Table of contents

1. What is Orienteering? 2. A brief history of Orienteering 3. Maps 4. Compass 5. Natural resources 6. Useful Apps 1. What is Orienteering? ó ó ó O r re ihthe with order with temjnto,o ig,etc. ridge, a on junction, stream a inri eemndb h fastest the course. the by complete determined to time is winner ai dai opoedfo course from proceed by to finish to is start idea basic hr.Ec cnrl akris marker “control” a been you've on Each prove located can you there. so punches, The possible best the orienteers choose to route, order In a that and sport A c c c i h o o e n m a n r t t p a T r e p c a o y e t o s l r p o s e i i n e . r n r m a s t i g p s : n s , e o t g n ot“O” Foot i i omnykona “ as known commonly e n c ntecus r marked are course the on t s t a d c s l o i o a s f m n t e napredetermined a in i d t b n l v e h i c n h i m t e s e e w i e t s l – t f p h n l i o e n e i oha both t ie“O” Bike t a o g r hr the where , t e k r o a u ubrof number a f i r n e f n the and , uhas such , l a a m t g p a s h p O y s ,cnb ecie as: described be can ”, and t i c a h a n e l ó The history of orienteering begins in the late 19th century in Sweden, the actual term “orientering” was first used in 1886 and meant the crossing of unknown g land with the aid of a map and a compass. In Sweden, n

i orienteering grew from military training in land r navigation into a competitive sport for military e e officers, then for civilians. t n e ó It was not until 1919 that the modern version of i r orienteering was born in Sweden as a competitive

O sport. Ernst Killander, its creator, can be rightfully

f called the father of orienteering. o

y ó In the early thirties, the sport received a technical r boost with the invention of a new compass, more o t precise and faster to use. The Kjellstrom brothers s

i were responsible for this new compass. h

f ó The sport gained popularity during the 1930s. So, by e i 1934 orienteering had spread to Finland, Switzerland, r the Soviet Union, and Hungary. b

A

ó Following World War II, orienteering spread throughout . Europe and to Asia, North America and Oceania. 2 3. Maps What elements can we What is a map??? identify on a map??? It is a method of representing ó Maps are always oriented a portion of the real, three- such that North is “up”!! dimensional world as a drawing or depiction on a two- ó A coordinate system: the dimensional surface. intersections between Meridians and Parallels that serve to indicate to us the specific locations in the world that are represented on the map (DMS – UTM). s p a M

. 3 3. Maps ó A a n h iesoste ersn ntera world real the in represent they dimensions the and map a ◦ ◦ N G s c r u a a l m e p : h e i r h osatrltnhpbtentedmnin on dimensions the between relatinship constant the c i a c l s s c c a a l e l e : : 3. Maps eea-upuemp.Teoinern map orienteering The maps. general-purpouse hyare They 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 . t Orienteering maps Orienteering o p o g r a p h i c m a p s lhuhmc more much although s c a l e s are d e t 1 a : 1 i l 5 e 0 d 0 0 than o r 3. Maps ó reteigfdrto)addsge ob edbeb any by tongue. readable native or be background to the matter designed no and competitor federation) Orienteering M a Map symbols & colors& symbols Map p s y m b o l s are s t a n d a r d i z e d yteIF(International IOF the by 3. Maps ó ó ó onn onso qa egtaoesalevel. sea above height equal of points joining hnters n sal aee ihthe with labeled usually represents. and it that rest elevation the than h agrtedsac ewe contour between distance the larger The ie,tefatrtetran h shorter The terrain. the flatter the lines, h itne h tee h terrain. the steeper the distance, the rdfeec nelevation each in regard, from this equidistant In are difference lines. lines other. contour contour between or C I C n o o d n n e t t x o o u u c r o r n i t n l o i t n u TerrainFeatures e e r r s : v : a l otu ieta sthicker is that line contour a : hyaelnso map a on lines are they ti h etcldistance vertical the is it Terrain Features s p a M

. 3 Terrain Features

Hill—a point or small area of high ground. When you are on a hilltop, the ground slopes down in all directions.

Ridge—a line of high ground with height variations along s p its crest. All points of the a ridge are higher than the

M ground.

. 3 Terrain Features

Valley—reasonably level ground bordered on the sides by higher ground. A valley may or may not contain a stream course. Contour lines indicating a valley are U—shaped and tend to parallel a stream.

s Saddle—a dip or low point along p a ridge. It is usually the lowest a ground between two hilltops. M

. 3 Terrain Features

Depression—a low point or hole in the ground, surrounded on all sides by higher ground.

Draw— it is similar to a valley on a smaller scale; however, while valleys are by nature parallel to a s p ridge, a draw is perpendicular to a the ridge. A draw is usually

M etched in a hillside by water

. flow. 3 Terrain Features

Spur— it is a lateral ridge or tongue of land descending from a hill, mountain or main crest of a ridge.

Cliff—a vertical or near- s

p vertical slope. A cliff is shown a on a map by contour lines

M being close together.

. 3 Terrain Features

s Cut: it is a man-made feature resulting from cutting through raised p ground, usually to form a level bed for a road or railroad track. a M

. Fill: it is a man-made feature resulting from filling a low area,

3 usually to form a level bed for a road or railroad track. Terrain Features s p a M

. 3 Types of competitions 4. Compass 4. Compass - When - the believed is It - - The - liquid-filled A - - dpe o s ythe by use for adopted ataiinfre gis oe a eivdt have to believed was Rome, against forces Carthaginian aecnuyta h yia antccmas swe as compass, magnetic developed. typical was it, the know that century same he for used aelt inl opoieacrt,non-magnetic accurate, provide to alignment. signals satellite c u H d 2 m M T e i s o 3 a s a n a e d n c 0 g g t d o b a n n n u 0 v y r i V e e a b r e o , t t y i M a r u k i i m l e c c g i d iiaygnrlwocmaddthe commanded who general military a , B a B n d h a n i r . g g . t g c c C a C s p i h ants flodestone. of magnetism the o n o t v e nte hoysays theory another Yet . . r m a e i a o g sda used l t P p a p i o t c e c a c l o r i c s o o o c t s m o m n o e i m e iie hn nthe in China visited p m s p s ln n water) and (land p a C a p s b a r mn the among are s h s a s s a i o s s e n s f s i s b e U c s a hnh aldin sailed he when . was e c r en eeoe htuse that developed being are l S omof form o k . d eefrtto first were e t N s o t a p v o e E y n r . u f e e r c c o t o p oehr around somewhere o e m e l 1 d d twsi this in was It . 3 p e a t s h s t i n s 2 c d 0 i e i n nthe in t s n 1 3 s h c 8 t t o e u 6 r B v r u 2 e . y m C r A . e B r and t 1 n a . 1 h C b t t e s s h . Compass Types

Baseplate Sighting Heavy-duty sighting s s a p

m Digital o Novelty C

. 4 Parts of a Compass Scales / rulers

Magnifier s s a p m o C

. 4 Parts of a Compass

s - Scale/ruler: they are etched into the front or laterals of the s base plate and are useful when measuring distances on a map. a

p - Direction of travel arrow: it is located at the front of the base plate. It points to the way you will be traveling after a bearing is set. m

o - Baseplate: platform on which the compass housing rest. It is

C rectangular and often transparent to see the map underneath.

. - Dial: ring around the compass housing. Along its edges are 4 denoted the cardinal directions (N,S,E,W), and the degrees (0- 360) in between. Parts of a Compass

- Compass housing: main part of the compass. It is a round plastic container filled with liquid and has the compass needle inside. s - Compass needdle: a magnetized piece of metal floating in the compass s

a housing. The red end of arrow always points north and the white end of p arrow always points south. - Orienting lines: parallel lines located on the floor of the compass housing. m

o These lines are used when aligning a compass to a map.

C - Orienting arrow: It is a red arrow, or two red marks, on the floor of the

. compass housing that always coincide with and point in the same direction

4 as the dial's north marked. It rotates with the housing when the dial is turned. You use it to orient a compass to a map. - Magnifier: for seeing small map features better 4. Compass - fyuaewrigfo a from working are you If - bearings. take to primarily used A is - compass The - B e a oadsiaino olct orposition. travel your accurately locate to to used or are destination Bearings a point. to some to north R r i e n m g b s e e : a m r b i n e g r t sahrzna nl measured angle horizontal a is h a t b e a r i n g s a m r e a p a ti alda called is it , l w a y s Practical use Practical m e a s u r e d c m l o c a c l p o k c w k b i w e s e a i s r e i n from . g . 4. Compass 1 T . a k rettempwt h compass. the with map the Orient i n g a B e a r i n g F r o m a M a p : Practical use Practical 4. Compass h ops aepaemarked plate here. base on bearing point the compass "Read at dial the degree the from destination). sdt e h ieto othe to direction the set to used ftae ro,tebs lt a be can plate base the arrow, travel of h aepaei aallt h direction the to parallel is plate base the oaetecmashuiguntil housing compass the rotate ern s38degrees). 338 is bearing 4 N o 3 d f b 2 T r r a e a . . . o o i s s k e r m e t a the Lay i n t n R i odn h aelt steady, baseplate the Holding n t h p g e i a l n a a t t e a g d t h n i o e B e d n e a t ntemp aiga making map, the on o r a h l r s f r ( o e o t i f n n t w a r g g o r h b t m e e e F i c n d a r m o r g g o i i X e m n a n I hscs the case this (In g c g o p i n d a t f o e e o i degrees) (in i t s M n t i t c h Y a e w p n ) : e i . c t t e o o h d m (Since l e p t t t l . a i h n h h s e e e e s Practical use Practical 5. Natural Resources 5. Natural Resources h pigadatm qioe,a enfo southern from seen inverse. as the is it equinoxes, a the hemisphere solstices at northern autumn winter the Sun and in and summer the so the of latitudes, spring year, motion the daily the of the points showing turning diagram Animated nd s ce r u o s e The “crescent method” R

l - Draw a line that connects the horns of a crescent moon and then a extend this line down to the horizon. r - In northern latitudes this will give an approximate indication of south. u t - It works best when the moon is high in the sky and not too near the a horizon.

N - It’s not perfectly accurate

. 5 s ce r u o s e The North Star (Polaris) R

l - Identify what people commonly know as the ‘Plough’, ‘Big Dipper’ or the a ‘saucepan’. r - Find the ‘pointer’ stars, these are the two stars that a liquid would run u

t off if you tipped up your ‘saucepan’. a - The North Star will always be five times the distance between these two

N pointers in the direction that they point (up away from the pan).

. - True north lies directly under this star. 5 s ce r

u The sun’s effect. o s

e - In northern parts of the world the sun spends most of its time in the southern part of the sky. R - Trees, like all green plants, need the sun to survive. This leads to trees l

a growing asymmetrically and no two sides of a tree will be identical. r - The side that gets the most sun, the southern side, will grow more u densely and appear ‘heavier’ than the side that is shaded by the trees’ t

a own leaves. - This effect is easiest to spot in isolated deciduous trees, because trees N

in woodland are competing with each other with sunlight and so the .

5 effects become confused. 5. Natural Resources 6. Useful Apps 7. Useful Apps H i k Oruxmaps i n Strava g

t r a i l s wikiloc Endomondo 7. Useful Apps C o m p a s s

&

a Altímetro EXA Tools l t Smart compass i m e t e r (ARLabs) exacto libre Altímetro 7. Useful Apps W e a t h e r

f o Rain alarm r e ca s t Accuweather Meteoblue 7. Useful Apps A s t r o n o m y Google Google sky map Mapa Mapa estelar 7. Useful Apps aa ietfigpeaks) Layar (identifying O t h e r s liy(emergencies) Alpify