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New York University College of Arts and Science A Journal of Undergraduate Research Volume 22, 2018 INQUIRY Humanities Social Student Research Abstracts Sciences Natural Sciences INQUIRY: A Journal of Undergraduate Research Volume XXII, 2018 College of Arts and Science, New York University ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The College of Arts and Science wishes to thank the contributors to the Dean’s Undergraduate Research Fund for their generosity in establishing the following scholarships to support undergraduate research projects: Ronald Abramson Research Scholarship Joseph Gilbride Research Scholarship Drs. Mayank and Amita Patel Research Harold Akselrad Research Scholarship Dr. Milton Goldstein, D.D.S Research Scholarship Angelica Foundation Research Scholarship Scholarship Wilfred L. and Ruth S. F. Peltz Research Samuel E. Q. Ashley Research Scholarship Jeffrey Gould Research Scholarship in Scholarship Giuseppe Astorina Research Scholarship American Politics Sidney Probst Research Scholarship Count Lorenzo Attolico di Adelfia Research Marion Cohen Griffel Research Scholarship Pudding Hill Research Scholarship Scholarship Susan and Robert Grossman Research Marie and Anthony Rao Research Scholarship William B. Baer Research Scholarship Scholarship Lydia R. Reeve Research Scholarship Bailey Family Research Scholarship Eileen Guggenheim Research Scholarship Joseph A. Rice Research Scholarship Dr. Charles Barbiere Research Scholarship Russell and Diana Hawkins Research Richard Robins Entrepreneurial Research Mary Rudie Barneby Research Scholarship Scholarship Scholarship Joel and Shari Beckman Research Hirschfeld Family Research Scholarship Daniel A. and Amy L. Rock Research Scholarship Heights Alumni Association Research Scholarship Frances and Benjamin Benenson Research Scholarship Peggy and Bernard Sakin Research Scholarship Holten Family Research Scholarship Scholarship Peter Bergmann Research Scholarship Joseph Jerome Research Scholarship Salant Family Research Initiative in Pre- Herman Berkman Undergraduate Research Thomas Kane Research Scholarship in Health Studies Scholarship English Ravi and Nalni Saligram Research Steffi Berne Research Scholarship June Schlesinger Katz International Research Scholarship Max Bronner Research Scholarship Scholarship Mary L. Santirocco Research Scholarship Roger and Beth Carlton Research Scholarship Dr. Evan and Brooke Kaye Research Schachter Family Research Scholarship Max and Cecil (Steuer) Chesin Research Scholarship Julie C. Schiefflin Research Scholarship Scholarship Jurate Kazikas Research Scholarship Robert Selander Research Scholarship Nathan and Sarah Chesin & Bernard and James Koch Research Scholarship James A. Shea Research Scholarship Mollie Steuer Research Scholarship Myron Kove Research Scholarship Sigal Family Research Scholarship Sorrell and Lorraine Chesin Research Kringstein Family Research Scholarship Seena and George Silbert Research Scholarship Joan Kupersmith Larkin Research Scholarship The Collaborate Dean’s Undergraduate Scholarship Larry and Klara Silverstein Research Research Scholarship Howard Levene (WSC ’41) Research Scholarship College of Arts and Science Parents Research Scholarship J. S. Sinclair Research Scholarship Scholarship Barnet and Phyllis Liberman Research Jack Sitt Research Scholarship Tory Dent Research Scholarship in Creative Scholarship Dr. Dorothy A. Starr Research Scholarship Writing Liebman Family Research Scholarship Drs. Aaron A. and Francine M. Stein Family Nathan Ende Research Scholarship John and Julia Lindsey Research Scholarship Research Scholarship Benjamin P. B. and Fannie L. G. Feldman Linn-Cohen Family Research Scholarship Joan C. Suttles Research Scholarship Research Scholarship Walter and Phyllis Loeb Research Swartz Family Research Scholarship Norman M. and Ann C. Feldman Research Scholarship Daniel A. Swick Research Scholarship Scholarship Philip Alfred Lotz Research Scholarship Varet Family Research Scholarship Sidney Feldshuh and Lillian Kaplan Feldshuh George Maker Research Scholarship Shirley Schmones Wallach Research Research Scholarship Rose and Barry McInerney Research Scholarship Nicholas and Andrea Ferrara Research Scholarship Washington Square College Class of ’42 Scholarship William J. McKeon Research Scholarship Research Scholarship in Humanities John G. Fleming Research Scholarship Dr. Aston McLaughlin Research Scholarship Herman J. Wechsler Research Scholarship in Robert A. Fowkes Research Scholarship Nicole and Joseph Meyer Research Fine Arts Sylvia Engel Friedman Research Scholarship Scholarship Howard M. Weisberg Family Research Samuel and Lilyan Frome Research Miller Family Research Scholarship Scholarship Scholarship Kurt M. Mislow Research Encouragement William F. Weld Research Scholarship in Arthur Frommer Research Scholarship for Scholarship Ancient Studies Travel and Global Studies Mortimer J. Natkins Memorial Research Horace Wendorf Research Scholarship Hugh and Geraldine Fryer Research Scholarship Ellie and David Werber Research Scholarship Scholarship in Classics The New York Community Trust Murray in Social Science Dr. Molly S. Geller Research Scholarship Hidary Research Scholarship Arthur L. Wolf Research Scholarship Daniel Getman and Leonard Marker Arthur Noulas Research Scholarship Memorial Research Scholarship S. Okamura Research Scholarship Ariel and Alaleh Ostad Research Scholarship Anonymous Donors Sidney and Judith Kranes Charitable Trust Beta Chapter of New York, Phi Beta Kappa CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Gene Andrew Jarrett, Research as Educational Paradigm ..................................................................................................... 15 FACULTY PERSPECTIVE Professor Jini Kim Watson, On Research: Rhythm and Labyrinth ........................................................................................ 16 HUMANITIES Vishnu Bachani, Latent Possibilities of the Tonal System: The Structure and Historical Usage of Tonality ......................... 19 Sophia Bavaro, Lex Sempronia Agraria’s Political Origins in the Leges Tabellariae ........................................................... 19 Daria Berman, The Poetics of the Spanish Inquisition* ......................................................................................................... 19 Noah Bierbrier, Kinship Without Cause: A Study of Queer Relations in Copi’s Corpus* ..................................................... 20 Alice Centamore, Simone Forti In and Out of the 1960s: From Real-Time Constructions to News Animations* ................ 20 Cin Yee Selina Cheah, Waterfront Revival: A Case Study in South Boston’s Fan Pier* ....................................................... 20 Mida Chu, 180 Degree Rule in the Semantic Perspective* .................................................................................................... 21 Claire Chun, Lost in Transnationalism: Korean War Films, Diasporic Identity, and the Negotiation of Trauma* ............... 21 Ellen Cooper, Qu’est-ce que c’est une littérature-monde en français?: Theory and Practice of a World Literature in French* ............................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Vanessa Danek, Archiving the Ghosts in the Closet: The Comics Project of Alison Bechdel* ............................................. 21 Audrey Deng, Où sont les toilettes? Bathrooms in Postwar French Literature* .................................................................... 22 Anna Filonenko, Synthesis of Arts and Souls: Elena Guro and Mikhail Matiushin. On the Way from Impressionism to Abstraction* ............................................................................................................................................................................ 22 Savannah Fitzgerald-Brown, Public Private Partnerships and the Future of Transportation Planning* ................................ 22 Edie Freedman, The Commemoration of 9/11 and Its Impact on the Development of US National Memory* .................... 22 Firdaus Gupte, Expanding the Moral Domain of Kant’s Categorical Imperative* ............................................................... 23 Katerina Jennings, Consequentialism and the Best Method for Its Implementation* ........................................................... 23 Catie Kartje, Sharing an Authorial Presence: The Spectrality of Meaning-Making in The Turn of the Screw†* .................. 23 Rose Yasmin Khan, A Woman’s Place Is in the Revolution: An Analysis of Female Leaders in the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and the Black Panther Party* ......................................................................................................... 23 Abbe Klein, Bruno Taut’s Waldsiedlung: Realizing a Social Utopia in Weimar Berlin* ...................................................... 24 Anna Kreienberg, Gwendolyn Brooks as Poet, Teacher, and Reader* ................................................................................... 24 Richa Lagu, Zines as Activist Literature: Community Building through the Printed Word* ................................................. 24 Dante LaRiccia, “Hyphenated Americans”: A Discursive Analysis of the American Rhetoric Surrounding German Immigration and Diaspora, 1850 –1918* .................................................................................................................. 25 Olivia Le Menestrel, Dynamics of Citizenship in the French Foreign Legion: