question has been raised as to whether Japan, in view more politically conscious segments of the Japanese popula¬ of its economic problems and need to rearm, will be able to tion which the reform program benefits. Possibly in order retain the positive accomplishments of the Occupation and to check such reaction, Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs preserve a democratic form of parliamentary government. Sadao Iguchi stated on October 30 to the American Chamber The Occupation policies went far to eradicate all military of Commerce in Japan that: influences in Japan; create a basis for representative govern¬ “The post-war democratic reforms are supported by ment in Japan under civil control and responsible to the an overwhelming majority of the Japanese people and wishes of a majority of the people; guarantee the rights of . t p' i., " women; facilitate the establishment of free and independent mm labor unions; weaken the stranglehold of the monopolies on the Japanese economy and set the pattern for a land reform program which stands in marked contrast to the so-called “land reforms” taking place in Communist-dominated coun¬ tries. These reforms met the desires of many Japanese and were carried out in a spirit of cooperation and understand¬ ing. Recently, however, there has been a growing feeling that the reforms were carried out to an extent unsuited to Japanese conditions and that loyalty to most Japenese tra¬ ditional institutions and social and cultural customs should not be discarded. The present attitude toward the Emperor is indicative of the way the Japanese people have assimilated the reforms into their traditional social pattern. Under the Occupation the Emperor formally withdrew any claim to divinity and accepted a constitutional status as “the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people.” While the Japanese people have come to view the Imperial institution with a more critical eye, most Japanese are emotionally opposed to any Japanese fishermen loading nets on their boat preparing for a fishing suggestion, such as that advanced by the Communists and a trip at Oiso Beach, 40 miles west of Tokyo, small portion of the intelligentsia, to eliminate the institution. they mean to pursue the democratic way of life as the Reverence for the Emperor has shown a persistent quality wisest and only sure course to happiness and well-being. which has tended to increase during the past year or two. Technical changes may be made in post-war reform The Emperor has remained, despite the post-war changes, a legislation to better adapt them to the needs and re¬ symbol of the stability of the nation and its tradition, culture quirements of Japanese conditions, but the basic demo¬ and history. cratic principles and processes which now regulate our There has also been some recent evidence that despite the life are here to stay because they are good for us and extension of political and social equality to women under the because they are not necessarily alien to our historical Occupation, Japanese women are failing as a group to take tradition.” advantage of their new found freedom and are tending to In the preamble to the Treaty of Peace, Japan committed return to their traditional and subordinate role in society. itself to apply for membership in the United Nations and in While there are noted exceptions to this trend, particularly all circumstances to conform to the principles of the Charter in urban areas, it will be years before a clear estimate can of the United Nations; to strive to realize the objectives of be made of the effect on the traditional hierarchal pattern the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; to seek to create of the grant of legal equality to women. Wage earners, too, within Japan conditions of stability and well-being as defined have shown a willingness to seek security in reverting to a in Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations more docile and cooperative relationship with their em¬ (already initiated by post-surrender Japanese legislation) ployers. and in public and private trade and commerce to conform to Reforms Questioned as Unworkable internationally accepted fair practices. It has also become evident during the last two years that Japan’s Ability to Assimilate Ideas certain of the reforms have been incorporated into adminis¬ The final test as to the extent to which the Occupation tratively unworkable laws. In recognition of this develop¬ reforms will be woven into Japan’s basic social fabric when ment, General Ridgway in his Constitution Day statement the Japanese Government is fully in control will depend on on May 1, 1951, authorized the Japanese Government to several inter-related factors. The strength and civic con- review existing ordinances issued in accordance with Occu¬ (Continued on page 54)

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Benjamin Wick Sea-going Farmer

By EDWARD J. NORTON* Foreign Service Officer, Retired

Another flaming dusk embraced the Peninsula of Aden. “Now, Bill, don’t be starchy. Upon my Sam I did the The Consulate, where I had combined offices and living best for him. Anyway, O-awfully-K, old bean. Load off quarters, had closed; only the servants were about. I sat my mind if you know what I mean! Cheerio and pip-pip!” on the verandah as usual. And, as usual, the same old He hung up. mangy camel pulled a sprinkling cart around the dusty To tell the truth, I was rather pleased that Bob Highland square. In all the courts the Somali’s—mothers-in-law, had shifted his load in my direction. Life at Aden was not wives, husbands and children—began their evening jabber. exactly exciting—only when the P & 0 steamers on their The punkah-wallahs went to work but the breeze they raised voyages to Bombay or back to Britain deposited their pas¬ didn’t help much. sengers ashore for a few hours. The vice consul had been So, what with the heat and the glow of sunset on the sea transferred and at times I felt so lonely that I wanted to outside, I grew drowsy and all but slept. The boy aroused howl. Now, apparently, I had some sort of company; but me, announcing a visitor. how would it work out? Unmistakably American, his six feet two inches nearly A Farmer From Idaho reached the top of the door frame. Grey-eyed, about twenty- four years of age, incredibly thin and sun-burned, he was I found my visitor sitting on the edge of a chair holding ragged as a dervish. And his hair wanted cutting. skinny knees. The voyage from Zanzibar had been hellish, “Take a pew,” I suggested. he said; high seas along the coast and across the Indian He dropped a grimy rucksack on the floor and stood Ocean. And the chow the Arabs dished up—rice and rancid fumbling in the pockets of an equally grimy coat. Finally ghee, wormy dates, stale bread and what not—had given he produced an envelope and handed it to me. The enclo¬ him kolywobbles. I ordered the boy to bring a double peg sure from Tommy Blunt, my colleague at Zanzibar, con¬ and splash in a lot of soda. The chap pushed the drink tained calamity: down and seemed to buck up a bit. “I’m a farmer from Idaho—the name is Wick. . . .” “Dear Bill— Despite the peg he looked and acted seven-eighths dead. There’s no salvation here for the bearer of this dis¬ I interrupted: patch. I’ve had him on my hands for three months. “We’ll talk about that later. Meanwhile, you stop here. Enough, sometimes, is too much. Come along!” I’ve told the Arabs that the farmer is off his onion; When he stood I found he was worse than I thought— they have accepted him as one afflicted of Allah and plain weary and exhausted. I helped him down the corridor. carry him free, gratis, for nothing. Do what you can “Here’s your room. Across the hall is a bath on so on. Turn for the poor chump and may Our Uncle, who is in in and get some rest.” Washington, promote you and . . .” As the Arabs had stolen the clothes that Tommy Blunt had given him I dug out pajamas, and in a few moments I More eyewash followed but I couldn’t read it then, being heard the farmer plunk down under the mosquito net. called to the telephone by Captain Bob Highland, M.C., I dined alone that night. I had breakfast alone the follow¬ D.S.O., etc., etc., of the Port Authority, Royal Indian Ma¬ ing morning. The boy told me he had brought coffee to rine: the new Sahib who gulped a cup of it and rolled over to “I say, Bill, very dear sir and old top—has a bloke re¬ sleep again like a tired pup. ported to you?” No wonder. A voyage in a dhow from Zanzibar with “Bloke is right. Has.” Arabs who know you are dotty; who yell like fiends pos¬ “The crew of the dhow swore the blighter was crazy but, sessed when they hoist or lower or trim a patched lateen sail; as he carried a letter to you, I allowed him to land. You who navigate like Flying Dutchmen—not exactly an experi¬ looking awfter him? Because we cawn’t have unemployed ence from which you may expect quick recovery—even after Yanks — loony or otherwise — barging about here, if you a slug of coffee. follow me!” The farmer stumbled out of his condition of torpidity “Well—as you put him ashore, you bemedalled ape, I suppose I shall have to take care of him.” * Author of Tragedy on the Potomac in the February JOURNAL.

MARCH, 1952 19 aboqt noon, had a wash and brush-up, joined me at lunch¬ Born with a love of books he had grown up with Messrs. eon. Incidentally, the thermometer marked another day hot Marco Polo, Richard Hakluyt, Robinson Crusoe, Herman enough to melt the horns off a cow. But he polished off a Melville, Charles Kingsley and others of that ilk, et many al. satisfying meal, displayed excellent table manners. Then he Thus, after long hours behind a plow—when sometimes disappeared again, under the mosquito net. his furrows represented corkscrews—magic slumber carried He showed up later, after the boy had sounded the gong, him on voyages of discovery, with cargoes of Idaho spuds, and I saw he looked and felt a lot better. to Tarshish, Nineveh and points East. He bartered potatoes After dinner, stretched in steamer chairs, we lit the long for spices, silks, oriental perfumes and what not. thin Panetelas that I brought in from Madras. Once, heading for a Persian port to pick up ostrich feath¬ The farmer began the conversation. “Mr. Consul, I am ers—keeping the sun well over the fore-yard, navigating more than grateful for your hospitality. Yet, how long do cautiously through the exotic loveliness of the Grecian Isles you think shall I be forced to remain here?” —he suddenly realized that ostriches didn’t grow in Persia. “Problematical. Where do you want to go?” Peacocks did. He wasn’t interested in peacocks. So he took “Home!” the wheel, spun the spokes like mad, putting the helm hard “Poets have said there’s no place like it.” to starboard. “Pm one of them.” The obedient galliot turned on her tail, quivering. He And he added: “Come snakes or high water, I want to steadied her, pointed her bow toward the shimmering Adri¬ get back to the Panhandle. By Gum! If I can ever stamp atic for Venice where he would seek precious glassware and my hoofs on the old ranch, I’ll be willing to give up the culti¬ wrought silver. vation of potatoes and grow spinach—or sheep!” Back again, treasure stowed under the main hatch, around He spoke with such passion that I had to laugh. the toe of the boot of Italy, into the Mediterranean and its “Couldn’t I get to Bombay, find a job, and save money blueness, he set his course for Genoa. There, according to enough to pay my passage to the States?” marine low-down, warehouses were crammed with rare wines, “I’ll send you to Bombay. But a job there? Save money? lovely statuary, gorgeous leather-work and embroideries— Farm hands in that part of India are paid from six to sixteen but the floors were bare of potatoes. Fortunately, however, dollars per annum. A good blacksmith may earn fifteen he had a few tons of that farinaceous product in the ’tween dollars a month; an expert carpenter is in luck when his deck. Here then, he would make a killing. wages go as high as twenty dollars a month. Then, you must Several roosters crowed outside. The farmer turned over, possess some knowledge of Urdu, Bishari, Gujariti, Marathi, struggled back to his dream. Hindi—or one of the many tongues of the Presidency. Fur¬ The Genovese had congregated on the quay to welcome thermore, how many decent jobs have you found since you him. In the throng a beautiful girl was waving to him. She left home? How much money did you save?” was slim, brown and eager, and in him she had discerned “I should have known,” admitted the farmer sadly. “But gallant youth. He waved back to her and how the crowd all the mental stuffing seems to have been knocked out of yelled. . . . me.” WHAM! It was the alarm clock set to ring intermittently at five thirty! His dream was over. He had to climb, grey- eyed, out of the hay, stagger into the yard, feed the live stock and collect the eggs. That sort of thing continued for a long time. One day, after disposing of a wagon-load of murphies, he mooned into the Public Library. A provocative looking but witless gal behind the desk urged upon him a fat volume by Mr. Harry Franck (“A Vagabond Journey Around the World”). Over this masterpiece the farmer burned unrationed kero¬ sene. Hitherto he had known only the classics of adventure; he was sublimely unconscious of modern, ripe, juicy stuff. Now -—Providence had pointed the way. Had not Mr. Franck written . . . “A man can girdle the globe without money, weapons or baggage”? And he did it, By Gum! He sold his cow, some of his chickens, paid a bill at the drug store, bought a new pair of shoes. With cash in hand amounting to eighty-seven dollars and thirty-five cents, he “It’s the frying pan or the fire,” I said. “However, for the packed an exceedingly small bag, slung the strap over his time being, don’t worry. I’ll put you up—I’m alone here. shoulder and said Adios to the Old Folks. There was no And somehow, I’ll find work for you.” holding him. He had determined to do a bit of vagabonding “Thanks again. I want work. I’m rather sick of being on his own—to out-Franck Harry—and do it without weap¬ a tramp.” ons or potatoes. “Well, why did you leave the Panhandle?” By flipping blind baggages at water tanks, sneaking into The farmer grinned. “I read a book.” side-door Pullmans when tough brakemen were not looking, “Some books,” I remarked, “are responsible for a lot of and walking miles over the ballast, he enjoyed free transpor¬ trouble, even when written in Yiddish.” tation to North Yakima, or Seattle, or somewhere. Anyway, “This one was in English. And hereafter I shall confine wherever it was, the State Fair was going strong. my reading to works on cookery, international law and scien¬ He briefed himself by touring the grounds. In the rear of tific agriculture.” With that the farmer yawned mightily a gaily be-flagged building he bumped into a congregation and his cigar finished, I sent him to bed. of sportsmen visibly fascinated by the eloquence of an im¬ I heard the farmer’s story in a patchy way. Putting it maculately tailored philanthropist who was donating cash together it fitted like this: (Continued on page 52)

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Foreword “The red uniform (criminal uniform) I wear for the sake of my country, Toward the close of the difficult pre-war years our rela¬ Is in my mind of gold brocade.” tions with Japan were made even more distressing by the Even before the outbreak of the war when relations between arrest and imprisonment of Interpreter Chuhei Matsuo of the United States and Japan were strained, I was persecuted our Consulate in Formosa. and humiliated, and was under constant vigilant watch of The ostensible reasons for action taken against Mr. Matsuo both the military and civil police. Even my friends refrained by the Japanese Military Police were at variance with their from access to me. As I avoided underhanded activities on real motives which unfortunately were activated by a desire consular duties, I refrained from calling at private houses or for revenge. The result was a blot on the name of Japan residences of my friends and acquaintances in order not to and a miscarriage of Japanese justice. inflict troubles on them. Especially after my imprisonment, Mr. Matsuo preferred to have his life blasted and to ex¬ with a few exceptions, none called at my house, according to pose himself and his family to shame rather than to betray my wife. My wife experienced how cold human nature was. his trust. Such high-principled devotion to duty deserved I thought: greater reward than the Department of State could accord, “I have many friends, and came to Mr. Matsuo through inner satisfaction that he But how many of them are true had done his part well in the cause of Japanese-American After I am in prison.” friendship. Mr. Matsuo’s story, told publicly in this issue of the FOR¬ I have no words to thank my wife for her fortitude with EIGN SERVICE JOURNAL for the first time, forms a fitting which she brought up and educated the children in the face tribute to his life. He died on January 19. His story is one of humiliation and persecution as a family of a man who had of inspiring loyalty with few parallels in the Foreign Service, been imprisoned as a spy and a traitor for the interests of a which will be appreciated by his friends, and will be highly country which was Japan’s strongest and main foe. The anti¬ valued by those who find Service loyalty so frequently ques¬ enemy campaign led by the militarists was so strong and tioned these days. thoroughgoing that even a few words of fair comment in Joseph C. Grew favor of the enemy cost a man immediate arrest and jail. I former U.S. Ambassador to Japan also apologize and thank my children for the misfortune and for their understanding of my motives, and for their Excerpts obedience to their mother’s advice in carrying on their studies without heeding persecution and humiliation. I owe my life to my mental consolation and satisfaction that I had done right for the sake of humanity, to the sym¬ BIRTHS pathy shown by the Department of State which assured fi¬ nancial support of my family, to my wife’s fortitude in the AMOTT. A daughter, Teresa Louise, born to FSO and Mrs. John C. face of social ostracism and humiliation, and to my moral Amott on December 4, 1951 in La Paz. Mr. Amott is 2nd Secretary training at the prison. The teachings contained in the at the Embassy in La Paz. Chinese classical book on moral culture entitled “Saikon BARTELT. A son, John Rudolph, born to VC and Mrs. John R. Tan” (Narrative of Vegetable Roots) were a source of con¬ Bartelt, Jr., on January 26, 1952 in Accra, G. C. BUTTON. A son, Van Tries Owen, born to VC and Mrs. Jack B. solation. The teachings were based on those of Confucius, Button on January 10, 1952 in Berlin. Buddhism, and Taoism. The title of the book was derived GROVER. A daughter, Lynn Ann, born to Mr. and Mrs. Hal Grover from the teaching of Wang Hsin-min, an ancient Chinese on January 27, 1952 in Rome. scholar and saint, who wrote that a man who could live on INGERSOLL. A daughter, Laura Anne, born to Mr. and Mrs. John J. vegetables alone could do anything. At the prison, criminals Ingersoll on January 24, 1952 in Amsterdam. have to live on vegetables alone besides rice. I concurred ISOLA. A daughter, Diane Daniele, born to Mr. and Mrs. Paul with what was stated on the first page of this book, which Isola on February 3, 1952 in Paris. runs as follows: McAULIFFE. A son, Lawrence Francis, born to Mr. and Mrs. Eugene V. McAuliffe on January 11, 1952. “Those who lead a moral life feel lonesome temporarily; PITTS. A daughter, Sandra Louise, born to Consul and Mrs. Henry those who flatter influence and power feel lonesome eter¬ Pitts on February 4, 1952, in Trieste. Mr. Pitts is Consul in Venice, nally. A master sees the spiritual side of affairs and thinks Italy. of life after death. Do not be eternally lonesome rather RHODE. A daughter, Astrid Martha, bom to VC and Mrs. Edwin than being so temporarily.” H. Rhode on November 19, 1951 in Berlin. SEWARD. A daughter, Julia Ellen, born to Mr. and Mrs. Seward When I realized that I was jailed because of my moral on January 12, 1952 in Buenos Aires. duty to men and repented my past crimes and sins, I began SHEARER. A daughter, Evelyn, born to Mr. and Mrs. Eric Shearer to feel light mentally in spite of the physical ordeal due to on January 18, 1952 in Rome. scanty food and clothes and barren environment. I com¬ SKOFIELD. A son, William Hubbard, born to VC and Mrs. Herman posed : T. Skofield, on February 1, 1952 at Berlin. “Kuni no tame yono tame ni kiru akagoromo TENNYSON. A daughter, born to Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Tennyson Waga kokoro niwa nishiki nari keri.” on January 31, 1952 in Rome.

MARCH, 1952 21 ple’s Democracies” of Rumania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Albania, Czechoslovakia, and of the two countries, Greece and Yugoslavia. He begins with an analysis of the pre¬ war political and social structure in each of these countries, THE BOOKSHELF the sociological composition of their political parties, their economic problems, and goes on to trace the impact of Nazi Francis C. deWolf, Review Editor conquest on each. He gives primary attention, however, to changes wrought in these societies by the sovietization of all of them except Greece and by the subjection of all but Greece and Yugoslavia to the status of instruments of Soviet policy. Cairo to Damascus, by John Roy Carlson. Knopf, $4.50. The concluding chapter advocates a dual policy of “de¬ Reviewed by WILLIAM J. PORTER fensive” power in Europe and “offensive strength” in Asia and Africa. The West, the author holds, must depend on its What an extraordinary book! It seems as though Carlson own unity, military strength, and constant vigilance to hold has gone out of his way to record and dilate every vice to be back Soviet encroachments at such danger points as Ger¬ found in the Arab areas. The emphasis he places on this many, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Scandinavia. But, with re¬ aspect of his work perhaps provides us with the reason for spect to Asia and Africa, the problem is to win and hold the his hope, expressed in the introduction, that Armenians in support of the peoples, something which, the author believes, the Middle East will not suffer because he “happened to can be done by the West through its superior economic write this book.” Aside from its general tone, Cairo to strength and enlightened political ideas, but not through Damascus contains inaccuracies of name and fact, such as arms. Success of such a policy as that proposed for Asia the designation of our former Ambassador to Iraq (now and Africa would, the author concludes, result in the suc¬ Ambassador to Turkey) as “James” Wadsworth and the cessful containment of Soviet power. crediting to him of a “forthright” statement to the effect that we have no policy in the Middle East. Anyone who has known both the Ambassador and Carlson for some years, NO WOMAN’S COUNTRY: Travels in the Anglo- as your reviewer has, would naturally be inclined to hear the Egyptian Sudan, by Michael Langley. New York, Phi¬ veteran diplomat on that subject before accepting Carlson’s losophical Library, 1951. 211 pages. 58 illustrations. Index. version. $4.50. The book contains, inside the frontispiece, many photo¬ Reviewed by ELEANOR WEST graphs, of themselves interesting examples of the photogra¬ pher’s art. One purports to show Arab “lovers” of the Now is the most propitious time to read “No Woman’s male sex, who are identified as such because they walk Country.” Egypt has just declared unity with the Anglo- along a city street arm-in-arm or with fingers linked. Per¬ Egyptian Sudan. sons with Middle Eastern experience will urge upon Carlson The first sixteen chapters of Mr. Langley’s book takes in the unwisdom of generalizations concerning oriental cus¬ his tour of the south Sudan. It is very interesting, but has toms; and in considering this book, the reader will do well too many trivialities and irrelevancies. If Mr. Langley had to bear in mind the author’s inexperience in the area, as been able to read some ethnological material regarding Afri¬ well as his statement that he is telling the truth as he can tribes and customs prior to his trip he would have been “saw it.” able to explain and correlate much more of what he saw. Also, it is the south that will need more thought for devel¬ The East European Revolution, by Hugh Seton-Watson. opment. It is in the south where they have to combat the Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., New York, 1951, 400 pages with tsetse fly, the simulin fly and other tropical disease-bearing index. $5.50. insects before they can plan with any great success. It is Reviewed by W. E. O’CONNOR odd that the use of D.D.T. was not mentioned although other methods of control were cited. This book, written by a British historian presently teach¬ ing at Oxford, deals with the history of the satellite “Peo¬ Beginning with Chapter XYII the book increases in in¬ terest. Here he gives some political history, more detailed information about what the British have been doing in the Sudan, and the more successful agricultural projects, chiefly cotton. Of course, too, with Chapter XVII he begins the last lap of his journey which is through the northeast Sudan, which is no longer equatorial and where the chief hindrance to agricultural development is insufficient water. Here are the cotton experiments of Gezira and Kassala and the plans for bananas, which someone suggested should be named “Sudanas.” The cotton experiment lias been so successful (due to the Sennar Dam) that the Condominium now has a balanced budget. Mr. Langley has not ignored education and social reforms. Mr. Langley makes allusions and sketches of the British colonial of the Kipling era type which are most amusing. He has extremely apt pictures of such people throughout his book. A further inducement to reading his book is the 58 pictures taken by the author on his travels throughout the Sudan. And one irrelevancy on the part of the reviewer: his

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL book is dedicated to “Caroline, who stayed behind.” One NEW AND INTERESTING remains curious about Caroline behind in a “No Woman’s By FRANCIS COLT DE WOLF Country.” 1. MELVILLE GOODWIN, U. S. A., by John P. Mar- Psychological Factors of Peace and War. Edited by quand $3.75 T. H. Pear. Published by the Philosophical Library, Inc., The Story of a West Pointer or how a simple lad from New York, N. Y., 1950. 255 pages. $4.75. New England made good in the United States Army, as told (slightly cynically) by a nationally known radio commen¬ Reviewed by ARTHUR L. LEBEL tator (who met him in Paris under circumstances not usually Ever since this generation can remember, statesmen and mentioned in the success stories of Horatio Alger). scholars the world over have been endeavoring to find the real causes of war, as one of the phases of the over-all effort 2. JEFFERSON SELLECK by Carl Jonas $3.00 to remove that evil from human society. To that end, many Jefferson Selleck is a 1950 Babbitt who, like his illustrious fields have been explored and many schemes devised. predecessor, hails from the Middle West, from the middle “Psychological Factors of Peace and War” is a serious classes, and who tells his story from the point of view of a and rather searching effort to discover whether and to what middle-aged man slightly soured like yesterday’s cream puff. extent wars can be the result of some kind of popular psy¬ The Book-of-the-Month selection for February. chosis. It also discusses the methods (psychological, edu¬ 3. COMMUNISM AND CHRIST, by Charles W. Lowry cational, etc.) which are likely to be effective in correcting Communism is a new religion—which eventually will be this undesirable penchant of mass mentality. The book con¬ defeated by Christianity. A timely and absorbing analysis tains eleven chapters which are the separate contributions of the global conflict now obsessing us all. $2.50 of nine different authors. Each chapter covers a separate phase of the problem. Members of the Association may order any commercially All in all, it is believed that this book is well worth read¬ published book at a 20% discount except encyclopedias and ing. True, it is not exactly light reading, but it opens a new dictionaries. Send check with your order to The American avenue of thinking and produces one of the most pleasant Foreign Service Association, care of the Department of effects on the mind in that it stimulates thinking. State.

originally they were used only by grand ladies and they did THAT RICKSHAW “INVENTION” not come into general use until later. By SAMUEL SOKOBIN, Foreign Service Officer, Retired Perhaps the idea of the modern rickshaw was born as We think of the Rickshaw as the essence of things Japa¬ nese, and yet foreign merchants and missionaries, in the seventies, generously attributed its invention to an American named Goble, “half-cobbler and half-missionary.” (See “Twenty-five years ago” in July, 1950, JOURNAL.) How¬ ever, Atlas Japanensis, London, 1670, has an engraving of a little vehicle described as follows: “And lastly, The whole Procession was clos’d by the sev¬ eral Maids of Honor, carry’d in little two-Wheel’d Chariots, which as the print represents, are shod at the end with Plates of Silver and Gilt, the Fellies of the Wheels shod also with Copper; the Seat in the Stern, fitted to hold one in great State, spread with Tapistry, which hangs down betwixt the Wheels; the empty part before fashioned like an Oval, is open, she having a stately canopy over her, defends her from Rain and Sun, and when she pleases, she draws her ty’d up Curtains to keep off the Wind, being driven along by a lusty Man, with two Poles athwart his shoulders. . .” In my collection of early American and European books and pictures relating to China and Japan, is an engraving probably published in 1680, identical with the one in Atlas Japanensis, bearing the title “Chariots splendides pour le Puccini’s Lieutenant Pinkerton* reflected aboard his warship divertissement des Demoiselles Japanoises,” here reproduced. anchored in Nagasaki Harbor that he could get to Butterfly’s Furthermore, one of my volumes on Japan, London, 1823, house in rapid time if only her little vehicle and servant were has for its frontispiece a delightful, colored engraving en¬ at the jetty to meet him. titled “Lady in a Car.” The description reads:— “For the purpose of taking an airing, ladies frequently * Puccini of course wrote only the music for Madam Butterfly. employ a peculiar kind of vehicle. . . It is provided with The opera was founded on the story by John Luther Long, who had an awning, and cushions to sit upon; moves on two never been in Japan. It was Long’s sister, Mrs. Irwin Correll, the wheels, and is propelled by a servant in the rear by means wife of a well known American missionary in Japan, who furnished him with the story and atmosphere of the Japanese tragedy which of shafts which rest upon his shoulders.” was dramatized by David Belasco, Long’s nephew. Irvin Clement The account of the Perry Expedition (1852-52) gives no Correll was appointed Vice Consul and stationed at Yokohama in description or illustration of a rickshaw and so it seems that 1918, in Dairen in 1919, and in Nagasaki in 1921.

MARCH, 1952 23 LOYALTY of

By GERALD WARNER LOCAL EMPLOYEES m the FOREIGN SERVICE

The recent death in Tokyo of Interpreter Chuhei been welcomed by the Japanese Government in Taiwan. The Matsuo, 63, of the Office of the United States Political records of the Consulate for 1896, for instance, report an Adviser for Japan brings to an untimely close the career of a early “spy case” involving an American tourist and his most senior and loyal local employee in our Foreign Service. camera, and the sensitiveness of the Military in this and The event merits mention of a little known chapter in our other respects grew with the years. relations with the militaristic Japan of pre-war days. The Military considered it inimical to Japanese interests to Mr. Matsuo entered the Foreign Service as a Clerk in the have Matsuo at the American Consulate providing a source Consulate in his home town of Nagasaki on February 1, of reports to the United States Government on Formosan 1916 and had thus completed nearly 36 years of Foreign economic activities and developments even of the most rou¬ Service when he died. He was transferred to Taihoku, the tine nature and in accordance with accepted international capitol of Formosa in 1917 as Clerk and in addition, be¬ consular practice. Openhanded provision of economic data came Interpreter at that office in 1922. Until his imprison¬ by the United States Government was not reciprocated. Lo¬ ment on May 7, 1940 he rendered consistently conscientious cal sources of information gradually dried up under ground¬ and faithful service. This was recognized by unvarying less suspicion of ulterior motives. This attitude prevailed ratings of Excellent on his efficiency record by every officer despite the fact that United States consular offices and em¬ with whom he served including Messrs. Neville, Dooman, ployees were under standing instructions to promote good Kirjasoff, Hitchcock, Goodier, DeVault, Nason, Reed, Hill, relations and to refrain from activities in the conduct of con¬ Ketcham, McConaughy, Maney, Rowe, Emmerson and my¬ sular business which could be questioned by the government self. But over and above official expressions of approval he of the country in which they served. Mr. Matsuo felt that found a place in the hearts of all who served with him, who the selfish and suspicious attitude toward foreigners gen¬ uniformly came to recognize his selfless and high-principled erated by pre-war Militarists and police authorities and in¬ devotion to duty and his guiding star—betterment of Japa- stilled into an otherwise friendly Japanese people resulted in nese-American relations. He was likewise esteemed by the isolation, and has since felt this to have been a principal local Japanese community in which he held various social cause of the eventual downfall of the Japanese Empire. He positions of responsibility and trust. felt that the military masters of Japan had become so self- Only last fall, Mr. Matsuo received signal recognition as centered and conceited over Japan’s own remarkable prog¬ the first Japanese national to be granted a Meritorious Serv¬ ress and achievements that they neglected to develop all- ice Award by the Department of State. His award explained important friendly relations with the rest of the world. in part that “because he refused to divulge United States Throughout the years the authorities in Taiwan placed official matters, he was arrested in May 1940 by the Japanese obstacles in the path of normal functioning of the Consulate. military police” in Formosa. Imprisoned until September For instance in 1920 Vice Consul Dooman complained of 1943, he emerged broken in health and lived out the balance the difficulties of obtaining commercial information and of of the war in ostracism and humiliation with his wife and the suspicions of the military. That such suspicions were six children. He was under surveillance and constant threat unfounded is illustrated by the way in which American con¬ of liquidation should Formosa be invaded. suls on occasion cooperated with the police authorities in Today arrests and even disappearance without explanation apprehending traitors. Thus, somewhat earlier Dooman had of alien local employees of our foreign service establishments in totalitarian states are not rare. In pre-war Japan, how¬ ever, the arrest of Matsuo for performance of official duties was unprecedented. Gerald Warner served as Principal Officer in our Consulate in Taiwan Formosa’s History of Unwarranted Suspicion from November 1937 to April 1941, At the time of Matsuo’s arrest Japan had for some time and knew Matsuo well. Mr. Warner is now assigned to the Department been pushing its “southward expansion policy” and Formosa as Officer in Charge of Japanese was the base for those operations as well as being the “un- Affairs, in the Office of Northeast sinkable aircraft carrier” used in Japanese raids on the Asian Affairs. mainland of China. Even from the earliest days of its acquisition from China in 1895 foreign interests had never

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL very properly assisted military police in arresting a Japanese to me by stating that Matsuo was being questioned as a who had tried to sell him a map of the Keelung fortified Japanese subject for personal wrongdoing which had noth¬ zone. For this assistance Dooman was ungratefully accused ing to do with consular activities. The authorities never of being an accessory to the crime! Consul Hitchcock like¬ furnished us with an official explanation of Matsuo’s arrest wise observed in 1922 that difficulties in obtaining commer¬ and not until he had gone through the ordeal of three cial information had always prevailed in Taiwan. In 1923 “trials” and had been sentenced to three years imprisonment Consul Goodier complained of delays in replies to official at hard labor did his wife divulge the true reason for his inquiries made of the Taiwan Government. In 1927 Consul seizure and subsequent sentence on manufactured charges. DeVault stated that in no other part of Japan was informa¬ Action against him originated in 1938 in Matsuo’s consistent tion guarded so jealously and effectively, and he observed refusal to comply with the repeated requests of the Military that the military prevented disclosure to foreigners of the Police that Matsuo obtain or locate the office code book (to most routine information regarding Taiwan’s economic re¬ which Matsuo never had access), office keys, certain records, sources and progress. In 1933 Consul Ketcham made a simi¬ and the combination of office safes. They gave Matsuo sev¬ lar report of the difficulties in obtaining economic informa¬ eral chances during 1939 to reconsider the request but tion. He too exercised fair play and cooperation in assisting finally swore to get him for his refusal to “cooperate” in the military police in arresting a prospective Formosan seller betraying his employer. of military secrets and for his pains was likewise falsely ac¬ Loyalty to his employer was one of the guiding stars of cused of being party to this crime. Vice Consuls Mc- Mr. Matsuo’s philosophy and life. Conaughy, Maney, Rowe, Emmerson as well as I made simi¬ lar complaints. In these later years it became a habit of mili¬ tary and police authorities to send “plants” to the Consulate in efforts to trap the consular officer into buying secret plans and maps. After the war against China began in July 1937 anti-spv campaigns became a regular part of the Taiwan scene and were generally directed at American and British consuls who were the only full-time representatives of foreign governments stationed there in those pre-war days. A Consul in Formosa was subjected to continual surveil¬ lance by military and police authorities. Police detectives recorded and questioned consular visitors. Employees and servants were at times intimidated and suborned. Official and private mail was continually subject to censorship. Coded telegrams were frequently delayed in transmission and decoded by the Military en route. Trap Laid for Matsuo As relations between the United States and Japan became increasingly strained during the late thirties, Mr. Matsuo found that his activities at the Consulate were suspect by Front row, I. to r.: Junko, youngest daughter, Mrs. Matsuo and Chuhei Matsuo. Back row: Noboru, eldest son; Yasuko, 3rd daughter; Hiroko, the military and civil police and that he too was subject to eldest daughter; Sueko, 2nd daughter; and Takeshi, 2nd son. their continual watch. His friends feared to associate with him and he refrained from calling on them in order to avoid Mrs. Matsuo said she had not told me of this surprising the mutual embarrassment of subsequent police questioning. aspect of the case until the final chance of freeing her hus¬ Office activities were of the normal consular variety—certi¬ band had ended in failure on September 11, 1940. She had fication of invoices and shipping documents, issuance of hoped against hope that her husband would be freed and it visas, notarial services, protection of American trade inter¬ would never be necessary for her or her husband to men¬ ests and commercial reporting. This latter ordinary activity tion such a shameful matter to me, a matter which she and bothered the Military so that Matsuo was always careful to her husband considered to be a disgrace to the Japanese clear them prior to making an investigation of such local authorities concerned. The Military had accused Matsuo of products as tea or camphor or the local market for American having lost his true Japanese spirit by not complying with manufactures, or before compiling such reports as the annual such a “simple” request, and one of Matsuo’s lawyers sub¬ automotive survey. The latter report proved to furnish the sequently confirmed that this refusal to “cooperate” was held technical reason for which Matsuo’s arrest and imprisonment against Matsuo during the “trials” which were held in for three years was eventually made. Every January since camera. Incidentally, the Japanese lawyers who handled 1923 the office in Taiwan as well as consular offices through¬ the case during the first two “trials” were intimidated to out the world had been required to submit an automotive re¬ such an extent by reactionary elements that it was necessary port. Although local automotive dealers had imported few to bring a noted criminal lawyer from Japan to handle the vehicles since the start of the hostilities with China in 1937, case in its final stage. This attorney’s chief claim to fame the reports were made as a matter of routine. In 1939 and was his prior defense of a Japanese lady doctor who put again in 1940 Mr. Matsuo suspected that the gathering of typhus germs in the bean-jam bun of the lover who bad the usual information by visits to dealers might occasion spurned her, and got seven years for her efforts. difficulties. He cleared in advance with the military police who informed him that there would be no objection to his Embassy’s Intervention Fruitless making the usual commercial inquiries. My official report of the reason for action against Mr. Thus, the trap was laid which was sprung on the morning Matsuo was mailed in mid-September 1940 but never of May 7, 1940. At the time the Taihoku Military Police reached the Embassy in Tokyo. Not until April 1941, when deceived Mr. Matsuo by stating that I had given permission I finally left Taiwan, was I able to bring the full facts in for him to be questioned. They, in turn, subsequently lied (Continued on page 46)

MARCH, 1952 25 Executive and ^yddmin idtrative (jnm en td jor 5

BY THOMAS S. ESTES, FSO-4 Mr. Estes, who believes in practicing what he preaches, is now taking an advanced training course at Harvard Business School.

Despite a somewhat general impression to the contrary, Thus we have the evidence, from the Act of 1946, through it now appears that FSO’s are still eligible for administrative the recommendations of the Secretary’s Committee and the assignments and that more FSO’s will be assigned to ad¬ provisions of the Directive to the precepts for the current ministrative duty in the future. A brief review of the evi¬ Selection Boards, which indicates that FSO’s are not only dence supporting this assumption, and some personal ob¬ still eligible for administrative work, but that additional servations regarding it, may be of general interest. FSO’s will be doing administration in the future. The latest evidence is contained in the precepts to the Selection Boards, as published in the December issue of the Management Is Here to Stay Newsletter and Personnel Circular 89 of December 6. Sec¬ Granting the need for official definition of executive and tion 27 provides that FSO’s in executive, supervisory or non-technical administrative functions, it is possible to offer administrative work should receive equal consideration, on at least a partial answer to the question why FSO’s should a merit basis, with that given officers in other types of work. expect to be concerned with executive and administrative This may well be the first—and a most welcome—step in functions. There is first of all the concept that FSO’s should receive basic training and experience in all branches of the service to the end that they may have a working knowledge of the operating procedure at any post and, in later years, be able to build on that experience in the management of a unit, section or even their own post. Fack of administrative ability can lose an otherwise well-qualified officer a princi¬ pal officer’s job. Another part of the answer of immediate concern may be the need at some posts for more effective executive direction. This involves the planning, organizing and coordination of the total effort, including provision of complete admini¬ strative support (funds, personnel, equipment, technical services) for the substantive programs (political, economic, consular, public affairs and information). The Deputy Chiefs of Mission and the ranking subordinate officers at consular posts are usually considered as the Executive Officers. As such, they are responsible for the performance of these executive functions. Very often, how¬ ever, particularly at the larger Missions, the Deputy must necessarily devote nearly all his time to purely substantive duties. This becomes an even heavier burden where there are economic and military aid program activities to be co¬ ordinated with the Mission’s policies. In such cases the Administrative Officer may find himself trying to do the the implementation of a part of the amalgamation plan executive’s job. As one Chief of Section among several, he which constitutes further evidence of the eligibility of FSO’s can run into difficulties unless he obtains cooperation on a for this kind of duty. The Personnel Improvement Directive personal relationship basis. An even greater handicap than issued in March 1951, otherwise known as the amalgama¬ position, however, may be the lack of substantive training tion plan, states clearly that in accordance with the intent or experience, since it is generally conceded that executive of the Act of 1946 FSO’s are to perform those executive direction is most effective when it is exercised against a solid and professional functions which the Secretary’s Advisory background of substantive experience. Committee on Personnel recommended be performed by Foreign Affairs Officers. In checking the Committee’s Re¬ “Management Adviser” port issued in August 1950, it will be seen that in addition Assignment of an officer who combines both substantive to the better known functions in the political, economic, and administrative experience to be the Administrative consular and public affairs branches, the Committee specifi¬ Officer (whether FSO, FRS or FSS) at these posts would cally recommended that Foreign Affairs Officers fill higher probably help relieve the situation. He could fulfill the role level general and specialized administrative positions. Those of “management adviser” to the Deputy, a role which many administrative positions of a technical nature, however, were wish to see the Administrative Officer play, rather than that to be filled by the Foreign Affairs Clerical and Technical of a “technician.” This might well be the higher level type group. This recommendation is also reflected in the Di¬ of position the Advisory Committee had in mind. Under¬ rective which provides that the Staff Corps will perform standing substantive objectives to be achieved under the technical-administrative duties. (Continued on page 48)

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FROM "IN" TO "OUT"

by ROND DE CUIR

This month we bring you a graphic presentation of one of the most used tools of government—the bureaucratic cliche.

“Inclining toward a view.” “Level-headed thinking.”

Tied up in a conference. “High-level Departmental meeting.”

“Putting teeth into our aid program.

MARCH, 1952 STAFF OF AMERICAN CONSULATE, BERLIN Below, First Row: L. to R.: FSL's John Hackbarth and Annemarie Clemens, FSS L| Weltscheff, FSL Wladislaus Peplinski, Consul Bryant Buckingham, Consul General Rol Service B. Streeper, VC Robert A. Brown, FSS Marion Norris, Vice Consuls Edwin Rohde [ Nicholas Andrews. Second Row: FSS's Verna Kepics, Elizabeth McCarter and Mild Smith, FSL Paula Muhlke, FSS Jean McClure, FSL Hedwig Bastian, FSS's Elizal) Hussman and Griffin Holloran, VC Edward Krache. Third Row: USPH Helga Mil Lisalotte Bayersdorf and Dr. Eva-Marie Misgeld, FSL's Lucie Gutmann, Chi Griesbach, Laura Loewel, Kaete Riedel, Eva-Marie Ebert, Ruth Petzhold, Strube, Marianne Lirk von Constant, Ursula Zinnow, Margot Schahn, Anne- Seelhorst, Maud Jahn, Lotte Gaa, Franz Passler, Erich Ringel, Hertha Krause. Fol (glimpses Row: Vice Consuls Herman Skofield and Lee Cassels, FSL's Karl von Poglies, Gerlf Stoeckel, Andreas Tallosi, Johanna Toetz, Walter Maassen, Bruno Wiechert, G^ Juraschek, Arthur von Magnus, Fritz Schlappack, VC Edgar Garwood. Top FSL's Hugo Krause, Richard Buchholz, Otto Schultz, Johannes Gehler, Hans Horst Jaehnert, Rudolf Lehmann, Rudolf Lorenz. Not in picture: VC Jack B. Bull Barbara Schmidt and FSL Henriette Fiedler.

Ambassador Walter J. Donnelly (left), US High Commissioner for Austria, greets John J. McCloy, US High Commissioner for Germany, and Mrs. McCloy upon their arrival in Vienna for a two-day visit in December.

Below: Col. C. H. Bonesteel, III, receives the Superior Service Award for his work in the preparation of the Mutual Security Program for presentation to Congress. Ambassador Gifford con¬ fers the award in London, as Ambassador Spofford looks on. Col. Bonesteel is on detail from the Army, serving as Executive Director, Below: The first Regional Supervisors' Conference for the Diplomatic Pouch ar| European Coordinating Committee. Jr., Reg. Supervisor, Europe and West Africa; Jack V. Talbot, Reg. Sup., Far I tions and Records, Dept, of State; Sylvain R. Loupe, Diplo. Mail and Courier Courtesy of Ruth G. Michaelson Hemisphere and Australia; John C. Grover, Reg. Sup., Near East and East Afl

mm

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Worta Negara Photo Courtesy George E. Palmer Dorothy Jose, Cultural Officer at Penang, sells the Manuel E. Salazar, clerk in the Consulate at Malaga, Spain, receives a check and letter of first tickets to the Penang International Fun Fair to commendation for a suggestion he submitted to the Employees Suggestion Board. Here are, Mrs. A. Ashton, wife of the Resident Commissioner I. to r.: Messenger Juan Alvarez, FSS Charlotte Allen, Clerk Luis Morales, Clerk Manuel of Penang, and Mr. Heah Joo Seang, President of Salazar, Driver Jose Melo and Principal Officer, George E. Palmer. the Malayan People's Educational Association.

Courtesy Agnes S. Grume These wide eyed youngsters surrounding Santa are the small fry of the Office of the US Jervice, held at Paris. L. to R.: Robert A. Clark, Political Advisor in Tokyo, enjoying a Christmas party at the GHQ Officers' Club. John M. a; Robert E. Stufflebeam, Chief, Div. Communica- Steeves, 1st Secretary, is also in the picture. t. of State; John M. Powell, Reg. Sup., Western H. Ball. Asst. Reg. Sup., Europe and West Africa. Courtesy Robert A. Clark

Right: The ornamentation in front of the Stars and Stripes is the staff of the Consulate in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Seat¬ ed, I. to r.: M. Gabriela Galvan, Admin. Asst. Sue Jean Armstrong, Consul Culver E. Gidden, Guada¬ lupe M. Malone, Maria L. Moses, Maria de la Luz Escudero. Standing, Delfi- no Cantu, Velma M. Saun¬ ders, VC Raymond Bastia- nello, Lucy R. Celaya, Gon- zalo del Castillo.

Courtesy Raymond Bastianello

MARCH, 1952 Canadian Maple Syrup is world renowned for its delicate flavour For cl ean taste... and delightful clean taste.

Say “Canada” and you think of zestful northern air; swift running streams; rich rolling farmlands. It seems only natural, then, that there should be an especially clean taste to so many of the good things to eat and drink from this favoured land. The clean taste, light body and distinctive flavour of Seagram’s V. O. Canadian Whisky mark it as one of the world’s finest whiskies. Taste it and discover for yourself the extra pleasure in every sip. Seaprau&VO. CANADIAN WHISKY From Class two to Class one From Class five to Class four and to be also Consuls of the United States of America Sidney A. Belovsky Raymond P. Ludden Samuel D. Berger Douglas MacArthur, 2d Frederic S. Armstrong, Jr. Joseph A. Mendenhall John H. Bruins Elbert G. Mathews Oscar V. Armstrong Miss Betty Ann Middleton John Willard Carrigan Robert Mills McClintock Quentin R. Bates John Y. Millar Norris B. Chipman Jack K. McFall George F. Bogardus Daniel W. Montenegro Franklin C. Gowen J. Graham Parsons John A. Bovey, Jr. David D. Newsom Carlos C. Hall R. Borden Reams William T. Briggs Miss Helen R. Nicholl Outerbridge Horsey G. Frederick Reinhardt Edward West Burgess James F. O’Connor, Jr. John D. Jernegan Arthur L. Richards Gardner C. Carpenter Mary S. Olmsted Robert P. Joyce William T. Turner Stanley S. Carpenter David L. Osborn Kenneth C. Krentz Ivan B. White Stanley M. Cleveland Robert Irving Owen E. Allan Lightner Charles W. Yost Ralph S. Collins Arthur L. Paddock, Jr. William B. Connett, Jr. Leon B. Poullada From Class three to Class two John B. Crume James W. Pratt Richard T. Davies C. Hoyt Price Patten D. Allen Eric Kocher Alfred P. Dennis Ellwood M. Rabenold, Jr. Maurice M. Bernbaum Edwin M. J. Kretzmann Miss Eileen R. Donovan Robert J. Redington Myron L. Black William L. Krieg Thomas A. Donovan Edwin C. Rendall James E. Brown Perry Laukhuff Leon G. Dorros John Frick Root Thomas S. Campen Andrew G. Lynch Thomas J. Dunnigan Neil M. Ruge Joseph B. Costanzo Thomas C. Mann Paul F. DuVivier Peter Rutter Robert T. Cowan John Fremont Melby Thomas R. Favell Cabot Sedgwick Richard H. Davis Miss Kathleen Molesworth E. Allen Fidel Joseph A. Silberstein Andrew E. Donovan, 2d Charles P. O’Donnell Seymour M. Finger Clyde W. Snider James Espy Elim O’Shaughnessy Richard B. Finn Ernest L. Stanger Willard Galbraith Joseph Palmer, 2d John I. Fishburne John L. Stegmaier Robert F. Hale Edward E. Rice William Dale Fisher Richard H. Stephens Miss Constance R. Harvey Ray L. Thurston David L. Gamon Robert A. Stevenson J. Jefferson Jones, 3d John W. Tuthill Norman B. Hannah James S. Sutterlin Randolph A. Kidder T. Eliot Weil Charles E. Higdon Nicholas C. Thacher Nat B. King Fraser Wilkins John D. lams Malcolm Toon Ridgway B. Knight Miss Dorothy M. Jester Miss Mary Vance Trent Thomas M. Judd Oliver L. Troxel, Jr. From Class four to Class three John Keppel Raymond A. Valliere Stephen A. Koczak Wayland B. Waters W. Wendell Blancke William Koren, Jr. George T. Lister George M. Widney Byron E. Blankinship Eldred D. Kuppinger Albert K. Ludy, Jr. Louis A. Wiesner V. Harwood Blocker Donald W. Lamm Donald S. Macdonald Robert M. Winfree William L. Blue Edward T. Lampson John A. McKesson, 3d Joseph O. Zurhellen, Jr. Robert M. Brandin William Leonhart Everett K. Melby Herbert D. Brewster Aubrey E. Lippincott William C. Burdett, Jr. Rupert A. Lloyd From Class six to Class five William F. Busser Edwin W. Martin Don V. Catlett Charles Robert Moore Charles C. Adams William N. Harben Robert P. Chalker Carl F. Norden Norman Armour, Jr. Russell C. Heater Ralph N. Clough Julian L. Nugent, Jr. John H. Barber Thomas F. Hoctor Wymberley DeR. Coerr William J. Porter Miss Dorothy M. Barker Miss Priscilla Holcombe William E. Cole, Jr. Archibald R. Randolph Robert J. Barnard Jerome K. Holloway, Jr. Thomas J. Cory George W. Renchard Raymond J. Barrett Walter E. Jenkins, Jr. Milton C. Rewinkel Raymond F. Courtney William M. Johnson, Jr. Harold H. Rhodes Carl E. Bartch William A. Crawford Bayard King Maurice S. Rice Raymond J. Becker Thomas P. Dillon Steven Kline John Dorman W. Garland Richardson Frederick H. Behr Arthur B. Emmons, 3d Robert W. Rinden James R. Billman Francis X. Lambert Thomas S. Estes Leslie L. Rood Vincent S. R. Brandt Herbert B. Leggett Nicholas Feld Claude G. Ross Jack B. Button Earl H. Luboeansky C. Vaughan Ferguson, Jr. Terry B. Sanders, Jr. Peter R. Chase Dayton S. Mak Dennis A. Flinn Alexander Schnee Thomas F. Conlon Doyle V. Martin Albert B. Franklin Elvin Seibert John A. Conway Parke D. Massey, Jr. A. David Fritzlan Harold Shullaw Carleton S. Coon, Jr. Mrs. Martha K. Mautner Paul F. Geren Frank G. Siscoe Jonathan Dean Robert A. McKinnon G. McMurtrie Godley Byron B. Snyder Robert W. Dean Daniel J. Meloy Marshall Green Joseph S. Sparks Morris Dembo Sam Moskowitz Paul L. Guest Wallace W. Stuart Walter H. Drew Clifford R. Nelson Franklin Hawley Orray Taft, Jr. Adolph Dubs Daniel O. Newberry Martin J. Hillenbrand John E. Utter Robert W. Eastham John F. O’Donnell, Jr. John Evarts Horner Andrew B. Wardlaw Warrick E. Elrod, Jr. Robert L. Ouverson Robert Janz George Lybrook West, Jr. Emmett B. Ford, Jr. Charles L. Paine Harry W. Johnstone William A. Wieland Jack B. Gabbert Howard W. Potter, Jr. Easton T. Kelsey Charles D. Withers John I. Getz Lawrence P. Ralston William Kling Seymour M. Glazer Marion J. Rice Culver Gleysteen William F. Ryan From Class five to Class four John D. Gough Miss Louise Schaffner James C. Haahr John P. Shaw William R. Duggan Edward W. Mulcahy Pierson M. Hall Matthew D. Smith, Jr. John F. Fitzgerald Richard A. Poole Charles M. Hanson, Jr. Ralph S. Smith John C. Fuess Leslie Albion Squires Charles Gilbert (Continued on page 56)

MARCH, 1952 31 NEWS from the DEPARTMENT

At Home treatment had to be added to the cost of chartering planes. Things are looking up at the new Foreign Service Asso¬ In all, the letter stated, costs directly resulting from the illness ciation Lounge. Instead of stumbling over saw horses and added up to $3,280.00. Of this the Protective Association telephone men, we are now bumping our shins on the new policy covered only $230. furniture, still in wraps, that is arriving daily. Even in our Since the publication of that letter the officers of the present state of disarray we have had numerous visitors, and Protective Association have been studying the problem of the bulletin board in the front hall already boasts of several providing coverage for dependents on a group basis which “House for Rent” notices . . . happy portents of things to would offer insurance for such extraordinary expenses. They come. have worked out a solution which will be offered to all mem¬ On hand at the reception desk to greet visitors, reply to bers of the Foreign Service now eligible under their rules questions, direct delivery men, answer the telephone and (FSO and FSS), effective May 1st. The new policy will inform students that the GW fraternity house is not here, but cost $32.40 extra per year per family unit. After the cost of next door, are two FS wives . . . MRS. HARTWELL JOHNSON an illness reaches $500, the Protective Association policy will and MRS. DAVID CLARK. They are sharing the many-sided cover three-quarters of the cost of all medical expenses (in¬ duties as receptionist and add a pleasant note to the lounge. cluding nursing, hospiatalization, doctors fees, etc.) up to There have been some other additions to the JOURNAL $5,000. For full details write to the American Foreign Serv¬ staff. MR. GEORGE BUTLER, who retired a year ago, assumed ice Protective Association, care of the Department of State. in mid-February the three-fold responsibilities as JOURNAL New officers of the Protective Association are HERBERT S. Business Manager, and work in conjunction with Association BURSLEY, President; EDMUND J. DORSZ, Vice-President, and and Protective Association affairs. MRS. LEE CLARK, another ROBERT H. MCBRIDE, Secretary-Treasurer. L. RANDOLPH FSW, has also joined the JOURNAL staff, as assistant to both HIGGS (formerly Vice-President) and FLETCHER WARREN the Managing Editor and Business Manager. (formerly President) have both gone to the field. Mr. Bursley had been serving as Secretary-Treasurer. A newcomer to the JOURNAL Board, to replace The “Voice” Goes to Sea William J. Handley (now The first sea-going broadcasting station began a test cruise in New Delhi) is FSO to Chesapeake Bay preparatory to its functions of relaying Ray Thurston. He is cur¬ VOA programs to listeners behind the Iron Curtain. The rently enrolled at the Na¬ ship, the former Coast Guard cutter “Courier,” is designed tional War College, fol¬ to combat Soviet jamming of VOA broadcasts, and its trans¬ lowing two years in Mos¬ mitting equipment is the powerful ever installed aboard a cow where he served as ship. In May she will depart for undisclosed locations where First Secretary and later she will pick up Voice signals from facilities in the United as Counselor of Embassy. States and beam them directly to desired areas. The mobili¬ Prior to the Moscow as¬ ty of the “Courier” will enable these broadcasts to cover signment, Mr. Thurston areas beyond the reach of our present facilities. was Assistant Chief of the Here in Washington the Voice has inaugurated daily totirs Ray Thurston Division of Middle East¬ of its studios to enable personnel stationed here to learn ern Affairs (now SOA). at first hand how it functions. (For details call extension Ray is a veteran of 15 years in the Foreign Service. He 3586 in the Department.) holds what his eight-year-old daughter terms a “Doctor of Mr. Clubb Retires Velocity” (Ph.D.) from the University of Wisconsin and in On February 12th the Department announced that follow¬ the past has been a JOURNAL contributor. (“Morugao Mis¬ ing Loyalty Security Board hearings FSO Oliver Edmund sion,” Feb., 1944 and “American Assignment,” July, 1949). Clubb had been fully cleared. His new assignment was His name is also listed under the “T”s on the Promotion in the Division of Historical Policy Research. It revealed List. (See p. 31.) that immediately upon his clearance Mr. Clubb had resigned Annuities declaring that tbe investigation “while resulting in my vindi¬ A progress report on H.R. 3401, formerly known as the cation, has seriously damaged my future career prospects in Bloom Bill, reveals that it has been approved by both the the Foreign Service.” Declaring that he had adopted the House and Senate Committees. The bill, which provides for “only appropriate course” Mr. Clubb said he believed that a $300 increase in the annuities under the Foreign Service despite his present clearance, he was exposed to “future Retirement and Disability system, now goes to the floor of jeopardy on the same or similar grounds.” the Senate. If passed by the Senate and signed by the A few days later Washington papers carried a statement President, the bill will become law at last. by SENATOR HOMER FERGUSON that FSO JOHN P. DAVIES, who had been suspended last June at the same time as Mr. The Protective Association offers new benefits Clubb and who had been cleared almost immediately, should Perhaps you noticed a letter to the editors last summer* be recalled from Germany to answer charges made by an regarding the problem of medical aid for dependents and ex-CIA employee before the Senate Internal Security Sub¬ referring, by way of example, to the serious and catastrophi¬ committee. cally expensive illness acquired by an FS wife at a remote At week’s end it was announced that MINISTER JOHN post, far from any modem medical facilities. The cost of CARTER VINCENT had been completely cleared by the Loyal¬ ty Security Board of the Department. As he left for his post ‘August, 1951. Mr. Vincent said that he felt loyalty and security investiga-

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL tions were necessary because of the increased danger of tory to Mr. Neville, whose most recent assignment was Chief Soviet espionage. While he criticized “irresponsible and ma¬ of Fisheries Division, Natural Resources Section, GHO, licious attacks” he said that “any officer in position of public SCAP, in Tokyo. trust should be prepared to have his record subjected to ob¬ Personals jective examination.” Big things are expected of ROLLIE WHITE, JR. who is the Senate Confirmations: new chairman of the Entertainment Committee of the For¬ DAVID K. E. BRUCE to be Undersecretary of State. eign Service Association. TOM ESTES, formerly burdened HENRY S. VILLARD to be Minister to Libya. with our luncheons et al, leaves this month for Harvard EDWARD J. SPARKS to be Ambassador to Bolivia. where he will attend an advanced course in business admin¬ RAYMOND AMES SPRUANCE as Ambassador to the Philip¬ istration. pines. BARBARA MELLA, who recently returned from her assign¬ GEORGE C. MCGHEE as Ambassador to Turkey. ment as Public Health Nurse to the Legation at Saigon, is HOWLAND SARGEANT as Assistant Secretary of State for now Public Health Adviser to the F.S. in DR. DEVAULT’S Public Affairs. office in the Walker-Johnson Building. The fifth consular training group will finish up a 13-week Neiv Appointments course at the Institute this month. The trainees are FSS’s The new MSA Deputy Director, subject to Senate con¬ MARGOT FELLINGER, BOWMAN G. GLEATON, GERALD B. firmation, is slated to be W. JOHN KENNY, a 47 year old ex¬ GRUNWALD, WESLEY E. JORGENSEN, SAMUEL KARP, VIRGIL lawyer who served as chief of ECA’s London Mission in E. PRICHARD, JOHN H. STRAIGHT, RICHARD P. SULLIVAN. 1949 to 1950. Mr. Kenny will direct that part of MSA that Retired FSO ARTHUR FROST, whose poem Aetas IX ap¬ was formerly administered by ECA and he will succeed peared in the January JOURNAL, writes us that he has been RICHARD M. BISSELL, who resigned to accept a job with the versifying for some time, but that he carefully restrained Ford Foundation. any public manifestation while in the Service for fear of its JOHN C. CADY will ad¬ minister the Point Four program in Colombia under the guidance of Ambassador CAPUS WAY- NICK. Mr. Cady has an impressive background in agricultural affairs, and was Agricultural At¬ tache to the Embassy in Bogota in 1944. LINCOLN MACVEAGH, now Ambassador to Por¬ tugal, has been nomi¬ nated as the next Am¬ bassador to Spain, re¬ placing AMBASSADOR GRIFFIS, whose resigna¬ tion was accepted by the President on January 21. Fifty-two year old Mr. MacVeagh has served as Chief of Mis¬ sions overseas for the Latest Group of Foreign Service Officers of Class 6 to Attend the Foreign Service Institute (October 15, last eighteen years. The 1951—January 4, 1952) first was Greece in 1933. He remained there till Front Row: Francois Dickman (Barranquilla); Lewis White (Bogota); Paul Popple (Saigon); Harry Melone (Tehran); Charles Lilien (Maracaibo); John Knowles (Tokyo); Robert Chase (The Hague); 1941 after the Germans Charles Widney (Baghdad); David Dean (Kula Lumpur). Second Row: George Kenny (Trieste); Cole entered Athens and per¬ Blasier (Belgrade); Miss Judith Laiken (New Delhi); Franklin Crawford (Hong Kong); Edward Harper formed outstanding work (Vienna). Back Rows: William Buell (Taipei); Emmit Noland (Djarkarta); Roy Carlson (Durban); on behalf of American James Greene (Mexico City); Maxwell Chaplin (Kobe); John Cunningham (Kuwait); Joseph Donner interests and welfare. (Athens); Richard Barham (Oslo); Alexander Fuller (Jerusalem); Harvey Nelson (Copenhagen). Absent when the photograph was taken were: William Wolle (Baghdad); Leo Ryan (Asuncion); Waldo Hein¬ His other assignments richs (Toronto). include Iceland, South Africa, Cairo, and Portugal, where he has been stationed “effect on my efficiency record. Once I did send a ‘pome’ since 1948. instead of the usual officialese, to the head of the Commer¬ DR. SAMUEL S. STRATTON, president of Middlebury Col¬ cial section, and it quite upset him to the extent that he asked lege, in Vermont, has been appointed Director of Technical seriously what in the world was the matter with me. Cooperation in Saudi Arabia. “In this connection, I recall that when Alexander Weddell The first “Fisheries Attache” ever to be appointed by the (who later became Ambassador to Argentina and Spain) Department is WILLIAM C. NEVILLE of Bedford, Mass., as¬ was a humble Consul in Sicily and reported the sinking of a signed to our mission in Tokyo. To the sportsminded hope¬ vessel called ‘Mandalay,’ he ended up his report with an fuls, he is not there to advise on trout streams and fly cast¬ excerpt from Kipling’s poem, Mandalay. Whereupon, his ing, but will be responsible for observing and reporting on Supervising Consul General, then at Genoa, wrote him a stiff fishery affairs in Japan, and for dealing with fisheries prob¬ reproof, saying ‘Official correspondence should never intro¬ lems of mutual concern to both Japan and the U.S. (See duce a note of levity’.” “Japan in Transition” page 15.) Tokyo is familiar terri¬ (Continued on page 51)

MARCH, 1952 33 E DIT O RIAL S

JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES: A NEW give; it places upon the Foreign Service a challenging role CHAPTER of transcending importance. Japan will resume her position as a sovereign nation in a world wracked with war and the threat of war. Any con¬ JOE GREEN’S RESIGNATION ception of Japan as the “Switzerland of the Orient” must The resignation of Joseph Coy Green as Executive Direc¬ be tempered by the realities of life in the Pacific area. Japan tor of the Board of Examiners—in other words, as “Dean and the United States each assume grave responsibilities of Admissions” for the Foreign Service—calls for a special toward each other as a new relationship comes into being word of public recognition. All those who cherish the high under a treaty of peace and a security treaty. standards of the Foreign Service, as an instrument of our The recent war in the Pacific should have improved our national policy, owe him a debt that cannot be measured. understanding of the Japanese. Certainly out of six years In that post, which he has occupied for the past six years, he of occupation have grown a knowledge and an experience has given an example of fearlessness, integrity and dedica¬ which will influence our relations with Japan for a long tion from which we may take heart at a time when the public time to come. credit of government service has been impaired by lesser The United States and Japan must deal with each other on men. the basis of mutual respect, hard-headed calculation of the It takes a man like Joe Green to hold the line for our na¬ situations which face them, and conviction that it is in the tional interest. He has done so by developing and directing interests of both nations to travel the same road. a system of selection for the Foreign Service that has ex¬ There have been mistakes of appraisal on both sides in cluded all considerations except those of merit. He has the past. Before the war Americans had but fragmentary recognized as the first principle of our Foreign Service that knowledge of Japan’s history, institutions and culture. Many it should be representative of America in the sense that it misconceptions were built out of prejudice and ignorance; should represent the best in American life. He has never in¬ the Japanese were only quaint, inscrutable, sly, or fanatic. terpreted this to involve what the society columnists call Closer acquaintance during occupation has brought an “social eligibility,” but has rather maintained the demo¬ astonishing consciousness of many qualities Americans never cratic aversion to such indignity of distinction. The best dreamed the Japanese possessed. Many of our fellow citi¬ Americans to represent us abroad, whatever their origins, has been his single aim. We think that he has made a nota¬ zens underestimated Japanese military strength before Pearl ble contribution toward its achievement. Harbor; many overestimated it once the war got under way. We touch our hat to Joe Green, and our wish to him is The Japanese have been guilty of some equally startling that he may continue his eminent public service in fresh misconceptions about the United States. It will always be fields. As to his successors, whoever they may be, they difficult to understand how the Jsapanese military leadership should find strength in the standards he has established and could have thought Pearl Harbor would lead to anything in the example he has set. except ghastly defeat. Japanese have learned a great deal about democracy and about Americans during the occupa¬ tion. Occupying armies seldom bring blessings to the occu¬ pied. Nevertheless, this occupation has been unique and the Emilia Ballantine democracy which it has fostered is strong. The unexpected death on January 24 of Emilia Ballantine was a shock to all of us. Many in Washington had seen her For the future, Japanese and Americans need to look at only a few weeks before at the annual holiday party of Fred each other with discerning eyes. If the hate generated by and Vera Livesey. There she had been so cheerful and viva¬ war is gone, let us hope that the shallow sentiments and the cious and had looked so well. prejudices and ignorance of the past are also gone. Our Back in 1917 Miss Emilia A. Christy left Berkeley, Cali¬ mutual interests and dependence demand this. Japan as an fornia, where her father was Dean of the School of Mines of the University of California, and traveled to Tokyo to marry island neighbor is important to the security of the United Joseph W. Ballantine, then a young officer of the State De¬ States and no one doubts that the United States is important partment’s Japanese Language Service. From then on they to the security of Japan. The treaty relationships of the served at many posts in Japan and in China and their lives two countries make these facts abundantly clear. constituted a panorama of the major happenings in both countries. They also served in Washington. Earthquakes, But even in this era of peace without peace in which we revolutions, the rise of nationalism, the impact of Japan’s live, we must look beyond the question of military security. aggression, critical days in Washington prior to Pearl Harbor We must forge an understanding of compatible ideals, of and during the war years, all these were part of Emilia Ballan- the kind of free world we want to build. In the new atmos¬ tine’s life. She was kind, gracious, hospitable, discreet and faithful in representing the finest attributes of her country. phere of a sovereign Japan, to us will fall greater responsi¬ She had the gift of making and keeping friends, and hosts of bilities for cultivating the concepts of the values of freedom them, Chinese, Japanese, Americans and others, will greatly and the threats of tyranny. For, in the long run, the moral miss her. All of us are grateful for the warm and friendly force of the free world is its invincible force, and of this spirit which always welcomed us at her home. the Japanese, like other free peoples, must not be in doubt. Max Hamilton The task ahead in Japan demands the very best we can

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Life at the Paris Embassy

by MARTIN T. HERZ

lonely as in a big post such as ours. The brilliance of the Martin Herz is one of the young veterans who entered the city and the fantastic number and variety of its artistic Foreign Service after the war. Now a Class IV officer, he is Sec¬ and social activities make it all the more frustrating. ond Secretary of Embassy at Paris. As energetic as he is versa¬ tile, Mr. Herz was formerly a member of the Journal's Editorial Four Ambassadors Board. Among other articles he has written for the Journal, readers may recall "The Lexington Experiment" and "Consul at As a rule, there are at least four American Ambassadors a Pirate's Court" in 1949, and "The Fabulous Mr. Fyfe" in 1950. in Paris: There is our Mr. Bruce, who is the real Ambassa¬ dor and the senior American representative in France. Then, however, there is the Special Representative of MSA* (at December, 1951 present Mr. Paul Porter) who has his own plant of some According to an unconfirmed rumor, the American Em¬ 500 Americans (in addition to our 800) plus 750 locals bassy at Paris is so big that it employs a man full-time to and who has a deputy who is also an Ambassador. There do nothing else than wind the clocks in its various hallways is at least one other Ambassador more or less permanently and offices. Our administrative experts deny this and claim here, negotiating with the Russians (as did Mr. Jessup) that the man comes around only once a week and that he has a contract to keep our clocks in running condition. Right: The USIE Li¬ Whatever else we may be, we are big. We are big and brary at Paris has 12,000 volumes. efficient and all our clocks run on time. The Embassy re¬ Shown here is Miss ceives and sends out so many reports, telegrams, treaties, Mary Parsons, Chief agreements, despatches and the like that it requires no less Librarian, and two than 10 people just to keep track of them. It receives a steady customers. stream of visitors, visa applicants, congressional committees, Below: Ambassador and Mrs. Bruce re¬ celebrities, and destitute Americans and processes them, ceiving guests at the briefs them, arranges their transportation, dines them, gets annual Fourth of Ju¬ them out of jail or passes them along to the next post. The ly party, which in Embassy is involved in hundreds of activities on behalf of 1951 took place in the garden of the the United States, most of them of such a technical nature USIE Building. 5,000 that no one person can oversee and understand them in persons attended the their entirety. party. Certainly most people here would hardly say that we are just one big family. There are probably a good many mem¬ bers of the Embassy who would fail to recognize the Am¬ bassador if they saw him walking down the hall. (Only, they are not likely to see him walking down the hall because they work in other buildings.) At a typical Embassy cock¬ tail party, a man recently was introduced to his own wife. We exchange smiles with dozens of people whose names we don’t know, which can be embarrassing when one of them calls on the phone and is treated like a total stranger. The number of people one knows slightly is large, but the kind of close and tight relationship between people, the cohesion that exists in smaller posts, is almost totally lacking. An enterprising girl in the Economic Section, in a burst of commendable enthusiasm, decided to organize a Hallow¬ een dance last year in order to allow people to get better acquainted. The dance was a big success and was repeated again this year, but nearly everybody came with his own friends, danced with them and left with them, and few new bonds were forged. Everybody was amazed at the large number of strange faces. In fact, the question most frequent¬ ly heard was “Who are all those people? Don’t tell me they all work right here in the Embassy!” We are some 800 Americans here in the Embassy, plus a still larger number of or the Palestinains (as did Mr. Palmer) and quietly going local employees. about his business. There is a four-star general who eats One incidental by-product of these dances was their large quite often in our restaurant. At one time in November, profits, amounting to some 260,000 francs. Among the plans there were seven Senators, twenty-six Congressmen and five that we are considering (we, the dance committee, that is) Ambassadors (in addition to those mentioned above) here for the utilization of this money is to give small parties for in Paris. That is not counting the U. S. delegation to the new arrivals."' For it is a fact that nowhere can one be as U. N. which includes additional Ambassadors, Senators and

*The first of those parties took place on January 18 and was a great *Formprlv FCA success. We plan to have several such cocktail parties for new arrivals in rurmeny the course of the year, financed by the proceeds of the Embassy dances. (Continued on page 42)

MARCH, 1952 35 MISSIONS NEWS FROM THE FIELD s: I .in The Journal Presents: YOUR FIELD CORRESPONDENTS

| Algeria (Algiers)—John L. Leonard Italy (Rome)—To be appointed. I Argentina (Buenos Aires)—Oscar H. Guerra Japan (Tokyo)—Agnes S. Crume § Argentina (Rosario)—Robert D. Barton Korea (Pusan)—Michael D. brown, Richard Hormanski | Australia (Sydney)—North Burn Liberia (Monrovia)—G. B. Pettengill 1 Austria (Vienna)—Findley Burns Libya (Tripoli)—Curtis F. Jones J Austria (Salzburg)—Robert G. McGregor Libya (Benghazi)—Arthur Hopkins, Jr. | Azores (Ponta Delgada, Sao Miguel)—Lena P. Bridges Malaya (Penang)— LaKue Lutkins | Belgian Congo (Leopoldville)—Howard D. Jones Mexico (Ciudad Juarez)—Blanche B. Lyons i Bolivia (La Paz)—Samuel A. Montague Mexico (Nuevo Laredo)—DeWitt L. Stora | Brazil (Porto Alegre)-—Alexander Peaslee Mexico (Matamoros)—Raymond Bastianello | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)—G. Harvey Summ Mexico (Mazatlan)—Arthur V. Metcalfe 1 Brazil (Sao Paulo)—William A. Krauss Mexico (Merida)—Henry G. Krausse | British Honduras (Belize)—John R. Bartelt, Jr. Mexico (Mexicali)—George H. Zentz | Burma (Rangoon)—Henry B. Day Mexico (Mexico, D. F.)—R. Smith Simpson | Canada (Toronto)—Leonard Thompson Mexico (Monterey)—Mrs. Helen Steele | Canada (Vancouver, B. C.)—Roland K. Beyer Mexico (Tampico)—Elvin Seibert | Chile (Santiago)—John M. Vebber New Zealand (Wellington)—Helen C. Scott ( Ceylon—Theodore L. Eliot, Jr. Netherlands (Amsterdam)—Clyde W. Snider 1 Colombia (Barranquilla)—Edward T. Long Netherlands (Rotterdam)—Violet Smith 1 Colombia (Bogota)-—John A. Barrett Netherlands (The Hague)—Charles Philip Clock J Costa Rica (San Jose)—William P. Stedman, Jr. Nigeria (Lagos)—Bob Ross | Cuba (Habana)—Jeff Reveley Norway (Oslo)—William Walter Phelps, Jr. I Denmark (Copenhagen)—William R. Duggan Panama (Panama)—Joseph Dempsey I Ecuador (Quito)—John Hamlin Peru (Lima)—Robert A. Hurwitz | Egypt (Cairo)—Joseph S. Sparks Paraguay (Asuncion)—Thomas D. Kingsley I England (London)—William Busser, Margaret Herrick Philippines (Manila)—John E. Roberts, Andrew E. Olson 1 Ethiopia (Addis Ababa)—Arthur L. Paddock, Jr. Philippines (Davao)—Clifton Forster i Finland (Helsinki)—G. Alonzo Stanford, William Barnes Portugal (Lisbon)—Charles C. Carson | Formosa (Taipei)—John Perry Saudi Arabia (Jidda)—Sam Maggio | France (Bordeaux)—Edwin P. Dyer, Jr. Singapore—Robert J. Boylan | France (Lyon)—Glenn R. McCarty, Jr. Spain (Barcelona)—Helen Sutherland I France (Marseille)—Joseph P. Nagoski Spain (Madrid)—William Haygood | France (Paris)—Martin F. Herz Spain (Malaga)—George E. Palmer | Germany (Hamburg)—Bruce M. Lancaster Spain (Seville)—Robert E. Wilson | Germany (Munich)—Daniel Sprecher Switzerland (Bern)—Robert M. Winfree | Greece (Athens)—Patricia M. Byrne Switzerland (Geneva)—James M. Macfarland | Haiti (Port-au-Prince)—John H. Burns, Homer Gayne Switzerland (Zurich)—Charles M. Hanson j Honduras (Tegucigalpa)—Byron E. Blankinship Sweden (Goteborg)—Francis H. Styles | Hong Kong—David H. McKillop Sweden (Stockholm)—Paul F. DuVivier | Iceland (Reykjavik)—Mary S. Olmstead Tangier—Mrs. Alexander J. Davit | India (New Delhi)—William J. Handley Turkey (Ankara)—William O. Baxter | India (Madras)—Helen R. Sexton Turkey (Izmir)—Adeline K. Taylor | Israel (Haifa)—Jesse D. Dean Union of South Africa (Durban)—Roy P. M. Carlson | Iran (Tehran)—John H. Stutesman, Jr. Uruguay (Montevideo)—Frank I. Devine 1 Ireland (Dublin)—William H. Christensen USSR (Moscow)—Culver Gleysteen 1 Italy (Milan)—Joseph E. Wiedenmayer, Tom Bowie Venezuela (Caracas)—Carl Bartch | Italy (Naples)—John A. Moran III Yugoslavia (Belgrade)—Bruce Buttles mill" linns in inn mil iiniunn mini iiiimi mi nniilliihl

OtmU, Wlount SLv Fujisan probably has the double distinction of being the " ' most lovely and most climbed mountain of the world. Within by ELIZABETH WOODBURY an easy two-hour train ride from the Tokyo metropolitan To Japanse and foreigners alike, Mt. Fuji is the symbol of area it attracts thousands of hikers each year during July the Japanese nation. Its symmetrical shape rises in splendid and August, the two months when it is not covered with isolation from a plain to the south-east of Tokyo and domi- snow or swept with strong winds. Recently the Japan Travel nates the countryside for fifty miles around. On a clear day Bureau estimated from the number of alpine stocks sold to it can be seen either from Yokohama or Tokyo. climbers this year that at least 52,426 people scaled its Fuji is an integral part of Japanese life. It has been wor- 12,365 feet from one side alone, shipped as a god, painted on screen and scroll by Japan’s Since it has no glaciers or precipices, Fuji is compara- leading artists and used as a trade-mark by Japanese busi- tively easy to climb. All it requires is good lungs, stout legs, ness firms. Along with cherry blossoms and geisha girls it and an abundance of determination. Of the four trails the forms the standard background for advertisements and least difficult and most popular starts from the town of souvenir pictures; also Fuji hotels, Fuji radio companies, Yoshida beside one of the five lovely lakes that surround its and Fuji automobile shops are commonplace. Despite such base. From Yoshida a well defined trail dotted with ten commercialization, the mountain continues to hold its charm. official reststations leads to the village at the summit. Many

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL climbers do not go all the way on foot; some manage to official station. Such multiplication may keep the business¬ drive a jeep to the fifth station and walk from there. Others man happy, but we found it discouraging. Throughout the hire horses at the first station and ride to the seventh which night we kept passing station numbers we thought we had is the first station above the timberline. But the majority of left far below. climbers like ourselves, depend upon shanks mare and will At the timberline the mountain first begins to look like a power. Climbing time varies. For those who walk all of the volcano. Trees and earth give way to barren slopes of gritty way from the first station, the average is seven to nine hours. cinders broken in a few places by steep sharp rocks. Though Racers who start from the-timberline, roughly one third of the trail does not improve, the scenery finally makes the the way up, have made the summit in two or three hours. climb worth the effort. When we reached the timberline, Our record was not outstanding since we took eleven hours. about ten-thirty, the full moon had come out to illuminate We did reach the top however, and that was satisfaction the mountain side and valley. In the distance we could enough. pick out the shapes of the Japanese Alps and nearer, the mountains between Tokyo and Fuji. From the timberline to the summit the mountain is a never ending morass of ash in which we waded ankle deep most of the night. The insecure footing and steep angle of the trail slowed us down to a crawl, while the effort to make any headway at this altitude in the slippery mush became exhausting. High above we saw the lights of stations and far above them the more steady light of what at first seemed planets. These “planets” turned out to be stations still farther up. On the way down we slid through the ash while using our stocks as rudders. We never felt alone while climbing. There were always people nearby and the constant sounds of voices and foot¬ steps. The Japanese climbers seemed to have much energy and endurance even though, like the guides, their members looked unprepared. Few carried rucksacks, and many wore only sneakers or the straw sandles sold in the shops at the base. The next morning we met a band of six white-robed Climbing Fuji is not only popular with Japanese, but Japanese pilgrims, each carrying a stock with bells attached also with many Americans. Each year members of the Oc¬ to the top. A woman who looked well over seventy led them. cupation, the American civilian community, and Foreign As she climbed, she hummed a song that sounded like the Service personnel go up in spite of the aching muscles, chants Buddhist priests sing in temples. I wondered how a skinned knees, and painful sunburns. This summer MILDRED woman so old could possibly climb Fuji, let alone sing while MURPHREE, from the Consulate at Fukuoka, MARY MAN¬ she did it. CHESTER, JACK WEBB, JOSEPH DODSON, and DICK HERNDON from the Tokyo office climbed it; while EDWARD SEIDEN- STICKER, formerly of the Tokyo office and now a student at DID YOU KNOW THAT: Tokyo University, went up for a second time. This, despite There is a continuing monthly contest in the News from the the Japanese proverb: “There are two sorts of fools in Japan; Field section with a $15 prize going to the author of the Story those who have never climbed Fuji and those who have of the Month? We welcome volunteer correspondents at any post not rep¬ climbed twice.” Last summer’s Yokohama climbers included resented? BETTY and FRANK PIPICH, TOM MURFIN, and LEE and Field Correspondents who have sent in material published WENDELL WOODBURY. Our party of four, which climbed during the year receive a gift subscription to the JOURNAL during the middle of August, included DICK HERNDON, TOM which they may turn over to anyone they wish to name? MURFIN and the WOODBURY’S. We chose a Saturday night and reached the first station We climbed throughout the night and reached the eighth on the Yoshida side of the base about seven in the evening. station about five in the morning. Earlier we had passed It was drizzling when we arrived. There was not a hint of other hostels at that station because they were smoky and the full moon that was supposed to light our way. As we crowded with rows of sleeping hikers. But now any sort of drove up, a swarm of guides, some with mounts, surrounded shelter was welcome. The hut was filled with a haze of our car and hovered about while we ate sandwiches and charcoal smoke and smelled strongly of sweat and fish. Men put on knapsacks. None of these men and boys looked ready and women sleeping under futons, a sort of heavy comforter, for a long trek. They wore torn shirts and trousers and had were stretched out on the floor. All that DICK HERNDON and only battered shoes or straw sandles on their feet. I cared about was sleep, and if someone had offered us a The first third of the trail winds through the lower tree reward to stay up for the sunrise, we would have refused. covered slopes of the mountain. It is no gentle introduction However, TOM MURFIN and WENDELL had enough energy but is steep and, due to the recent rain, was quite slippery left to take colored shots of the clouds. From them I later in places. Though broad enough for a jeep, the trail’s rocks, learned the sky was magnificent: piles of fleecy clouds tinted deep holes, and tree roots would seem to make it impassable delicate shades of yellow and pink. for anything on wheels. Nevertheless at the fourth station At the summit, which we made about eleven the next we found two parked jeeps, one with a flat tire. This section morning, there is a one street village of small restaurants and of the trail has a number of rest houses where tea and beer souvenir stalls which cluster close together and hug a small are sold and where hikers may have their stocks branded ledge at the top of the crater. The village may be ugly, but with the mark of the station for five cents. The business of it looked like Valhalla to us. There are three or four battered selling refreshments and of branding poles has proven so wooden toriis at its entrance, and inside, surrounding a small profitable that subsidiary hostels have sprung up about each square, are the shops and restaurants, built mostly of stone

MARCH, 1952 37 with rocks piled on their roofs to keep the board and tin geant. Mrs. Winters was Matron of Honor. After the wed¬ from blowing away in gales. There is even a photographer ding the guests stayed on for a reception given by Ambas¬ who will take your picture in front of the crater. The sador and Mrs. Travers. Japanese delight in having themselves snapped before Several who were due for transfer felt fortunate in new famous sites. I glanced at his sample shots and wondered assignments. FSO Barney Koren went to Bern, FSS VC if his customers realized there was nothing in them to show Walter Burk to Copenhagen, FSS Robert Wagner to Monte¬ they were atop Fuji. video, FSO Giles Hubert to Bombay, FSS Charlotte Hunt The crater lies in the center of the summit, surrounded to Frankfurt, FSS Mary Fitszimmons to Geneva. FSS Peter on all sides by deep piles of volcanic cinders. From them, if Balog retired and went to France to live. FSO John Burns you are lucky enough to have clear weather, you can see a left in December for home leave, Army Attache Col. Conrad splendid sight below: the steep slopes over which you have Follansbee was transferred to the States and his place taken just crawled and which you can now, from your regal perch, by Col. Valentine Smith. watch others battle. This sight is the true reward for climb¬ Port au Prince, a crossroads of the Caribbean, receives ing Fuji, even more than the panorama of lakes, mountains, its share of visitors. Among them, a quick count showed at and paddy fields which can be seen from any airplane. least seven of Admiral or General rank, one Assistant Secre¬ Many climbers come away from Fuji with a feeling of tary of State, three Representatives, many Commanders and disappointment because the mountain no longer seems beauti¬ Colonels, and some fifteen Departmental or other Govern¬ ful to them. Its wastes of volcanic ash are bleak; worse still mental visitors. During the last five months alone 22 US is the rubbish strewn over its slopes. Naval vessels visited Port au Prince. No count was kept Fuji, like many of the noted shrines in Japan, has that of the number of US planes. Many other visitors stopped characteristic mixture of squalor and beauty which many in unofficially, and the carpet was put out often enough for foreigners find so disturbing; its beauty is best appreciated it to seem not worthwhile to bring it in again. from a distance. Its impressiveness comes not only from its Homer Gayne isolation and symmetry, but also from its air of purity and serenity that presents such a contrast to the noise and con¬ LAGOS fusion of Japanese city life. Climbing Fuji may destroy this The Lagos staffers ate their Christmas turkey, cranberry impression, but not to scale its slopes would leave one’s tour sauce and trimmings under whirling ceiling fans and tried of duty in Japan incomplete. to imagine that drying crabgrass lawn with multi-colored lizards was snow lying feet deep on the ground. However, PORT AU PRINCE ROUND-UP the heat and humidity did not seem to dull the appetites of With the arrival on October 17, 1951 of Ambassador the Americans around the table. When JOE CAPRI and DON Howard K. Travers and of FSO Rollo Stovall on Novem¬ JUNIOR finished, the poor turkey was but a skeleton of his ber 23, 1951, the Embassy was up to staff for the first time former self. The American members of the Consulate Gen¬ in a year. With the exception of FSO John Burns, who had eral’s staff had gathered at JANE and BOB ROSS’ house for been Charge for 11 months, and VC Adrien Hall, all other a cooperative Christmas dinner on the afternoon of THE day officers arrived in 1951. —MARGE WICKA cooked the turkey donated by CONSUL Ambassador Travers’ arrival gave the post an on-the-spot GENERAL CHILDS in the oven of the Ross’ stove (the only Chief of Mission for the first time since December 10, 1950. gas one among the staff houses), EVA HAYES made pies from After the first strenuous round of official and social affairs some apples and a can of apricots donated by DON JUNIOR, attended by Ambassador and Mrs. Travers, he was heard and drinks were furnished by the hosts. During the pro¬ to sigh, “Washington was never like this.” ceedings we were regaled by Christmas carol records loaned with the good wishes of ANDY AGGREY (acting boss of USIE). Everyone present got at least one gift—names of the staff members were put in a hat and each member drew one. A modicum of ingenuity was displayed in the choice of gifts, except in the case of Junior’s presents. He wound up with so many golf balls that he is seriously thinking of peddling them afternoons at the Golf Club. CAPRI said that DON had been given the golf balls because he hits so many of them into the tall grass—but it’s not really so. The presents were stacked under a Christmas tree put up by BOB ROSS (previ¬ ously surreptitiously uprooted by him at Victoria Beach). This party served as a sort of “welcome” for JANE ROSS. She had lingered at home after leave. Since her arrival she has been trying to restore what women consider proper order in a house previously occupied by bachelors—tempo¬ rary and permanent. ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT JOE CAPRI (called “The Mad Sicilian” by some) is now completely unapproachable. Dur¬ ing his week off just before Christmas he shot an unwit¬ The bride and groom (Sgt. and Mrs. James A. Bridges) drink a toast nessed 51 on the Ikoyi Club’s twelve holes. He figures this with Ambassador and Mrs. Howard Travers. is pretty good in view of his having taken up golf only a few months ago. FSS Gertrude Riek of the Economic Section and the NCO Acting PAO RUDY AGGREY took off for Accra, Gold Coast in Charge of the Marine Guards in Port au Prince, Sergeant on December 29th to attend a special ceremony at Achimoto James A. Bridges, were married in a ceremony at the Em¬ School. He had received a special invitation as the school bassy Residence on November 10th. Ambassador Travers had been established twenty-five years ago by Rudy’s father, gave the bride away while Commander Leigh Winters, USN, the well-known “Aggrey of Africa.” The trip had a double Chief of the Naval Mission stood up with the Marine Ser¬ (Continued on page 40)

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MARCH, 1952 39 NEWS FROM THE FIELD (from page 38) One of the more newsworthy events occurring toward the motive inasmuch as Rudy brought back the courier pouch close of the old year was the first of what it is hoped will when he returned to Lagos on January 3rd. be a series of quarterly Consular Corps Dinners, which was Going to the beach has become very popular these days in held at the atmosphere laden Zunfthaus zum Zimmerleuten preference to some of the more active sports. The reason on November 29th. Consul General Kuykendall, who is the is very simple to understand—“the dry season.” Each day dean of the Zurich body, presided genially over the affair to the temperature seems to mount a few degrees, and Yanks which totally unrehearsed contributions, ranging from lively have a strong desire to be either under a ceiling fan or at the anecdotes to feats of sleight-of-hand, were made in a babel edge of the ocean. The FS3 gang have discovered that of tongues. even the differential allowance doesn’t keep them cool. 1952 got off to a good start with the ceremony in connec¬ Bob Ross tion with Service and Honor Awards, which took place at the Consular Residence on the evening of January 15, and was PUSAN attended by the Minister to Switzerland, the HONORABLE Sunday January 27 marked the arrival of the first Ameri¬ RICHARD C. PATTERSON, JR., SECRETARY ROBERT M. WIN- can women to join the staff of the American Embassy in FREE, other representatives of the Legation and Geneva Con¬ Pusan since the first evacuation of Seoul in June, 1950. sulate General, the entire staff of the Zurich Consulate Gen¬ Miss FREDA L. THOMAS of Groften, New Hampshire and eral, and invited friends. Minister Patterson came to Zurich MISS CARMELA VELLUTELLO of Philadelphia were among for the express purpose of presenting the award for Meritori¬ the first to answer the Department’s request for secretaries ous Service to CONSUL FRANKLIN H. MURRELL who had been in Korea. Miss Thomas was formerly employed by a Saudi unable to attend the honor awards ceremony in the Depart¬ Arabian oil firm, and between 1946 and 1948 worked for mental Auditorium on October 18, 1951. the Department in Prague. Pusan is Miss Vellutello’s first The ceremony began with the presentation of Length of long term assignment in the Foreign Service, although both Service Certificates by Consul General Kuykendall to MR. women worked on the staff of USPOLAD in Tokyo prior to JACOB BRUDER and MR. HUGH AMMAN, who received bronze their transfer to Korea. lapel buttons upon completion of 10 years of service. Min¬ Since Freda and Carmela are the first women to be seen ister Patterson then presented to Consul General Kuykendall in Pusan wearing civilian clothes for several years, the two a gold lapel button to indicate the completion of more than girls have created a minor sensation since their arrival. Both 30 years in the Foreign Service. The Meritorious Service of them have termed their present assignment “very inter¬ Award was then conferred upon Consul Murrell by Minister esting ’ and unlike any previous experience. It has been Patterson who made reference to Mr. Murrell’s record upon noticed that there has been a decided improvement in the which the award was based. The concluding event of the Embassy since their arrival, especially in the type of lan¬ ceremony was the presentation by Mr. Kuykendall of a silver guage used by the former all-male contingent. platter from the staff of the Zurich Consulate General to Mr. R. Horomanski and Mrs. Murrell who have recently departed for the United ZURICH States on statutory leave and will continue on to their new assignment at Paramaribo. The staff at Zurich has dreamed up a couple of interesting ways to spend the long Swiss evenings. The first is our Other departures include VICE CONSUL ELEANOR R. BOR- “Sport Abend,” a weekly test of skill at Deck Tennis (won- ROWDALE, former contributor to this column, transferred to Vienna; Miss ADELINE SPENCER, destined for Lourenco Marques; Miss MARTHA ANN WIDAU, sent to Tehran; and VICE CONSUL and MRS. THOMAS T. TURNER, assigned to the Department. This exodus of people was balanced in part by the arrival of MRS. LUCY M. JOHANSEN from Tokio, via the Department, accompanied by her son ROLF and daughter KARIN. MALAYA CHARLES F. BALDWIN, new Consul General, arrived at Singapore with Mrs. Baldwin in mid-December. Mr. Bald¬ win, a native of Zanesville, Ohio, is a graduate of George¬ town University. His most recent post was that of Counselor of Embassy at London. Mr. Baldwin has the personal rank of Minister as befits Singapore’s increasing importance as a Foreign Service post, located at the crossroads of Far East¬ ern commerce and dealing with six different government organizations: three British crown colonies (Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo), two protectorates (the Fed¬ Consul General C. Porter Kuykendall, Dean, addresses the members eration of Malaya and Brunei), and the office of the Com¬ of the Zurich Consular Corps on the occasion of its first quarterly Din¬ ner-Meeting. Left to right, Netherlands Consul General Philip Osieck, missioner General for the United Kingdom in South East Consul General Kuykendall, Swedish Consul General Gustaf Widgren, Asia. The latest list of American personnel at FS posts in British Consul General Cyril Marriott, Italian Consul General Dr. Gus¬ Malaya (Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Penang) takes up tavo Orlandini, and Austrian Consul General Dr. Fritz Hartlmayr. three pages of single spaced paper. The Baldwins live in the great rambling 53 Grange Road derful practice for that sea trip). Then every other Friday home which dates back to the day of Pukka Sahib Singapore comes the fortnightly Duplicate Bridge Match. The smooth three quarters of a century ago. Their magnificent boxer, partnership of CURTIS (Consul) and CURTIS is, as of this “Thor,” came directly from London to avoid quarantine writing, well-ahead on points, with CONSUL GENERAL and and was the subject of much attention by the Singapore MRS. KUYKENDALL next, and Vice Consuls BREWIN and press. HANSON a slow third. (Continued on page 42)

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MARCH, 1952 41 NEWS FROM THE FIELD (from page 40) checks a month (including veterans’ benefits for most of Other recent arrivals, VICE CONSUL AND MRS. RALPH J. Europe). The telegraphic traffic of our Embassy was about MCGUIRE, got to Singapore just a few hundred nautical 7,000,000 words unclassified and nearly 14,000,000 code miles after the stork. Ralph J. Junior landed aboard the groups in fiscal 1951. That is roughly what the whole S.S. President Polk while his parents were en route from Department of State handled in 1943. Manila to their new post. Fortunately, they had chosen a Politically, we are at a crossroads and that is what makes vessel whose passengers included one of Manila’s most noted work in the Political Section particularly interesting. We obstetricians. are not only concerned with developments in France, but Singapore lost one of its consular duties with the arrival we must also closely follow developments in those other of the first Philippine consul, YUSUP ABUBAKAR, whose staff places in which France has major interests—the Far East took over visa and other consular work we had been per¬ (particularly Indochina), the Near East and North Africa, forming on behalf of the Philippine government. Mr. and of course Germany. American troops are now stationed Abubakar, a grandson of the grand v^ier to the Sultan of in France, which required the negotiation of many agree¬ Sulu, was one of the Filipino Foreign Service Officers who ments. A line of communications goes across France to were given special training by the Department just after supply our troops in Germany, and that, too, makes all their country received its independence and started sending kinds of work for the Embassy. We provide services also diplomats abroad. James Hahema to SHAPE, with its more than 1,000 Americans. What is more important, the political aspects of the European De¬ fense Community that is now in the making are of direct LIFE AT THE PARIS EMBASSY (from page 35) concern to us. The telegraphic messages that come in to Congressmen. We are not impressed: It’s routine. our Embassy from dozens of missions all over the world What, then, is the work of the Embassy? We are, for bear not only on France but, directly or indirectly, on the instance, the administrative center for most other missions developing defensive strength of the West in Europe as a in Europe. We are also the courier center, and a relay point whole. for telegraph traffic. We are also the European headquar¬ Political and Social Functions ters for building operations (FBO). The figure of 800 One might think that, with all the visiting celebrities and Americans mentioned above includes also the MSA Mission with the crushing demands on his social life, our Ambassador to France, the Marine detachment, a large Military Assist¬ would have most of his time taken up by representational ance Advisory Group, the service attaches, also the American functions. They do absorb much of his time, however, he is Battle Monuments Commission and the European Parasite also very directly involved in the working out of policies and Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture—to mention in their coordination, not only with respect to France but in only a few agencies we take care of. Our consulate, of a wider compass: The Schuman Plan and the present con- course, is enormous. Our Fiscal Section issues about 19,000 (Continued on page 44) Anywhere in the world you want to move... MERCHANTS’ expert handling and packing assures you safe, secure transportation for all your valued possessions . . . fully insured at nominal extra cost. “OVER 60 YEARS OF QUALITY SERVICE" • Ample, safe storage in our own fireproof Washington warehouses. • Strong, sturdy lift vans for shipboard - tailored to the dimensions of your shipment. • Lift van remains your property when you arrive at your post. • All moving and storage worries disappear when you leave everything to Merchants. Telephone NAtional 6900

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For 24 years, the Pan American No longer is foreign travel a luxury World Airways System has been a restricted to those of wealth and lei¬ living symbol of the democratic way sure. Higher speeds and lower fares— of life to other nations. In linking 81 including Tourist service —are mak¬ countries and colonies on all 6 conti¬ ing Clipper travel available to more nents, a new understanding has been and more Americans every year. fostered between these lands. Remember—in 1951, as in all pre¬ Today Pan American operates the vious years, more people traveled over¬ largest fleet of intercontinental air¬ seas by Pan American than by any liners in the world. And Clippers* other airline. Wherever in the world are proving they are an integral com¬ you’re going, you can probably fly ponent of America’s air strength— there on Pan American’s globe-cir¬ "on call” to help preserve world peace. cling 100,000-mile system. •rrade-Mark, Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. PAiv AMERrcM

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MARCH, 1952 45 LOYALTY OF LOCAL EMPLOYEES (from page 25) Following Mr. Matsuo’s release from prison he wrote a the case to the attention of the United States Government. manuscript of his experiences, reporting philosophically on Throughout the trials, which lasted over a period of four his own personal sacrifice and bitter trials, but showing prin¬ months, the Embassy and the Department supported Mr. cipal concern for his family, and for the betterment of Matsuo and tried continually to move the authorities in United States-Japanese relations. Tokyo to intercede to prevent a gross injustice being per¬ His manuscript, excerpts from which appear elsewhere in petuated. However, the cards held by the Military were this issue, reveals an understanding of the finest traditions of stacked against Matsuo. Following the sentence the Em¬ the Foreign Service. One hears much about “loyalty” these bassy made repeated efforts to obtain an Imperial pardon days. Matsuo’s life was an example of loyalty, loyalty to but this action unfortunately was interrupted by Pearl an ideal—the betterment of relations between his country Harbor. Upon seizure of Mr. Matsuo I ceased the perform¬ and ours. He expressed it well in a traditional Japanese ance of consular services for Japanese since I was alone at poem written in prison: this “one-man post” and had my hands full handing local “Nichibei no mutsumi yokare to menzure ba developments in the case. I entertained hopes, perhaps Ono ga gisei wa itawa zari keri.” naively, that such action might assist in Matsuo’s early re¬ “If ties between Japan and the United States can be made lease. The only other person in the office, a Chinese clerk, stronger, was intimidated and the military police endeavored without My own sacrifice is as nothing.” success to make me employ a Japanese of their own choice as replacement for Matsuo. The Department once considered closing the office following the final sentencing of Matsuo. LORD & TAYLOR's Had this course been followed it might possibly have averted the ill treatment and deaths of other persons connected with Persona! Shopping Service the office which was finally closed when war began. What is available to you gratis happened to those other persons? The following record is illuminating in showing the lengths to which a totalitarian Our trained personnel will shop for you and organization will go in endeavoring to eliminate “enemies is thoroughly conversant with the routines of the State.” (1) U, the office messenger was “liquidated” in the spring of seriding items by diplomatic pouch or via of 1941 when the military police discovered that I knew U.S. Despatch Agent. If you shop in person, that in delivering official mail to and from the post ask for Mrs. Paulus Prince Powell, who has office he had taken the mail first to the police. lived abroad for years; or for Mrs. Katherine (2) Mr. Chin, the Chinese Clerk, died in prison while “un¬ der investigation.” Bensabat, whose specialty is Latin America. (3) Mr. Lim, a Formosan Clerk employed in the spring of 1941, arrested when the war began, was maimed during Lord & Taylor, 424 Fifth Ave., N. Y. 18 • Wisconsin 7-3300 third degree investigations, was imprisoned for the duration of the war, and emerged with his health so un¬ dermined that he recently died while still a young man. -Attention (4) Mr. Bossert, the Swiss representative sent to Taiwan to close our Consulate in 1942 after the war had started, OFFICERS AND PERMANENT AMERICAN was reported by the military police to have “committed EMPLOYEES OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE suicide” on the boat back to Japan. (The Swiss handled (EXCEPT Reserve Officers) American affairs in Japan after Pearl Harbor.) (5) Mr. Bruner, now Consul in Tokyo, who succeeded me in Are you enjoying adequate protection? Have you April 1941, was interned in Taihoku at the start of the made satisfactory provision for your family? A large war. proportion of your colleagues are deriving real secur¬ ity at very low cost through their participation in the (6) The Consulate’s Formosan rickshaw man, Ong Bok- plan of group life insurance and hospital-surgical seng, and I alone survive those gruelling days. coverage for dependents provided by the American Foreign Service Protective Association. Members of Retribution the Association also have the advantage of from Support for Matsuo’s family was provided by the United $1,500 to $3,000 free insurance (depending upon their States Government through the Swiss during the war and class) as well as Accidental Death and Dismember¬ Mr. Matsuo was reemployed by the United States Govern¬ ment Insurance in the amount of their basic group ment after the war. His eldest daughter, Hiroko, is a typist insurance. For example, if a Member holding $13,000 at USPOLAD, Tokyo; the eldest son, Noboru, is a fisheries insurance ($10,000 basic group insurance plus $3,000 free insurance) should suffer a fatal accident the expert with the Taiyo Fishing Company; the second son, beneficiary would receive the $13,000 insuiance plus Takeshi, is completing law' studies at Tokyo University and $10,000 under the Accidental Death and Dismember¬ is scheduled to come to the United States as a Fulbright ment insurance, making a total of $23,000. scholar this year; the second daughter, Sueko, is a secretary Further details are embodied in a pamphlet dated in FEAF headquarters in Tokyo and hopes to study eu- July 1950, which should be on file in all Foreign thenics in the United States; the third daughter, Yasuko, is Service establishments. in the third, year of Senior High School in Tokyo; and the Application forms will be found at the back of the youngest daughter, Junko, is in her second year of Junior pamphlet or may be obtained by writing direct to the High. Some of Mr. Matsuo’s children may thus fulfill their Association. father’s burning ambition to visit the United States before AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE he died. Funds for travel were unfortunately lacking at the PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION time of the Awards ceremony in the fall of 1951. The forti¬ tude with which his wife has borne Matsuo’s trials and con¬ Care the Department of State tinued the successful upbringing of the family is a subject Washington 25, D. C. for especial admiration.

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MARCH, 1952 47 EXECUTIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASSIGNMENTS FOR FSO'S the Office of the Chief of Mission to permit the assignment (from page 26) of an officer with dual-qualifications to assist the Deputy. direction of the Deputy, together with the knowledge of The Administrative Section would be in charge of the rank¬ modern administrative procedures, this kind of Adminis¬ ing FSS and could operate under the direct supervision of trative Officer should be able to improve support for those the Deputy’s assistant. objectives. Despite his dual qualification, however, the Lest it seem unrealistic to place executive and admini¬ Administrative Officer serving as Chief of the Administrative strative functions on a higher level, we have only to look Section, cannot extend his assistance to the Deputy very far at Departmental organization. There is a Deputy Under¬ into the realm of executive direction. Substantive section secretary for policy and another for administration. In the chiefs are more inclined to expect service than direction Regional Bureaus the Assistant Secretaries and their from the Chief of the Administrative Section. Deputies have the services of Executive Directors. In the Under this theory the Administrative Section would be field, at least one large Mission now has an officer assigned a service unit, staffed by well-trained technicians who are to assist the Deputy in the performance of executive duties. essential to the operation of almost any post in the Foreign There are probably other plans which would solve the Service today. A solution under these circumstances would problem. Those discussed here have been considered as be to assign the dual-qualified officer as an assistant to the possibilities in suggesting part of the answer to the question Deputy Chief of Mission. In either a “line” or “staff” why FSO’s should perform executive and administrative capacity, depending on the particular requirements of the functions. Chief or his Deputy, this officer should be able to perform How does the Department plan to select and train FSO’s as many of the executive functions as the Deputy desired for these duties? Presumably the recommendations of the to delegate, always retaining supervisory powers. Whatever Secretary’s Advisory Committee concerning a planned “ca¬ this officer’s title, the important point would be his position reer management program” will be followed. The Directive in the Office of the Chief of Mission. He could be a “line” states: officer insofar as the Administrative Section is concerned, “Increased emphasis should be placed on the executive and a “staff” officer with respect to other sections—almost development program, with particular references to any flexibility could be achieved to meet individual post broadening the range of experience and competence of organizational preferences. In almost any plan, he would Junior Departmental and Foreign Service Officers through materially assist in meeting the need for effective executive training and work assignment rotation.” direction and complete administrative support. It would be reasonable to expect, therefore, that there Provided a sufficient number of officers with dual-qualifi¬ would be basic training in every branch of service for en¬ cations were available, the assignment of one to head the tering FSO’s followed by “normal” assignments in the next Administrative Section and one to assist the Deputy would class or two for first-hand experience in several branches of be an ideal arrangement. At medium size Missions the the Service. After that in accordance with demonstrated position of the Administrative Officer might be shifted to aptitude, there could be not only the specialized substantive training now available, but specialized training in Public or Business Administration at appropriate universities. Assign¬ ment to this work would then be in order for a few tours of duty.

Candidates ISeeded Now The Department’s problem, however, is the selection and training of FSO’s for these assignments now. There is rea¬ son to believe that if it would make known its desires—ex¬ plaining the idea, highlighting the assurance of equal con¬ sideration in the performance of duty in any branch of the Service, indicating experience reouired and training avail¬ able—the response would be highly satisfactory. Finally, there is one other aspect of this phase of the amalgamation plan that relates to this discussion. There will soon be a number of new FSO’s in various classes whose previous experience will have been primarily administrative. However, they will have met “a standard with respect to experience, performance, and other evidence of qualifications LONG active in promoting commerce which, in the aggregate, is comparable to the average of the among the peoples of the Americas, the Foreign Service Officer class to which appointment is made.” Chase National Bank today is in the van¬ To avoid the pit-fall of a separate officer corps, and to permit them to serve in a manner comparable to that of other guard of those institutions which are FSO’s, many of them should have substantive assignments fostering Pan-American relations by the and training. Restricting them to administrative duties only promotion of trade and travel. would appear contrary to the letter and spirit of the Di¬ rective and detrimental to the Service. In summary, therefore, at whatever level and under such THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK plans as the Department may formulate, it seems clear that OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK more FSO’s are destined to perform executive and adminis¬ Slcmber Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation trative duties. If so, it represents a challenge and an op¬ portunity to contribute to the implementation and support of the vital substantive policies of our day. It will be in accordance with tradition for FSO’s to meet the challenge and make the most of the opportunity.

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MARCH, 1952 49 -50 >,,,, i.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiii [||llll!lllllllllllllllllllllllllll||||||||||||||||||lllll|]||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||lll||llll|||j||||llllllll!l HILTON MANAGEMENT•CONRAD N.HILTON,PRESIDENT ;illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!lllllll[llllllll[[lllllll!!![!!l|l!lll!l!linil[MI!!l!lllllll[|llll!llllll11IIIIII]lll!llllinillll]!lllilll!Illl!llllllllllllllllllllll!ll[lll![!]lllll[llilll[llllllllllllllllllllllllllli]l|l|||l||||l||l|llll|ll|l|l|[llllill||l|I|l|||!||||llll|li^ Specialists inInsurancefortheForeignService 910 17thSTREET,N.W.,WASHINGTON6,D.C.| dements Co. We centralizeallyourinsurance We representALLcompanies. matters inoneWashingtonoffice: Insurance isourONLYbusiness. 3rd FLOOR,BARRBUILDING—District4383 A NAMEOF The Mayfloweristheresidenceofmanynotedperson¬ and thefavoritemeetingplaceofsociety.Exclusive Friendly hospitalityawaitsForeignServicemenand ages ...thesceneofinternationally-importantevents Famous forluxuriouscomfort,linefoodandservice. White House,embassiesandgovernmentbuildings. Men’s Bar.GayCocktailLounge. tion's capital.Itscentrallocationisconvenienttothe their familiesatthisdistinguishedhotelinthena¬ C. /.Mack,VicePresidentirGeneral Manager CONSULTATION BYMAIL,TELEPHONE 67T; Cameras Life, Hospitalization,Annuities Jewelry Education Silver Automobile COMPLETELY AIR-CONDITIONED Insurance Brokers OR PERSONALINTERVIEW t flnfemuifama/ WASHINGTON, D.C. TERMS ARRANGED Fine Arts Furniture Fur Personal Effects Marine wme iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniir keep usfromlosingoursenseofproportion. His wiseandtemperatecounselshouldremainwithusto professional integrityandself-respectofbothgroupswas kept pointingouttoallwhowouldlistenthatthesenseof deeply involvedinthetermsandconditionsofintegration. must bereconciledandmergedintoworkablepolicies. where thepressuresofnationalandinternationalinterests He hasfelt—andwebelievecorrectlythatthecenterof tem, withthebroadestpossibleviewofjobtobedone. two years,hehasarguedconstantlyforthekindofmerger gravity ofaforeignaffairsserviceliesinthehomeoffice, which wouldbringallprofessionalpersonnelintoonesys¬ into oneprofessionalforeignservicecorps.Duringthepast career, hehasviewedwithmoredetachmentthanmost,the has movedintoandoutoftheorganizationduringhislong that position.Ifhenowelectstodosomeoftheteach¬ grudge himthatright.Indeed,itmaybethegreatest ing andwritinghehaslongpostponed,weshouldnotbe¬ serving asCounselorofEmbassyatLondonhelefttoreturn Department’s effortstointegratehomeandfieldpersonnel officer, aneducatorandofficeroftheDepartment, edge hehasgainedasaneconomicnegotiator. paper, fortheguidanceofyoungermen,someknowl¬ national servicehecouldnowperformwouldbetoputon head oftheInstitute,hesethimselfaperiodtwoyearsin more yearsanambassadorshipmighthavebeenhis. to theacademicfield,ignoringpossibilitythatinafew' third experienceasacollegeprofessor.Thenewsthathe advancement thatmotivatesHarryHawkins.In1948after he hasbeenservingwithusforseveralmonthspast,lending Many othershaveknownhimpersonallyinhisthreedecades time andpostwarBritish-Americaneconomicagreements. ments program,andwhohelpednegotiateanumberofwar¬ Secretary ClaytoncarryouttheReciprocalTradeAgree¬ economic negotiatorwhohelpedSecretaryHullandUnder the DepartmentandServicewithgeneralregret. Clayton ProfessorofInternationalEconomicRelationsatthe after twosuccessfulandfruitfulyears,tobecomethefirst us hiswisecounselandseasonedjudgment. of theJournalstaffhaveknownhimbetterthanmost,for resourceful diplomatistandawarmgenerousfriend.We in andoutoftheDepartmentasanimaginativeexecutive,a Fletcher SchoolofLaw'andDiplomacy,hasbeenreceivedin has resignedasDirectoroftheForeignServiceInstitute, Service officer,HarryC.Hawkinsisnowabouttostarthis An AmericanEducationforYourChild through grade ninth Kindergarten Harry Hawkinshasbeenthekindofseniorstatemanwho Later, whenhewasaskedtoreturntheDepartmentas Because HarryHawkinshasbeenbothaForeignService Many haveknownMr.Hawkinsonlybyreputationasthe Three timesanofficeroftheDepartment,twiceaForeign It isprofessionalachievementratherthanthedesirefor AU REVOIRTOHARRYHAWKINS 130 E.TUSCANYROAD,BALTIMORE 10,MD. Give child’sageandschoolgrade. to otherschoolssuccessfully.Send forcatalog. Start anytime.Calvert-taughtchildren transfer method. UniqueCraftsCourse. CALVERT fSCHOOL world havebeeneducatedbytheCalvert elementary education.Childrenalloverthe damentals areemphasizedtoassureathorough widely usedbyStateDepartmentfamilies.Fun¬ All books,suppliesprovided.CalvertCoursesare needed. GuidancebyCalvertteachersavailable. “School-at-Home” Coursescanprovide,by Easy-to-follow lessons.Noteachingexperience mail, asound,moderneducationforyourchild. Wherever youmaybestationed,Calvert FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT (from page 33) the housing problems of hundreds of persons in the field. Mr. Leland King has been designated as Director to succeed Foreign Treaty Analyst LILLIE V. DICKSON has just cele¬ Mr. Larkin and it is expected that Mr. Larkin will be “un¬ brated 35 years in the Department. During that time she official” consultant on the knotty housing problems with has worked in the Divisions of Western European Affairs which he is so familiar. and Near Eastern Affairs, and the Office of the Assistant Sec¬ Five of our twenty-one feminine Foreign Service Officers retary, as well as the Office of the Legal Adviser to which grace the pages of the February issue of Independent she is now attached. Woman, the official publication of the National Federation The Maryville (Tennessee) Times a while back carried a of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs. Those in¬ feature editorial titled “Our First Citizen Observes 83rd An¬ cluded in the article titled “From Sea to Shining Sea” are niversary.” Maryville’s First Citizen is none other than FRANCIS WILLIS, class one, who is the first woman to reach EDWIN CUNNINGHAM, whose distinguished diplomatic career the top-bracket in the career service, now Counselor of the started with his appointment as Consul in Arabia in 1898 Legation in Helsinki; CONSTANCE RAY HARVEY, class three, and ended with his retirement as Consul General at Shanghai is one of the first of six women ever accepted in the Foreign in 1935. Service, now stationed in Bonn; KATHLEEN MOLESWORTH, With the resignation of FREDERICK “FRITZ” LARKIN, Chief also class three, who has served for twenty-two years in the of Foreign Buildings Operations, the Foreign Service loses F.S., and is now assigned to the Department’s Commercial a familiar and colorful figure. Policy Staff; DOROTHY JESTER, class five, on assignment to During his fifteen years in the Department, Mr. Larkin Mexicali; and EILEEN DONOVAN, who is a class five officer was responsible for providing nearly 600 separate projects serving in Manila. in 200 different locations around the world, at a cost of Our Advertisers less than three percent in new dollar outlay through the utili¬ The JOURNAL welcomes two newcomers this month. On zation of lend-lease and other post war credits. Mr. Larkin page 9 the DOROTHY K. WINSTON COMPANY announces that and his associate, L. W. KING, originated and developed this MRS. FREDA GOLDMAN, who has many friends in the Serv¬ means of financing from partially “frozen” assets. All of this ice, has joined the real estate staff of that organization. On was accomplished in the face of many technological and cli¬ page 56 the STATE DEPARTMENT CREDIT UNION has a help¬ matological problems throughout the world, and has eased ful message for you.

MARRIAGES IN MEMORIAM FRIEDMAN-McCLELLAND. Miss Ann Friedman and Mr. Donald WERNIMONT. Eleanor Wernimont, wife of Kenneth Wernimont, McClelland were married January 16, 1952, in Rome. died on February 19, 1952, in Mexico City. HUNT. William H. Hunt, retired FSO, died in December at his PLEVIAK-FIELDS. Miss Maryanna Pleviak, formerly Communica¬ home, 1115 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D. C. tions supervisor in Oslo, and Roland “Bill” Fields of the Far Eastern JONES. Margaret Jones, wife of FSO Ralph A. Jones, assigned to Division, were married on February 21, in Washington, D. C. Bangkok, died on February 17, 1952.

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MARCH, 1952 51 BENJAMIN WICK (from page 20) money to personages in the front row—reading from left to right. Courteously, these yokels moved aside to afford the farmer standing room. Being a graduate agriculturist, Mr. Wick knew perfectly well which shell concealed the little pea, so he decided to pick up some easy dough. AMERICAN EASTERN When the session adjourned, upon the motion of a cop who appeared from nowhere, seconded by another guy in uniform who growled “Beat it!” the farmer was shy eighty- IN- seven dollars. The thirty-five cents he blew in for sand¬ wiches. He bummed transportation to Vancouver. He signed on TRADE (INCLUDING BARTER) a British tramp bound for Shanghai. At that busy port he lost his ship—or she lost him. His diary was vague on that detail. But the harbor-master put him aboard a coaster for SHIPPING (OWNER & AGENT) Amoy where a kindly American Consul found odd-jobs for him, gave him a new wardrobe, shipped him to Hong Kong. There he toiled in a machine shop for a month or so on a DEVELOPMENT Chink wage-scale and Chink chow; he nearly perished.

IN World Tour So it went. Sailor’s Homes, Salvation Army, missionaries NEAR-MIDDLE EAST and American Consuls—he knew them all on the China Coast. His diary contained pages of signatures and stamps EDRDPE to prove that he had been where he had been. But the glamour which so characterized Mr. Harry Franck’s globe¬ girdling adventure somehow didn’t glam. At least, to Mr. Wick it didn’t. The Eurasian schoolmaster at Sandakan, in North Borneo, having died of yaws, left an opening. The farmer took over. 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA, NEW YORK The job represented three squares per diem—an item which CIRCLE 6-0333 figured rather heavily. But his pupils were head-hunters— lineal descendants of the original Wild Man—so, after a few frustrating months, Mr. Wick certified them—the whole boiling—as failed Ph.D.’s—and stowed away on an old tub, not knowing where she was going. And not giving a whoop either. After divers misfortunes he dragged his creaking bones onto the beach at Zanzibar. At that port of pepper and spice the Honorable Thomas Blunt, the American Consul, declined to hoist his flag to celebrate the farmer’s arrival. The moons of Zanzibar waxed and waned. Mr. Blunt ran himself ragged in efforts to ship the farmer somewhere West of Suez. Hopeless. The farmer developed rickets. So, ap¬ time to start thinking about parently, did Mr. Consul Blunt, whose home leave was long overdue, his Memsahib and children impatiently awaiting back-home VACATION clothes him in the States. When, therefore, the dhow turned up, the Consul respect¬ In a few months it will be vacation time fully suggested that the farmer have a look at Aden. The farmer didn’t like Aden. Furthermore, he didn’t like the world over. But our Personal Shopping Bureau says now is the time for you who are all over the world to begin considering < beautiful . your vacation fashion needs. Then when Jlower5 you arrive home your holiday can be all For Every Occasion holiday with no shopping worries. And right A'i POPULAR PRICES now our expert shoppers can pick for you from our wonderful complete new collec¬ CHARCE r»rni ACCOUNTS W tion of holiday clothes at Woodward & INVITED Lothrop. florists

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52 FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAL foreign bliss anywhere. The landscapes of Idaho called him vociferously. He had seen enough of the world to last him a lifetime—and beyond. He emphasized that profanely. I liked the farmer. I called in a tailor. Within a few days Mr. Wick possessed half a dozen suits of khaki drill, new shirts and so on. And a hair-cut made him look like another man. He began poking about the Consulate; proved to be a mechanical genius. Creaking punkahs soon swung noise¬ lessly. An old wooden-works American tail-case clock, for¬ gotten for years in a store-room, commenced to tick again. The typewriters that my Eurasian clerks invariably wrecked, clicked perfectly. He re-strung all the chicks. He whistled as he worked and never have I, even at music-halls, listened to anyone so bird-like as Mr. Wick, of Idaho. Weeks were marked off the calendar. Life at Aden went on monotously. But the farmer never complained. He worked. He indexed and cross-indexed hundreds of trade catalogues in the Consulate, mended old flags ( he knew something of the art of sewing) ; proved to be excellent company. in fytort/i/ fyiirfo nA'ittif We had a lucky break when the ice factory broke down. The Eurasian engineer was heloless. The farmer volunteered to go over and investigate. He got the thing going in no time, likewise inherited the engineer’s job. In addition, he took on general handy-man work for the officers of the gar¬ 55 Overseas Branches rison, for Parsi merchants and ship-chandlers. In a short ARGENTINA CUBA MEXICO time he was out of the red, turning his earnings over to me. Buenos Aires Havana Mexico City 502 Bartolome Mitre 402 Prcsidente Zayas 54 Avenida He continued to live at the Consulate. Flores Cuatro Caminos Isabel la Catolica Plaza Once Caliano Republica “Curious,” said the farmer one evening, laying aside an Rosario La Lonja Twenty-third Street PERU out-of-date Year Book of the Department of Agriculture, Caibarien Lima BRAZIL “how little things, strange chances, mysterious events, affect Cardenas PHILIPPINES Rio de Janeiro Manzanillo Manila our lives. That book of Mr. Franck’s for example. He had Porto Alegre Matanzas Juan Luna planned that journey; knew what he was doing. Like a mutt, Recife Santiago Port Area (Pernambuco) Cebu ENCLAND I tried to imitate him—no plan, no nothing—just taking Santos Clark Field San Paulo London chances.” 117 Old Broad St. PUERTO RICO West End San Juan “I read somewhere,” he continued, “that if you spit in the CANAL ZONE 11 Waterloo PI. Santurce sky you get it back in the eye. I spit all right. Got it back Balboa Arecibo Cristobal FRANCE Bayamon good and plenty. Served me right, too. Now, By Gum, this Paris Caguas (International Bank¬ Mayaguez CHILE ice factory job will send me home under my own steam. ing Corporation) Ponce Santiago I’ve acquired some wisdom since I left the Panhandle!” Valparaiso HONG KONG REP. OF He went on, “When I told Dad about my decision to cir¬ Hong Kong PANAMA INDIA Panama CHINA Bombay cumnavigate the globe he said, ‘Son, a rolling stone gathers SINGAPORE Shanghai Calcutta no moss.’ When I see him aagin I’m going to complete the Singapore JAPAN proverb for him. . . . ‘But it gets a hell of a polish .” COLOMBIA URUGUAY Tokyo Montevideo Bogota Nagoya Journey’s End Barranquilla Osaka VENEZUELA Medellin Yokohama Caracas Some months later a British tramp laden with ore for Philadelphia came in for engine-room repairs. I talked with the skipper when he called at the Consulate for a Bill of Head Office: 55 Wall Street, New York Health. “No workaways. But I’ll sign him on as supercargo and carry him for five quid—that will pay for his chow.” 67 BRANCHES THROUGHOUT GREATER NEW YORK I closed the deal. For the work he had done in the Consulate I added twenty- five dollars to the farmer’s savings. We figured that by travelling “tourist” from Philadelphia he could make the Panhandle comfortably, buy a new suit and have a balance to his credit. Lugging two of my old suitcases crammed with his tropi¬ cal kit, a few souvenirs and a lot of magazines, the farmer boarded the tramp. I watched her head into the sunrise. News from Mr. Wick came in due course. Sea-voyage and When traveling carry National City Bank rail-trip had been bully. The Old Folks were fine; the potato crop had been sprayed. He had seen the witless gal at the Travelers Checks or Letters of Credit. They Public Library; had given her a box of chocolates. Finally, safeguard your funds against the hazards he had abandoned his idea for writing a book of travel of loss or theft. adventure. Mr. Franck’s yarn was good enough.

As I completed an entry of another “protection case” in Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation the Miscellaneous Record Book, I realized how much I would miss the farmer. He was a good egg.

MARCH, 1952 53 JAPAN IN TRANSITION (from page 18) sciousness of the “vested interests” created under the Occu¬ pation, such as the landed farmer, the emancipated woman and the independent trade unionist will determine to a large degree the retention of measures designed to restore pre-war social patterns. Moreover, the fear that any nullification of reforms may cause sizable groups to look toward Commu¬ nism should effectively deter any government in power which might be tempted to turn the clock back. On the interna¬ tional scene, the resumption of pre-war practices, particu¬ larly in the economic field, might make it difficult for the Japanese to expand their foreign trade, could make them ineligible for foreign loans, and could preclude membership in certain international organizations. COMFORT— mile offer mile Some writers fear that a tendency toward the restoration of the pre-war Japanese way of life might be stimulated by ... 18,955 miles, to be PAL Spans % of the World — the present conservative trend in Japanese politics and the exact, along the Route with fast, dependable Douglas return to public life of persons purged under the Occupation of the (OneMt-iStar^! DC-6's. for their militaristic and ultra-nationalistic tendencies. It One trip with P.A.L. and ★ TRANS-PACIFIC is questionable, however, whether the relationship between you'll never forget the Twice weekly from San Francisco the innate conservatism of the Japanese people and the re¬ friendly, personalized to Manila via Honolulu, Wake jection of democratic principles is as close as these fears and Guam. service that makes you imply. The Japanese have shown an historical aptness for feel like an honored ★ ORIENT-EUROPE the assimilation of new ideas. Just as the western influences guest. Make your next Weekly from Manila to London of the Meiji Restoration were absorbed, the new ideas stem¬ via Calcutta, Karachi, Tel Aviv, trip with P.A.L. . .. and Rome and Madrid. ming from the Occupation will be gradually remodelled to discover the real mean¬ meet Japanese requirements, which include, of course, Ja¬ INTRA-ORIENT ing of luxury air travel. ★ pan’s ability to live cooperatively with her neighbors. It is Regular flights from Manila to Tokyo, Hong Kong, Taipeh, Oki¬ questionable if more than this should be sought from Japan. nawa and all Philippine points. The present Yoshida Government, which represents one of See your Travel Agent or nearest office of the more moderate manifestations of Japanese conservatism, has clearly established Japan’s preparedness to reenter the family of nations as a constructive, dependable member. Not HiuppinE AIR LIRES only has it declared its intention to apply for future mem¬ SAN FRANCISCONEWYORKCHICAGOWASHINGTON.DC.LOS ANGELES-HONOLULU bership in the United Nations—it is already a responsible member of many international organizations associated with the United Nations, such as the International Labor Organi¬ zation, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, World Health Organization, International Telecommunications Union, Universal Postal Union and the Food and Agricultural Organization. It has adhered to the International Whaling and Wheat Agreements. It is also a member of the cotton, wood and pulp allocation commit¬ tees. It has established overseas agencies in nineteen coun¬ tries for the purpose of furthering trade and performing services for Japanese nationals abroad. Negotiations with Neighbors To insure the maximum sustained productivity of the fish¬ ing resources of the North Pacific Ocean, Japan has nego¬ tiated with the United States and Canada a tri-partite fish¬ eries agreement based upon generally accepted conservation principles. This Agreement was negotiated as between sover¬ eign nations and in the light of their rights under interna¬ With Accent on the Americas tional law and custom to exploit the fishery resources of the BRITISH Linking busy ports of North and Middle sea. Japan is also working out arrangements with the In¬ HONDURAS America, the Great White Fleet contrib¬ donesian Government with a view to the conservation of COLOMBIA utes to better understanding and friendship fishery resources off of Indonesia. These agreements repre¬ COSTA RICA through constant development of freight and passenger traffic. As both travel and trade sent a practical example of the extent to which the Japanese CUBA increase, United Fruit, with experienced, have absorbed one of the major occupation reforms—that is, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC able personnel and modern, fast liners, will adherence to the principle of conservation of fishery re¬ continue to maintain service of the highest EL SALVADOR sources as the only way to maintain maximum production standard to both shipper and traveler. GUATEMALA over a period of time. Japan is also negotiating with Indonesia and the Philip¬ HONDURAS pines arrangements under Article 14 of the Peace Treaty, JAMAICA, B. W. I. GREAT UIHITE FLEET NICARAGUA UNITED FRUIT COMPANY which provides that Japan should compensate those Allied New York 6: Pier 3, North River Powers whose present territories were occupied by Japanese PANAMA New Orleans 4: 321 St. Charles St. CANAL ZONE Chicago 2: 111 W. Washington St. forces and damaged by Japan. Japan stands prepared to San Francisco 7: 1001 Fourth St. work out similar arrangements on problems of mutual con¬ cern with its other neighbors. In the long run the progressive

54 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL resolution of these areas of potential misunderstanding in tne found cracked and fallen and its refugees scattered dead and Pacific will, like the three security treaties which the United maimed around it, while the bamboo had quickly returned States has negotiated with the Philippines, Australia, to its upright position and those who had sought its shelter New Zealand and Japan, prove a valuable contribution to were alive and well. The ability of the bamboo to “bend peace and stability. The premise underlying these agree¬ with the wind” has become a classic description of the way ments—whether of an economic or security nature—is the in which the Japanese people have been able to meet the identity of interest among the free nations of the Pacific. adversities of life. An additional moral can be drawn from The future of Japan, along with other free nations of the this tale, however, in that the bamboo tree continued its Pacific, is dependent upon the extent to which this com¬ growth. While the past ten years have brought storm and munity of interests is recognized and developed. adversity to Japan, the net result has been both growth and There is a folk tale in Japanese lore which relates that increased wisdom on the part of Japanese people and a rec¬ during a fearful typhoon most of the townspeople sought ognition not only of rights but also of responsibilities in protection under the mighty branches of a powerful oak international society. tree except for one family which huddled closely to a bam¬ boo tree which swayed and bent dangerously until it almost Changing your address again? touched the ground. But after the storm the oak tree was Be sure to let the Journal know. Write us care of the State Department. Worsteds

epper & e£e

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Nylon* Tropicals State Dept. Blues $18.97 $45.90 Lightest weight fine tropical Very durable and shine-proof! we can make. 2-button lounge, Superb in taste—meeting every pleated pants model only. Bur¬ duty. Now added: Genuine lington’s appleskin 15% nylon Marten State Dept. Blue—the (♦balance acetate-viscose). Ex¬ first since 1941. Shine-proof, quisitely tailored by machine. very durable, in plaid and bas¬ Dry-cleanable — not washable. ket-weave patterns. WALTER H. SWARTZ CO. 501 EAST PRESTON ST. BALTIMORE-2, MD.

MARCH, 1952 55 LATEST ASSIGNMENTS OF OUR READERS

NAME FROM TO TITLE Bargas, St. John A. Geneva Paris FSS INSURE NOW Beal, Williams Victoria Bogota Pol. Off. Bell, John O. Dept. Copenhagen Econ. Off. Bisbee, Royal D., Jr. Dept. New Delhi Info. Asst. Boylan, Robt. J. Jenang Singapore PAO Cook, Eiler R. Antwerp Paris Econ. Off. Crockett, Kennedy M. Mexico City Tampico Prin. Off. Complete OVERSEAS & DOMESTIC DeHerwig, Isabel L. Rie de Janeiro Dept. FSS Donner, Joseph W. Dept. Athens Pol. Off. Engdahl, Elizabeth L. Tehran Paris FSS Ernst, Philip Liverpool Barbados Con. Off. INSURANCE PROTECTION Farrior, John M. Chiengmai Bangkok Pol. Off. Francis, Lyda Mae Frankfort Rome FSS Graves, George M. Toronto St. John’s Prin. Off. Hammond, Henry S. Rio de Janeiro Bonn Econ. Off. Hart, Boies C., Jr. Algiers Dept. FSO NEW LOW COST Hawkins, Mack, Jr. Ciudad Trujilla London Disb. Off. Holt, Mildred O. Santiago Saigon FSS Kiernan, Elise A. Berlin Hong Kong Con. Off. For All Insurance : Government Service Kingsley, Thomas D. Asuncion Frankfurt Pol. Off. Knight, William E. Rome Dept. FSO Floaters, Auto Liability and Physical Damage, full Lafoon, Sidney K. Montevideo Budapest FSO Moore, Raymond J. Melbourne Lourenco Marques FSS Ocean Marine, Life, Jewelry and Furs, Cameras— Olmsted, Mary S. Reykjavik Vienna Econ. Off. Sims, Harold Dept. Salisbury FSO Smith, Walter Paris Glasgow Prin. Off. Thomas, Edward J. Budapest Praha Admin. Off. OFFERING WORLD WIDE CLAIM SERVICE Vakv, Viron P. Guayaquil Buenos Aires FSO Waller, Fred E. Haifa Dept. FSO WITH PAYMENT IN DOLLARS White, John Q. Salonika Athens FSS Widney, George M. Bangkok Chiengmai Pol. Off. We Inrite Overseas Inquiries Amendments to Previously Reported Changes

Copeland, John I. Transfer to San Pedro; Port-of-Spain cancelled. Fromer, Julian P. Transfer to Bilbao; Barcelona cancelled. BAFRITZ THE PROMOTION LIST (from page 31) Overseas Insurance Specialists Moncrieff J. Spear Adelphos H. TePaske Thomas O. Stave Sidney Weintraub 1404 K STREET, N. W. Lee T. Stull Park F. Wollam WASHINGTON 5, D. C. Godfrey Harvey Summ Wendell W. Woodbury George E. Tener, 2d Charles G. Wootton Phone District 9080

A PLACE INDEX TO ADVERTISERS IT'S YOUR TO SAVE n? MONEY - 39 USE IT „ 43 A PLACE 44 7 TO BORROW 8 Sfi BO 48 52 so .. ]2 DID SOMEONE ...... 9 14 4fi 49 TELL YOU? 9 41 ...... 5 6 JANUARY, 1952: _ 10 .. 56 2 . 46 60,000 Foreign Service allot¬ lift 5 ments received 49 53 3.6% dividend paid on shares 4, 47 ... 7 .. 45 Total accounts 6,677 B4 Foreign Service accounts 1,800 9 II & III Cover 30 Assets $1,000,000. 39 5i .. 56 Swartz, Walter H., Company . . . . 55 STATE DEPARTMENT 54 7

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